Download Moisture Target Series 4 - GE Measurement & Control

5/18/94
Process Control Instruments
Moisture Target Series 4
User’s Manual
910-112A
5/18/94
Warranty
Each PANAMETRICS-manufactured instrument is warranted to be
free from defects in material and workmanship. Liability under this
warranty is limited to servicing, calibrating, and replacing any
defective parts of the instrument returned to the factory for that
purpose. Fuses and batteries are specifically excluded from any
liability. This warranty is effective from the date of delivery to the
original purchaser. The equipment must be determined by
Panametrics to have been defective for the warranty to be valid. This
warranty is effective with respect to the following:
•
one year for electronic failures
•
one year for mechanical failures (shorts or opens) to the sensors
•
six months for calibration of sensors.
If damage is determined to have been caused by misuse or abnormal
conditions of operation, the owner will be notified and repairs will be
billed at standard rates after approval.
Maintenance Policy
If any fault develops, the following steps should be taken:
1. Notify us, giving full details of the difficulty, and provide the
model and serial number of the instrument. On receipt,
Panametrics will give you a RETURN AUTHORIZATION
NUMBER and/or shipping instructions, depending on the problem
with your system.
2. If Panametrics instructs you to send your analyzer back to the
factory, please send it prepaid to the authorized repair station as
indicated in the shipping instructions.
3. If damage has been caused by misuse or abnormal conditions, or if
the warranty has expired, an estimate will be provided upon
request before repairs are started.
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Purpose of This
Manual
The Panametrics Moisture Target Series 4 User’s Manual (910-112)
explains how to install, use, and maintain the Moisture Target Series
4. Should field service that is beyond the scope of this manual
become necessary, contact the Panametrics office nearest you. A list
of Panametrics offices is located on the back page of this manual.
Intended Audience
This manual is intended for people who install, use, and maintain
instrumentation devices. This manual presumes the audience has
some general familiarity with pipe terminology and analytical devices
as used in their application; however, no knowledge of Panametrics
systems is necessary to use this manual.
This manual is a general reference for personnel who have overall
responsibility for using and maintaining process monitoring devices.
It also contains sections intended specifically for installers
(electricians, pipe fitters, etc.). The manual organization is outlined
below.
Manual Organization
This manual consists of five sections, three appendices, and an index.
Chapter 1, Features and Capabilities, provides an overview of the
Series 4.
Chapter 2, Installing the Series 4, describes how to install the Series 4
electronics. In addition, this section describes how to make probe(s),
power, alarms, and recorder connections.
Chapter 3, Programming the Series 4, explains how to enter
measurement and display data into the Series 4.
Chapter 4, Troubleshooting and Maintenance, describes common
problems that may occur, as well as how to replace the user program,
and how to replace and recalibrate the moisture probe(s).
Chapter 5, Specifications, contains the electronic and moisture
measurement specifications for the Series 4.
Appendix A, Application of the Hygrometer, details the specifics of
moisture measurement calculations. In addition, moisture probe
maintenance and some helpful hints are included.
Appendix B, Outline and Dimension Drawings, provides the
necessary detailed dimensions for installing the Series 4 easily and
properly.
Appendix C, Series 4 Menu Map, provides a top level diagram that
can be used as a reference for moving through the user program.
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How to Use This
Manual
Since this manual is written for a multi-user audience, each section
can be used separately. All sections and subsections appear in the
order they are to be read. Additional or less frequently used
information is included in the appendices which are referenced
throughout this manual.
Revision Information
This manual may require updating due to corrections or changes to
the product. Publication dates are on the top corner of each page of
the manual. Changes are indicated by a different date on the changed
page. The date and document number on the title page are also
changed. This is the first version of the Series 4 manual.
Related
Documentation
Panametrics supplies Calibration Data Sheets (containing all
necessary probe data) along with the moisture probes. In addition,
Panametrics will provide detailed drawings and schematics for
special purposes upon request.
Getting Technical Help
For other technical documentation related to particular applications or
for the assistance of an applications engineer, call Panametrics’ PCI
Division at: 1-800-833-9438 (within the U.S.A.) or 781-899-2719
(outside the U.S.A.).
Typographical
Conventions
Conventions used throughout this manual are listed below:
•
Questions
Characters enclosed in brackets, such as [ENT], represent a key on
the keypad. There are the four keys on the front panel.
If you have any questions, call our toll free number, 1-800-833-9438
within the U.S.A., or 781-899-2746 outside the U.S.A.
v
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Commenting on This
Manual
Notes
We welcome your comments and suggestions for improving the
quality of our manuals. You can comment four ways:
•
Fill out the prepaid postage response card in the front of this
manual.
•
Send comments to Panametrics, PCI Division, Technical
Publications Department, 221 Crescent Street, Waltham,
Massachusetts 02154. Attention: Comments.
•
Fax us at 781-894-8582, attention Technical Publications
Department.
•
Call us at 1-800-833-9438 (within the U.S.A.) or 617-899-2746
(outside the U.S.A.), and ask for the Technical Publications
Department.
VCR® trademark exclusively by Cajon Company
©Copyright by Panametrics 1994
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Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Features & Capabilities
Introduction to the Series 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Electronics Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Chapter 2: Installing the Series 4
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Mounting the Unit and Sample System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Mounting the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Mounting the Sample System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Installing the Probe into the Sample System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Making Wiring Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Connecting the Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Connecting the Recorder Output. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
Connecting the Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
Connecting Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Chapter 3: Programming the Series 4
Programming the System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Submenu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
UNIT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
Dew Point (DP). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-3
Alarm (AL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-4
Recorder (RCRD) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-5
OFFSET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
DEFAULT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-7
TEST . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-8
REF . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
SETUP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-11
Chapter 4: Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-1
Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-2
Replacing the User Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-4
Replacing and Recalibrating the Moisture Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .4-6
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Table of Contents (cont.)
Chapter 5: Specifications
Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Input. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Intrinsic Safety. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analog Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Programmable Recorder Outputs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alarm Relays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alarm Setpoint Accuracy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Display Functions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Power Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Temperature. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warm-Up Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Configurations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dimensions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moisture Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sensor Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moisture Probe Compatibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Moisture Probe Pressure Rating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dew/Frost Point Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
viii
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Table of Contents (cont.)
Appendix A: Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Moisture Monitor Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Pressure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Response Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Non-Conductive Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Conductive Particulates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Corrosive Particulates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Aluminum Oxide Probe Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7
Corrosive Gases And Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10
Calculations and Useful Formulas in Gas Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11
Nomenclature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-11
Parts per Million by Volume. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
Parts per Million by Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13
Relative Humidity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13
Weight of Water per Unit Volume of Carrier Gas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13
Weight of Water per Unit Weight of Carrier Gas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-14
Comparison of PPMV Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-21
Liquid Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22
Theory of Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22
Moisture Content Measurement in Organic Liquids. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22
Empirical Calibrations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-28
Solids Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-34
Appendix B: Outline and Installation Drawings
Appendix C: Series 4 Menu Map
Series 4 Menu Map . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1
ix
Chapter 1
Features and Capabilities
Introduction to the Series 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Electronics Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
5/18/94
Introduction to the
Series 4
The Series 4 is a microprocessor-based, single-channel hygrometer
that measures moisture content in gases. It is intended for Original
Equipment Manufacturer (OEM) applications, and is suitable for a
wide range of process conditions requiring real-time moisture
measurement. It operates over a range of -80° to 20 oC (-112 to 68oF)
with data to -110oC (-166oF), and comes equipped with two alarm
relays and a single analog output.
Electronics Unit
The Series 4 electronics displays measurement data on a one-line,
6-digit LCD. All probe information is entered into the unit using the
four-button front panel keypad (see Figure 1-1 below). The Series 4
has a universal power supply that automatically adjusts to line
voltages from 100 to 240 VAC. In addition, the Series 4 can also be
powered at 24 VDC.
Figure 1-1: Series 4 Front Panel
Features and Capabilities
1-1
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Probes
The moisture probe is that part of the system that comes in contact
with the process. The Series 4 uses any M Series probe to measure
dew point temperature in oC or oF. The sensor assembly is secured to
the probe mount and protected with a sintered-stainless-steel shield
(see Figure 1-2 below). Other types of shields are available.
Figure 1-2: The M Series Probe
Proceed to the following section for installation instructions.
1-2
Features and Capabilities
Chapter 2
Installing the Series 4
Getting Started . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Mounting the Unit and Sample System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Installing the Probe into the Sample System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Making Wiring Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
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Getting Started
Installing the Series 4 consists of the following procedures:
•
mounting the unit and the sample system
•
installing the probe into the sample system
•
wiring the probe, recorder output, and alarm connections to the
back of the unit.
Mounting the Unit and
Sample System
Follow the instructions below to mount the Series 4 and the sample
system.
Mounting the Unit
Standard Panel Mount:
The standard Series 4 panel mount unit is designed for mounting into
a rectangular cutout on most panels up to one inch thick. (See
Appendix B for outline and installation drawings.)
Follow the instructions below to mount the standard Series 4.
1. Remove the two clip-on mounting brackets (see Figure 2-1
below).
2. Place the Series 4 through the cutout in your panel.
3. Replace the two mounting brackets.
4. Use a screwdriver to secure the mounting brackets to the panel.
Figure 2-1: A Clip-On Mounting Bracket
Note: The brackets may be mounted on either the sides or the top
and bottom of the unit.
Installing the Series 4
2-1
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Mounting the Sample
System
The sample system is normally fastened to a metal plate that has four
mounting holes. Panametrics also provides the sample system in an
enclosure if requested. Sample system outline and dimension
drawings are included in your shipment if ordered.
Follow the steps below to mount the sample system:
1. Fasten the sample system plate or enclosure with four bolts--one
in each corner.
2. Connect the sample system inlet and outlet to the process and
return using the appropriate stainless steel fittings and tubing.
Caution!
Do not start a flow through the system until the probe
has been properly installed
Installing the Probe
into the Sample
System
Panametrics probes are usually installed in a sample system. The
sample system protects the probes from any damaging elements in the
process. The probes are inserted into a cylindrical shaped container
called the sample cell, which is included as part of your sample
system.
M2 probes have 3/4 inch-16 straight threads with an O-ring to secure
the probes into the sample system or directly into the process line.
Other fittings are available for special applications.
Caution!
If mounting the probe directly into the process line,
consult Panametrics for proper installation instructions
and precautions.
Follow the steps below to install the probe into the sample cell:
1. Insert the probe into the sample cell so it is perpendicular to the
sample inlet.
2. Screw the probe into the receptacle fitting, making sure not to
cross the threads.
3. Tighten the probe securely.
Figure 2-2 on the next page shows a typical probe installation with
the probe mounted into a sample cell.
Note: For maximum protection of the aluminum oxide sensor, the
stainless steel end cap should always be left in place.
2-2
Installing the Series 4
5/18/94
Installing the Probe
into the Sample
System (cont.)
Figure 2-2: Typical Probe Installation
Making Wiring
Connections
Connecting the Probe
Making wiring connections to the Series 4 consists of the following
procedures:
•
Connecting the probe
•
Connecting the recorder output
•
Connecting the alarms
•
Connecting the unit to a power source
The probe must be connected to the Series 4 with a continuous run of
Panametrics two-wire shielded cable (see Figure 2-3 below).
Figure 2-3: Two-Wire Shielded Cable
Installing the Series 4
2-3
5/18/94
Connecting the Probe
(cont.)
Protect cables from excessive strain (bending, pulling, etc.). Do not
subject cables to temperatures above +65oC (149oF) or below -50oC
(-58oF). Standard cable assemblies (including connectors) can be
ordered from Panametrics in any length up to 1,200 meters (4,000
feet).
First connect the cable to the probe by inserting the bayonet-type
connector onto the probe and twisting the shell clockwise until it
snaps into a locked position (approximately 1/8").
Next, connect the probe cable to the terminal block on the back of the
Series 4 as shown in Table 2-1 and Figure 2-4 below.
Table 2-1: Probe Connections
Pin Number
Probe Wire Color
1
Shield
2
Green
3
Red
Figure 2-4: Probe Cable Connections
2-4
Installing the Series 4
5/18/94
Connecting the Recorder
Output
The Series 4 has one isolated recorder output. This output provides
either a current or voltage signal, which is set using a switch block.
Although the Series 4 is configured at the factory, you should check
the switch block position before making connections.
Use the following steps to check or reset the switch block setting.
1. Make sure the Series 4 is turned off and unplugged.
2. To access the electronics board, remove the four screws on the
back panel and slide the electronics unit out of its enclosure.
3. Locate switch block S1 next to the relays. (See Figure 2-5 for
switch block location.)
4. Set switch S1 in the appropriate position: I for current; V for
voltage.
5. Once the switch is set, slide the electronics unit back into its
enclosure and fasten the screws.
Figure 2-5: Switch Block Location
Installing the Series 4
2-5
5/18/94
Connecting the Recorder
Output (cont.)
To make recorder output connections, connect the recorder output to
the terminal block on the back of the Series 4 as shown in Table 2-2
and Figure 2-6 below.
Table 2-2: Recorder Output Connections
Pin Number
Recorder Output
4
+
5
-
Figure 2-6: Recorder Output Connections
2-6
Installing the Series 4
5/18/94
Connecting the Alarms
The Series 4 has optional high and low alarm relays. Hermetically
sealed alarm relays are also optionally available. Each alarm relay is a
single-pole double throw contact set that contains the following
contacts:
•
Normally Open (NO)
•
Armature Contact (A)
•
Normally Closed (NC)
Connect Alarm A and Alarm B relays to the terminal block on the
back of the Series 4 as shown in Table 2-3 and Figure 2-7.
Table 2-3: Alarm Connections
Pin Number
Relay
Alarm A
6
NC
7
A
8
NO
Alarm B
10
NC
11
A
12
NO
Figure 2-7: Alarm Relay Connections
Installing the Series 4
2-7
5/18/94
Connecting Power
Use Table 2-4 and Figure 2-8 below to connect the power supply to
the three-pin terminal block on the back of the Series 4.
Table 2-4: Power Connections
Pin Number
AC Unit
24 VDC Unit
1
Line
+
2
Neutral
-
3
Ground
Ground
Figure 2-8: Power Connections
After you make power connections to the terminal block, connect the
power cord to an appropriate source. The Series 4 will display
"busy. . ." while it initializes, then begin displaying the dew/frost
point temperature.
2-8
Installing the Series 4
Chapter 3
Programming the Series 4
Programming the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1
Submenu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-2
5/18/94
Programming the
System
The Series 4 contains a system program that enables the user to
change moisture probe data, as well as set up and test alarms and
recorders. (Refer to the menu map in Appendix C to move through
the programming menus more quickly.)
The front keypad of the Series 4 contains the following four keys for
programming the system:
ENT - confirms changes
U - scrolls forward
V- scrolls backward
ESC - cancels and ignores changes
Note: During numerical entry, holding down the scroll key will
speed up the numerical increment or decrement.
To enter data into the system program, follow the steps below.
Note: While entering data in the programming mode, the Series 4
suspends making measurements.
To enter the programming mode, you must perform the first two steps
within 5 seconds, or the unit will time out and return to the
measurement mode. First, press and hold the [ESC] key until ESC is
displayed.
ESC
Press the [ENT] key, then the [ESC] key.
Once you have entered the Main Menu, use the following steps to
program the Series 4.
unit
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the
ten submenus in the Main Menu.
dp
Probe
AL
rcrd
Programming the Series 4
3-1
5/18/94
Programming the
System (cont.)
Offset
defalt
test
ref
Setup
Refer to the sections that follow to enter data into each submenu.
Submenu Options
The following sections briefly describe how to use each of the submenus. Once you have scrolled to the desired submenu, follow the
steps below to enter data.
UNIT
The UNIT submenu lets you select one of the following
measurements to display:
•
degree C
•
degree F
•
MH (H)
Note: MH is the moisture sensor’s raw response value which is
recorded along with dew point during calibration.
At the "unit" prompt, press the [ENT] key to enter this submenu.
dEG C
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the
options to the desired selection.
dEG F
H
Press [ENT] at your selection.
The Series 4 returns to the Main Menu.
3-2
Programming the Series 4
5/18/94
Dew Point (DP)
Use the DP submenu to enter a high and low dew point range. This
range is used to determine the number of points in the calibration
curve.
Note: The high (max) and low (min) dew points are listed on the
Moisture Probe Calibration Data Sheet.
At the "dp" prompt, press the [ENT] key to enter this submenu.
d p Lo
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the
options to the desired selection. Press
d p Hi
[ENT] at your selection to display the
current value of the selected range.
-110
Use the arrow keys to change the value,
then press [ENT] to confirm your entry.
Note: The default values are as follows:
Low: -110
High: 20
XXX
Probe
(The X’s represent your value.) Press ESC
to return to the Main Menu.
Once the range for the calibration curve has been determined, use the
PROBE submenu to enter a value for each of the points in the range.
Note: The point automatically increases in increments of 10 °C.
Programming the Series 4
3-3
5/18/94
Probe (cont.)
At the "Probe" prompt, press the [ENT] key to view the first point in
the curve.
-110
Press [ENT] again to display the current
MH value for that point.
0.1890
Use the arrow keys to change the value,
then press [ENT] to confirm your entry.
Note: To increase or decrease the value more than one digit at a
time, press and hold down the appropriate arrow key.
Alarm (AL)
X.XXXX
(The X’s represent your value.) Use the
arrow keys to move to the next point in the
curve.
20
Once you’ve entered a value for each
point, press [ESC] to return to the Main
Menu.
The Series 4 has two optional alarms, each of which can be
configured as high or low. To program the alarms, first select the
alarm unit, then select high or low, and finally enter the alarm trip
point. At the "AL" prompt, press the [ENT] key to enter this submenu.
dEG F
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
unit, then press [ENT] at your selection.
dEG C
H
AL A
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
alarm, then press [ENT] at your selection.
AL b
AL Hi
Use the arrows keys to scroll to either Hi or
Lo, then press [ENT] at your selection.
AL Lo
3-4
Programming the Series 4
5/18/94
Alarm (AL) (cont.)
Recorder (RCRD)
Note: The alarm range limits are as follows:
-202.0 °F to 160 °F
-130 °C to 70 °C.
-202.0 °F
Use the arrow keys to change the value,
then press [ENT] to confirm your entry.
X.XC
(The X’s represent your value.) Press
[ESC] twice to return to the Main Menu.
Use the RCRD submenu to enter the recorder units, the recorder
output signal, and the low and high (zero and span) recorder points.
At the "rcrd" prompt, press the [ENT] key to enter this submenu.
dEG F
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
units, then press [ENT] at your selection.
dEG C
H
r-out
Use the arrows keys to scroll to the
recorder output option, then press [ENT] to
confirm your selection.
r c d Lo
r c d Hi
4 - 20
0 - 20
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
output range, then press [ENT] at your
selection.
0-2
Programming the Series 4
3-5
5/18/94
Recorder (RCRD) (cont.) Note: Be sure the output range you select agrees with the recorder
switch setting (see Chapter 2, Connecting the Recorder, page
2-5). The output ranges are as follows:
4 - 20 mA
0 - 20 mA
0 - 2 VDC
r c d Lo
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
recorder setpoint, then press [ENT] at your
selection.
r c d Hi
r - out
0.0°F
Use the arrow keys to enter the setpoint
value, then press [ENT] to confirm your
entry.
Note: The recorder range limits are as follows:
-202.0 °F to 160 °F
-130 °C to 70 °C.
X.XF
3-6
(The X’s represent your value.) Press
[ESC] twice to return to the Main Menu.
Programming the Series 4
5/18/94
OFFSET
Use this submenu to adjust the displayed dew point reading. A
positive number will increase the reading; a negative number will
decrease the reading. This value is always in dew point degrees C. At
the "OFFSET" prompt, press the [ENT] key to view the current offset
value.
X.XC
(The X’s represent the current value.) Use
the arrow keys to change the value, then
press [ENT] to confirm your entry and
return to the Main Menu.
Note: The offset range is ±15°C.
DEFAULT
Use the "defalt" sub-menu to reset the Series 4 program to its default
values.
Caution!
Resetting the default values will overwrite all previous
settings. Use this option only if you have replaced the
instrument program.
At the "defalt" prompt, press the [ENT] key.
Programming the Series 4
Sure?
To reset the default values, press [ENT] at
the "Sure?" prompt.
done
The system will display "done" before
returning to the Main Menu.
3-7
5/18/94
TEST
Use this submenu to test the recorder, alarms, and display, and also to
adjust the recorder. At the "test" prompt, press the [ENT] key to enter
this submenu.
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
test, then press [ENT] at your selection.
t _ rcrd
t _ AL
dSPtSt
rAdj
To Test Recorders:
This option lets you test the recorder output to make sure it is
operating properly. You can test three percentages of the full scale
recorder range, as follows:
H = 100% of the full scale recorder range;
t = 50% of the full scale recorder range;
L = 0% of the full scale recorder range.
Note: Be sure the recorder is connected as described in Chapter 2,
Connecting the Recorder, page 2-5, before proceeding with
the following steps.
X - XX
H
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the "t - rcrd"
prompt, then press [ENT] to view the
X - XX
L
selections. (The X’s represent the recorder
output signal already selected.)
X - XX
t
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the required
value; the recorder pen should swing to the
appropriate value.
Note: If the recorder needs to be adjusted, refer to "Adjust
Recorders" on page 3-10.
X - XX
3-8
H
Press [ESC] to return to the test options.
Programming the Series 4
5/18/94
TEST (cont.)
To Test Alarms:
This option lets you trip or reset the alarm relays.
ALA
OF
ALA
On
ALb
OF
ALb
On
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the "t _ AL"
prompt, then press [ENT] to view the
selections.
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the alarm
you want to test
Note: The alarms test choices are as follows:
Alarm A off;
Alarm A on;
Alarm B off;
Alarm B on.
ALA
On
Press [ESC] to return to the test options.
Repeat the procedure as desired.
To Test the Display:
Use this option to test that all segments of the display are working.
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the "dSPtSt" prompt, then press [ENT]
to test the display.
8. 8. 8. 8. 8. 8.
Programming the Series 4
Press [ESC] to return to the test options.
3-9
5/18/94
TEST (cont.)
To Adjust Recorders:
Use this option to trim the recorder. The measured value of the
recorder can vary from the programmed value due to varying load.
To accurately trim the recorder, you will need a digital voltmeter
capable of measuring 0 to 2 V with a resolution of ±0.0001 VDC (0.1
mV), or 0 to 20 mA with a resolution of ±0.01 mA. (The range you
use depends on your recorder output.)
Note: Be sure the recorder switch is set for the correct output.
(Refer to Chapter 2, Connecting the Recorder, page 2-5).
Disconnect the chart recorder and connect the digital voltmeter.
rAdj
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the "rAdJ"
prompt, then press [ENT].
XXX
Use the arrow keys to scroll to the desired
trim value.
Note: If the recorder output is reading too high, enter a negative
number.
Press [ENT] followed by [ESC] to return to the Main Menu.
Note: The trim resolution is limited to ±0.05 mA or ±0.5 mV.
Choose the trim value that produces an output closest to the
value you want.
3-10
Programming the Series 4
5/18/94
REF
The Series 4 requires reference values for its moisture measurement
circuitry. Reference values are factory calibration values that are
specific to each unit. They are listed on the label located on the side or
bottom of the Series 4 electronics unit.
Note: All high and low reference values are factory set and normally
do not need adjustment. If for some reason you need to adjust
or re-enter the values, follow the steps below.
At the "ref" prompt, press [ENT] to enter this submenu.
H
rEF
L
rEF
X.XXXX
SETUP
Use the arrow keys to scroll through the
choices to the desired selection, then press
[ENT].
Use the arrow keys to change the value,
then press [ENT] to confirm your entry.
(The X’s represent your value.) Press
[ESC] to return to the Main Menu.
This submenu option is for field-service use only.
Caution!
To save data entered in the programming mode, you
must return the Series 4 to the measurement mode
before turning the unit off. If the Series 4 is turned off
while in the programming mode, all data entered will be
lost.
Programming the Series 4
3-11
5/18/94
Submenu Options
(cont.)
To Exit the Programming Mode:
At any Submenu prompt, press [ESC].
r u n?
Press [ENT] to exit the programming mode
and return to the measurement mode.
busy. . .
3-12
Programming the Series 4
Chapter 4
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Replacing the User Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Replacing and Recalibrating the Moisture Probes . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
5/18/94
Introduction
The Moisture Target Series 4 is designed to be maintenance and
trouble free; however, because of process conditions and other
factors, minor problems may occur. Some of the most common
problems and procedures are discussed in this section. If you can not
find the information you need in this section, please consult
Panametrics.
Caution!
Do not attempt to troubleshoot the Series 4 beyond the
instructions in this section. If you do, you may damage
the unit and void the warranty.
This section includes the following information:
•
Common Problems
•
Replacing the User Program
•
Replacing and Recalibrating the Moisture Probes
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
4-1
5/18/94
Common Problems
If the Series 4 measurement readings seem strange, or they do not
make sense, there may be a problem with the probe or a component of
the process system. Table 4-1 contains some of the most common
problems that affect measurements.
Table 4-1: Troubleshooting Guide for Common Problems
System
Symptom
Possible Cause
Response
Action
Accuracy of moisture
sensor is questioned.
4-2
Insufficient time for
system to equilibrate.
Probe reads too
wet during dry
down
conditions, or
too dry in wet
up conditions.
Change the flow rate. A change in dew point
indicates the sample system is not at
equilibrium, or there is a leak. Allow
sufficient time for sample system to
equilibrate and moisture reading to become
steady. Check for leaks.
Dew point at sampling
point is different than the
dew point of the main
stream.
Probe reads too
wet or too dry.
Readings may be correct if the sampling
point and main stream do not run under the
same process conditions. The different
process conditions cause readings to vary.
Refer to Section A1.1 in Appendix A for
more information. If sampling point and
main stream conditions are the same, check
sample system pipes, and any pipe between
the sample system and main stream for leaks.
Also,, check sample system for adsorbing
water surfaces, such as rubber or plastic
tubing, paper-type filters, or condensed
water traps. Remove or replace
contaminating parts with stainless steel parts.
Sensor or sensor shield
affected by process
contaminants (refer to
A2.1 and A2.2).
Probe reads too
wet or too dry.
Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as
described in Section A3.2 in Appendix A.
Then reinstall sensor.
Sensor is contaminated
with conductive particles
(refer to A2.2).
Probe reads
high dew point.
Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as
described in Section A3.2 in Appendix A.
Then reinstall sensor. Also, install a proper
filter (i.e. sintered or coalescing element).
Sensor is corroded (refer to
A2.3).
Probe reads too
wet or too dry.
Return the probe to factory for evaluation.
Sensor temperature is
greater than 70°C (158°F).
Probe reads too
dry.
Return the probe to factory for evaluation.
Stream particles causing
abrasion.
Probe reads too
wet or too dry.
Return the probe to factory for evaluation.
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
5/18/94
Table 4-1: Troubleshooting Guide for Common Problems (cont.)
System
Symptom
Possible Cause
Response
Action
A blinking E on the left
side of the display. Screen
always reads the wettest
(highest) programmed
moisture calibration value
while displaying dew/frost
point.
A blinking E on the left
side of the display. Screen
always reads the driest
(lowest) programmed
moisture calibration value
while displaying dew/frost
point.
Slow response.
Probe is saturated. Liquid
water present on sensor
surface and/or across
electrical connections.
Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as
described in Section A3.2 in Appendix A.
Then reinstall sensor.
Shorted circuit on sensor.
Run "dry gas" over sensor surface. If high
reading persists, then probe is probably
shorted and should be returned to the factory
for evaluation.
Sensor is contaminated
with conductive particles
(refer to A2.2).
Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as
described in Section A3.2 in Appendix A.
Then reinstall sensor.
Improper cable connection.
Check the cable connections to both the
probe and the Series 4.
Open circuit on sensor.
Return the probe to the factory for
evaluation.
Non-conductive material is
trapped under contact arm
of sensor.
Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as
described in Section A3.2 in Appendix A.
Then reinstall the sensor. If the low reading
persists, return the probe to the factory for
evaluation.
Improper cable connection.
Check the cable connections to both the
probe and the Series 4.
Slow outgassing of system.
Replace the system components with
stainless steel or electro-polished stainless
steel.
Sensor is contaminated
with non-conductive
particles (refer to A2.1).
Clean the sensor and the sensor shield as
described in Section A3.2 in Appendix A.
Then reinstall the sensor.
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
4-3
5/18/94
Replacing the User
Program
The user program is stored on an EPROM (Erasable Programmable
Read Only Memory) chip. The chip is embedded on the controller
board, which is located inside the Series 4 electronics unit. In order to
replace the user program, you must remove the controller board and
replace the EPROM. Record all data before replacing the EPROM.
A. Removing the Controller Board
1. Turn the power off and unplug the unit.
2. Discharge static from your body.
Caution!
EPROMs can be damaged by static electricity.
3. Open the Series 4 enclosure by removing the screws on the back
panel.
4. Remove the controller board by pulling it straight out.
B. Replacing the EPROM
1. Use Figure 4-1 to locate the EPROM on the controller board. The
EPROM is labeled U20.
2. Use a chip puller to remove the EPROM. If you do not have a
chip puller, use a small screwdriver to wedge the chip out of its
mounting. Once you remove the EPROM, make sure none of the
legs of the EPROM are stuck in the socket.
Caution!
EPROMs can be damaged by static electricity.
Observe static precaution when handling EPROMs.
3. Place the new EPROM in the socket labeled U20 making sure that
the notch on the EPROM matches the notch on the socket. See
Figure 4-1 on the next page.
4. Make sure the legs of the EPROM fit into the socket. If they do
not, gently remove the EPROM. Place the EPROM on its side
(each side of the EPROM has legs) on a flat surface; then gently
tilt the EPROM to bend the legs slightly inward.
4-4
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
5/18/94
Replacing the User
Program (cont.)
Figure 4-1: EPROM and Notch Location
Caution!
Do not bend the legs on the EPROM too much. The
legs are very delicate and may snap off if bent too far or
too many times.
5. Repeat step 4 for the opposite side of the EPROM; then place the
EPROM back in the socket. Make sure that the EPROM notch
matches the socket notch.
6. Press the EPROM into place, making sure that you do not bend or
break any of the legs. DO NOT FORCE THE EPROM INTO
THE SOCKET. Repeat steps 4 and 5 if necessary.
7. Insert the controller card into the casing.
8. Replace the back panel on the casing. Do not over tighten screws.
Power up the Series 4 and check to make sure the calibration and
reference data is not corrupted (refer to Chapter 3). If data is
corrupted, re-enter data as described in Chapter 3.
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
4-5
5/18/94
Replacing and
Recalibrating the
Moisture Probes
For maximum accuracy you should send probes back to the factory
for recalibration every six months to one year, depending on the
application. Under severe conditions you should send the probes back
for recalibration more frequently; in milder applications you do not
need to recalibrate probes as often. Contact a Panametrics
applications engineer for the recommended calibration frequency for
your application.
When you receive new or recalibrated probes, be sure to install and
connect them as described in Chapter 2, Installing the Series 4. Once
you have installed and connected the probes, enter the calibration data
as described in Chapter 3, Programming the Series 4. Note that each
probe has its own Calibration Data Sheet with the corresponding
probe serial number printed on it.
4-6
Troubleshooting and Maintenance
Chapter 5
Specifications
Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-1
Moisture Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .5-2
5/18/94
Electronics
Input
Moisture signal from Panametrics thin-film aluminum oxide moisture
sensor.
Intrinsic Safety
External safety barrier for moisture input (optional).
Analog Output
Single recorder output for dew point;
Internally optically isolated 10-bit
(0.1%) resolution
Programmable Recorder
Outputs
0 to 2 V, 10 k ohm minimum load resistance;
0 to 20 mA, 400 ohm maximum series resistance.
4 to 20 mA, 400 ohm maximum series resistance.
Zero and span are user-programmable within the range of the
instrument and the corresponding probe.
Alarm Relays
2 optional Form C relays SPDT; rated for 2A
at 28 VDC and .5A at 120 VAC.
Standard and hermetically-sealed designs available for high and low
limits; set to trip at any level within the range of the instrument;
programmable from front panel.
Alarm Setpoint Accuracy
±0.1°C dew point.
Display
1-line, 6-digit Liquid Crystal Display (LCD).
Display Functions
Dew point temperature °C or °F & MH.
Power Requirements
100/120/220/240 VAC,
50/60 Hz, 24 VDC; 3.6 Watts.
Temperature
Operating: 0° to 60°C.
Storage: -30° to 70°C.
Warm-Up Time
Specifications
Meets specified accuracy within 3 minutes.
5-1
5/18/94
Configurations
Panel mount version.
Dimensions
HxWxD
Panel: 2.83 x 5.67 x 5.55" (71.9 x 144 x 141mm)
Moisture Measurement
Sensor Type
Thin-film aluminum oxide moisture sensor probe.
Moisture Probe
Compatibility
Compatible with all Panametrics M-Series aluminum oxide moisture
probes.
Moisture Probe Pressure
Rating
5000 psig.
Dew/Frost Point
Temperature
Overall calibration range:
-110°C to +60°C.
Available calibration range options:
Standard, -80oC to +20oC with data to -110oC;
Extended high, -80oC to +60oC with data to -110oC.
Accuracy:
±2°C from -65°C to +60°C;
±3°C from -110°C to -66°C.
Repeatability:
±0.5°C from -65°C to +60°C;
±1.0°C from -110°C to -66°C.
5-2
Specifications
Appendix A
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Moisture Monitor Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2
Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Aluminum Oxide Probe Maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7
Corrosive Gases And Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-9
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10
Calculations and Useful Formulas in Gas Applications. . . . . . A-11
Liquid Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22
Empirical Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-28
Solids Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-34
June 2003
Introduction
This appendix contains general information about moisture
monitoring techniques. System contaminants, moisture probe
maintenance, process applications and other considerations for
ensuring accurate moisture measurements are discussed.
The following specific topics are covered:
•
Moisture Monitor Hints
•
Contaminants
•
Aluminum Oxide Probe Maintenance
•
Corrosive Gases and Liquids
•
Materials of Construction
•
Calculations and Useful Formulas in Gas Applications
•
Liquid Applications
•
Empirical Calibrations
•
Solids Applications
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-1
June 2003
Moisture Monitor Hints
GE Panametrics hygrometers, using aluminum oxide moisture
probes, have been designed to reliably measure the moisture content
of both gases and liquids. The measured dew point will be the real
dew point of the system at the measurement location and at the time
of measurement. However, no moisture sensor can determine the
origin of the measured moisture content. In addition to the moisture
content of the fluid to be analyzed, the water vapor pressure at the
measurement location may include components from sources such as:
moisture from the inner walls of the piping; external moisture through
leaks in the piping system; and trapped moisture from fittings, valves,
filters, etc. Although these sources may cause the measured dew point
to be higher than expected, it is the actual dew point of the system at
the time of measurement.
One of the major advantages of the GE Panametrics hygrometer is
that it can be used for in situ measurements (i.e. the sensor element is
designed for installation directly within the region to be measured).
As a result, the need for complex sample systems that include
extensive piping, manifolds, gas flow regulators and pressure
regulators is eliminated or greatly reduced. Instead, a simple sample
system to reduce the fluid temperature, filter contaminants and
facilitate sensor removal is all that is needed.
Whether the sensor is installed in situ or in a remote sampling system,
the accuracy and speed of measurement depend on the piping system
and the dynamics of the fluid flow. Response times and measurement
values will be affected by the degree of equilibrium reached within
system. Factors such as gas pressure, flow rate, materials of
construction, length and diameter of piping, etc. will greatly influence
the measured moisture levels and the response times.
Assuming that all secondary sources of moisture have been
eliminated and the sample system has been allowed to come to
equilibrium, then the measured dew point will equal the actual dew
point of the process fluid.
Some of the most frequently encountered problems associated with
moisture monitoring sample systems include:
A-2
•
the moisture content value changes as the total gas pressure
changes
•
the measurement response time is very slow
•
the dew point changes as the fluid temperature changes
•
the dew point changes as the fluid flow rate changes.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Moisture Monitor Hints
(cont.)
GE Panametrics hygrometers measure only water vapor pressure. In
addition, the instrument has a very rapid response time and it is not
affected by changes in fluid temperature or fluid flow rate. If any of
the above situations occur, then they are almost always caused by a
defect in the sample system. The moisture sensor itself can not lead to
such problems.
Pressure
GE Panametrics hygrometers can accurately measure dew points
under pressure conditions ranging from vacuums as low as a few
microns of mercury up to pressures of 5000 psig. The calibration data
supplied with the moisture probe is directly applicable over this entire
pressure range, without correction.
Note: Although the moisture probe calibration data is supplied as
meter reading vs. dew point, it is important to remember that
the moisture probe responds only to water vapor pressure.
When a gas is compressed, the partial pressures of all the gaseous
components are proportionally increased. Conversely, when a gas
expands, the partial pressures of the gaseous components are
proportionally decreased. Therefore, increasing the pressure on a
closed aqueous system will increase the vapor pressure of the water,
and hence, increase the dew point. This is not just a mathematical
artifact. The dew point of a gas with 1000 PPMv of water at 200 psig
will be considerably higher than the dew point of a gas with 1000
PPMv of water at 1 atm. Gaseous water vapor will actually condense
to form liquid water at a higher temperature at the 200 psig pressure
than at the 1 atm pressure. Thus, if the moisture probe is exposed to
pressure changes, the measured dew point will be altered by the
changed vapor pressure of the water.
It is generally advantageous to operate the hygrometer at the highest
possible pressure, especially at very low moisture concentrations.
This minimizes wall effects and results in higher dew point readings,
which increases the sensitivity of the instrument.
Response Time
The response time of the GE Panametrics standard M Series
Aluminum Oxide Moisture Sensor is very rapid - a step change of
63% in moisture concentration will be observed in approximately 5
seconds. Thus, the observed response time to moisture changes is, in
general, limited by the response time of the sample system as a
whole. Water vapor is absorbed tenaciously by many materials, and a
large, complex processing system can take several days to “dry
down” from atmospheric moisture levels to dew points of less than 60°C. Even simple systems consisting of a few feet of stainless steel
tubing and a small chamber can take an hour or more to dry down
from dew points of +5°C to -70°C. The rate at which the system
reaches equilibrium will depend on flow rate, temperature, materials
of construction and system pressure. Generally speaking, an increase
in flow rate and/or temperature will decrease the response time of the
sample system.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-3
June 2003
Response Time (cont.)
To minimize any adverse affects on response time, the preferred
materials of construction for moisture monitoring sample systems are
stainless steel, Teflon® and glass. Materials to be avoided include
rubber elastomers and related compounds.
Temperature
The GE Panametrics hygrometer is largely unaffected by ambient
temperature. However, for best results, it is recommended that the
ambient temperature be at least 10°C higher than the measured dew
point, up to a maximum of 70°C. Because an ambient temperature
increase may cause water vapor to be desorbed from the walls of the
sample system, it is possible to observe a diurnal change in moisture
concentration for a system exposed to varying ambient conditions. In
the heat of the day, the sample system walls will be warmed by the
ambient air and an off-gassing of moisture into the process fluid, with
a corresponding increase in measured moisture content, will occur.
The converse will happen during the cooler evening hours. This effect
should not be mistakenly interpreted as indicating that the moisture
probe has a temperature coefficient.
Flow Rate
GE Panametrics hygrometers are unaffected by the fluid flow rate.
The moisture probe is not a mass sensor but responds only to water
vapor pressure. The moisture probe will operate accurately under
both static and dynamic fluid flow conditions. In fact, the specified
maximum fluid linear velocity of 10,000 cm/sec for The M Series
Aluminum Oxide Moisture Sensor indicates a mechanical stability
limitation rather than a sensitivity to the fluid flow rate.
If the measured dew point of a system changes with the fluid flow
rate, then it can be assumed that off-gassing or a leak in the sample
system is causing the variation. If secondary moisture is entering the
process fluid (either from an ambient air leak or the release of
previously absorbed moisture from the sample system walls), an
increase in the flow rate of the process fluid will dilute the secondary
moisture source. As a result, the vapor pressure will be lowered and a
lower dew point will be measured.
Note: Refer to the Specifications chapter in this manual for the
maximum allowable flow rate for the instrument.
A-4
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Contaminants
Industrial gases and liquids often contain fine particulate matter.
Particulates of the following types are commonly found in such
process fluids:
•
carbon particles
•
salts
•
rust particles
•
polymerized substances
•
organic liquid droplets
•
dust particles
•
molecular sieve particles
•
alumina dust
For convenience, the above particulates have been divided into three
broad categories. Refer to the appropriate section for a discussion of
their affect on the GE Panametrics moisture probe.
Non-Conductive
Particulates
Note: Molecular sieve particles, organic liquid droplets and oil
droplets are typical of this category.
In general, the performance of the moisture probe will not be
seriously hindered by the condensation of non-conductive, noncorrosive liquids. However, a slower response to moisture changes
will probably be observed, because the contaminating liquid barrier
will decrease the rate of transport of the water vapor to the sensor and
reduce its response time.
Particulate matter with a high density and/or a high flow rate may
cause abrasion or pitting of the sensor surface. This can drastically
alter the calibration of the moisture probe and, in extreme cases,
cause moisture probe failure. A stainless steel shield is supplied with
the moisture probe to minimize this effect, but in severe cases, it is
advisable to install a Teflon® or stainless steel filter in the fluid
stream.
On rare occasions, non-conductive particulate material may become
lodged under the contact arm of the sensor, creating an open circuit. If
this condition is suspected, refer to the Probe Cleaning Procedure
section of this appendix for the recommended cleaning procedure.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-5
June 2003
Conductive Particulates
Note: Metallic particles, carbon particles and conductive liquid
droplets are typical of this category.
Since the hygrometer reading is inversely proportional to the
impedance of the sensor, a decrease in sensor impedance will cause
an increase in the meter reading. Thus, trapped conductive particles
across the sensor leads or on the sensor surface, which will decrease
the sensor impedance, will cause an erroneously high dew point
reading. The most common particulates of this type are carbon (from
furnaces), iron scale (from pipe walls) and glycol droplets (from
glycol-based dehydrators).
If the system contains conductive particulates, it is advisable to install
a Teflon® or stainless steel filter in the fluid stream.
Corrosive Particulates
Note: Sodium chloride and sodium hydroxide particulates are
typical of this category.
Since the active sensor element is constructed of aluminum, any
material that corrodes aluminum will deleteriously affect the
operation of the moisture probe. Furthermore, a combination of this
type of particulate with water will cause pitting or severe corrosion of
the sensor element. In such instances, the sensor cannot be cleaned or
repaired and the probe must be replaced.
Obviously, the standard moisture probe can not be used in such
applications unless the complete removal of such part by adequate
filtration is assured.
A-6
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Aluminum Oxide Probe
Maintenance
Other than periodic calibration checks, little or no routine moisture
probe maintenance is required. However, as discussed in the previous
section, any electrically conductive contaminant trapped on the
aluminum oxide sensor will cause inaccurate moisture measurements.
If such a situation develops, return of the moisture probe to the
factory for analysis and recalibration is recommended. However, in
an emergency, cleaning of the moisture probe in accordance with the
following procedure may be attempted by a qualified technician or
chemist.
IMPORTANT: Moisture probes must be handled carefully and
cannot be cleaned in any fluid which will attack its
components. The probe’s materials of construction
are Al, Al2O3, nichrome, gold, stainless steel, glass
and Viton® A. Also, the sensor’s aluminum sheet is
very fragile and can be easily bent or distorted. Do
not permit anything to touch it!
The following items will be needed to properly complete the moisture
probe cleaning procedure:
•
approximately 300 ml of reagent grade hexane or toluene
•
approximately 300 ml of distilled (not deionized) water
•
two glass containers to hold above liquids (metal containers should
not be used).
To clean the moisture probe, complete the following steps:
1. Record the dew point of the ambient air.
2. Making sure not to touch the sensor, carefully remove the
protective shield from the sensor.
3. Soak the sensor in the distilled water for ten (10) minutes. Be sure
to avoid contact with the bottom and the walls of the container!
4. Remove the sensor from the distilled water and soak it in the clean
container of hexane or toluene for ten (10) minutes. Again, avoid
all contact with the bottom and the walls of the container!
5. Remove the sensor from the hexane or toluene, and place it face
up in a low temperature oven set at 50°C ±2°C (122°F ±4°F) for
24 hours.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-7
June 2003
Aluminum Oxide Probe
Maintenance (cont.)
6. Repeat steps 3-5 for the protective shield. During this process,
swirl the shield in the solvents to ensure the removal of any
contaminants that may have become embedded in the porous walls
of the shield.
7. Carefully replace probe’s protective shield, making sure not to
touch the sensor.
8. Connect the probe cable to the probe, and record the dew point of
the ambient air, as in step 1. Compare the two recorded dew point
readings to determine if the reading after cleaning is a more
accurate value for the dew point of the ambient atmosphere.
9. If the sensor is in proper calibration (±2°C accuracy), reinstall the
probe in the sample cell and proceed with normal operation of the
hygrometer.
10. If the sensor is not in proper calibration, repeat steps 1-9, using
time intervals 5 times those used in the previous cleaning cycle.
Repeat this procedure until the sensor is in proper calibration.
A trained laboratory technician should determine if all electrically
conductive compounds have been removed from the aluminum oxide
sensor and that the probe is properly calibrated. Probes which are not
in proper calibration must be recalibrated. It is recommended that all
moisture probes be recalibrated by GE Panametrics approximately
once a year, regardless of the probe’s condition.
A-8
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Corrosive Gases And
Liquids
GE Panametrics M Series Aluminum Oxide Moisture Sensors have
been designed to minimize the affect of corrosive gases and liquids.
As indicated in the Materials of Construction section of this
appendix, no copper, solder or epoxy is used in the construction of
these sensors. The moisture content of corrosive gases such as H2S,
SO2, cyanide containing gases, acetic acid vapors, etc. can be
measured directly.
Note: Since the active sensor is aluminum, any fluid which corrodes
aluminum will affect the sensor’s performance.
By observing the following precautions, the moisture probe may be
used successfully and economically:
1. The moisture content of the corrosive fluid must be 10 PPMv or
less at 1 atmosphere, or the concentration of the corrosive fluid
must be 10 PPMv or less at 1 atmosphere.
2. The sample system must be pre-dried with a dry inert gas, such as
nitrogen or argon, prior to introduction of the fluid stream. Any
adsorbed atmospheric moisture on the sensor will react with the
corrosive fluid to cause pitting or corrosion of the sensor.
3. The sample system must be purged with a dry inert gas, such as
nitrogen or argon, prior to removal of the moisture probe. Any
adsorbed corrosive fluid on the sensor will react with ambient
moisture to cause pitting or corrosion of the sensor.
4. Operate the sample system at the lowest possible gas pressure.
Using the precautions listed above, the hygrometer has been used to
successfully measure the moisture content in such fluids as
hydrochloric acid, sulfur dioxide, chlorine and bromine.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-9
June 2003
Materials of
Construction
M1 and M2 Sensors:
Sensor Element:
99.99% aluminum, aluminum oxide, gold,
Nichrome, A6
Back Wire:
316 stainless steel
Contact Wire:
gold, 304 stainless steel
Front Wire:
316 stainless steel
Support:
Glass (Corning 9010)
Pins:
Al 152 Alloy (52% Ni)
Glass:
Corning 9010
Shell:
304L stainless steel
O-Ring:
silicone rubber
Threaded Fitting:
304 stainless steel
O-Ring:
Viton® A
Cage:
308 stainless steel
Shield:
304 stainless steel
Electrical Connector:
A-10
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Calculations and
Useful Formulas in Gas
Applications
A knowledge of the dew point of a system enables one to calculate all
other moisture measurement parameters. The most important fact to
recognize is that for a particular dew point there is one and only one
equivalent vapor pressure.
Note: The calibration of GE Panametrics moisture probes is based
on the vapor pressure of liquid water above 0°C and frost
below 0°C. GE Panametrics moisture probes are never
calibrated with supercooled water.
Caution is advised when comparing dew points measured with a GE
Panametrics hygrometer to those measured with a mirror type
hygrometer, since such instruments may provide the dew points of
supercooled water.
As stated above, the dew/frost point of a system defines a unique
partial pressure of water vapor in the gas. Table A-1 on page A-15,
which lists water vapor pressure as a function of dew point, can be
used to find either the saturation water vapor pressure at a known
temperature or the water vapor pressure at a specified dew point. In
addition, all definitions involving humidity can then be expressed in
terms of the water vapor pressure.
Nomenclature
The following symbols and units are used in the equations that are
presented in the next few sections:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
RH = relative humidity
•
PW = water vapor pressure at the measured dew point
(mm of Hg)
•
PT = total system pressure (mm of Hg)
TK = temperature (°K = °C + 273)
TR = temperature (°R = °F + 460)
PPMv = parts per million by volume
PPMw = parts per million by weight
Mw = molecular weight of water (18)
MT = molecular weight of carrier gas
PS = saturation vapor pressure of water at the prevailing
temperature (mm of Hg)
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-11
June 2003
Parts per Million by
Volume
The water concentration in a system, in parts per million by volume,
is proportional to the ratio of the water vapor partial pressure to the
total system pressure:
PW
6
PPM V = -------- × 10
PT
(0-1)
In a closed system, increasing the total pressure of the gas will
proportionally increase the partial pressures of the various
components. The relationship between dew point, total pressure and
PPMV is provided in nomographic form in Figure A-1 on page A-20.
Note: The nomograph shown in Figure A-1 on page A-20 is
applicable only to gases. Do not apply it to liquids.
To compute the moisture content for any ideal gas at a given pressure,
refer to Figure A-1 on page A-20. Using a straightedge, connect the
dew point (as measured with the GE Panametrics’ Hygrometer) with
the known system pressure. Read the moisture content in PPMV
where the straightedge crosses the moisture content scale.
Typical Problems
1. Find the water content in a nitrogen gas stream, if a dew point of 20°C is measured and the pressure is 60 psig.
Solution: In Figure A-1 on page A-20, connect 60 psig on the
Pressure scale with -20°C on the Dew/Frost Point scale. Read 200
PPMV, on the Moisture Content scale.
2. Find the expected dew/frost point for a helium gas stream having a
measured moisture content of 1000 PPMV and a system pressure
of 0.52 atm.
Solution: In Figure A-1 on page A-20, connect 1000 PPMV on the
Moisture Content scale with 0.52 atm on the Pressure scale. Read
the expected frost point of –27°C on the Dew/Frost Point scale.
A-12
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Parts per Million by
Weight
The water concentration in the gas phase of a system, in parts per
million by weight, can be calculated directly from the PPMV and the
ratio of the molecular weight of water to that of the carrier gas as
follows:
MW
PPM W = PPM V × ---------M
(0-2)
T
Relative Humidity
Relative humidity is defined as the ratio of the actual water vapor
pressure to the saturation water vapor pressure at the prevailing
ambient temperature, expressed as a percentage.
PW
RH = -------- × 100
PS
(0-3)
1. Find the relative humidity in a system, if the measured dew point
is 0°C and the ambient temperature is +20°C.
Solution: From Table A-1 on page A-20, the water vapor pressure
at a dew point of 0°C is 4.579 mm of Hg and the saturation water
vapor pressure at an ambient temperature of +20°C is 17.535 mm
of Hg. Therefore, the relative humidity of the system is
100 x 4.579/17.535 = 26.1%.
Weight of Water per Unit
Volume of Carrier Gas
Three units of measure are commonly used in the gas industry to
express the weight of water per unit volume of carrier gas. They all
represent a vapor density and are derivable from the vapor pressure of
water and the Perfect Gas Laws. Referenced to a temperature of 60°F
and a pressure of 14.7 psia, the following equations may be used to
calculate these units:
PW
mg of water
----------------------------- = 289 × -------TK
liter of gas
(0-4)
PW
lb of water
-------------------------- = 0.0324 × -------3
TR
ft of gas
(0-5)
6
PPM V
10 × P W
lb of water
------------------------------------- = --------------- = ---------------------MMSCF of gas
21.1
21.1 × P T
(0-6)
Note: MMSCF is an abbreviation for a “million standard cubic
feet” of carrier gas.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-13
June 2003
Weight of Water per Unit
Weight of Carrier Gas
Occasionally, the moisture content of a gas is expressed in terms of
the weight of water per unit weight of carrier gas. In such a case, the
unit of measure defined by the following equation is the most
commonly used:
MW × PW
grains
of water- = 7000 × --------------------------------------------------------MT × PT
lb of gas
(0-7)
For ambient air at 1 atm of pressure, the above equation reduces to the
following:
grains of water
------------------------------------ = 5.72 × P W
lb of gas
A-14
(0-8)
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Table A-1: Vapor Pressure of Water
Note: If the dew/frost point is known, the table will yield the partial water vapor
pressure (PW) in mm of Hg. If the ambient or actual gas temperature is known,
the table will yield the saturated water vapor pressure (PS) in mm of Hg.
Water Vapor Pressure Over Ice
Temp.°C
0
2
4
6
8
-90
-80
-70
-60
0.000070
0.00040
0.00194
0.00808
0.000048
0.00029
0.00143
0.00614
0.000033
0.00020
0.00105
0.00464
0.000022
0.00014
0.00077
0.00349
0.000015
0.00010
0.00056
0.00261
-50
-40
-30
0.02955
0.0966
0.2859
0.0230
0.0768
0.2318
0.0178
0.0609
0.1873
0.0138
0.0481
0.1507
0.0106
0.0378
0.1209
Temp.°C
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
-29
-28
-27
-26
0.317
0.351
0.389
0.430
0.311
0.344
0.381
0.422
0.304
0.337
0.374
0.414
0.298
0.330
0.366
0.405
0.292
0.324
0.359
0.397
-25
-24
-23
-22
-21
0.476
0.526
0.580
0.640
0.705
0.467
0.515
0.569
0.627
0.691
0.457
0.505
0.558
0.615
0.678
0.448
0.495
0.547
0.603
0.665
0.439
0.486
0.536
0.592
0.652
-20
-19
-18
-17
-16
0.776
0.854
0.939
1.031
1.132
0.761
0.838
0.921
1.012
1.111
0.747
0.822
0.904
0.993
1.091
0.733
0.806
0.887
0.975
1.070
0.719
0.791
0.870
0.956
1.051
-15
-14
-13
-12
-11
1.241
1.361
1.490
1.632
1.785
1.219
1.336
1.464
1.602
1.753
1.196
1.312
1.437
1.574
1.722
1.175
1.288
1.411
1.546
1.691
1.153
1.264
1.386
1.518
1.661
-10
-9
-8
-7
-6
1.950
2.131
2.326
2.537
2.765
1.916
2.093
2.285
2.493
2.718
1.883
2.057
2.246
2.450
2.672
1.849
2.021
2.207
2.408
2.626
1.817
1.985
2.168
2.367
2.581
-5
-4
-3
-2
-1
3.013
3.280
3.568
3.880
4.217
2.962
3.225
3.509
3.816
4.147
2.912
3.171
3.451
3.753
4.079
2.862
3.117
3.393
3.691
4.012
2.813
3.065
3.336
3.630
3.946
0
4.579
4.504
4.431
4.359
4.287
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-15
June 2003
Table A-1: Vapor Pressure of Water (Continued)
Aqueous Vapor Pressure Over Water
A-16
Temp.°C
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
0
1
2
3
4
4.579
4.926
5.294
5.685
6.101
4.647
4.998
5.370
5.766
6.187
4.715
5.070
5.447
5.848
6.274
4.785
5.144
5.525
5.931
6.363
4.855
5.219
5.605
6.015
6.453
5
6
7
8
9
6.543
7.013
7.513
8.045
8.609
6.635
7.111
7.617
8.155
8.727
6.728
7.209
7.722
8.267
8.845
6.822
7.309
7.828
8.380
8.965
6.917
7.411
7.936
8.494
9.086
10
11
12
13
14
9.209
9.844
10.518
11.231
11.987
9.333
9.976
10.658
11.379
12.144
9.458
10.109
10.799
11.528
12.302
9.585
10.244
10.941
11.680
12.462
9.714
10.380
11.085
11.833
12.624
15
16
17
18
19
12.788
13.634
14.530
15.477
16.477
12.953
13.809
14.715
15.673
16.685
13.121
13.987
14.903
15.871
16.894
13.290
14.166
15.092
16.071
17.105
13.461
14.347
15.284
16.272
17.319
20
21
22
23
24
17.535
18.650
19.827
21.068
22.377
17.753
18.880
20.070
21.324
22.648
17.974
19.113
20.316
21.583
22.922
18.197
19.349
20.565
21.845
23.198
18.422
19.587
20.815
22.110
23.476
25
26
27
28
29
23.756
25.209
26.739
28.349
30.043
24.039
25.509
27.055
28.680
30.392
24.326
25.812
27.374
29.015
30.745
24.617
26.117
27.696
29.354
31.102
24.912
26.426
28.021
29.697
31.461
30
31
32
33
34
31.824
33.695
35.663
37.729
39.898
32.191
34.082
36.068
38.155
40.344
32.561
34.471
36.477
38.584
40.796
32.934
34.864
36.891
39.018
41.251
33.312
35.261
37.308
39.457
41.710
35
36
37
38
39
42.175
44.563
47.067
49.692
52.442
42.644
45.054
47.582
50.231
53.009
43.117
45.549
48.102
50.774
53.580
43.595
46.050
48.627
51.323
54.156
44.078
46.556
49.157
51.879
54.737
40
41
55.324
58.340
55.910
58.960
56.510
59.580
57.110
60.220
57.720
60.860
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Table A-1: Vapor Pressure of Water (Continued)
Aqueous Vapor Pressure Over Water (cont.)
Temp.°C
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
42
43
44
61.500
64.800
68.260
62.140
65.480
68.970
62.800
66.160
69.690
63.460
66.860
70.410
64.120
67.560
71.140
45
46
47
48
49
71.880
75.650
79.600
83.710
88.020
72.620
76.430
80.410
84.560
88.900
73.360
77.210
81.230
85.420
89.790
74.120
78.000
82.050
86.280
90.690
74.880
78.800
82.870
87.140
91.590
50
51
52
53
54
92.51
97.20
102.09
107.20
112.51
93.50
98.20
103.10
108.20
113.60
94.40
99.10
104.10
109.30
114.70
95.30
100.10
105.10
110.40
115.80
96.30
101.10
106.20
111.40
116.90
55
56
57
58
59
118.04
123.80
129.82
136.08
142.60
119.10
125.00
131.00
137.30
143.90
120.30
126.20
132.30
138.50
145.20
121.50
127.40
133.50
139.90
146.60
122.60
128.60
134.70
141.20
148.00
60
61
62
63
64
149.38
156.43
163.77
171.38
179.31
150.70
157.80
165.20
172.90
180.90
152.10
159.30
166.80
174.50
182.50
153.50
160.80
168.30
176.10
184.20
155.00
162.30
169.80
177.70
185.80
65
66
67
68
69
187.54
196.09
204.96
214.17
223.73
189.20
197.80
206.80
216.00
225.70
190.90
199.50
208.60
218.00
227.70
192.60
201.30
210.50
219.90
229.70
194.30
203.10
212.30
221.80
231.70
70
71
72
73
74
233.70
243.90
254.60
265.70
277.20
235.70
246.00
256.80
268.00
279.40
237.70
248.20
259.00
270.20
281.80
239.70
250.30
261.20
272.60
284.20
241.80
252.40
263.40
274.80
286.60
75
76
77
78
79
289.10
301.40
314.10
327.30
341.00
291.50
303.80
316.60
330.00
343.80
294.00
306.40
319.20
332.80
346.60
296.40
308.90
322.00
335.60
349.40
298.80
311.40
324.60
338.20
352.20
80
81
82
83
355.10
369.70
384.90
400.60
358.00
372.60
388.00
403.80
361.00
375.60
391.20
407.00
363.80
378.80
394.40
410.20
366.80
381.80
397.40
413.60
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-17
June 2003
Table A-1: Vapor Pressure of Water (Continued)
Aqueous Vapor Pressure Over Water (cont.)
A-18
Temp.°C
0.0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
84
416.80
420.20
423.60
426.80
430.20
85
86
87
88
89
433.60
450.90
468.70
487.10
506.10
437.00
454.40
472.40
491.00
510.00
440.40
458.00
476.00
494.70
513.90
444.00
461.60
479.80
498.50
517.80
447.50
465.20
483.40
502.20
521.80
90
91
92
93
94
525.76
546.05
566.99
588.60
610.90
529.77
550.18
571.26
593.00
615.44
533.80
554.35
575.55
597.43
620.01
537.86
558.53
579.87
601.89
624.61
541.95
562.75
584.22
606.38
629.24
95
96
97
98
99
633.90
657.62
682.07
707.27
733.24
638.59
662.45
687.04
712.40
738.53
643.30
667.31
692.05
717.56
743.85
648.05
672.20
697.10
722.75
749.20
652.82
677.12
702.17
727.98
754.58
100
101
760.00
787.57
765.45
793.18
770.93
798.82
776.44
804.50
782.00
810.21
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Table A-2: Maximum Gas Flow Rates
Based on the physical characteristics of air at a temperature of 77°F and a pressure of 1 atm,
the following flow rates will produce the maximum allowable gas stream linear velocity of
10,000 cm/sec in the corresponding pipe sizes.
Inside Pipe Diameter (in.)
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
Gas Flow Rate (cfm)
7
27
60
107
429
966
1,718
2,684
3,865
5,261
6,871
8,697
10,737
12,991
15,461
Table A-3: Maximum Liquid Flow Rates
Based on the physical characteristics of benzene at a temperature of 77°F, the following flow
rates will produce the maximum allowable fluid linear velocity of 10 cm/sec in the
corresponding pipe sizes.
Inside Pipe Diameter (in.)
0.25
0.50
0.75
1.0
2.0
3.0
4.0
5.0
6.0
7.0
8.0
9.0
10.0
11.0
12.0
Flow Rate (gal/hr)
3
12
27
48
193
434
771
1,205
1,735
2,361
3,084
3,903
4,819
5,831
6,939
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
Flow Rate (l/hr)
11
46
103
182
730
1,642
2,919
4,561
6,567
8,939
11,675
14,776
18,243
22,074
26,269
A-19
June 2003
1,000
10,000
800
8,000
10,000
6,000
5,000
8,000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
600
500
400
300
200
2,000
1,500
1,000
100
80
800
1,000
400
300
30
20
10.0
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
+10
30
0
600
500
40
400
30
300
10
0
-10
-20
-10
-20
-30
-30
-40
-40
-50
-60
-50
-70
-80
-60
20
200
150
PRESSURE, PSIG
40
60
50
40
DEW/FROST POINT, °C
60
50
60
50
20
DEW/FROST POINT, °F
80
MOISTURE CONTENT, PPM by volume
200
100
800
+20
100
80
60
50
40
30
10
8.0
6.0
5.0
4.0
3.0
20
2.0
10
5
0
1.0
.8
-90
PRESSURE, ATMOSPHERES
600
500
.6
.5
-70
-100
.4
.3
-110
-80
2.0
1.0
.2
-120
-130
.10
-90
0.8
.08
0.6
0.5
.06
.05
0.4
.04
0.3
.03
0.2
.02
0.1
.01
Figure A-1: Moisture Content Nomograph for Gases
A-20
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Comparison of PPMV
Calculations
There are three basic methods for determining the moisture content of
a gas in PPMV:
•
the calculations described in this appendix
•
calculations performed with the slide rule device that is provided
with each GE Panametrics hygrometer
•
values determined from tabulated vapor pressures
For comparison purposes, examples of all three procedures are listed
in Table A-4 below.
Table A-4: Comparative PPMV Values
Calculation Method
Dew Point
(°C)
-80
-50
+20
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
Pressure
(psig)
0
100
800
1500
0
100
800
1500
0
100
800
1500
Slide Rule
0.5
0.065
0.009
0.005
37
4.8
0.65
0.36
N.A.
3000
420
220
Appendix
A
0.55
N.A.
N.A.
N.A.
40
5.2
0.8
0.35
20,000
3000
400
200
Vapor
Pressure
0.526
0.0675
0.0095
0.0051
38.88
4.98
0.7016
0.3773
23,072.36
2956.9
416.3105
223.9
A-21
June 2003
Liquid Applications
Theory of Operation
The direct measurement of water vapor pressure in organic liquids is
accomplished easily and effectively with GE Panametrics’ Aluminum
Oxide Moisture Sensors. Since the moisture probe pore openings are
small in relation to the size of most organic molecules, admission into
the sensor cavity is limited to much smaller molecules, such as water.
Thus, the surface of the aluminum oxide sensor, which acts as a semipermeable membrane, permits the measurement of water vapor
pressure in organic liquids just as easily as it does in gaseous media.
In fact, an accurate sensor electrical output will be registered whether
the sensor is directly immersed in the organic liquid or it is placed in
the gas space above the liquid surface. As with gases, the electrical
output of the aluminum oxide sensor is a function of the measured
water vapor pressure.
Moisture Content
Measurement in Organic
Liquids
Henry’s Law Type Analysis
When using the aluminum oxide sensor in non-polar liquids having
water concentrations ≤1% by weight, Henry’s Law is generally
applicable. Henry’s Law states that, at constant temperature, the mass
of a gas dissolved in a given volume of liquid is proportional to the
partial pressure of the gas in the system. Stated in terms pertinent to
this discussion, it can be said that the PPMW of water in hydrocarbon
liquids is equal to the partial pressure of water vapor in the system
times a constant.
As discussed above, a GE Panametrics aluminum oxide sensor can be
directly immersed in a hydrocarbon liquid to measure the equivalent
dew point. Since the dew point is functionally related to the vapor
pressure of the water, a determination of the dew point will allow one
to calculate the PPMW of water in the liquid by a Henry’s Law type
analysis. A specific example of such an analysis is shown below.
For liquids in which a Henry’s Law type analysis is applicable, the
parts per million by weight of water in the organic liquid is equal to
the partial pressure of water vapor times a constant:
PPM W = K × P W
(a)
where, K is the Henry’s Law constant in the appropriate units, and the
other variables are as defined on page A-11.
A-22
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Henry’s Law Type Analysis (cont.)
Also, the value of K is determined from the known water saturation
concentration of the organic liquid at the measurement temperature:
Saturation PPM W
K = ------------------------------------------PS
(b)
For a mixture of organic liquids, an average saturation value can be
calculated from the weight fractions and saturation values of the pure
components as follows:
n
Ave. C S =
∑ Xi ( CS )i
(c)
i=1
where, Xi is the weight fraction of the ith component, (CS)i is the
saturation concentration (PPMW) of the ith component, and n is the
total number of components.
In conclusion, the Henry’s Law constant (K) is a constant of
proportionality between the saturation concentration (CS) and the
saturation vapor pressure (PS) of water, at the measurement
temperature. In the General Case, the Henry’s Law constant varies
with the measurement temperature, but there is a Special Case in
which the Henry’s Law constant does not vary appreciably with the
measurement temperature. This special case applies to saturated,
straight-chain hydrocarbons such as pentane, hexane, heptane, etc.
A: General Case
Determination of Moisture Content if CS is Known:
The nomograph for liquids in Figure A-2 on page A-32 can be used to
determine the moisture content in an organic liquid, if the following
values are known:
•
the temperature of the liquid at the time of measurement
•
the saturation water concentration at the measurement temperature
•
the dew point, as measured with the GE Panametrics hygrometer
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-23
June 2003
A: General Case (cont.)
Complete the following steps to determine the moisture content from
the nomograph:
1. Using a straightedge on the two scales on the right of the figure,
connect the known saturation concentration (PPMW) with the
measurement temperature (°C).
2. Read the Henry’s Law constant (K) on the center scale.
3. Using a straightedge, connect above K value with the dew/frost
point, as measured with the GE Panametrics’ hygrometer.
4. Read the moisture content (PPMW) where the straight edge
crosses the moisture content scale.
Empirical Determination of K and CS
If the values of K and CS are not known, the GE Panametrics
hygrometer can be used to determine these values. In fact, only one of
the values is required to determine PPMW from the nomograph in
Figure A-2 on page A-32. To perform such an analysis, proceed as
follows:
1. Obtain a sample of the test solution with a known water content;
or perform a Karl Fischer titration on a sample of the test stream
to determine the PPMW of water.
Note: The Karl Fischer analysis involves titrating the test sample
against a special Karl Fischer reagent until an endpoint is
reached.
2. Measure the dew point of the known sample with the GE
Panametrics hygrometer.
3. Measure the temperature (°C) of the test solution.
4. Using a straightedge, connect the moisture content (PPMW) with
the measured dew point, and read the K value on the center scale.
5. Using a straightedge, connect the above K value with the
measured temperature (°C) of the test solution, and read the
saturation concentration (PPMW).
Note: Since the values of K and CS vary with temperature, the
hygrometer measurement and the test sample analysis must be
done at the same temperature. If the moisture probe
temperature is expected to vary, the test should be performed
at more than one temperature.
A-24
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
B: Special Case
As mentioned earlier, saturated straight-chain hydrocarbons represent
a special case, where the Henry’s Law constant does not vary
appreciably with temperature. In such cases, use the nomograph for
liquids in Figure A-2 on page A-32 to complete the analysis.
Determination of moisture content if the Henry’s Law constant (K) is
known.
1. Using a straightedge, connect the known K value on the center
scale with the dew/frost point, as measured with the GE
Panametrics hygrometer.
2. Read moisture content (PPMW) where the straightedge crosses the
scale on the left.
Typical Problems
1. Find the moisture content in benzene, at an ambient temperature
of 30°C, if a dew point of 0°C is measured with the GE
Panametrics hygrometer.
a. From the literature, it is found that CS for benzene at a
temperature of 30°C is 870 PPMW.
b. Using a straightedge on Figure A-2 on page A-32, connect the
870 PPMW saturation concentration with the 30°C ambient
temperature and read the Henry’s Law Constant of 27.4 on the
center scale.
c. Using the straightedge, connect the above K value of 27.4 with
the measured dew point of 0°C, and read the correct moisture
content of 125 PPMW where the straightedge crosses the
moisture content scale.
2. Find the moisture content in heptane, at an ambient temperature of
50°C, if a dew point of 3°C is measured with the GE Panametrics
hygrometer.
a. From the literature, it is found that CS for heptane at a
temperature of 50°C is 480 PPMW.
b. Using a straightedge on Figure A-2 on page A-32, connect the
480 PPMW saturation concentration with the 50°C ambient
temperature and read the Henry’s Law Constant of 5.2 on the
center scale.
c. Using the straightedge, connect the above K value of 5.2 with
the measured dew point of 3°C, and read the correct moisture
content of 29 PPMW where the straightedge crosses the
moisture content scale.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-25
June 2003
B: Special Case (cont.)
Note: If the saturation concentration at the desired ambient
temperature can not be found for any of these special case
hydrocarbons, the value at any other temperature may be
used, because K is constant over a large temperature range.
3. Find the moisture content in hexane, at an ambient temperature of
10°C, if a dew point of 0°C is measured with the GE Panametrics
hygrometer.
a. From the literature, it is found that CS for hexane at a
temperature of 20°C is 101 PPMW.
b. Using a straightedge on Figure A-2 on page A-32, connect the
101 PPMW saturation concentration with the 20°C ambient
temperature and read the Henry’s Law Constant of 5.75 on the
center scale.
c. Using the straightedge, connect the above K value of 5.75 with
the measured dew point of 0°C, and read the correct moisture
content of 26 PPMW where the straightedge crosses the
moisture content scale.
4. Find the moisture content in an unknown organic liquid, at an
ambient temperature of 50°C, if a dew point of 10°C is measured
with the GE Panametrics hygrometer.
a. Either perform a Karl Fischer analysis on a sample of the liquid
or obtain a dry sample of the liquid.
b. Either use the PPMW determined by the Karl Fischer analysis
or add a known amount of water (i.e. 10 PPMW) to the dry
sample.
c. Measure the dew point of the known test sample with the GE
Panametrics hygrometer. For purposes of this example, assume
the measured dew point to be -10°C.
d. Using a straightedge on the nomograph in Figure A-2 on page
A-32, connect the known 10 PPMW moisture content with the
measured dew point of -10°C, and read a K value of 5.1 on the
center scale.
e. Using the straightedge, connect the above K value of 5.1 with
the measured 10°C dew point of the original liquid, and read
the actual moisture content of 47 PPMW on the left scale.
A-26
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
B: Special Case (cont.)
Note: The saturation value at 50°C for this liquid could also have
been determined by connecting the K value of 5.1 with the
ambient temperature of 50°C and reading a value of 475
PPMW on the right scale.
For many applications, a knowledge of the absolute moisture content
of the liquid is not required. Either the dew point of the liquid or its
percent saturation is the only value needed. For such applications, the
saturation value for the liquid need not be known. The GE
Panametrics hygrometer can be used directly to determine the dew
point, and then the percent saturation can be calculated from the
vapor pressures of water at the measured dew point and at the
ambient temperature of the liquid:
PW
C
% Saturation = ------ × 100 = -------- × 100
PS
CS
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-27
June 2003
Empirical Calibrations
For those liquids in which a Henry’s Law type analysis is not
applicable, the absolute moisture content is best determined by
empirical calibration. A Henry’s Law type analysis is generally not
applicable for the following classes of liquids:
•
liquids with a high saturation value (2% by weight of water or
greater)
•
liquids, such as dioxane, that are completely miscible with water
•
liquids, such as isopropyl alcohol, that are conductive
For such liquids, measurements of the hygrometer dew point readings
for solutions of various known water concentrations must be
performed. Such a calibration can be conducted in either of two ways:
•
perform a Karl Fischer analysis on several unknown test samples
of different water content
•
prepare a series of known test samples via the addition of water to
a quantity of dry liquid
In the latter case, it is important to be sure that the solutions have
reached equilibrium before proceeding with the dew point
measurements.
Note: Karl Fisher analysis is a method for measuring trace
quantities of water by titrating the test sample against a
special Karl Fischer reagent until a color change from yellow
to brown (or a change in potential) indicates that the end
point has been reached.
Either of the empirical calibration techniques described above can be
conducted using an apparatus equivalent to that shown in Figure A-3
on page A-33. The apparatus pictured can be used for both the Karl
Fischer titrations of unknown test samples and the preparation of test
samples with known moisture content. Procedures for both of these
techniques are presented below.
A-28
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
A. Instructions for Karl
Fischer Analysis
To perform a Karl Fisher analysis, use the apparatus in Figure A-3 on
page A-33 and complete the following steps:
1. Fill the glass bottle completely with the sample liquid.
2. Close both valves and turn on the magnetic stirrer.
3. Permit sufficient time for the entire test apparatus and the sample
liquid to reach equilibrium with the ambient temperature.
4. Turn on the hygrometer and monitor the dew point reading. When
a stable dew point reading indicates that equilibrium has been
reached, record the reading.
5. Insert a syringe through the rubber septum and withdraw a fluid
sample for Karl Fischer analysis. Record the actual moisture
content of the sample.
6. Open the exhaust valve.
7. Open the inlet valve and increase the moisture content of the
sample by bubbling wet N2 through the liquid (or decrease the
moisture content by bubbling dry N2 through the liquid).
8. When the hygrometer reading indicates the approximate moisture
content expected, close both valves.
9. Repeat steps 3-8 until samples with several different moisture
contents have been analyzed.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-29
June 2003
B. Instructions for
Preparing Known
Samples
Note: This procedure is only for liquids that are highly miscible with
water. Excessive equilibrium times would be required with
less miscible liquids.
To prepare samples of known moisture content, use the apparatus in
Figure A-3 on page A-33 and complete the following steps:
1. Weigh the dry, empty apparatus.
2. Fill the glass bottle with the sample liquid.
3. Open both valves and turn on the magnetic stirrer.
4. While monitoring the dew point reading with the hygrometer,
bubble dry N2 through the liquid until the dew point stabilizes at
some minimum value.
5. Turn off the N2 supply and close both valves.
6. Weigh the apparatus, including the liquid, and calculate the
sample weight by subtracting the step 1 weight from this weight.
7. Insert a syringe through the rubber septum and add a known
weight of H2O to the sample. Continue stirring until the water is
completely dissolved in the liquid.
8. Record the dew point indicated by the hygrometer and calculate
the moisture content as follows:
6
weight of water
PPM W = -------------------------------------------------- × 10
total weight of liquid
9. Repeat steps 6-8 until samples with several different moisture
contents have been analyzed.
Note: The accuracy of this technique can be checked at any point by
withdrawing a sample and performing a Karl Fischer
titration. Be aware that this will change the total liquid weight
in calculating the next point.
A-30
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
C. Additional Notes for
Liquid Applications
In addition to the topics already discussed, the following general
application notes pertain to the use of GE Panametrics moisture
probes in liquid applications:
1. All M Series Aluminum Oxide Moisture Sensors can be used in
either the gas phase or the liquid phase. However, for the detection
of trace amounts of water in conductive liquids (for which an
empirical calibration is required), the M2 Sensor is recommended.
Since a background signal is caused by the conductivity of the
liquid between the sensor lead wires, use of the M2 Sensor (which
has the shortest lead wires) will result in the best sensitivity.
2. The calibration data supplied with GE Panametrics Moisture
Probes is applicable to both liquid phase (for those liquids in
which a Henry’s Law analysis is applicable) and gas phase
applications.
3. As indicated in Table A-3 on page A-19, the flow rate of the liquid
is limited to a maximum of 10 cm/sec.
4. Possible probe malfunctions and their remedies are discussed in
the Troubleshooting chapter of this manual.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-31
June 2003
Figure A-2: Moisture Content Nomograph for Liquids
A-32
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
Stainless Steel Tubing
(soft soldered to cover)
3/4-26 THD Female
(soft soldered to cover)
M2 Probe
Rubber Septum
Exhaust
Soft Solder
Metal Cover with
Teflon Washer
Liquid
Glass Bottle
Magnetic Stirrer Bar
Magnetic Stirrer
Figure A-3: Moisture Content Test Apparatus
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-33
June 2003
Solids Applications
A. In-Line
Measurements
GE Panametrics moisture probes may be installed in-line to
continuously monitor the drying process of a solid. Install one sensor
at the process system inlet to monitor the moisture content of the
drying gas and install a second sensor at the process system outlet to
monitor the moisture content of the discharged gas. When the two
sensors read the same (or close to the same) dew point, the drying
process is complete. For example, a system of this type has been used
successfully to monitor the drying of photographic film.
If one wishes to measure the absolute moisture content of the solid at
any time during such a process, then an empirical calibration is
required:
1. At a particular set of operating conditions (i.e. flow rate,
temperature and pressure), the hygrometer dew point reading can
be calibrated against solids samples with known moisture
contents.
2. Assuming the operating conditions are relatively constant, the
hygrometer dew point reading can be noted and a solids sample
withdrawn for laboratory analysis.
3. Repeat this procedure until a calibration curve over the desired
moisture content range has been developed.
Once such a curve has been developed, the hygrometer can then be
used to continuously monitor the moisture content of the solid (as
long as operating conditions are relatively constant).
A-34
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
June 2003
B. Laboratory
Procedures
If in-line measurements are not practical, then there are two possible
laboratory procedures:
1. The unique ability of the GE Panametrics sensor to determine the
moisture content of a liquid can be used as follows:
a. Using the apparatus shown in Figure A-3 on page A-33,
dissolve a known amount of the solids sample in a suitable
hydrocarbon liquid.
b. The measured increase in the moisture content of the
hydrocarbon liquid can then be used to calculate the moisture
content of the sample.
c. For best results, the hydrocarbon liquid used above should be
pre-dried to a moisture content that is insignificant compared
to the moisture content of the sample.
Note: Since the addition of the solid may significantly change the
saturation value for the solvent, published values should not
be used. Instead, an empirical calibration, as discussed in the
previous section, should be used.
d. A dew point of -110°C, which can correspond to a moisture
content of 10-6 PPMW or less, represents the lower limit of
sensor sensitivity. The maximum measurable moisture content
depends to a great extent on the liquid itself. Generally, the
sensor becomes insensitive to moisture contents in excess of
1% by weight.
2. An alternative technique involves driving the moisture from the
solids sample by heating:
a. The evaporated moisture is directed into a chamber of known
volume, which contains a calibrated moisture sensor.
b. Convert the measured dew point of the chamber into a water
vapor pressure, as discussed earlier in this appendix. From the
known volume of the chamber and the measured vapor
pressure (dew point) of the water, the number of moles of
water in the chamber can be calculated and related to the
percent by weight of water in the test sample.
c. Although this technique is somewhat tedious, it can be used
successfully. An empirical calibration of the procedure may be
performed by using hydrated solids of known moisture content
for test samples.
Application of the Hygrometer (900-901E)
A-35
Appendix B
Outline and Installation Drawings
MTS 4 Interconnection Diagram (dwg. #702-162) . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1
MTS 4 Outline and Installation Panel Mount (dwg. #712-903) . . B-2
Figure B-1: MTS 4 Interconnection Diagram (dwg. #702-162)
Outline and Installation Drawings
5/18/94
B-1
5/18/94
B-2
Figure B-2: MTS 4 Outline and Installation Panel Mount (dwg. #712-903)
Outline and Installation Drawings
Appendix C
Series 4 Menu Map
5/18/94
Series 4 Menu Map
The illustration below is a top level diagram of the Series 4 menus.
Once you are familiar with how the Series 4 operates, use this
diagram as a reference for moving through the user program.
To enter the programming mode, perform the following two steps
within five (5) seconds, or the Series 4 will time out and return to the
measurement mode (page 3-1).
ESC
1. Press and hold the [ESC] key until ESC displays.
ENT
ESC
Submenu Options
Once in the main menu, use the arrow
keys to scroll through the submenus to
program the Series 4.
unit
Use this submenu to select one of the three
measurement display options (page 3-2).
dp
Use this submenu to enter a high and a low
dew point range (page 3-3).
Probe Use this submenu to enter a value for each of the
points in the dew point range (page 3-3).
AL
Use this submenu to select a high or a low alarm,
and also to enter the alarm trip point (page 3-4).
rcrd
Use this submenu to enter the recorder units,
output signal, and zero and span points (page 3-5).
Offset
defalt
Use this submenu to adjust the displayed dew
point reading (page 3-7).
If necessary, use this submenu to reset the
program default values (page 3-7).
test
Use this submenu to test the recorder, alarms, and
display, and also to adjust the recorder (page 3-8).
ref
Use this submenu to adjust reference values for
the moisture measurement circuitry (page 3-11).
Setup
This submenu option is for field service use only.
Contact Panametrics.
Figure C-1: Series 4 Menu Map
Series 4 Menu Map
C-1
5/18/94
Index
A
F
Alarms
Configuring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Wiring Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7
Applications
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-11
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-22
Solids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-34
Audience
Definition of . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Features and Capabilities
Description of Section. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Flow Rates
Gases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19
Liquids . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19
Monitoring Hints. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Front Panel
Electronics Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-1
C
Gases
Corrosive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19
Cables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Calculations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-11
Calibration
Empirical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-28
Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Replacing Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Common Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5
Corrosive Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-6
D
Default Settings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Dew Point Reading
Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Display
Dew Point Reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Measurement Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
E
Electronics
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Electronics Unit
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1
Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Empirical Calibrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-28
EPROM
Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Index
G
H
How to Use This Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
I
IM Series Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .1-2
Installation
Alarms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
Cable Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-4
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Description of Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Mounting the Sample System . . . . . . . 2-1, 2-2
Mounting the Unit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-1
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-2
Recorder Output Connections. . . . . . . . . . .2-5
Wiring Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
L
Liquids
Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-22
Corrosive. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19
1
5/18/94
Index (cont.)
M
P
Maintenance
Replacing and Recalibrating Probes . . . . . . 4-6
Maintenance Policy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iii
Measurement
Default Values. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Dew Point Range . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Reference Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
Moisture Measurement
Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Moisture Probe
Cleaning Procedure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-7
Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-5
Corrosive Substances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-6
Gas Flow Rates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19
Liquid Flow Rates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-19
Materials of Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . A-10
Monitoring Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Moisture Probes
Common Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Probes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Monitoring Hints
Flow Rate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Moisture . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1
Pressure. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Response Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Temperature . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Panel Mount. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1
Power Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8
PPMv, Calculating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-12
PPMw, Calculating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-13
Pressure
Monitoring Hints . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3
Probe
Calibration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Replacing and Recalibrating . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Wiring Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3
Probe Connections. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-4
Probes
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2
Replacing and Recalibrating . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6
Programming
Main Menu Options. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1
Submenu Options . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .3-1, 3-2
O
Offset
Adjusting. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Operation
Description of Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
2
Q
Questions and Comments . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
R
Recorder
Adjusting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-10
Test. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Recorder Output
Wiring Connections . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5
Reference Values
Measurement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Related Documentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-v
Relative Humidity, Calculating . . . . . . . . . . A-13
Response Time, Moisture Probe . . . . . . . . . . A-4
Revision Information. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v
Index
5/18/94
Index (cont.)
S
W
Sample System
Installing Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2
Mounting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1, 2-2
Screen Messages
Common Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Solids Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-34
Specifications
Description of Chapter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv
Electronics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1
Moisture Measurement. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2
Moisture Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-10
Submenu Options
Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4
Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Dew Point. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Offset . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7
Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3
Reference Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-11
Test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Units . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2
System
Programming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1, 3-2
Warranty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .iii
Wiring Connections
Alarms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-7
Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-8
Probe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-3
Recorder Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .2-5
T
Temperature, Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-4
Test
Alarms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9
Recorder . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8
Troubleshooting
Common Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Troubleshooting and Maintenance . . . . . . . . . 4-1
Common Problems. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2
Contaminants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .A-5
Replacing & Recalibrating the Probe. . . . . 4-6
Replacing the User Program . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Typographical Conventions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .v
U
User Program
Replacing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4
Index
3
WORLDWIDE
OFFICES
MAIN OFFICES:
GE PANAMETRICS INTERNATIONAL OFFICES:
USA
GE Panametrics
221 Crescent St., Suite 1
Waltham, MA 02453-3497
USA
Telephone: 781-899-2719
Toll-Free: 800-833-9438
Fax: 781-894-8582
E-mail: [email protected]
Web: www.gepower.com/panametrics
ISO 9001 Certified
Australia
P.O. Box 234
Gymea N.S.W. 2227
Australia
Telephone 61 (02) 9525 4055
Fax 61 (02) 9526 2776
E-mail [email protected]
Japan
2F, Sumitomo Bldg.
5-41-10, Koishikawa, Bunkyo-Ku
Tokyo 112-0002
Japan
Telephone 81 (03) 5802-8701
Fax 81 (03) 5802-8706
E-mail [email protected]
Austria
Waldgasse 39
A-1100 Wien
Austria
Telephone +43-1-602 25 34
Fax +43-1-602 25 34 11
E-mail [email protected]
Korea
Kwanghee Bldg., 201, 644-2
Ilwon-dong, Kangnam-Ku
Seoul 135-945
Korea
Telephone 82-2-445-9512
Fax 82-2-445-9540
E-mail [email protected]
Benelux
Postbus 111
3870 CC Hoevelaken
The Netherlands
Telephone +31 (0) 33 253 64 44
Fax +31 (0) 33 253 72 69
E-mail [email protected]
Spain
Diamante 42
28224 Pozuelo de Alarcon
Madrid
Spain
Telephone 34 (91) 351.82.60
Fax 34 (91) 351.13.70
E-mail [email protected]
France
BP 106
11 Rue du Renard
92253 La Garenne Colombes Cedex
France
Telephone 33 (0) 1 47-82-42-81
Fax 33 (0) 1 47-86-74-90
E-mail [email protected]
Sweden
Box 160
S147 23 Tumba
Sweden
Telephone +46-(0)8-530 685 00
Fax +46-(0)8-530 357 57
E-mail [email protected]
Germany
Mess-und Pruftechnik
Robert-Bosch-Straße 20a
65719 Hofheim
Germany
Telephone +49-6122-8090
Fax +49-6122-8147
E-mail [email protected]
Taiwan
7th Fl 52, Sec 3 Nan-Kang Road
Taipei, Taiwan
ROC
Telephone 02-2788-3656
Fax 02-2782-7369
E-mail [email protected]
Italy
Via Feltre, 19/A
20132 Milano
Italy
Telephone 02-2642131
Fax 02-26414454
E-mail [email protected]
United Kingdom
Unit 2, Villiers Court
40 Upper Mulgrave Road
Cheam
Surrey SM2 7AJ
England
Telephone 020-8643-5150
Fax 020-8643-4225
E-mail [email protected]
Ireland
GE Panametrics
Shannon Industrial Estate
Shannon, Co. Clare
Ireland
Telephone 353-61-470200
Fax 353-61-471359
E-mail [email protected]
ISO 9002 Certified
March 2003