Download Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Cauca Valley

Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Cauca Valley,
Colombia
Inventario Orquideológico de la Reserva Bosque de Yotoco,
Valle del Cauca
1Oscar
Alejandro Pérez Escobar, 1Edicson Parra Sánchez y 2Pedro Ortiz Valdivieso**
Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias, Universidad Nacional de Colombia, sede Palmira, 2Pontificia Universidad Javeriana,
1
Santafé de Bogotá, Colombia.
Author for correspondence: [email protected]
Rec. 1-08-09
Acept. 03-09-09
Abstract
Orchids were collected over three years in the Yotoco Forest Reserve, in the Municipality of Yotoco,
Department of Valle del Cauca, Colombia (3°50'N, 76° 20'W, 1200 - 1700 m.a.s.l.), a remnant subAndean forest of approximately 500 ha. Eighty species distributed in 46 genera were found. The
most species-rich genera are Epidendrum L. (thirteen species) and Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. (six
species). Macroclinium oberonia (Schltr.) Dodson and Porroglossum muscosum (Rchb. f.) Schltr.
were restricted to certain zones. Epidendrum porpax Rchb. f., Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.)
Rolfe, and Oncidium adelaidae Königer were abundant and widely distributed. Cryptocentrum
latifolium Schltr. and Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase. were scarce.
Key words:; Orchidaceae; nature reserves, Yotoco, Cauca Valley, Colombia
Resumen
En la Reserva Bosque de Yotoco (76° 20´ O, 3° 50´ N, 1200 - 1700 m.s.n.m.) relicto de selva
subandina de aproximadamente 500 ha, durante 3 años (marzo de 2006 y mayo de 2009) se
realizaron búsquedas intensivas aleatorias de especies de la familia Orchidaceae. Hasta junio de
2009 se habían reportado 80 especies pertenecientes a 46 géneros, siendo los de mayor riqueza
específica Epidendrum L. con 13 y Maxillaria Ruiz y Pav. con seis. Como exclusivas de algunas
zonas fueron identificadas Macroclinium oberonia (Schltr.) Dodson y Porroglossum muscosum
(Rchb. f.) Schltr.; como abundantes y ampliamente distribuidas Epidendrum porpax Rchb.f.,
Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Rolfe y Oncidium adelaidae Königer; y como poco abundantes
Cryptocentrum latifolium Schltr. y Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W. Chase.
Palabras clave: Orchidaceae, reservas naturales, Yotoco, Valle del Cauca, Colombia.
1
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Introduction
The Orchidaceae family comprises approximately 24,629 species, within over 950 genera with a
cosmopolitan distribution (Hassler, 2001). In Colombia nearly 4000 wild species, and 232 genera
have been reported (Ortiz, 2008 personal communication).
Anthropogenic intervention has
increased rates of destruction and fragmentation of tropical forests, placing numerous species at
risk of extinction and affecting populations of others (García & Galeano, 2006), amongst them
species in the Orchidaceae family. These species are particularly affected, given their sensitivity of
their complex ecological interactions, their poor genetic base and restricted distributions
(Calderón, 2007).
Despite the great richness of this family in Colombia, the advances in understanding of the
species diversity has not been as expected, and much investigative work is neeed in order to
obtain a more accurate perspective regarding its actual state (Calderón et al., 2002). Equally, it is
evident that the high degree of perturbation to which the natural ecosystems are being subjected
makes the evaluation and conservation and management of biodiversity a priority (Salinas &
Betancur, 2005).
For this reason, keys tool for the diffusion of basic knowledge regarding the Colombian
biota are the floristic and faunal inventories (Moreno & Murillo, 2005). Escobar (2001) carried out
a taxonomic study of the orchid diversity in the Yotoco Forest Reserve, and reported 37 species in
27 genera. Unfortunately, adequate collections were not established. Thus, the objective of the
present study was to perform a taxonomic inventory of species in the Orchidaceae family present
in the Yotoco Forest Reserve, to facilitate the design of conservation strategies.
Materials and methods
The Yotoco Forest Reserve, with an area of 500 ha and vegetative formations characteristic of subAndean forest (Cuatrecasas, 1958), is located in the municipality of Yotoco, department of Valle
del Cauca (3°50'N, 76° 20'W, 1200 - 1700 m.a.s.l., 20 °C & 1500 mm precipitation, 85% average
annual relative humidity) (Escobar, 2001). It comprises two fragmented forest relicts on the
highway Buga - Loboguerrero, the higher with an area of approximately 42 ha and the lower with
around 455 ha.
Between March 2006 and May 2009 intensive random searches were performed in strategic
sites: banks of streams, boundaries and areas with some degree of human disturbance in the
2
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca buffer zone, using the sampling method validated by the Exploration and Environmental
Monitoring Group – GEMA (Villareal et al., 2004). In each search, the abundant orchid species wer
eregistered, and on average five photographs taken of each, with two or three botanical samples
collected. Abundance was estimated from field notes. Taxonomic determination was perfroemd
using taxonomic keys and through comparison with accessions on visits to the following herbaria:
COL, CUVC, HUA and JAUM. Additionally, the data bases of the Missouri Botanical Garden were
consulted.
Individuals that were not flowering at the time of sampling were established in the orchid
collection of the Reserve. The vegetative material collected was deposited in the Herbaria Jose
Cuatrecasas Arumi (VALLE) and Luis Sigifredo Espinal Tascon (CUVC).
Results and discussion
Up to June 2009 80 species in 46 genera were registered (Box 1). Escobar (2001) reported 37
species in 27 genera (Box 2).
The genera with the highest richness were Epidendrum L. (13
species), Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav. (6 species) and Stelis Sw. (4 species); the most abundant were
Campylocentrum Benth., Oncidium Sw. and Epidendrum L.
The least abundant genera were
Specklinia Lindl., Macroclinium Barb. Rodr. and Porroglosum Schltr. The best distributed genera
were, found on both the borders and in the interior of the relicts were Campylocentrum Benth.,
Epidendrum L. and Stelis Sw.; Eurystyles Wawra, Macroclinium Barb. Rodr. and Porroglosum
Schltr. Were only found in some locations interior of the lower portion of the reserve. The specie
Masdevallia pteroglossa Schltr. (Category of Global Threat – vulnerable VU) (Calderón, 2007) was
exclusive to the higher relict, with scarce populations.
The predominant growth habit was epiphytic (88%), with representative genera being
Epidendrum L. and Maxillaria Ruiz y Pav. Amongst the terrestrial species (10%) Sobralia Ruiz,
and Pav. Predominated, and amongst the rock-dwelling species (4%), Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl. and
Epistephium Kunth.
These results show that he Yotoco Forest Reserve is a locality that harbours approximately
2% of the total orchid species reported in Colombia, some of which are exclusive and threatened
with extinction such as Masdevallia pteroglossa Schltr. (Calderón, 2007) and almost 20% of the
genera registered in Colombia, making it a ecosystem with a high diversity for this taxonomic
group. However, the highway Buga – Buenaventura passes through the high part of the reserve.
The portion is the smaller relict and suffers under the border effects in the unprotected relicts in
the buffer zone. Thus conservation measures are required in the short, medium and long term to
3
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca avoid as much as possible the impact of these phenomena on the natural populations of the
species of Orchidaceae.
These measures should focus on the species that possess restricted
distributions and that are endemic, such as those of the genus Masdevallia Ruiz y Pav.
The
former characteristics imply that these species are relatively susceptible to disappearing as a
consequence of unpredictable environmental changes or through habitat deterioration (Calderón,
2007).
Box 1. List of species of Orchidaceae found in the Yotoco Forest Reserve, with their respective botanical collections and photographic registers.
Genus
Species
Collector
Collection
Number
Photographi
c Register
Reference
Herbarium
Acronia C. Presl
Acronia marthae (Luer & R. Escobar) Luer O. Pérez & E. Parra
1
Brassia R. Br.
Brassia cf. forgetiana hort.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
172
VALLE
Campylocentrum Benth.
Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.)
Rolfe
O. Pérez & E. Parra
165
VALLE;
CUVC
O. Pérez & E. Parra
170
CUVC
O. Pérez
184
VALLE
176
VALLE
Catasetum Rich. ex Kunth
Catasetum cf. ochraceum Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Cischweinfia Dressler &
N.H. Williams
Cischweinfia dasyandra (Rchb. f.)
Dressler & N.H. Williams
O. Pérez & E. Parra
31
Cleistes Rich. ex Lindl.
Cleistes rosea Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
68
Comparettia Poepp. &
Endl.
Comparettia falcata Poepp. & Endl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
16
Crocodeilanthe Rchb. f. &
Warsz.
Crocodeilanthe sp.
O. Pérez
183
VALLE
Cryptocentrum Benth.
Cryptocentrum latifolium Schltr.
O. Pérez
80 (Photo 4)
VALLE
Cyrtochilum Kunth
Cyrtochilum meirax (Rchb. f.) Dälstrom
Dichaea Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
151
CUVC
O. Pérez & E. Parra
156
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
159
VALLE;
CUVC
Dichaea hystricina Rchb. f.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Dichaea cf. latifolia Lindl.
O. Pérez
Dichaeae cf. pendula (Aubl.) Cogn.
Encyclia Hook.
Encyclia aff. aspera (Lindl.) Schltr.
Epidendrum L.
Epidendrum cf. cirrhochilum F. Lehm. &
Kraenzl.
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
173
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
180
CUVC
O. Pérez & E. Parra
38
E. Parra & O. Pérez
82
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
164
CUVC
35
VALLE
Epidendrum dentiferum Ames &
C. Schweinf.
O. Pérez
Epidendrum funckii Rchb. f
E. Parra & O. Pérez
153
VALLE;
CUVC
O. Pérez
188
CUVC
Epidendrum ionophyllum Ortiz
O. Pérez & E. Parra
174
VALLE
Epidendrum porpax Rchb. f.
O. Pérez
19
VALLE
Epidendrum porquerense F. Lehm. &
Kraenzl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Epidendrum ramosum Jacq.
E. Parra & O. Pérez
147
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
168
CUVC
O. Pérez
189
VALLE
4
3
79
15
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Epidendrum rigidum Jacq.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Epidendrum rostratum Garay & Dunst.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Epidemdrum scharfii Hágsater & Dodson
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Epidendrum summerhayesii Hágsater
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
6
12
155
VALLE
67
85
VALLE
87
VALLE
Epidendrum sp.
O. Pérez
Epistephium Kunth
Epistephium aff. elatum Kunth
O. Pérez & E. Parra
VALLE
Erycina Lindl.
Erycina pumilio (Rchb.f) N.H. Williams &
M.W. Chase
E. Parra & O. Pérez
22
27
Eurystyles Wawra
Eurystyles cotyledon Wawra
E. Parra & O. Pérez
Galeandra Lindl.
Galeandra beyrichii Rchb. f.
O. Pérez
Gongora Ruiz & Pav.
Gongora gratulabunda Rchb. f.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
65
Ida A. Ryan & Oakeley
Ida fimbriata (Poepp. & Endl.) A. Ryan &
Oakeley
O. Pérez & E. Parra
34
Jacquiniella Schltr.
Jacquiniella cf. globosa (Jacq.) Schltr.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Kefersteinia Rchb. f.
Kefersteinia tolimensis Schltr.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
19
Lepanthes Sw.
Lepanthes sp.1
O. Pérez & E. Parra
35
VALLE
157
VALLE
Lepanthes sp.2
E. Parra & O. Pérez
39
Lepanthes Sw.
Lepanthes sp.3
O. Pérez & E. Parra
42
Lepanthopsis (Cogn.) Ames
Lepanthopsis floripecten (Rchb. f.) Ames
O. Pérez & V. Llánten
70
Liparis Rich.
Liparis sp.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
83
Lycaste Lindl.
Lycaste macrophylla (Poepp. & Endl.)
Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Macroclinium Barb. Rodr.
Macroclinium cf. oberonia (Schltr.)
Dodson
E. Parra & O. Pérez
Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav.
Masdevallia bicolor Poepp. & Endl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Masdevallia picturata Rchb. f.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav.
VALLE
VALLE
47
148
VALLE
VALLE
26
Masdevallia pteroglossa Schltr.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
(Photo 3)
Maxillaria cf. crassifolia (Lindl.) Rchb. f.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
86
30
Maxillaria lawrenceana (Rolfe) Garay &
Dunst.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
9
Maxillaria pseudoreichenheimiana
Dodson
O. Pérez & E. Parra
52
Maxillaria cf. rufescens Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
VALLE
84
VALLE
Maxillaria sp. 1
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Maxillaria sp. 2
E. Parra & O. Pérez
161
62
VALLE;
CUVC
Microchilus C. Presl
Microchilus sp.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
178
VALLE
Oncidium Sw.
Oncidium adelaidae Königer
O. Pérez & E. Parra
154 (Photo 2)
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
169
CUVC
O. Pérez
187
VALLE
Oncidium chrysomorphum Lindl.
E. Parra & O. Pérez
149
VALLE;
CUVC
Oncidium pictum Kunth
E. Parra & O. Pérez
68
VALLE
Panmorphia Luer
Panmorphia cuspidata (Luer) Luer
E. Parra & O. Pérez
177
Pescatoria Rchb. f.
Pescatoria klabochorum Rchb. f.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
175
Platystele Schltr.
Platystele consobrina Luer
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Platystele sp.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
5
VALLE
64
166
VALLE;
CUVC
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Pleurothallis ruscifolia (Jacq.) R. Br.
O. Pérez
Pleurothallis sp.
O. Pérez
Polystachya Hook.
Polystachya concreta (Jacq.) Garay &
H.R. Sweet
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Porroglossum Schltr.
Porroglossum muscosum (Rchb. f.) Schltr.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Prescottia Lindl.
Prescottia stachyodes (Sw.) Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Duarte
130
Restrepia Kunth
Restrepia cf. antennifera Kunth
O. Pérez & E. Parra
167
Restrepia contorta (Ruiz & Pav.) Luer
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Rodriguezia granadensis Rchb. f.
O. Pérez
Pleurothallis R. Br.
Rodrigezia Ruiz & Pav.
Sobralia Ruiz & Pav.
88
VALLE
VALLE
179
VALLE
52
VALLE
VALLE
0
37
VALLE
O. Pérez & E. Parra
160
VALLE
O. Pérez
190
VALLE
Sobralia roezlii Rchb. f.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
32 (Photo 1)
Sobralia virginalis F. Peeters & Cogn.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
2
Specklinia angustilabia (Schltr.) Luer
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Specklinia picta (Lindl.) Pridgeon & M.W.
Chase
E. Parra & O. Pérez
Stanhopea Frost ex Hook.
Stanhopea tricornis Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Stelis Sw.
Stelis argentata Lindl.
O. Pérez
20
VALLE
E. Parra & O. Pérez
152
VALLE
Specklinia Lindl.
Stelis cf. spathulata Poepp. & Endl.
28
150
VALLE
E. Parra & O. Pérez
158
CUVC
O. Pérez & E. Parra
162
VALLE
E. Parra & O. Pérez
71
VALLE
O. Pérez
81
VALLE
O. Pérez
185
VALLE
Stelis sp. 1
O. Pérez
186
VALLE
Stelis sp. 2
O. Pérez
36
VALLE
Trichosalpinx Luer
Trichosalpinx cf. ciliaris (Lindl.) Luer
O. Pérez & E. Parra
181
VALLE
Trigonidium Lindl.
Trigonidium egertonianum Bateman ex
Lindl.
O. Pérez & E. Parra
Xylobium Lindl.
Xylobium cf. corrugatum (Lindl.) Rolfe
O. Pérez & E. Parra
171
Xylobium cf. pallidiflorum (Hook.) G.
Nicholson
O. Pérez & E. Parra
163
33
VALLE
Thus, the Yotoco Forest Reserve is an important locality with a high degree of orchid
species diversity and is an ecosystem that should be conserved as a refuge for endemic and
threatened species. Conservation measures should always be taken in collaboration with the rural
community associated with this ecosystem.
6
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Box 2. List of orchid species reported by Escobar (2001) in the Yotoco Forest Reserve.
Genus
Species
Collector
Campylocentrum Benth.
Campylocentrum micranthum (Lindl.) Rolfe
Dichaea Lindl.
Dichaea muricata (Sw.) Lindl.
Dracula Luer
Dracula vespertilio (Rchb. f.) Luer
Elleanthus C. Presl
Elleanthus capitatus (Poepp. & Endl.) Rchb. f.
Collection
Number
Reference
Herbarium
Elleanthus linifolius C. Presl.
Encyclia Hook.
Encyclia luteorosa (A. Rich. & Galeotti)
Dressler & G.E Pollard
Epidendrum L.
Epidendrum difforme Jacq.
M. Guarín O.
128
VALLE
M. Guarín O.
49
VALLE
137
VALLE
240
VALLE
124
VALLE
Epidendrum excisum Lindl.
Epidendrum paniculatum Ruiz & Pav.
Epidendrum peperomia Rchb. f.
Epidendrum ramosum Jacq.
Epidendrum xanthinum Lindl.
Epistephium Kunth
Epistephium elatum Kunth
Erycina Lindl.
Erycina pusilla (L.) N.H Williams & W.M. Chase
Galeandra Lindl.
Galeandra beyrichii Rchb. f.
Ionopsis Kunth
Ionopsis utricularioides (Sw.) Lindl.
M. Guarín O.
Lepanthes Sw.
Lepanthes calimae Ortiz
M. Guarín O.
Lepanthopsis (Cogn.) Ames
Lepanthopsis sp.
Liparis Rich.
Liparis sp.
Lycaste Lindl.
Lycaste macrophylla (Poepp. & Endl.) Lindl.
Macroclinium Barb. Rodr.
Macroclinium junctum (Dressler) Dodson
Masdevallia Ruiz & Pav.
Masdevallia bicolor Poepp. & Endl.
E. Escobar
Masdevallia impostor Luer & r. Escobar
Maxillaria Ruiz & Pav.
Maxillaria valenzuelana (A. Rich.) Nash
M. Guarín O.
Oliveriana Rchb. f.
Oliveriana sp.
M. Guarín O.
Oncidium Sw.
Oncidium abortivum Rchb. f.
M. Guarín O.
Oncidium klotzschianum Rchb. f.
Pescatoria Rchb. f.
Pescatoria klabochiorum Rchb. f.
7
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Pleurothallis R. Br.
Pleurothallis cardiantha Rchb. f.
Pleurothallis secunda Poepp. & Endl.
M. Guarín O.
Pleurothallis marthae Luer & R. Escobar
Prosthechea Knowles & Westc.
Prosthechea grammatoglossa (Rchb. f.)
W.E. Higgins
Restrepia Kunth
Restrepia antennifera Kunth
Rodriguezia Ruiz & Pav.
Rodriguezia granadensis Rchb. f.
Stelis Sw.
Stelis ciliaris Lindl.
Sobralia Ruiz & Pav.
Sobralia klotzscheana Rchb. f.
Xylobium Lindl.
Xylobium pallidiflorum (Hook.) G. Nicholson
M. Guarín O.
Foto 1
8
M. Guarín O.
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca 9
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Conclusions

The Yotoco Forest Reserve is a biogeographic locality with a high alpha diversity, given the
number of genera, richness and abundance of some species of the Orchidaceae family that
it harbors, compared with other ecosystems in the region (Morales et al., 2008; Pérez et al.,
2009).

The reserve is in good conservation state, taking into account that the majority of orchid
species are ecological indicators of the increasing temperatures associated with large-scale
deforestation in the tropics. In agreement with Christenson (2003), a reduction in the
orchid populations is a frequent sign of harmful long-term environmental change,
phenomena caused principally by deforestation of the native vegetation and the border
effect.

The development of both in situ and ex situ conservation projects should begin, focused on
endemic species with a high degree of extinction threat at the global level.
10
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Acknowledgements
To the Agricultural Science Faculty for logistical support. To the biologist Germán Morales, for
financing some field trips. To the professors Luis Eduardo Forero Pinto and Philip A. Silverstone Sopkin, for scientific supervision. To Carlos Gutiérrez, Valentín Hidalgo and Gamaliel Ríos for
their support and collaboration on field trips. To the professors Diego Macías Pinto, Héctor Fabio
Ramos and the biologist Germán Parra, for revisions to the manuscript. To the professor Nora
Cristina Mesa for a great logistical and moral support. To the professor Creuci María Caetano, for
believing in us, and supporting this work.
References
Calderón, E.; Galeano, G.; y García, N. eds. 2002 Libro rojo de plantas fanerogamas de Colombia.
Chrysobalanaceae, Dichapetalaceae y Lecythidaceae. Serie libros rojos de especies
amenazadas de Colombia. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt, Instituto de Ciencias
Naturales – Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y
Desarrollo Territorial. Colombia. Vol. 1.
Calderón, E. ed. 2007 Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Orquídeas. Serie libros rojos de especies
amenazadas de Colombia. Instituto Alexander von Humboldt – Ministerio del Medio
Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Colombia. Vol. 6, Primera parte
Christenson, E. 2003 Machu Picchu: Orchids. Manual Técnico. PROFONANPE. Perú. 200 p.
Cuatrecasas, J. 1958 Aspectos de la vegetación colombiana. Rev. Acad. Col. Ci. Exact. 10 40: 221268.
Escobar, M. 2001 Presentación de Yotoco. Reserva Natural. Flora: Plantas vasculares. Universidad
Nacional de Colombia, Sede Palmira. Colombia.
García, N.; Galeano, G. eds. 2006 Libro rojo de plantas de Colombia. Las bromelias, las labiadas y
las pasifloras. Serie libros rojos de especies amenazadas de Colombia. Instituto Alexander
von Humboldt – Instituto de Ciencias Naturales de la Universidad Nacional de Colombia –
Ministerio del Medio Ambiente, Vivienda y Desarrollo Territorial. Colombia. vol. 3.
Hassler, M. 2001 Statistische Überblick über die Familie Orchidaceae une eine weltweite
Checkliste der Orchideen. En: R. Schlechter, Die Orchideen. 3rht. ed. I/C, p. 2826-2891.
Villareal, H.: Álvarez, M.; Córdoba, F.; Fagua, G.; Gast, F.; Mendoza, H.: Ospina, M.; y Umaña, A.
M. 2004. Manual de métodos para el desarrollo de inventarios de biodiversidad. Programa
de Inventarios de Biodiversidad. Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos
Alexander von Humboldt. Colombia.
Morales, G.; Montaño, P.; Pérez, O.; y Parra, E. 2008 Inventario florístico y entomofaunístico de la
Reserva Nuestra Herencia, Municipio de Riofrío, Valle del Cauca. Informe Técnico. Instituto
Mayor Campesino IMCA. Colombia. 37 p.
Moreno, L. y Murillo, J. 2005 Helechos y plantas afines de Albán Cundinamarca: El bosque
subandino y su diversidad. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales – Universidad Nacional de
11
Orchid Inventory of the Yotoco Forest Reserve, Valle del Cauca Colombia, Instituto de Investigación de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von Humboldt.
Colombia.
Pérez, O.; Parra, E.; y Morales, G. 2009 Inventario florístico de la Reserva Bosque de Pubenza,
Municipio de Restrepo, Departamento del Valle del Cauca Colombia. En: Baca, A.;
González, M.; y Patiño, A. eds.. Quinto Congreso Colombiano de Botánica, San Juan de
Pasto Colombia, p. 80-81.
Salinas, R. y Betancur, J. 2005 Ericaceas de la vertiente Pacífica de Nariño, Colombia. Primera
edición. Instituto de Ciencias Naturales, Instituto de Recursos Biológicos Alexander von
Humboldt. Colombia.
12