Download ELMER Front's User Guide

ELMER Front’s User Guide
ELMER Front’s User Guide
!
#$
" %& '%())) !
*,+,+,+
-/. 012 3
4,565798;:6:=<6<<?> @6A6@B>DC3E : F,GIH3F J
KMLONP6QRML6SUTWVXTWY[ZOP=\^]B_(`a_=bdceQ_1N'QLb` " _=bdcdaRL,Q_=bfL,QMRQP6gaZihjRR_=b
hjg^P6gk\SlL,QZmL,Qn]k\&P6gk\&Zi_=P6gaponhjRq'L,`'RnRq'_ronQhjRR_1g^NB_1QZihsaahjL,gOL6SUtnu'tMv
tnu'twP,aa`'Zi_=a%g'LMQ_=aNBL,gahj]'hsxjhjRy\ML,QxshsP6]'hjxjhjR;\zL,g{P6gk\r_1QQL,Qa9L,Q9hjgP "1" `'QP " hj_=a
hjg|TWVXTWYmN'QL,},QP6Z~L,QbL " `'Zi_1gkRP6RhsL,g€vwzg2\w‚3hjgbƒL6SzZOP6R_1QhsP6x„b'P6Z
P6},_=aML,QzL,Rq'_1Q†hjgbhjQ_ " R " L,ga_=‡2`'_1g " _=aMQ_=a`'xjRhjg'}SlQL,ZˆP6g2\TWVXTWY[NP6QR1c
bL " `'Zi_1gkRP6RhjL,g‰bhsa " Q_1NP6g " hj_=aP6gbŠ_1QQL,QaiL,Qig'L,gyP6gkRh " hsNP6R_=bŠN'QL,},QP6Z
]B_1qP=‹3hjL,Q(P6Q_OxshjZihjR_=bRLRq'_Œ‹P6xj`'_L6SzP6N'N'QL,N'QhP6R_ON'QLb` " Ra(N'`'Q " qP,a_=b
SlQL,ZŽtnu'tMv
TWVXTWYN'QLb` " RaMP6Q_{b_1xjhj‹,_1Q_=bfRLORq'_ " `aRL,Zi_1QzP6R†Rq'_O‘P,aMhjRphsa=eaRP6R_
P6gb’Q_1‹3hsahjL,g“xj_1‹,_1x”Rq'_1\“P6Q_•L,g’Rq'_•ZiL,ZO_1gkR^L6SN'`'Q " qP,ahjg'}'c–P6gb—P6Q_
b_ " xsP6Q_=bhjg(ZOL,Q_0b_1RP6hjx3hjg(Rq'_„TWVXTWY|xjh " _1ga_UP6},Q_1_1Zi_1g2R1v?˜†a_1Q9P "1" _1N'Ra
P6gb™harL,]'xjhj},_=bšRLfS›L,xsxjL oœRq'_Œ},`'hsb_1xjhjg'_=a(aRP6R_=b™hjgwRq'_Œa_1NP6QP6R_xjh " _1ga_
P6},Q_1_1Zi_1g2RpQ_=‡k`'hsQ_=b^hjg&`ahjg'}iP6g2\ŒNP6QRazL6S?TWV%XTWY(v
ž„q'hsa^bL " `'Zi_1gkRfhsaŒS›L,Q^hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gP6x”`a_•L,g'xs\,vŸMxjx”hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g—P6gb
aNB_ " h¡ " P6RhjL,gaU},hj‹,_1giqP=‹,_†]B_1_1g " P6Q_/Sl`'xjxj\N'Q_1NP6Q_=bO]2\Rq'_z]B_=aRU_/¢dL,QRaWL6S
tnu'tMc£P6gbP6Q_(]B_1xjhj_1‹,_=b&RLŒ]£_rRQ`'_{P6gbfP "1" `'QP6R_P,azL6S¤RhjZO_–N'`']'xjhsaq'hjg'}'v
tnu't¥Q_=a_1Q‹,_=a„Rq'_”Qhj},qkR„RLZiLbh¡Sl\TUVXTUY¦P6gb&hjRa§bL " `'Zi_1g2Ra„onhjRq'L,`'R
g'L,Rh " _,v
nb'bhjRhjL,gP6x„aL6SlRyo§P6Q_^N'QL3b` " R " L,Nk\3Qhj},q2Rahjg " xj`b_=bƒhjgƒTWV%XTWY(¨0u2NP6Qa_
xjhj]'QP6Q\ " L,N2\2Qhs},qkRg'L,Rh " _,c0t0L,Nk\3Qhj},q2Rf© " ªi«=¬,­,® c ­,¯ c ­° c ­,­ ]2\w±”_1g'g'_1Rq‰u£v
±”`'gb_1QRŒP6gb²Rq'_f˜zg'hs‹,_1QahjRy\ƒL6St§P6xjh¡SlL,Qg'hsPcU³†_1NP6QRZi_1gkRŒL6S”TWxj_ " RQh " P6x
T¤g'},hjg'_1_1Qhsg'}†P6gbt0L,ZiN'`'R_1QUu " hj_1g " _=a9˜zg'hj‹,_1QahjRy\–L6SBt§P6xjhjS›L,Qg'hsPc6´§_1Q‚,_1xj_1\,c
t§P6xjh¡SlL,Qg'hsP ¬µ2°6¶6· v
About this Manual
ž„q'_hjg2R_1gb_=bšP6`bhj_1g " _{S›L,Q”Rq'_˜Ma_1Q–¸†`'hb_=aML6S§TWVXTWY¹P6Q__1g'},hjg'_1_1Qa
P6gb¥a " hj_1gkRhaRahjgŠ`'g'hj‹,_1QahjRhj_=a1cWQ_=a_=P6Q " q¥hsgaRhjR`'R_=aiP6gbŠhsgb`aRQ\,v‰ž„q'_
bL " `'Zi_1g2RaMP6hjZˆP6RzL6¢d_1Qhjg'}ŒPŒb_1RP6hjxj_=bP6N'N'QLP " qRLŒRq'_(`a_L6SWTWVXTWY
aL6S›R;o0P6Q_,vº'L,QrRq'_OQaR »RhjZi_`a_1Q1cqP ‹2hjg'}]P,ah " ‚3g'L onxj_=b},_ŒL,gwZOP6Rq'_/
ZŒP6Rh " P6x'ZiLb_1xjhjg'}'c,gk`'ZO_1Qh " P6xZi_1Rq'Lb'aWP6gb " L,ZON'`'R_1QUa " hj_1g " _,c2hjRWP " RaUP,a
POaRP6QR »`'N€vnT?¼3NB_1Qhj_1g " _=b^`a_1Qa " P6gf`'Rhsxjhj½1_”Rq'_˜†a_1Q†¸†`'hb_=anhjgN'QL,]'xj_1Z
aL,xj‹2hsg'}'c2R_=P " q'hjg'}OP6gb^RQP6hjg'hsg'}'v
TUVXTUY[ºQL,gkR1‘a”˜Ma_1Q”¸†`'hsb_(N'QL ‹3hsb_=azhsgS›L,QZOP6RhsL,g^L,gTWVXTWY},QP6N'q
h " P6x¤`a_1Qrhjg2R_1Q SlP " _,v¾yRrxs_=P,b'a–Rq'_i`a_1QrRL " Q_=P6R_OZOP6Rq'_1ZOP6Rh " P6x¤ZiL3b_1xa1c
P6gb " L,gkRQL,x_/¼hsaRhjg'}g2`'Zi_1Qh " P6xP6gb^‹3hsa`P6xjhs½=P6RhjL,gORL3L,xsa1v
ž„q'_ŒN'Q_=a_1gkRTWV%XTWY¿˜†a_1Q1‘a¸†`'hsb_ " L,QQ_=aN£L,gb'aRLTUVXTUYÀaL6S›R;o0P6Q_
‹,_1QahjL,g « v µ S›L,QnÁ“hjgbL)opazK†ž—P6gb˜zg'hj¼ON'xsP6R SlL,QZOa1v
TUVXTUYŠº'QL,gkR1‘a?˜†a_1Q?¸†`'hb_Wonhjxjx]B_0b_1xshj‹,_1Q_=b–‹3hsPnRq'_§Á•L,QxsbrÁ“hsb_WÁ•_1]€v
V%P6R_=aR§bL " `'Zi_1g2RP6RhjL,ga0P6gbON'QL,},QP6ZŸ‹,_1QahjL,gaWL6S%TUVXTUY—P6Q_MP=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_
P6Rnq2RRN€¨Â,Â)onono–v " a " v BÂ)_1xjZi_1Q1v
ELMER Installation
TWVXTWYˆaL6S›R;o0P6Q_^hsa{b_1xjhj‹,_1Q_=bƒL,g‰t§³MyYpÆXÄonhjRqÅRq'_^hjgaRP6xjxP6RhjL,g™hjg
aRQ` " RhjL,ga=vzS›R_1Q€hjga_1QRhjg'}„Rq'_§t§³MyYnÆXÆhjg2RLnRq'_ " L,ZiN'`'R_1Q1cRq'_UTWVXTWY
aL6SlRyo§P6Q_(onhjxjxB]B_rP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\ŒhjgaRP6xjxs_=bO]2\ŒRq'_(P6`'RLOhjgaRP6xjxdN'QL,},QP6Zv
†aM`a_1Q†Q_ " _1hs‹,_=a–PŒg'_1oœTUVXTUYNj,_1QahjL,gš`'Ndb'P6R_,cP6xjx?`a_1Q–P6N'N'xjh " P6RhjL,ga
Z{`aRM]B_ " P6Q_/Sl`'xjxj\ " q'_ " ‚,_=b•P6}P6hjgaRMP6gk\bhsa " Q_1NP6g " hj_=aM]B_1RyoU_1_1gšL,xsbP6gb
g'_1oȋ,_1QahjL,ga1v’ž„q'_aL6SlRyo§P6Q_N'QL)‹2hsb_1QbL2_=aOg'L,RO},`P6QP6g2R_1_ " L,g'},Q`'_1g2R
Q_=a`'xjRa„]B_1Ryo0_1_1gbh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRz‹,_1QahjL,ga1v
ž„q'_šL,N£_1QP6Rhsg'}Åa\aR_1Z " P6g’]£__1hjRq'_1QÁ‰hjgbL)opa^KMž µ v · L,Q˜Mg'h¡¼dv[¾;R
hsa(Q_ " L,ZiZi_1gb_=b™RqP6RRq'_O`a_1QqP,aP " L,ZiN'`'R_1Qa\3aR_1Z " L,gkRP6hjg'hsg'} ¯µ
X]^Zi_1ZiL,Q\&P6RnZihjg'hjZ{`'Zv?¾ygaRP6xsxj_=b&TWVXTWYɋ,_1QahjL,g^Q_=‡k`'hsQ_=apP6N'N'QL=¼3
hjZOP6R_1xs\ µ· Xf]bhsa‚OaNP " _,v
ÊË/ÌÍDÎ Ì͍Ï
i
Contents
Ð
Û
õ
ë
ÑÒ£Ó2Ô Ò՛ÓÖ
TWVXTWYÇt§P6NP6]'hjxjhjRhs_=a¿v–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
« v«
v« ¶
TWVXTWYÇu2RQ` " R`'Q_ vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
v« Ø×
TWVXTWYÙÁ•L,Q‚ÚL o vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
ܔÝWÞ[܆ßáà€Ôâ£ãBä
¾;g'N'`'RpRLiTWVXTWY[º'QL,gkR{vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v«
TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkRMZOP6hjg&onhjgbL)oævrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v¶
v¶ Ø×
¸†_1g'_1QP6x`a_1QphjgkR_1Q SDP " _”Sl_=P6R`'Q_=av–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
v¶ µ
u2RP6QRhjg'}OTUVXTUYÙº'QL,g2R^vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkR†a_1RRhjg'}a§xj_[vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v®
v¶ ¯
TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkR†b_/g'hjRhjL,g&xj_vrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
º9hjxj_”Zi_1g2` vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v°
v¶ ­
TWbhjRnZO_1gk`çvrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
v¶ ¬
³†hsaN'xsP \OZi_1g2` vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v «1·
è QL,]'xj_1ZÈZi_1gk`Švrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
v¶ «,«
XL3b_1x€Zi_1g2`Èv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
X_=aq^Zi_1gk` v–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v «=¶
v¶ « ×
u2L,xj‹,_1QnZi_1g2`év–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
Yp`'g^ZO_1gk`~vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v «/µ
v¶ «=®
Á“hjgbL o¦ZO_1gk`¦vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v «=¯
ê _1xjN^Zi_1gk`[vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
XL3b_1x€onhjgbL)o¦RL3L,xj]P6Q~vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v« °
v¶ «=­
XL3b_1x€Á“hjgbL o v(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
t0L,gkRQL,xRL2L,xs]P6QŽv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v «=¬
v¶ ¶6·
X_=aaP6},_rP6Q_=P vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
u2RP6R`azP6Q_=P v–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v ¶«
ܔÝWÞ[܆ßíì&Ókâ£îƒÓä=Ô)ï²à„Սð›Óšñyâ£Ôîƒòä
×3v «
¾;gkRQLb` " RhjL,g¹v–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
×3v ¶
ž„q'_–SlL,QZOP6R v–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
×3vØ×
Mg^_/¼P6ZiN'xs_Mxs_Žv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
ܔÝWÞ[܆ßáà€Ôâ£ãBäiö Óä1ä=Õlã%÷£öiø?ðÓñyâ£Ôîƒòä
Ð
«
¶
¯
å
°
«,«
«×
«°
«=­
«=­
«=¬
¶,¶
× «
×,×
µk­
®,¬
¯,¬
°6¶
°,°
°6­
­6·
­«
­,¶
­×
­×
óBô
­,®
­°
¬6·
ù£ë
ii
ô
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
܆ÝUÞÙÜ†ß ^Óø¤ã%Սä=ՍâBã%öà„Սð›Óšñyâ£Ôîƒòä
¾;gkRQLb` " RhjL,gÆv–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
® v«
TUVXTUYÙº'QL,g2RzZiLb_1xBxj_rP6gb^`a_1Qpb_/g'hsRhjL,ga v–vrv
® v¶
v® Ø×
VLP,bhjg'}Ob_/g'hjRhjL,gxj_=aÀvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
ž„q'_rS›L,QZOP6R v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
® vµ
v® ®
Mg^_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_†xj_ v–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
܆ÝUÞÙ܆ßáÞÙÓ2ö —ì&Ó2ãÓkÔòä=âeÔ՛ã äø?ðÓñyâ£Ôîƒòä
XLb_1xb_=a " QhjN'RhjL,g[vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
¯ v«
v¯ ¶
X_=aqb_1gahsRy\ " L,gkRQL,xÇvrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
v¯ Ø×
º9hjxs_†aRQ` " R`'Q_ vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
ž„q'_(q'_=P,b_1Q§v(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
¯ vµ
v¯ ®
ž„q'_(‹,_1QRh " _=a[v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
v¯ ¯
ž„q'_(_=b},_=a v(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
ž„q'_(]£Lbhj_=arv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
¯ v°
ù
¬,¯
¬°
¬,­
¬,­
«1·6µ
УР«,«1·
«,«1·
«,«,«
«,«=¶
«,«=¶
«,« ×
«,«/µ
Î
û
ÏIÍË
þ=ÿ
ÎÏ
iii
List of Figures
« v«
« v¶
« vØ×
« vµ
TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkR~vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWVXTWYÇu2L,xj‹,_ vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWVXTWY è LaRšv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWVXTWYÙoUL,Q‚2ÚL o v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ v«
¶ v¶
¶ vØ×
XfLb_1xdxj_=a vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkRMZOP6hjg&onhjgbL o vrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWVXTWY²aRP6QR`'N " L,ZOZOP6gb(`'gb_1QWXh " QLaL6SlR9Á‰hjgbL)opa
KMž vrv–vrv–vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
º9hjxj_”Zi_1gk`[v–vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TWbhjRnZi_1g2` vrv–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
´§L3bhj_=a„onhsgbL o vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=anonhjgbL)o vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
u2_1RRhjg'}anonhjgbL)o v(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
è QL,]'xj_1ZmZO_1gk` vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
XfLb_1x€gP6Zi_rP6gbbhsQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a„onhjgbL o vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
³”P6RPxj_=anonhjgbL)oáv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
t0L2L,QbhsgP6R_(a_1RRhjg'}a„onhjgbL)o vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
ž„hjZi_=aR_1N^a_1RRhsg'}anonhjgbL oáv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
TW‡2`P6RhjL,ganonhjgbL)o v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
nb‹,_ " RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g&_=‡2`P6RhjL,g vrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
XfLb_1x€Zi_1g2` v–vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
´§L3b\ŒS›L,Q " _=aponhjgbL o vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
XP6R_1QhP6xsa„onhjgbL o v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¾yg'hsRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhjL,ga„onhjgbL)o v–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
è P6QP6ZO_1R_1QMa_1xj_ " RhsL,g_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_ vrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
zQ},`'ZO_1gkRp‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_”xjhsaRv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhsRhjL,ga„onhjgbL o vrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
Xf_=aq^_1xj_1Zi_1gkRnR;\2NB_=aævrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
Xf_=aq^_/¼P6ZiN'xs_ vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
³†_/g'_rZi_=aq&onhjgbL)o vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
Xf_=aqaRQ` " R`'Q_ronhjgbL)o vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
Xf_=aqb_1gahjRy\onhjgbL)o v–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrvrv–vrv–vrv–v(v
¶ vµ
¶ v®
¶ v¯
¶ v°
¶ v­
¶ v¬
¶ v «1·
¶ v «,«
¶ v «=¶
¶ v« ×
¶ v «/µ
¶ v «=®
¶ v «=¯
¶ v« °
¶ v «=­
¶ v «=¬
¶ v ¶6·
¶ v ¶«
¶ v ¶,¶
¶ v¶ ×
¶ v ¶µ
¶ v ¶,®
¶ v ¶,¯
¶ v ¶°
µ
×
®
¯
«,«
«=¶
«°
«=¬
¶,¶
¶×
¶µ
¶,­
×µ
×µ
ׯ
×°
׬
µ ×
µk¯
µk­
®6·
®«
®,¶
®×
®,®
®°
¯6·
¯«
¯,¶
¯µ
¯°
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
iv
¶ v ,¶ ­
¶ v ¶,¬
¶ vØ× ·
¶ vØ× «
¶ vØ× ¶
¶ vØ×,×
¶ vØ× µ
¶ vØ× ®
¶ vØ× ¯
¶ vØ× °
¶ vØ× ­
¶ vØ× ¬
¶ v µ·
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
X_=aq^xjL,}6xj_”_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_&v–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
u2L,xj‹,_1Qpa_1RRhjg'}a„onhjgbL o[vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
nb‹,_ " RhjL,gybhj¢B`ahsL,g&aL,xj‹,_1Qn_/¼P6ZON'xj_—vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
è QL " _=aaL,Qpa_1RRhjg'}anonhjgbL)oÀv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
Yz`'g^Zi_1gk`^vrv(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
è QL " _=aanRP6]'xs_Çv–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
Á“hjgbL o—xshsaR§_/¼P6ZiN'xs_(v–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
ê _1xjN&Zi_1gk` v(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
¸†QP6N'q'h " a„hjgS›LonhsgbL o vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
u2\aR_1Z¿hjgSlLonhjgbL o v–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
XL3b_1x€onhsgbL o¦RL3L,xj]P6Q^vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
XL3b_1x€onhsgbL o¦_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_~vrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
u2RP6R`apP6Q_=P v(v–vrv–vrv–vrvrv–v(v–vrv–vrvrv–vrv–v(vrv–vrv
Î
¯,­
,¯ ¬
°·
°6¶
°×
°6¯
°,°
°6­
°6­
°6¬
­6·
­,¶
­µ
Ê"!dÍlÎ
Î Î(
ÿ#$%'& "ÿ &
1
Chapter 1
Overview
T VXTWY¦aL6S›R;o0P6Q_rb_1‹,_1xjL,N'Zi_1g2R„hsa„P*) L,hjg2R0N'QL+) _ " R„]£_1R;oU_1_1gº9hjg'g'hsaq`'g'h¡
W
‹,_1QahjRhs_=a1c¤Q_=a_=P6Q " q¥xsP6]£L,QP6RL,Qhs_=aP6gb|hjgb`aRQhsP6x " L,ZiNP6g'hj_=a1vŞ„q'_^ZOP6hjg
L,,] ) _ " Rhj‹,_ihsa–RL " Q_=P6R_ŒP&g'hjR_O_1xj_1Zi_1gkR–ZO_1Rq'L3b•]P,a_=b•N'QL,},QP6ZéSlQP6Zi_,c
onq'h " q " P6g•]£_P6N'N'xjhj_=bšP6gbSl`'QRq'_1Qrb_1‹,_1xjL,NB_=bš]k\šP " P,b_1Zih " P6gbšhjgb`a
RQhsP6x " L,ZiZ{`'g'hjRhj_=a§hjg^Q_=a_=P6Q " qfP6gbb_1‹,_1xsL,N'Zi_1gkR1ceP6gbhjg&_=b` " P6RhjL,g€v
TWVXTWYÀb_1‹,_1xjL,N'Zi_1g2R–o0P,a–hjg'hsRhsP6xjhj½1_=bfhjgšRq'_iºhsg'g'hsaqgP6RhjL,gP6x " L,ZiN'`
R P6RhjL,gP6x0Ú`'hsbÅb\2gP6Zih " aŒ©»t§º?³ ª R_ " q'g'L,xjL,},\wN'QL,},QP6ZiZO_Ohjg «=¬,¬,® «=¬,¬,¬ c
Sl`'gb_=bw]2\™ž_1‚,_=a1c¤Rq'_ºhsg'g'hsaq•R_ " q'g'L,xsL,},\wP6},_1g " \,v„RRq'_OQaR{aRP6},_,c
Rq'_OZOLaRrP " Rhj‹,_ " L,xsxsP6]£L,QP6RL,QaroU_1Q_tnu'tm©›Q_=aNBL,gahj]'xj_L,Q}P6g'hs½=P6RhjL,g™hjg
TWVXTWYÀb_1‹,_1xjL,N'Zi_1g2R ª c ê _1xsahjg'‚3h¤˜zg'hs‹,_1QahjRy\L6Spž_ " q'g'L,xsL,},\,.
c -,\2+‹ /,a‚3\20x /
˜Mg'hj‹,_1QahjR;\,cdÃM‚3Zi_1Rh " V€Rbdv¡cdP6gbž_ " q'g'h " P6x?Yz_=a_=P6Q " q™t0_1gkRQ_{L6SUº9hjg'xsP6gbdc
P6gbRq'_(ZOP6hjgP6N'N'xjh " P6RhsL,gP6Q_=P,apoU_1Q_ " xjLa_1xj\ŒQ_1xsP6R_=b^RLOa_1Zih " L,gb` " RL,Q
P6gb^NP6NB_1QnZOP " q'hsg'_rhjgb`aRQhj_=a=v
t0`'QQ_1gkRxs\,c†tnu't " L,g2Rhjgk`'_=ahjRa " L2L,QbhjgP6Rhs‹,_QL,xj_hjg‰TWVXTWYçb_1‹,_1xjL,N
Zi_1g2R1vp³M_1‹,_1xsL,N'Zi_1gkRMhsaphjgP " Rhs‹,_(N'qP,a_,cdP6gbg'_1o[P6N'N'xjh " P6RhjL,gfP6Q_=P,a†P6Q_
" L,gkRhsgk`'L,`axj\wS›L,`'gb_=bdvƒž„q'_=a_&hjg " xj`b_ŒS›L,QhjgaRP6g " _Zih " QL_1xj_ " RQLšZi_/
" qP6g'h " P6xda\3aR_1ZŒaM©lXTWXšu ª cahjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,gOL6S]'xjL2LbÚL)o–c " P,aRhjg'}N'QL,]'xj_1ZOa
P6gb " Q\3aRP6x0},QL)onRqŠhjgwZOP6},g'_1Rh " _1xsb'a=v•u2L,Zi_NP6QRa{L6SMTWVXTWY¿qP ‹,_
_1‹,_1g`'Rhjxshj½1_=bOhsgt§2 1”TŠ_1gk‹3hjQL,g'Zi_1g2R1v
1.1
ELMER Capabilities
2u hjg " _hjRa " Q_=P6RhjL,g€cdTWVXTWYqP,apN'QL,},Q_=a azSlQL,ZÈRq'_L,QbhjgP6Q\t§º?³ÇN'QL6
},QP6Z RL o§P6Qb'aP " L,ZiN'`'RP6RhjL,gP6x–RL3L,x”onq'h " q " P6g—RP " ‚3xj_Z`'xsRh¡»N'qk\ah " a
N'QL,]'xj_1ZOa=v?TUVXTUYÙaL,xs‹,_=anN'QL,]'xj_1ZOa„xjhs‚,_
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
2
3
" L,ZiN'Q_=aahj]'xs_†P6gb^hsg " L,ZiN'Q_=aahj]'xs_pÚ`'hsbÚL)opa
g'L,gyKz_1onRL,g'hsP6gÚL opa
3
xsP6ZihjgP6Q„P6gb^R`'Q]'`'xj_1g2RnÚL opa
3
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
q'_=P6RpRQP6ga Sl_1Qn]k\ " L,gb` " RhjL,g€c " L,g2‹,_ " RhjL,gfP6gb^QP,bhsP6RhsL,g
N'qP,a_ " qP6g'},_=a
3
3
3
S›Q_1_ra`'Q SDP " _=a
aRQ_=aa_=anP6gbbhaN'xsP " 1_ Zi_1g2Ra„hjg&_1xsP,aRh " ]BL3bhj_=a
‹2hj]'QP6RhsL,g
3
ZOP6},g'_1RL,qk\bQL3b\3gP6Zih " a
3
3
Ú`'hsb3yaRQ` " R `'Q_rhjg2R_1QP " RhjL,ga
ž„q'_OL,N£_1gÅb_=ahj},g•L6SpTWVXTWYÀP6xjxjL opar`a_1QrRLfo0L,Q‚šL,gƒPahsZ`'xsP6RhsL,gL,g
P&b_=a‚3RL,N•L,g•aZOP6xjx?a " P6xj_{]B_/S›L,Q_NB_1Q S›L,QZihsg'}ŒRq'_Sl`'xjx?ahjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,gfL,g™P6g
P6N'N'QL,N'QhP6R_rZOP " q'hsg'_,vWTWVXTWYÉqP,a
L,N£_1gP6gb&Ú_/¼hj]'xj_–aRQ` " R`'Q_rS›L,Qn`a_1QpP6N'N'xsh " P6RhjL,gb_1‹,_1xjL,N'Zi_1g2R
3
3
a " P6xsP6]'hjxjhsRy\RLi‹6P6QhjL,`a " L,ZiN'`'Rhjg'}N'xP6R S›L,QZOanP6gb&L,NB_1QP6Rhjg'}Oa\3aR_1Z
Ú_/¼3hj]'xs_”P6gbSDP,aRnQ_/yahsZ`'xsP6RhsL,gonhsRqR_1ZON£L,QP6Q\‹P6xs`'_=a
3
3
1.2 ELMER Structure
TUVXTUY¿hsaP " ,L xjxj_ " RhjL,gÅL6SzN'QL,},QP6ZOaQP6Rq'_1QRqP6g²Pšahjg'},xs_OZiL,g'L,xjhsRq'h "
P6N'N'xsh " P6RhjL,g€v¤¾yR " L,gahsaRa„L6S
TWVXTWYÙºQL,gkR©›N'Q_1N'QL " _=aaL,Q ª
3
3
3
TWVXTWYu2L,xs‹,_1Q(©laL,xj‹,_1Qn]P,a_=b&L,g^g'hsR_–_1xj_1Zi_1gkRa ª
TWVXTWY è LaR©›NBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q ª
TUVXTUYÈZiLb`'xj_=a " P6g²]B_^`a_=b²P,aiP6g¥hjgkR_1},QP6R_=bŠN'QL " _=aaL,QOhjgb_1N£_1g
b_1g2Rxj\,v•ž„q'_aRQ` " R`'Q_L6S†TWVXTWYŸhsa{bhj‹2hb_=b™hjg2RLRq'Q_1_ " L,ZiNBL,g'_1gkRa1v
ž„q'_QaRrNP6QR1cTWV%XTWYÀº'QL,g2R1chsa”P^RL3L,x?SlL,Q–hjg'hjRhsP6xjhs½1hjg'}iRq'_ " L,ZiN'`'RP
RhsL,gP6x¤N'QL " _=aa”hsgšTUVXTUYŽ©la_1_iº9hj},`'Q_ « v « ª viTUVXTUY¹º'QL,g2R(},_1g'_1QP6R_=a
g'hsR_¤_1xj_1Zi_1gkR€ZO_=aq'_=a1c P6xjxsL opa€`a_1Q€RLz]'`'hjxsb†ZOP6Rq'_1ZOP6Rh " P6x6ZiLb_1xsad},QP6N'q
h " P6xjxj\,c,P6gbgP6xjxj\(N'QL3b` " _=aUhjg'N'`'RWb'P6RP”SlL,QWTWVXTWY“u2L,xj‹,_1Q1v¤MxsaL'c,hjR " P6g
" L,ZOZ`'g'h " P6R_–onhsRqaL,Zi_”_/¼3R_1QgP6xaL6S›R;o0P6Q_=a1v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
Î Î(
ÿ#$%'& "ÿ &
3
Figure 1.1:
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ
T VXTWYæu2L,xs‹,_1QN'QL " _=aa_=aZOP6Rq'_1ZOP6Rh " P6xZiLb_1xsahjg2RL“bha " Q_1R_wSlL,QZc
W
qP6gbxj_=a " L,`'N'xs_=b²a\aR_1ZOa1cWg'L,g'xshjg'_=P6QhjRhj_=aP6gbŠRhjZO_/yb_1N£_1gb_1g " hj_=a=c0P6gb
N'QL ‹3hsb_=anL,`'RN'`'RMb'P6RPS›L,QMTWVXTWY è LaR1v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
4
Figure 1.2:
ú%û£üú%ý54
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Ë76 Î
&
ž„q'_šSl`'g " RhjL,g’L6S{TUVXTUY è LaR^hsaRL|‹2hsa`P6xjhj½1_fRq'_šg2`'Zi_1Qh " P6x–Q_=a`'xjRa
N'QLb` " _=b‰]k\ŠRq'_šaL,xj‹,_1Q1vÉTWV%XTWY è LaRL,N£_1QP6R_=aonhjRq‰Rq'_f`'g'‚3g'L ong
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=aP6gb¥aq'L opa " L,gkRL,`'Qa1c„‹,_ " RL,Qi_1xb'a1c0P6g'hjZŒP6RhjL,ga_1R " v¥L,gŠRq'_
a " Q_1_1g€vz¾yR " P6gP6xaLiZOP6g'hjN'`'xP6R_ " L,ZiN'`'R_=bfb'P6RPŒhjg2RLŒP6g'L,Rq'_1QMS›L,QZ~©S›L,Q
hsgaRP6g " _–q'_=P6RnÚ`¼_=a„S›QL,Z¿R_1ZON£_1QP6R`'Q_(bhaRQhj]'`'RhjL,ga ª v
Î
Ê"!dÍlÎ
Î Î(
ÿ#$%'& "ÿ &
5
Figure 1.3:
ú%û£üú%ý98
Ë1ÏIÍ
´§_=ahsb_=aMxsP6Q},_(‹6P6Qhj_1R;\^L6SUZiLb_1xjhjg'}'c " L,ZiN'`'Rhsg'}ŒP6gb‹2ha`P6xjhj½=P6RhjL,g&RL3L,xsa1c
TWVXTWY[P6xsaLL6¢d_1QapaL,Zi_raNB_ " hsP6xBSl_=P6R`'Q_=a1conq'h " qZOP=\Œq'_1xjN^hjg^Q_=a_=P6Q " q
oUL,Q‚BvUž„q'_=a_(hjg " xj`b_,c'P6ZiL,g'}iL,Rq'_1Qa1c
hjg2R_1Q SlP " _=apRLO¾»y³”TW–u£c†´§*
 :†˜–u&P6gb^º?V˜†TWK†ž
3
XP6Rq£t“xsP6g'},`P6},_”SlL,QzP6gP6xj\3½1hjg'}gk`'Zi_1Qh " P6x€Q_=a`'xjRa„hjgTWV%XTWY è LaR
" L,ZiN'`'RP6RhsL,g¥L6Sr‹3hj_1omSDP " RL,QaŒP6gb—¸†_1]'qP6QbRSDP " RL,Qa©›ZiLb_1xjhjg'}•L6S
3
QP,bhsP6RhjL,g ª
3
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
6
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
1.3 ELMER Work flow
ž„q'_•`a_1Q " P6g¦aRP6QR&TUVXTUYéaL6SlRyo§P6Q_™]k\ " xjh " ‚3hjg'}ÅRq'_•TWVXTWY h " L,g
L,gwRq'_ " L,ZiN'`'R_1Q1‘ab_=a‚2RL,N€c9L,QronQhjRhsg'}^Rq'_ŒaRP6QRhjg'} " L,ZOZOP6gb•L,g™Rq'_
" L,ZOZOP6gbixjhsg'_,v9ž„q'_1g€c'TWVXTWY—o0L,Q‚iÚL)o‰N'QL " _1_=b'anP,a0aq'L ong&hjgŒº9hj},`'Q_
« vµ v
Figure 1.4:
ú%ûeüiú%ý
(€Ë
ÿ<;+=
Ë>(
 a^TWV%XTWY qP,a^]B_1_1g¦aRP6QR_=bdcrTWVXTWYáº'QL,gkRL,N£_1ga=vm˜Ma_1Q " P6g
M
g'L)o¿Q_=P,bŠhjg|Rq'_&xj_ " L,gkRP6hsg'hjg'}•Rq'_^ZiLb_1x§},_1L,ZO_1RQ\@? ÐBADC c0P6gb²aRP6QR
L,NB_1QP6Rhjg'}onhjRq^Rq'_(ZiL3b_1x€aq'L)ongfL,gPa_1NP6QP6R_{XfLb_1x€onhjgbL)oE? ÛFADC
pSlR_1QrP6xjxWb_/g'hjRhjL,gaŒ©›ZOP6Rq'_1ZOP6Rh " P6x¤_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1cZO_=aq™P6gb•ZOP6R_1QhsP6x
3
NP6QP6ZO_1R_1Qa1c¡v¡v¡v ª qP=‹,_(]£_1_1gZŒP,b_,cTWVXTWYu2L,xs‹,_1Q " P6g]£_raRP6QR_=G
b ? Hë ADC
u2L,xj‹,_1QOL,`'RN'`'R&hsaO`a_=b¥hsg‰TWVXTWY è LaR&‹2ha`P6xjhj½=P6RhjL,g²P6gb‰Q_=a`'xjRa
3
P6gP6xs\3ah
a ? 2õ ADC
Á•L,Q‚2ÚL owS›QL,E
Z ? Ð ADC RI
L ? 2õ ADC Q_1N'Q_=a_1g2Ra%g'_ " _=aa P6Q\'Â)L,N'RhjL,gP6x2aR_1Na%b`'Qhjg'}
PiRy\3N'h " P6x`a_1Qpa_=a ahjL,g€vU³†_/g'hjRhjL,gaphjgTWVXTWY[º'QL,gkR " Q_=P6R_P]P,aha„S›L,Q
g2`'Zi_1Qh " P6x%aL,xj`'RhjL,g€v„ž„q'_(ZiLb_1x " P6gf]B_(aL,xs‹,_=b^hjgfTWV%XTWYœu2L,xj‹,_1Q†PS›R_1Q
a P=‹3hjg'}fRq'_&ZiLb_1xWxj_,c¤Rq'_1g|]2\ " xjh " ‚2hjg'}fRq'_u2L,xs‹,_Œ]'`'RRL,g|hjgÅTWVXTWY
ºQL,gkR1v0TUVXTUY è LaRphsanaRP6QR_=b&S›QL,Z¿Rq'_Yp_=a`'xjRa§]'`'RRL,g€v
K–ÆžnK
T J9KzL,RP6RhjL,g™S›QL,L
Z ? Ð ADC RM
L ? Nõ ADC hjg™TWV%XTWYÀo0L,Q‚kÚL)oÆhsa(`a_=b™P,a
Q_/Sl_1Q_1g " _=apxP6R_1QnL,g^hjg^Rq'hsa„ZOP6g2`P6x»v
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
7
Chapter 2
ELMER Front
TWVXTWYˆº'QL,gkRhsa{Rq'_f¸†QP6N'q'h " P6xn˜†a_1Q¾yg2R_1Q SlP " _^ZOL3b`'xj_OS›L,QTWV%XTWY(v
Mxjx0_=a a_1gkRhsP6x§N'QL,]'xj_1Z~aL,xj‹3hjg'}fb_/g'hsRhjL,ga{g'_1_=b_=b|onhjRqƒL,Rq'_1QTWV%XTWY
ZiLb`'xj_=a " P6gf]B_(a_1RzhjgTWVXTWYº'QL,gkR1vnº9hjQaRnNP6QRzL6S?Rq'ha " qP6N'R_1Q©la_ "
RhjL,ga « v « « v µ2ª },hj‹,_=a(P^},_1g'_1QP6xUL)‹,_1Q‹2hj_1o¹L6S„TWV%XTWYŸº'QL,g2R1v^ž„q'_iQ_=aR
L6S%Rq'_ " qP6N'R_1Qn_/¼N'xsP6hjgaUhjgŒb_1RP6hjxdP6xjx£Zi_1gk`a„P6gb " L,ZiZOP6gb'a0g'_1_=b_=bŒhsgŒP
Ry\3N'h " P6xTWV%XTWY[º'QL,g2RMa_=aahjL,g€v
2.1
Input to ELMER Front
Á“q'_1gPg'_1o‰ZOL3b_1xBhsaWRL{]B_M]'`'hjxsR1ckhjgTWVXTWY’Rq'hsa§aRP6QRa§]k\iQ_=P,bhjg'}{hjg
Rq'_–ZiLb_1x£},_1L,ZO_1RQ\,vUž„q'hsa§},_1L,Zi_1RQ\Z`aR„]B_†QaRnb_=ahj},g'_=bonhjRq^aL,Zi_
_/¼R_1QgP6xN'QL,},QP6Zv
TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkR " P6gQ_=P,b&Rq'_r},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ŒSlQL,ZmRq'Q_1_(bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRpaL,`'Q " _=a=¨
t§†³¦},_1L,Zi_1RQ\B¨WPt§M³¦xj_Monq'h " q&qP,a§]£_1_1g " Q_=P6R_=bonhjRq&P6g_/¼R_1Q
3
gP6x9t§†³[N'QL,},QP6ZÈL,Qn]k\&L,Rq'_1QzP6N'N'xsh " P6RhjL,ga
X_=aqÅ},_1L,Zi_1RQ\£¨ŒPfZi_=aqwxj_Œonq'h " q|qP,a{]B_1_1gƒ},_1g'_1QP6R_=b|_1hjRq'_1Q{]k\
3
TWVXTWY[Xf_=aq^},_1g'_1QP6RL,QzL,Qn]k\&L,Rq'_1QzP6N'N'xsh " P6RhjL,ga
XL3b_1xWxj_,¨(P&xj_N'QLb` " _=bwP6gbƒaP=‹,_=bwb`'Qhjg'}fP^N'Q_1‹3hjL,`arTWV%XTWY
3
º'QL,g2RMa_=aahjL,g
2.1.1 CAD file
Èt§†³¿xj_Œhsa(P6gÅ_/¼3R_1QgP6x0xj_b_=a " Qhj]'hjg'}Rq'_ŒZiLb_1xU},_1L,ZO_1RQ\•hjg ¶ ³
onhjQ_/SlQP6Zi_†S›L,QZŒP6R1v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
8
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
RBSFTFT2U,V"WXZY\[^]`_baHcDXedfU,V"gihjWklhV"Xm
3
n
v `'gk‹™©l¾»yb_=P,apg'_1`'RQP6x9t§M³[xs_MSlL,QZOP6R ª
3
n
v hj}ar©l¾y},_=anxj_”S›L,QZŒP6R ª
3
n v _1}6S?©lT¤xjZO_1QW¸”_1L,Zi_1RQ\º9hjxj_US›L,QZŒP6R ª v9¥R_/¼3R?xj_§SlL,QZOP6RS›L,Q " Q_=P6Rhjg'}
]P,ah "–¶ ³},_1L,Zi_1RQhj_=a1v¤º'L,QpZOL,Q_rb_1RP6hjxj_=b^b_=a " QhjN'RhsL,g€ca_1_(zN'NB_1gbh¡¼^×
o`pXZVqpBr X>stm
zSlR_1Q„Pit§†³¦xs_†qP,a„]B_1_1g&Q_=P,b&hjg€c'TWVXTWY¦º'QL,g2R " Q_=P6R_=anhjg2R_1QgP6xjxj\OP
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\&Q_1N'Q_=a_1gkRP6RhsL,g^S›QL,ZÈRq'_–hjg'N'`'Rn},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,v
Èt§†³¿ZiLb_1x " L,g2RP6hjga{Ry\3N'h " P6xjxj\Z`'xsRhjN'xj_NP6QRa1c " P6xjxj_=b™]£Lbhj_=a1vž„q'_
},_1L,ZO_1RQ\hsg'N'`'Rnxj_raq'L,`'xsbfb_=a " Qhj]B_rP6xjx€Rq'_(]BL3bhs_=ar© " P6xjxj_=bP6xsaLL,],) _ " Ra
L,QnZŒP6R_1QhsP6xsa ª onq'h " qP6Q_rg'_1_=b_=b^hjg^Rq'_–N'QL,]'xj_1Zfv
¾;g ¶ ³[]£Lbhj_=anP6Q_rb_/g'_=b^]2\_=b},_–xsL2L,Na1v¤ž„q'_=a_(xjL2L,Na„aq'L,`'xb&]£_ " xjLa_=b
6P gb²g'L,RihjgkR_1Qa_ " Rhjg'}•onhjRqŠRq'_1ZOa_1xs‹,_=aL,QionhjRq²P6gk\|L,Rq'_1Qi_=b},_fxjL2L,Na=v
¾;g²×6³{cW]£Lbhj_=aP6Q_b_/g'_=bŠ]2\|a`'Q SlP " _=a©la`'Q SDP " _^NP6R " q'_=a ª P6gb|Q_=aRQh "
RhsL,garP6Q_OahjZOhjxsP6Q”P,arhjg ¶ ³{v9u2`'Q SDP " _=aP6Q_Œb_=a " Qhj]B_=b•]k\š_=b},_OxsL2L,Na–P6gb
P6}P6hsg•_=‡k`'hj‹6P6xj_1g2R†Q_=aRQh " RhjL,ga”q'L,xsb•P,a”SlL,Q–]BL3bhj_=a†hjg ¶ ³{v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1c " `'Q
Q_1g2Rxj\–L,g'xj\ ¶ ³’t§M³¥},_1L,Zi_1RQhj_=a9P6Q_§a`'N'NBL,QR_=bdv¤ž„q'hsahsa]B_ " P6`a_ " `'QQ_1gkR
TUVXTUYÙX_=aq^},_1g'_1QP6RL,Qphsa„Q_=aRQh " R_=b^RL ¶ ³},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,v
utX>U,gvXWVqwxYFXaHyFr WrDU,ykZm
Á“q'_1g•b_/g'hjg'}&P^t§†³Æ},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,c€Rq'_{S›L,xjxsL onhjg'}ŒQ_=aRQh " RhjL,ga†aq'L,`'xsb]£_
RP6‚,_1gfhjgkRLiP "1" L,`'g2R1¨
K L " qP6g'},_hjgRq'_},_1L,Zi_1RQ\fhsaMP6xsxjL o0_=bPSlR_1QMRq'_{_/¼R_1QgP6xWt§†³Ç},_/
z
L,ZO_1RQ\ha–Q_=P,b™hjg€vž„q'hsarZO_=P6ga–RqP6R(]BL3bhs_=a–L,Q(]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g'g'L,R]£_
aN'xjhjR§L,Q " L,Z]'hsg'_=b
3
´0_ " P6`a_]£L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g'g'L,Rr]£_iaN'xjhjR1cP&]BL,`'gb'P6Q\a_1},ZO_1gkR(b_/g'_=b
]2\ " L,Qg'_1Q‹,_1QRh " _=a–hsa”Rq'_OxjL o0_=aRrxj_1‹,_1x¤onq'_1Q_i]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,ga " P6g
]B_ra_1R
3
´ _ " P6`a_¤]£L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g'g'L,R%]B_¤Q_ " L,Z]'hjg'_=bdcPnxsP6Q},_¤g2`'Z]B_1Q€L6S3]BL,`'gb3
0
P6Q\a_1},Zi_1g2RaMQ_=a`'xjRa†hjgPxjL,g'}&xjhaRzL6SU]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1vž„q'hsa†qP6N'N£_1ga”_1‹,_1g
Rq'L,`'},qSlQL,ZÉRq'_§N'QL,]'xj_1Zɋ3hj_1onNBL,hjgkRRq'_§]BL,`'gb'P6Q\(a_1},Zi_1g2Ra " L,`'xsbrS›L,QZ
Pahsg'},xj_MN'q2\3ah " P6x€]£L,`'gb'P6Q\,v0žLiahjZON'xjh¡Sl\{Rq'_–N'QL,]'xs_1Z¿hjR0hanP,b‹2hsa P6]'xj_MRL
ahjZiN'xjh¡Sl\Rq'_it§†³À},_1L,Zi_1RQ\fRL " L,g2RP6hjg™P,a†S›_1o]BL,`'gb'P6Q\a_1},Zi_1gkRa–P,a
NBLaahs]'xj_
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
9
2.1.2 Mesh file
 i
Z _=aq“xj_¥©›L,QP²a_1R^L6S{xj_=a ª hsa^P6g—_/¼R_1QgP6x–xj_•onq'_1Q_w]£Lbhj_=a^P6Q_
b_=a " Qhj]B_=b]2\‹,L,xj`'Zi_n_1xj_1Zi_1g2RaUP6gbORq'_Ma`'Q SDP " _=aW]2\]£L,`'gb'P6Q\_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa1v
¾ySMg'L•]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=aP6Q_^},hj‹,_1g€cURq'_1\|P6Q_&SlL,QZi_=b|P6R]£Lb\ƒa`'Q SDP " _=a1vŠž„q'_
Zi_=aq^hsg'N'`'R„xj_ " P6g]£_rP ¶ ³L,Qz×6³ZO_=aqxj_,v
RBSFTTU,VqWX>YMr yFTFSWldfU,V"gihjWkzhV"Xm
3
M]P,‡k`apZi_=aqxj_=a(© n v hjg'N ª
º9hsb'P6N^Zi_=aqŒxs_=a(© n v Slbg'_1`'R ª
¾yyb_=P,anZi_=aq&xs_=ar© n v `'gk‹ ª
3
TWV%XTWYÙZi_=aqxj_=a©›Zi_=aq€v q'_=P,b_1Q ª v
3
3
o{p,X>V"prDXstm
¾;giTWVXTWY¥_/¼R_1QgP6xZi_=aqxs_=a¤P6Q_zaP=‹,_=bihjgP6giTWVXTWY‰aN£_ " ¡h " SlL,QZOP6R
P6gb^Rq'_rQ_=a`'xjR§xj_=apP6Q_–gP6Zi_=b&`ahsg'}Rq'_–S›L,xsxjL onhjg'}a " q'_1Zi_,¨
3
|t}"~"€ƒ‚D„ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰"Š Zi_=aq€v q'_=P,b_1Q
3
|t}"~"€ƒ‚D„ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰"Š
Zi_=aq€v g'Lb_=a
3
|t}"~"€ƒ‚D„ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰"Š
Zi_=aq€v _1xj_1ZO_1gkRa
3
|t}"~"€ƒ‚D„ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰"Š
Zi_=aq€v ]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a
ê 1_ Q_ |t}"~qv€Q‚ „ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰ Q_/Sl_1QazRLŒRq'_bhjQ_ " RL,Q\^onq'_1Q_TWVXTWYZi_=aq^xj_=a
P6Q_&aRL,Q_=bdvž„q'hsabhjQ_ " RL,Q\•hsa " Q_=P6R_=bƒP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\šP6gbwhjRhsa–SlL,QZi_=b
SlQL,Z$Rq'_ƒZiL3b_1x{bhjQ_ " RL,Q\¦P6gbÙRq'_ƒZi_=aq¦gP6Zi_w`ahjg'}¥Rq'_ƒS›L,xsxjL onhjg'}
a " q'_1Zi_,¨
|t}"~q‹€ƒ‚D„ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰Œb|`ˆ€j}Ž€ƒ‚D„ } †7‡fˆƒ„‰ ÂXT0u ê ³†¾ Y†Â |t}"~"‹ƒ|t}
ueXZU,g‹X>WV"wxYX>aHyFr0Wr U,yFkZm
t0L,gkRQP6Q\fRLŒPt§†³},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,cdPiZi_=aq},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ " P6gf]B_(_=bhjR_=bdvnX_=aq
]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6gƒ]£_aN'xjhjRP6gb " L,Z{]'hjg'_=b™]2\™Q_1},QL,`'N'hjg'}fZO_=aqw_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa
RqP6Rb_/g'_ŒRq'_i]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1v&ž„q'hsa–N'QL " _=b`'Q_Ohsa–_/¼N'xsP6hjg'_=bšxP6R_1Q–hjg™Rq'_
" L,gkR_/¼RzL6S9Rq'_(TWbhjRnZO_1gk`€v
Á“q'_1g™`ahjg'}^P6g™_/¼R_1QgP6xWZi_=aqšxs_,c%P&Ry\3N'h " P6x¤N'QL,]'xj_1Z ha”RqP6RrRL2L&Sl_1o
]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=aP6Q_™P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_,vÆÁ“hjRq'L,`'RP6gk\—aNB_ " h¡ " ]BL,`'gb'P6Q\‰hjgSlL,QZOP
RhjL,g€c3Rq'_ML,g'xs\o0P=\ŒRL{b_/g'_”]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a§hsaWRLbhj‹3hsb_pRq'_1ZÀhjg2RLhjg2R_1QgP6x
]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=ai©›]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=a”]£_1R;oU_1_1g•]BL3bhj_=a ª P6gbL,`'R_1Q–]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a”]P,a_=b
L,gi]BL3b\^©›ZOP6R_1QhsP6x ª hsgS›L,QZOP6RhsL,g€vÁ“hjRqL,g'xj\L,g'_z]BL3b\{Rq'hsa?oUL,`'xbZi_=P6g
RqP6RpRq'_1Q_rha„L,g'xj\OL,g'_Œ©›L,`'R_1Q ª ]£L,`'gb'P6Q\SlL,QnRq'_ronq'L,xj_–ZiLb_1x»v
10
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
2.1.3 Model file
XLb_1x2xs_nhsa?P6ghjgkR_1QgP6xeTUVXTUYŠxj_ " L,gkRP6hsg'hjg'}rP6xjx'Rq'_nZiLb_1xhjgS›L,QZŒP
RhsL,g€c3hsg " xj`bhjg'}(Rq'_–ZOL3b_1xB},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,c'hjg&TWVXTWY¦º'QL,g2RzaNB_ " h¡ " S›L,QZOP6R1v
º L,Q9TWV%XTWY¥º'QL,gkR¤Rq'_§ZiLb_1xkxj_0hsaRq'_0ZiLaR%_=aa_1g2RhsP6x2xj_,v9¾ySRq'_§ZiL3b_1x
xs_†hanb_1xj_1R_=bdceP6xjxdZiLb_1xb_/g'hjRhjL,gapP6Q_rP6xaLxjLaR1v
„RRq'_‹,_1Q\ŠQaRŒaRP6},_,cMP6g“_/¼3R_1QgP6x†},_1L,Zi_1RQ\²hsaOQ_=P,b¥hsgkRL|TWVXTWY
ºQL,gkR1v(Á“q'_1gšRq'_`a_1Q–b_/g'_=a”Rq'_{ZOL3b_1x»cBRq'_=a_b_/g'hjRhjL,ga”P6Q_aRL,Q_=b
hsgÅPZiLb_1x§xj_,vw³†_/SlP6`'xsR{gP6ZO_ŒSlL,QRq'hsaxj_hsa |`ˆ€j}Ž‘ƒ|t} v _1ZS v“©lž„q'_
_/¼R_1gahjL,g•v _1ZiShsanP6gP6]']'Q_1‹3hsP6RhjL,g&SlL,QpTWVXTWY[XfLb_1xº9hjxj_ ª v
Á“q'_1g“ZiL3b_1xzxj_hsaOaP ‹,_=bdcMP6xjxMRq'_šZiL3b_1xMhjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g²onq'h " q’hsaiQ_1xj_/
‹6P6gkR0SlL,Q0aL,xj‹3hjg'}–Rq'_†N'QL,]'xj_1ZÀhsaUP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\aRL,Q_=bŒP6xaLrhjgP(a_1NP6QP6R_
TUVXTUY’u2L,xj‹,_1Q " L,gkRQL,x£xj_,v9³†_/SDP6`'xjR¤gP6Zi_nSlL,QWRq'hsa¤xj_nhsa |eˆ €j}Ž‘ƒ|t} v‘ah¡S
©lž„q'_(_/¼3R_1gahsL,g•v‘ah¡S%hsanP6gP6]']'Q_1‹2hsP6RhsL,g&S›L,QMu2L,xj‹,_1Qp¾;g'N'`'Rpº9hjxj_ ª v
´§L,RqšRq'_=a_{xj_P6Q_aRL,Q_=bšhjgRq'_ZiL3b_1x?bhjQ_ " RL,Q\,v{ž„q'hsa”bhjQ_ " R L,Q\ " P6g
]B_pa_1R¤`ahsg'}–Rq'_zXfLb_1xgP6Zi_pP6gbObhjQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a " ,L ZiZŒP6gbhjgRq'_ è Q L,]'xj_1Z
ZO_1gk`€v
2.1.4 Structural overview
º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v « },hj‹,_=aP6gŠL)‹,_1Q‹2hs_1o¿L6S”P6xjx§xj_=a " Q_=P6R_=b|L,Q`a_=b|hjgŠTWVXTWY
b`'Qhsg'}iPZiL3b_1x€]'`'hsxsbhjg'}P6gb^ahjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,g&a_=aahsL,g€v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
11
Figure 2.1:
2.2
ü
Ë Î’6”“j6¡ÎÏ
ELMER Front main window
TWVXTWYŽº'QL,gkRZOP6hjg|onhjgbL)omhsaiaq'L ong²hjg²º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ¶ v‰ž„q'_g2`'Z]B_1Qa
aq'L)ong{hsgr]'QP " ‚,_1Ra?Q_/Sl_1QRL”bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkR?P6Q_=P,a9hjg(Rq'_§ZOP6hjgronhsgbL o–v?Á‰hsgbL o
P6Q_=P,azP6Q_–Rq'_rS›L,xjxsL onhjg'}'¨
« v –Mž„hsRxj_1]P6Q
• ¶ v –MX_1gk`']P6Q
•
3
3
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
12
• ×3v –zXfLb_1xonhjgbL)o—RL2L,xj]P6Q
3
•µ v–
3
3
3
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
è Q " L2_=a a " L,gkRQL,x%RL2L,xj]P6Q
• ® v –zXf_=aa P6},_rP6Q_=P
• ¯ v –†u2RP6R`azP6Q_=P
Figure 2.2:
ú%û£üú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1Ì3ÍF—z ̍( Ì Ë>(
ž„q'_™XLb_1x–onhjgbL o RL3L,xj]P6Q • ×3v – " L,g2RP6hjga " L,ZiZOP6gb’]'`'RRL,gaonq'h " q
" L,g2RQL,xnq'L oŸRq'_&ZiLb_1x0},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ƒhsa{bhsaN'xsP \,_=bwhjgÅRq'_^XfLb_1x§onhjgbL o–v
ž„q'haronhjgbL)oÆhsaPfa_1NP6QP6R_},QP6N'q'h " aonhjgbL oÆSlL,Q(Rq'_OZOL3b_1x0},_1L,Zi_1RQ\
P6gb|hsRhsa{g'L,Riaq'L)ongŠhjg|ºhs},`'Q_ ¶ v ¶ vƒž„q'_ è QL " _=aa " L,g2RQL,xnRL2L,xj]P6Q • µ v –
" P6gƒ]£_O`a_=b™RLaRP6QRaL,xs‹,_1Q1cNBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q(P6gbƒL,Rq'_1Q(N'QL " _=aa_=a1v^ž„q'_
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
13
X_=aaP6},_P6Q_=P • ® v –ŒhjgRq'_Zihsb'bxj_L6S0Rq'_onhjgbL oÇhaz`a_=bSlL,Q–bhsaN'xsP \2hjg'}
aq'L,QR^Zi_=a aP6},_=a&Q_1xsP6R_=b’RL " L,ZiZOP6gb'a^P6gb—P " RhsL,ga&ZOP,b_™b`'Qhjg'}ŠRq'_
a_=aahjL,g€vŒž„q'_u2RP6R`a{P6Q_=P • ¯ v –•P6RrRq'_Œ]£L,RRL,Z L6SnRq'_ŒonhjgbL oœR_1xsxsa–Rq'_
gk`'Z{]B_1QzL6S " `'QQ_1gkRxj\^b_/g'_=bNP6QP6ZO_1R_1QazP6gb^L,Rq'_1Q†aRP6R`aphjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g
SlL,QrRq'_OZiLb_1x»v&¾ygwRq'_O_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_ZiLb_1xWNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QaqP=‹,_Œg'L,R(\,_1R(]B_1_1g
b_/g'_=bP,anRq't
_ ˜ØKzL,g'_,‹6P6xj`'_=a„hjgbh " P6R_,v
2.3
General user interface features
ž„q'hsa”a_ " RhjL,g},hj‹,_=a”P6gšL ‹,_1Q‹3hj_1o[L6S0Rq'_{S›_=P6R`'Q_=a”onq'h " qšP6Q_ " L,ZOZiL,gfSlL,Q
P6xjxTWV%XTWY[º'QL,g2RponhjgbL opa=v
2.3.1 Standard window buttons
ž„q'_ionhjgbL)o " L,g2RQL,xU]'`'RRL,gaxjL " P6R_=b•P6R(Rq'_O]BL,RRL,Z L6Sn_=P " qwTWV%XTWY
º'QL,g2RzonhjgbL)o¦qP=‹,_rRq'_rS›L,xjxsL onhjg'}{Sl`'g " RhjL,ga1¨
ÃM‚B¨ŒP "1" _1N'Raf©›hjSza\2g2RP¼ƒhsa " L,QQ_ " R ª P6gb|aP ‹,_=aP6xjx0NBLaahs]'xj_ " qP6g'},_=a
3
ZOP,b_&hjg|Rq'_^onhjgbL)o–vÅKML,R_^q'L o0_1‹,_1QiRqP6R\,L,`²aRhjxjx§qP=‹,_^RL™a P=‹,_^Rq'_
ZiLb_1xxj_pa_1NP6QP6R_1xj\{]B_/S›L,Q_ " qP6g'},_=aUP6Q_zaRL,Q_=biN£_1QZOP6g'_1g2Rxj\,v¤ž„q'_nonhjg
bL oÉhsa " xjLa_=b
t§P6g " _1x»¨^P6]P6gbL,gaŒP6xjx„N£Laahj]'xj_ " qP6g'},_=aiZOP,b_&hjg|Rq'_^onhjgbL)oÈP6gb
3
" xjLa_=a„Rq'_(onhjgbL o
MN'N'xj\B¨?a P6Zi_rP,anRq'_ÃM‚&]'`'RRL,g€c]'`'RpRq'_–onhjgbL)o¦hsa„xj_/SlR„L,N£_1g
3
¾;gi},_1g'_1QP6x»ckonhsgbL opa0onhjxjxQ_1ZOP6hjgL,NB_1gO`'g2Rhjx " xjLa_=bi]k\Rq'_z`a_1QUonhjRqiRq'_
ÃM‚&L,QMt§P6g " _1x%]'`'RRL,ga1v§˜Mahjg'}Rq'_ " L,ZiZOP6gb'a„hsg^Rq'_rÁ‰hsgbL o¦Zi_1g2`fP6xjx
L,NB_1gŒTWVXTWY—º'QL,g2R0onhsgbL opa " P6gO]B_ " L,g2RQL,xjxj_=bihsgi},QL,`'Na1vWº'L,Q§b_1RP6hjxsa1c
a_1_–Rq'_rÁ“hjgbL)o—Zi_1gk`fa_ " RhjL,g^hjg&Rq'hsa " qP6N'R_1Q1v
XL3bh¡_=b|b'P6RPhjg|_1gkRQ\ƒ_1xsb'a{hsabhsaN'xP=\,_=bƒ`ahjg'}•PQ_=bÅS›L,g2R{`'g2RhjxnRq'_
ZiLbh¡ " P6RhjL,ganP6Q_rP "1" _1N'R_=bf]k\N'Q_=aahjg'}Rq'_(MN'N'xj\Œ]'`'RRL,g€v
¾;gwP&onhjgbL oÆq'_=P,b_1Q1c9P6gƒP,aR_1Qhsa‚šbhsaN'xsP \,_=b•PS›R_1Q(Rq'_ionhjgbL o¹RhjRxj_hjg
bh " P6R_=aMRqP6RMRq'_b'P6RPŒhjgRq'_{onhjgbL o[qP,a†]£_1_1gZiL3bhj_=bdv è Q_=aahsg'}ORq'_
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
14
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
MN'N'xj\Œ]'`'RRL,gQ_=a_1RapP6xsaLRq'hsa„hjgbh " P6RL,Q1v
2.3.2 Windows with body and boundary tables
 " L,ZiZiL,g™SlP " RL,QrRLRq'_=a_ionhjgbL)oparhsarRq'_Œ´§L3bhs_=a”xjhsaR]BL=¼šL,g™Rq'_iRL,N
xs_/S›Rr`'gb_1QRq'_v˜Ø´§L3bhj_=a=¨¡{q'_=P,b_1Q1vwÃMgÅRq'_ŒQhs},qkRahsb_iL6SzRq'_onhjgbL)oÆhsa
PŒxjhsaR]£L ¼onq'h " q " L,gkRP6hjga”Rq'_NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q–a_1RaMonq'h " qšP6Q__1g2R_1Q_=bšhjgfRq'_
NP6g'_1xyv—Á‰q'_1g“Rq'_=a_fNP6QP6ZO_1R_1QŒa_1RaP6Q_P6RR_ " q'_=b“bhsQ_ " Rxj\|RLw]BL3bhj_=a=c
xshj‚,_”Rq'_r_=‡k`P6RhsL,gapL,QpZOP6R_1QhP6x€N'QL,N£_1QRhj_=a=c'L,g'xj\ŒRq'_=a_rRyo0LŒxjhaR]£L ¼3_=a„P6Q_
‹3hsahs]'xj_,v–¾yg•aL,Zi_onhjgbL)opa–b'P6RP&hsa”P6RRP " q'_=b•RL^Rq'_]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1cP6gbšhsg
Rq'_=a_ŒonhjgbL)opa{Rq'_1Q_ha(P6xsaLP´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a{xjhaR]£L ¼Bc9onq'h " qÅbhsaN'xsP=\a(P6xjx
Rq'_–]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a„SlL,QpRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\^a_1xj_ " R_=b&]BL3b\,v
¾;g•Rq'_iSlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}&xjhsaR”Rq'_O´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a=c´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,garP6gbwXf_=aq
b_1gahjRy\ŒonhjgbL oÉP6Q_–]BL,`'gb'P6Q\xj_1‹,_1x€onhjgbL opa=c'L,Rq'_1QponhjgbL opazP6Q_r]£Lb\
xs_1‹,_1x€onhjgbL opa1v
3š™K€ƒ‚D‡P|t}›œ
´0Lbhj_=a
´0L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=a
3š„’ˆjžŽŸ}|
|t}›œ
TW‡k`P6RhsL,ga
3¡iˆ €}Ž2|t}›,œ
¾yg'hjRhP6x " L,gbhjRhsL,ga
´0Lb\iSlL,Q " _=a
XP6R_1QhsP6xa
´0L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhsL,ga
3¡x}"~"|t}›`Š£¢{}D¤P}l¡¥}"~qœ
Xf_=aqaRQ` " R`'Q_
Xf_=aqb_1gahjRy\
KML,R_,¨•ž„q'_=a_onhjgbL opaP6Q_b_=ahj},g'_=b²RLÅ]£_`a_=b²hsg " L,g+) `'g " RhjL,g¥onhjRq
Rq'_†XfLb_1xBonhjgbL o–c3]£_ " P6`a_MhjRUq'_1xjNaURLhsb_1gkRhjS›\]BL3bhj_=a0P6gbO]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a
hsg•Rq'_iZiLb_1x»viYp_/Sl_1Q–RLRq'_OXL3b_1xUonhjgbL o¹a_ " RhjL,g•hjg•Rq'_i_1gb•L6SnRq'hsa
" qP6N'R_1Q1v
Á“q'_1g•]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=arP6Q_ibhsaN'xP=\,_=bšhjgšRq'_iXL3b_1x¤onhjgbL)oœRq'_1\šP6Q_igk`'Z
]B_1Q_=b&`ahjg'}Rq'_aP6Zi_”hsb&gk`'Z{]B_1QanRqP6RzP6Q_r`a_=b&hsg^]£L,`'gb'P6Q\RP6]'xj_=a1v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
15
MxjxeRq'_=a_MonhjgbL opa§qP ‹,_ " L,ZOZiL,gOQ`'xj_=a§P6gbOS›_=P6R`'Q_=a0SlL,QURq'_”b'P6RP_1g2RQ\,c
P,an_/¼N'xsP6hjg'_=b]B_1xjL o–v
ž„q'_0QaRaR_1N{hjgrRq'_„b'P6RPM_1gkRQ\rhsa%RLMa_1xs_ " R%Rq'_URP6Q},_1R?]BL3b\”L,Q9]£L,`'gb'P6Q\
SlL,Q9Rq'_nb'P6RPv?pSlR_1Q?RqP6R¤b_/g'hjRhjL,ga " P6g]£_§_1gkR_1Q_=b`ahsg'}MRq'_nb'P6RP†_1gkRQ\
_1xsb'ahsg²Rq'_onhjgbL)o–v—u2L,Zi_fL6S”Rq'__1xsb'aiZOP \ƒq'L)oU_1‹,_1Q]£_bhsaP6]'xj_=bdc
]B_ " P6`a_–Rq'_1\^P6Q_–g'L,RzP6N'N'xjh " P6]'xj_†SlL,QnRq'_–RP6Q},_1Rp]BL3b\L,Qn]£L,`'gb'P6Q\,v0º'L,Q
_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,ch¡S3Rq'_§`a_1Qhsa_1g2R_1Qhjg'}†PzZOP6R_1QhsP6xkb_/g'hsRhjL,grSlL,QPz]£Lb\,cP6gbRq'_
]BL3b\^bL3_=azg'L,RMqP=‹,_PÚL)oÙ_=‡2`P6RhjL,gb_/g'_=bdcBhjRMoUL,`'xsbfg'L,RM]B_rNBLaahj]'xj_
RLi_1g2R_1QzP6gk\ÚL oÉQ_1xsP6R_=b^ZOP6R_1QhsP6x€b'P6RPSlL,QnRq'_r]BL3b\,v
¾;grZOP6gk\–onhsgbL opa9b'P6RPn_1xsb'aP6Q_0b_1‹3hsb_=b–hjg2RLMa`']a_1Ra%]k\–_=‡2`P6RhjL,g(R;\2NB_,v
ž„q'_=a_–a`']a_1Ra " P6g&]B_†P " Rhj‹6P6R_=b&P6gb&bhsaN'xsP \,_=bO`ahsg'}Rq'_”_=‡2`P6RhjL,gŒR;\2NB_
QP,bhjL]'`'RRL,gazhjg^Rq'_rP6Q_=PiP6]BL ‹,_rRq'_(b'P6RP_1xsb'a1v
³ P6RPhjgwRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\™P " Rhs‹,_i_1gkRQ\•_1xb " P6gw]B_iQ_=a_1RrRLRq'_ON'Q_1‹3hjL,`a
”
‹6P6xj`'_&]k\|N'Q_=aahjg'}šRq'_fTUa " ‚,_1\ƒL,gŠRq'_f‚,_1\2]BLP6Qbdv²¾»S”Pš_1xsb|a`'N'NBL,QRa
_1gkR_1Qhsg'}iZ`'xsRhjN'xj_†‹P6xj`'_=a=cPaNP " _–hsa„`a_=bP,azPa_1NP6QP6RL,Q1v
2.3.3 Attaching parameter sets to bodies and boundaries
Á“q'_1gfP6xjx€g'_ " _=aaP6Q\^b'P6RPSlL,QnRq'_rg'_1o¦NP6QP6ZO_1R_1QMa_1RnqP,az]£_1_1g^_1g2R_1Q_=bdc
hjR”hsa”P,b'b_=bšRL&Rq'_xjhsaR†L6S0NP6QP6ZO_1R_1Qra_1Ra”`ahjg'}Rq'_inb'bš]'`'RRL,g•`'gb_1Q
Rq'_rNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QzxjhsaR]BL=¼dv¤¾»S?P6g_/¼3haRhjg'}{NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qza_1Rnhsa„]B_1hjg'}ZiLbh¡_=bdc
Rq'_(`'Ndb'P6R_(hapP " Rhj‹6P6R_=bL,g'xj\&PS›R_1QMRq'_˜MNBb'P6R_]'`'RRL,gfhsapN'Q_=aa_=bdvpž„q'_
³†_1xj_1R_–]'`'RRL,gQ_1ZiL)‹,_=apRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\&a_1xj_ " R_=b&_1gkRQ\SlQL,ZmRq'_–xjhsaR]£L ¼Bv
TWP " qONP6QP6Z{R_1QWZ`aR¤qP=‹,_zP”`'g'hs‡2`'_ngP6Zi_,v¤¾;g},_1g'_1QP6xhjR?hsa?]B_1RR_1QWRL–`a_
b_=a " QhjN'Rhs‹,_{gP6ZO_=a”S›L,Q”NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa_1Ra1v ê L)oU_1‹,_1Q1c9hjR”hsa”P6xsaL&NBLaahj]'xj_{RL
`a_0Rq'_§b_=PSl`'xjR%P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " gP6Zihjg'}Ma " q'_1Zi_0onq'_1Q_0NP6QP6ZO_1R_1Qa9P6Q_0gP6Zi_=b
xjhj‚,_,¦
¨ ˜Ø´0Lb\º'L,Q " _ « ¡c ˜Ø´§Lb\3º'L,Q " _ ¶ ¡cev1v1v¾»SBg'L–NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q¤gP6Zi_„hsa9},hj‹,_1g€c,L,Q
Rq'_pgP6Zi_nha¤},hj‹,_1ghsa?Rq'hsaW]P,ah " SlL,QZcRq'_pg'_/¼RWP=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xj_„gP6Zi_zhjgiahjZihsxsP6Q
SlL,QZŽha " Q_=P6R_=b•P6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\^onq'_1g•Rq'_nb'bš]'`'RRL,g•hsa†N'Q_=aa_=bdv{ž„q'hsa
N'QP " Rh " _iha–g'L,R(Q_ " L,ZiZO_1gb_=bdc%]'`'R(hsR–]£_i`a_/S›`'x¤SlL,Q(‡2`'h " ‚_/¼N£_1QhjZO_1gkRa
onq'_1Q_rRq'_rgP6ZO_=apP6Q_–g'L,Rp_=aa_1g2RhsP6x»v
¾ySUPORP6Q},_1R”]BL3b\^L,Q”]BL,`'gb'P6Q\fbL2_=a†g'L,R " `'QQ_1gkRxj\qP=‹,_P6gk\fNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q
a_1R9P6RRP " q'_=b{RLzhjR1c6Ppg'_1oÅNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q?a_1R%ha%P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xsxj\MP6RRP " q'_=bRL†Rq'_
RP6Q},_1Rp]BL3b\OL,Qn]£L,`'gb'P6Q\onq'_1g^Rq'_–NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qphsa„P,b'b_=b&RLRq'_–xjhaR]£L ¼Bv
ÃMRq'_1Qonhsa_URq'_W`a_1QqP,a%RLp`a_¤Rq'_U„RRP " q]'`'RRL,grRLMP6RRP " q(Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\
a_1xj_ " R_=b&NP6QP6ZO_1R_1QpRLRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxs\&a_1xj_ " R_=b&]£Lb\OL,Qz]£L,`'gb'P6Q\,v
ÃMg'xj\L,g'_{NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q–a_1R " P6g]£_a_1xj_ " R_=bP6R”PŒRhsZi_,ce]'`'R”hjgšaL,Zi_ " P,a_=a
hjRihaN£La ahj]'xj_^RLÅa_1xj_ " RiZ{`'xjRhjN'xj_&RP6Q},_1R]£Lbhj_=aL,QŒ]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=aSlL,QORq'_
NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q1vUX`'xjRhjN'xs_†ahsZ`'xjRP6g'_1L,`ana_1xj_ " RhjL,ganP6Q_(bL,g'_r]2\ŒN'Q_=a ahjg'}Rq'_
16
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
" L,g2RQL,x”‚,_1\²onq'_1g“a_1xj_ " Rhjg'}wRq'_RP6Q},_1RaonhjRq“Rq'_xj_/SlRiZiL,`a_]'`'RRL,g€v
è Q_=aahjg'}iRq'_{aq'h¡SlRn‚,_1\^P6gbRq'_(xs_/S›RnZiL,`a_r]'`'RRL,gfonq'hjxs_rbQP6},},hjg'}OonhjRq
Rq'_–ZOL,`a_ra_1xj_ " RanP " L,g2Rhjgk`'L,`az},QL,`'NL6S?QL opanSlQL,ZmRq'_–xjhaR]£L ¼Bv
Á“q'_1gŒPrNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q0a_1R0hsaWP,b'b_=bORL(Rq'_zxshsaR]BL=¼dc,hjRWhjg'q'_1QhjRa " _1QRP6hjgON'QL,N
_1QRhs_=a”S›QL,ZéRq'_OP " Rhj‹,_RP6Q},_1R(]BLb\L,Qr]BL,`'gb'P6Q\,vŒ¾;g™Rq'_OXLb_1xWZi_1gk`
onhsgbL opa¤Rq'_=a_nN'QL,NB_1QRhj_=a¤P6Q_nQ_1xsP6R_=bRL–Rq'_n_=‡2`P6RhjL,gR;\2NB_„L6SBRq'_pP " Rhj‹,_
]BLb\,v?¾;g&Rq'_rXf_=aqZO_1gk`&onhjgbL opa„Rq'ha0N'QL,NB_1QRy\hsa§Rq'_–Zi_=aq&aRQ` " R`'Q_
L6SnRq'_i]BLb\,vž„q'hsa(N'QL,N£_1QR;\•hjg'q'_1QhjRP6g " _ " Q_=P6R_=a{aL,Zi_Q_=aRhjQ " hjRhjL,ga–L,g
q'L)oÇNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa " P6gš]£_P6RRP " q'_=b•RL&RP6Q},_1R–]£Lbhj_=a†L,Q”]£L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a=v(zg
P6RRP " q'Zi_1gkR–hapg'L,R†N£Laahj]'xj_rh¡SWRq'_{NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q–P6gbRq'_RP6Q},_1R”qP=‹,_ " L,g
Úh " Rhjg'}N'QL,NB_1QRhj_=a1vWºL,Qn_/¼P6ZiN'xs_MhjR§hsa§g'L,RnNBLaahj]'xj_MRLP6RRP " qfP{ZOP6R_1QhsP6x
N'QL,NB_1QRy\ŒSlL,QpP]£Lb\Oonq'h " q^qP,anL,g'xj\Œq'_=P6Rn_=‡k`P6RhjL,gb_/g'_=bdceh¡S%Rq'hsa„ZOP
R_1QhP6xb_/g'hjRhjL,g^o0P,apL,Qhj},hjgP6xjxj\ " Q_=P6R_=b&S›L,QpPÚL o¦]BL3b\,v
ž%Lhsb_1gkRhjS›\iRq'ha0ZŒP6R " q'hjg'}'c'P6gP,aR_1Qhsa‚©<˜ n  ª hsa§`a_=bRLZOP6Q‚iNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q
a_1Ra&onq'h " q’ZOP6R " q—Rq'_™a_1xj_ " R_=b“]£Lb\²L,Q&]BL,`'gb'P6Q\,vŸž„q'haP,aR_1Qhsa‚²hsa
aq'L onghjg&Rq'_r]B_1},hjg'g'hjg'}L6S?Rq'_rNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QpQL)o–v
Á“q'_1g&P]BLb\L,Q„P6g]BL,`'gb'P6Q\Ohsa§a_1xj_ " R _=bdc'P6xjx£Rq'La_”_/¼3hsaRhjg'}rNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q
a_1Ra(onq'h " q " P6gÅ]B_ŒP6RRP " qŠRLRq'_^a_1xs_ " R _=bwRP6Q},_1RP6Q_ZOP6Q‚,_=bÅonhjRqÅP6g
P,aR_1Qhsa‚Bv
¾;R–hsa–NBLaahs]'xj_RLa_1xj_ " RrP^NP6QP6ZO_1R_1Qronq'h " qwhsa–g'L,RrZOP6Q‚,_=b™onhjRqwP6gwP,a
R_1Qha‚£v{ž„q'hsa”NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q " P6g•]B__=bhjR_=b•P6gbš`'NBb'P6R_=bdc]'`'R–hjR " P6g'g'L,Rr]£_
P6RRP " q'_=b•RL&Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRrRP6Q},_1RO©›Rq'_i„RRP " q•]'`'RRL,g•hsa†g'L,RrP " Rhj‹,_ ª c€]£_/
" P6`a_–hjRpbL2_=apg'L,RnZOP6R " qRq'ha„RP6Q},_1R1v
Á“q'_1g&PNP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q§a_1R„hsa0bL,`']'xj_/ " xjh " ‚,_=bdcRq'_MQaR0RP6Q},_1R1c'RL{onq'h " q&Rq'hsa
NP6QP6ZO_1R_1QihsaNBLaahj]'xj\ƒP6RRP " q'_=bdc„hsaiP " Rhj‹6P6R_=bdv²ž„q'_g'_/¼RObL,`']'xj_/ " xjh " ‚
onhsxjx€P " Rhj‹P6R_–Rq'_–g'_/¼RpRP6Q},_1Rp_1R " v
ž„q'_†]'`'RRL,ga§onq'h " q&P6Q_z`a_=bORL{Rq'_MqP6gbxshjg'}rL6SRq'_†NP6QP6ZR_1Qna_1Ra0qP=‹,_
Rq'_”SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}{S›`'g " RhsL,ga1¨
 b'bd¨OP,b'b'aPg'_1oŸNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qb_/g'_=bƒonhsRqwRq'_‹P6xj`'_=ahjgƒRq'_b'P6RP
n
_1g2RQ\_1xsb'a„RLiRq'_rxjhaR0L6S?NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qza_1Ra
3
˜zNdb'P6R_,¨`'Ndb'P6R_=a0Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxs\P " Rhs‹,_zNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q0onhjRqiRq'_p‹6P6xj`'_=aWhsg
3
Rq'_rb'P6RPi_1gkRQ\_1xsb'a
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
17
³†_1xj_1R_,¨†b_1xj_1R_=a”Rq'_a_1xj_ " R_=bNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q”SlQL,ZŽRq'_xjhaRMP6gb•b_1RP " q'_=a
3
Rq'_nNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q?SlQL,ZœP6xjxRq'_n]£Lbhj_=a9L,Q¤]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a?hjR?hsa9N£La ahj]'xj\rP6RRP " q'_=b
RL
„RRP " q€¨UP6RRP " q'_=a„Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\Œa_1xj_ " R_=bŒNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q0RL{Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\
3
a_1xj_ " R _=b&]BLb\ŒL,Qn]BL,`'gb'P6Q\
³†_1RP " q€¨wQ_1ZiL ‹,_=aŒRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2R^P6RRP " q'Zi_1g2RŒSlQL,Z Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxs\¥a_/
3
xj_ " R_=b&]BL3b\
2.4
Starting ELMER Front
T VXTWYÙº'QL,gkRzaRP6QRan]k\ŒRq'_`˜ØTWVXTWYr " L,ZiZŒP6gbdvWž„q'hsa " L,ZiZOP6gb " P6g
W
]B_},hj‹,_1g•hjgšRq'_ " L,ZiZOP6gbšxjhsg'_L,Q–]2\`ahjg'}^b_=a‚2RL,N•ZO_1gk`a–L,Q–h " L,ga”hjS
Rq'_1\&P6Q_(P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xj_”hjg&Rq'_rN'xP6R S›L,QZ¿onq'_1Q_(TUVXTUYÉhsa„`a_=bdv
Figure 2.3:
ú%û£üú%ý
ÏIÍD Í
ÿ !§Ë——z1Ì
`
Ì Î
§
ÿUüe ÿ
Ë1ÏËDÍ©¨ Ì Ë>(Ï.ª¬«
ž„q'_rSlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}L,N'RhjL,gP6xNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QazZŒP=\^]B_r`a_=bonq'_1gRq'_(N'QL,},QP6ZŽhsa
aRP6QR_=bd¨
3
­­
3
­­
ZiLb_1x¡ybhjQ_ " RL,Q\ Œ{|eˆ €j}Ž2€ƒ‚D„
ZiLb_1x¡»gP6Zi_ Œ{|eˆ €j}ŽNƒ|t}
3
­­
N'QL,]'xj_1Z»gP6ZO_
3
­­
a_1RRhjg'}aDxj_
3
­­
b_/g'hjRhjL,gaDxj_
3
­­
3
­­
Œ*¯B„°ˆžŽ±}7|
} †7‡fˆƒ„‰®Bƒ|t}
ƒ|t}
Œ²~7}‡³‡³‚Dj´Z~.¤¦ŽŸ}²ƒ|t}
Œ`€j}D¤P‚ ‡³‚µˆƒ,~¶¤¦Ž±}IQ|e}
Q_=a`'xjRaybhjQ_ " R L,Q\ Œ{„ }"~›jŽ‘‡D~I€ƒ‚D„’} † ‡fˆƒ„"‰šƒ|t}
hjg " xj`b_/»NP6Rq Œ{‚D†Ž‘›,€j}*¯ƒ‡D£€j}D¤P‚ ‡³‚µˆƒ
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
18
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
sx L,}6ybhjQ_ " RL,Q\ ŒIŽ±ˆ·´€ƒ‚D„’}·†7‡fˆƒ„‰®Q|e}
ºL,Qp_/¼P6ZON'xj_”h¡S9TWV%XTWY[º'QL,g2RphsanaRP6QR_=b^`ahjg'}Rq'_ " ,L ZiZOP6gbd¨
3
­j­
¸¹Qº¸Q»
­j­¼½Q¾¿À­¾Á>¿”Ã>ĽQÂjÅÆÇ ¸¹Qº¸Q» Ç º”ȃÉj¸j¹”Ê Ç,Ë>Ä¿ƒÌÍ,ÀQ½+Î
Rq'_1gŒRq'_MbhjQ_ " RL,Q\OÂTWV%XTWY”ÂXšÃ†³”TWV9u'ÂaR_1NÚL o¦o0L,`'xsbi]B_pRq'_†b_/SlP6`'xjR
bhsQ_ " RL,Q\SlL,QrZiLb_1x¤xj_=a=v¾yS„PfZiLb_1x¤xj_iaR_1NÚL)o–v _1ZSpoU_1Q_&aRL,Q_=b™hsg
RqP6RbhjQ_ " RL,Q\,cRq'ha " L,ZiZOP6gbšoUL,`'xb™P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxs\fxjLP,bšRq'hsa–xj_hjgkRL
TUVXTUYÙº'QL,g2R1v
2.5 ELMER Front settings file
Á“q'_1g•P6g•TWVXTWYœº'QL,g2R(a_=aahsL,gfhsa”aRP6QR_=bdc€‹6P6xj`'_=aMS›L,Q†‹6P6QhjL,`a " L,gkRQL,x
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=a " P6g—]B_•hjg'hjRhsP6xshj½1_=b|SlQL,ZÄP6g—hjg'N'`'R&xj_²©la_1RRhjg'}axj_ ª v¿ž„q'hsa
xs_hsa–xjLP,b_=b™P6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\h¡S„P^xj_igP6Zi_=9
b ˜ SlQL,gkR1v _=aS=hsa”SlL,`'gb•hjg•Rq'_
˜ØTUVXTUz
Y Ï ê ÆXT0Â)xshj]€zbhjQ_ " RL,Q\“L,Qh¡S{Rq'_™`a_1Qfb_/g'_=b—_1g2‹2hsQL,g'Zi_1gkR
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_gP6ZO_=Ð
b ˜ØTWVXTW²
Y Ïpº9YpÆK†
ž ÏMu3TWžnžn¾ K”¸ru£?hsa(a_1R(P6gb " L,g2RP6hjga
P6g2\xj_”gP6Zi_–Q_/S›_1Qhsg'}RLOPa_1RRhjg'}a„xs_,v
ž„q'_”gP6Zi_MSlL,Q§P{a_1RRhjg'}aUxj_ " P6g]B_”aN£_ " hj_=bOP6xsaL{hjgŒRq'_ " L,ZOZOP6gbixjhsg'_
onq'_1gTWVXTWYÙºQL,gkRzha§aRP6QR_=bP,an_/¼N'xsP6hjg'_=b^P6]BL ‹,_,v
u2_1RRhsg'}a¤xj_=aWP6Q_†a_=P6Q " q'_=bP6gbixsLP,b_=bhjgiRq'_†P6]£L)‹,_zL,Qb_1Q0P6gbŒP6gk\xsP6R_1Q
b_/g'hsRhjL,g^L ‹,_1QonQhjR_=azN'Q_1‹2hsL,`anb_/g'hjRhjL,ga1v
ž„q'_”aRQ` " R`'Q_–P6gbRq'_ " L,g2R_1gkRanL6SRq'hsaWxs_zhsa§b_=a " Qhj]B_=bihjg&MN'N£_1gbh¡¼ µ v
2.6 ELMER Front definition file
Á“q'_1g¦P6g¦TWVXTWY º'QL,gkRfa_=aahjL,g“hsa&aRP6QR_=bdc”‹P6xs`'_=aS›L,Q&`a_1Qb_/g'_=b
_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga„P6gbNP6g'_1xB_1xsb'a " P6g&]B_MxsLP,b_=bOSlQL,ZŸP6ghsg'N'`'RUxj_©lb_/g'hjRhjL,g
xs_ ª v9“b_/g'hjRhjL,g{xj_nhsa9xjLP,b_=bP6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\rhjSBP†xj_„gP6Zi_=bš˜ SlQL,gkR1v _=b3S=
ha{S›L,`'gbŠhsgÅRq'Ñ
_ ˜ØTWVXTWz
Y Ï ê ÆXT§Â)xjhj]€UbhjQ_ " RL,Q\ÅL,Qih¡S”Pš`a_1QOb_/g'_=b
_1g2‹2hsQL,g'Zi_1gkRŒ‹P6QhsP6]'xs_^gP6Zi_=Ò
b ˜ØTWVXTW²
Y Ïpº9YpÆK†
ž Ïp³”TWº?¾;K†¾;žn¾Ã†K–u£0hsa
a_1RpP6gb " L,gkRP6hjgazP6gk\xj_–gP6Zi_–Q_/Sl_1Qhjg'}RLiPib_/g'hjRhsL,gŒxs_,v
ž„q'_§gP6Zi_0S›L,Q?P†b_/g'hjRhjL,grxs_ " P6g]£_§aNB_ " h¡_=bP6xaLzhjgRq'_ " L,ZOZOP6gbrxjhsg'_
onq'_1gTWVXTWYÙºQL,gkRzha§aRP6QR_=bP,an_/¼N'xsP6hjg'_=b&hjg&Rq'_rN'Q_1‹3hjL,`ana_ " RhjL,g€v
³†_/g'hjRhsL,gwxj_=a{P6Q_^a_=P6Q " q'_=bŠP6gbÅxjLP,b_=bÅhjgÅRq'_^P6]£L)‹,_&L,Qb_1QP6gb|P6g2\
xP6R_1Qpb_/g'hjRhjL,g^L ‹,_1QonQhsR_=anN'Q_1‹2hsL,`apb_/g'hjRhjL,ga1v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
19
ž„q'_faRQ` " R `'Q_P6gb²Rq'_ " L,gkR_1gkRaŒL6S”Rq'_b_/g'hjRhjL,gÅxj_^hsab_=a " Qhj]B_=b|hjg
MN'N£_1gbh¡¼ ® v
2.7
File menu
º9hjxj_Zi_1g2` " L,ZiZOP6gb'arP6Q_i`a_=bS›L,QrL,NB_1g'hjg'}'c%a P=‹3hjg'}P6gb•]'QL opahjg'}Rq'_
ZiLb_1xUb'P6RPP6gb™Q_1xsP6R_=b™xj_=a1v^ž„q'_=a_ " L,ZOZOP6gb'a(P6Q_aq'L ongƒhjgwº9hj},`'Q_
¶ v° v
þ
Figure 2.4: 6¡Î©—(Î
Ì
2.7.1 Opening commands
Ùg'_1o¦L,QpP6g_/¼hsaRhjg'}{ZiLb_1x€hsa„L,N£_1g'_=b`ahjg'}Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL onhsg'} " L,ZOZOP6gb'a1¨
ÃMNB_1gt§M³[xs_,¨¤Q_=P,b&ZiL3b_1x€},_1L,ZO_1RQ\OSlQL,ZÈP6g^_/¼R_1QgP6x9t§M³[xs_
3
à NB_1gfZi_=aqxj_,¨§Q_=P,bfZOL3b_1x},_1L,ZO_1RQ\P6gbfZi_=aq^S›QL,ZŽP6gf_/¼R_1QgP6x
M
Zi_=aq&xs_
3
3
ÃMNB_1g^ZiLb_1xdxj_,¨¤Q_=P,bPN'Q_1‹3hjL,`axj\aP=‹,_=b^ZOL3b_1xBxj_O© n v _1ZS9xj_ ª
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
20
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
¾yS9PZOL3b_1xdo0P,apN'Q_1‹2hjL,`axj\iL,NB_1g'_=bP6gb&Rq'_1Q_rhsanaL,ZO_†`'ga P=‹,_=bb'P6RPceP6g
L,N'RhsL,g^hsa„},hj‹,_1g^RLiaP ‹,_rRq'_rL,xsb&ZiLb_1xd]£_/SlL,Q_rxjLP,bhsg'}Pg'_1oÉL,g'_,v
2.7.2 Load/Unload Mesh
X_=aq " P6gŒ]£_zxjLP,b_=biL,QW`'g'xsLP,b_=bOb`'Qhjg'}
PTUVXTUYÙº'QL,g2RMa_=a ahjL,g^P,a„SlL,xjxjL opa=¨
V€LP,bZi_=aq€¨ph¡SWZO_=aqfxs_hsa†P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_
]'`'R " `'QQ_1gkRxj\g'L,RWxjLP,b_=bdc2Rq'hsa " L,ZiZŒP6gb'a¤Q_=P,b'aWRq'_pZO_=aqhjgkRLTWVXTWY
ºQL,gkR
3
˜ g'xjLP,bZO_=aq€¨Rq'ha " L,ZiZOP6gb'aWQ_1ZOL ‹,_=aWRq'_zZi_=aqSlQL,ZœRq'_pZi_1ZiL,Q\,v
z
u2L,ZO_1RhjZi_=a0hjR0ZŒP=\O]B_†`a_/S›`'xdRLQ_1ZiL)‹,_rPxP6Q},_MZi_=aqŒSlQL,ZŸRq'_”Zi_1ZiL,Q\
]B_/SlL,Q_raRP6QRhjg'}L,Rq'_1QzTWV%XTWYÙZiLb`'xj_=a
3
KML,R_,¨W¾yS%Zi_=aqhsa§‹,_1Q\OxsP6Q},_,chjR " L,`'xsbŒ]£_”`a_/Sl`'xdg'L,R„RLQ_=P,bŒhsgŒRq'_–Zi_=aq
P6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\,vfž„q'haP6`'RL,xjLP,bƒ]B_1qP=‹3hjL,`'Q " P6gÅ]B_ " L,gkRQL,xsxj_=bw`ahjg'}fRq'_
u2_1RRhsg'}a " L,ZiZŒP6gb™hjg™Rq'_&TWbhjR{Zi_1g2`wL,Q{Rq'QL,`'},qƒRq'_&z`'RL,xsLP,bwZi_=aq
]'`'RRL,gfhjg^Rq'_–ZOP6hjg&onhjgbL)o–v
2.7.3 Save model
ž„q'_ " L,ZiZOP6gb'aSlL,QiaRL,Qhjg'}•ZiLb_1x„xj_=a
P6gbQ_1xsP6R_=b^b'P6RPiP6Q_–Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
u3P=‹,_WZiLb_1x6xj_,¨€aP ‹,_=aZiLb_1x6xj_p© v _1ZS
xs_ ª hjg&Rq'_rZiLb_1xdbhsQ_ " RL,Q\
3
u3P=‹,_UZOL3b_1x,xs_UMa=¨aP6Zi_UP,a%N'Q_1‹2hjL,`a=c)]'`'RRq'_UgP6Zi_UP6gb(xjL " P6RhjL,g”S›L,Q
3
Rq'_–ZOL3b_1xBxj_”hsa„P,a‚,_=b&hjgaR_=P,bŒL6S9`ahjg'}Rq'_rb_/SDP6`'xjR„gP6Zi_–P6gb&xjL " P6RhsL,g
Ó âä=ÓÔbÕÖ%
Ó3ãçîwâH×9Ókð×9Óø¤ã%Սä=՛â£ãöÒòÒBÓÙØWÓkÓ3ãçîwâH×9Սø9Ó× îƒâH×9Ókð
×9òä=òwö>%â%ðD×ÒØWӝö òÒ£Ó×PA&ÑäÓkÔ)ÖiՍö=Ó¥¦×9òä=ÓjחîwâH×9Ókð×9òä=òw՛öãâä
òkÒ'ò'Սð›ò”
Ø ð›Óšñyâ£Ô{âeä%
Ó2ÔiܔÝWÞ[ÜMßéîƒâH×%ð›ÓköƒAlÚ²ÓîƒâH×Ó2ð?ø9ð›Ó^Սöö=òkÒ£Ó×
ò% ä=â£îƒòä=ÕDÛ ò'ððï[ÖÜ% Ó3ãÙܔÝWÞ[܆ßÞ€Ý âeðÒ£Ó2ԚՍöö1ä=ò'Ô ä=Ó× ? Սñ`ߚ ä=â“ö=òÒBÓ
îƒâH9
× Ókðiø?ð›ÓÉö=Ókä1ä=՛ã÷Æ՛öŠä
ÔãÓjˆ
× â£ãPŒ
à ò'öŠÕä¥Õ›ö5d
Ø ïb
× Ó2ñyò
ðsä+C AáÚI%
՛ö
Ûkâ£ã
Û ÓkÔ6ã%ö{ò'ð›ö=â™ò'ð›ðUâä
ÓkÔÜ
ÔâH
Û Ókö ö=Ókö{ö1ä=ò'Ô)ä=Ój¥
× ñ;Ô)âBîíä
Ó^ߍ
ã|îƒÓ2ãH
? ÓjâN
Û ðµ29
× Õ›ã÷Å܆ÝUÞÙ܆ßä†
ã âeö=ä+C A
2.7.4 Browser windows
ž„q'_=a_onhjgbL)opa&P6Q_Zi_=P6g2RS›L,QŒ]'QL opahjg'}ÅRq'_xj_=a1c„xj__=bhjRhjg'}ƒhsaig'L,R
NBLaahs]'xj_,v
3
´0QL)opa_rZiLb_1xBxj_,¨WbhsaN'xP=\a„Rq'_–ZiL3b_1xdxs_–hjg^P]'QL opa_1QzonhjgbL o
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
21
´§QL opa_raL,xj‹,_1Q§hjg'N'`'R§xj_,¨¤bhsaN'xsP \3a0Rq'_–aL,xj‹,_1Q„hjg'N'`'R0xj_”hjgP{]'QL)opa_1Q
3
onhjgbL)o
eâ ä=ÓÔ*ߌðsäâB÷BîwâH×9Ókðø?ðÓՍö„òãâeÔå
îƒò'ð¤ä=ÓQâ€äø?ðÓà9ՍäՍöiãâäîwÓ2òãBä(ä=âÑØUÓ
Ój×9Սä=jÓ ×çæ¡â èÀð›Õ›ãÓ æµAéÚI%ӊÕlãBä=ÓkÔ6ãò'ð(ø?ðÓ
ö1ä=+Ô 2Ûä %ÔÓr՛öpö1ä=ÔÕ Û,ä=ð‹
ï 9Ô)Ó ×Ókø?ãjÓ ×ò2ã ×
òãBïœBâ %ä=ö=DÕ ×ê
Ó Û+%òã÷eÓ2Ñ
ö ÛBâ Dð ×Àò ëeӉÕsäM9ãÔ)Ó2ò”×ò”Ø9ðÓ‰ñyâ£ÔwܔÝWÞ[ÜMß
à€Ôâ£ãBäƒA
Ó
2.7.5 Save mesh
´§\b_/SDP6`'xjR(P6gw_/¼3R_1QgP6xWZO_=aq•hsa–aP ‹,_=bwP,arP6gwTUVXTUY¹Zi_=aq•onq'_1gwRq'_
ZiLb_1x€hsanaP ‹,_=bdv
3u P=‹,_OZi_=aq•hjg•TWVXTWYœS›L,QZOP6R " L,ZOZOP6gb " 6P g™]£_`a_=bšRLaP=‹,_iRq'__/¼3
R_1QgP6xZi_=aq^_/¼3N'xjh " hjRxj\h¡S%Rq'hapb_/SlP6`'xsRn]£_1qP ‹2jh L,Qnha„R`'Qg'_=b^L6¢9v
u3P=‹,_&Zi_=aq™hjgƒTUVXTUY è LaRSlL,QZOP6R " L,ZiZŒP6gb™aP=‹,_=a{Rq'_Zi_=aq™hsgwRq'_
TWVXTWYÙN£LaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q„S›L,QZOP6R
2.7.6 Exit
T?¼hjR " L,ZiZOP6gb_1gb'a”Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkR(TWV%XTWY¹a_=aahjL,g€vr¾ySURq'_1Q_hsa†P6gk\`'g
aP ‹,_=bb'P6RPcRq'_„`a_1Q?hsa%},hs‹,_1gP6gL,N'RhjL,gRL–aP ‹,_§Rq'_nZOL3b_1x3]£_/SlL,Q_ " xjLahjg'}
Rq'_rN'QL,},QP6Zv
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
22
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
2.8 Edit menu
ú
Figure 2.5: ¦
Í2—rÎÌ
2.8.1 Bodies
´§Lbhj_=a " L,ZiZOP6gbL,NB_1ga–P&onhjgbL oÇonq'_1Q_i]BLb\gP6Zi_=a–P6gb " L,xjL,Qa " P6g
]B_rb_/g'_=bdvUž„q'hsaponhjgbL o¦hanaq'L onghsg&º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ¯ v
³†_/SDP6`'xjRr]BL3b\•gP6ZO_=aP6Q_ŒhjgwRq'_ŒS›L,QZá´§L3b\K(conq'_1Q_KŸha(Pfa_=‡k`'_1g " _
g2`'Z]B_1Q1vƒ´§_ " P6`a_^]BLb\™gP6Zi_=aP6Q_^`a_=bÅhjgÅRq'_^onhjgbL opaonq'_1Q_b'P6RP
Q_1xP6R_=b‰RLŠRq'_•]BLb\¥onhjxjx†]B__1g2R_1Q_=bdc–Rq'_1\“aq'L,`'xsb“]£_•b_=a " QhjN'Rhs‹,_RL
ZŒP6‚,_–Rq'_–hsb_1gkRh¡Sl\3hjg'}Rq'_r]£Lbhj_=a§_=P,ahj_1Q1v
ž„q'_gP6Zi_L6S–Rq'_a_1xj_ " _=bŠ]BL3b\|hsaibhaN'xsP=\,_=b²hjg²Rq'_fgP6ZO__1gkRQ\|_1xsb
onq'_1Q_(hjR " P6g]£_–_=bhsR_=bdv
Î
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
Figure 2.6: ì
23
Ë ÎÏ( Ì Ë>(
ž„q'_ " L,xjL,Q§L6S%Rq'_†a_1xj_ " R_=b]£Lb\ " L,xjL,Q§hsa0aq'L ong&L,g&Rq'_–u2_1R " L,xjL,Q§]'`'RRL,g€v
ž„q'hsa " L,xjL,Q”hsaM`a_=bšonq'_1g•Rq'_]BL3b\fhsa”bhsaN'xsP \,_=bhsgRq'_iXL3b_1x?onhjgbL)o–v
©l¾ySRq'_”XLb_1x£onhjgbL)o’hsaWg'L,R " `'QQ_1gkRxs\i‹2hahj]'xj_,chsR " P6g&]£_†L,NB_1g'_=bO]2\ORq'_
³†hsaN'xsP \wZiLb_1x " L,ZiZŒP6gb|hjgŠRq'_f³†hsaN'xsP \wZi_1g2`²L,Qi`ahsg'}•Rq'_³†hsaN'xsP \
]'`'RRL,gwhsg•Rq'_iZOP6hjgšonhjgbL)o ª v è Q_=a ahjg'}^Rq'_u2_1R " L,xsL,Qr]'`'RRL,g™L,NB_1ga(P
" L,xjL,QnNP6xj_1RR_–onq'_1Q_Rq'_ " L,xjL,Q„SlL,QnRq'_r]£Lb\ " P6g^]£_rb_/g'_=bdv
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
24
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
2.8.2 Boundaries
Figure 2.7: ì
Ë Ì
ÿ°
ÎÏ'( Ì Ë>(
´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " L,ZiZOP6gbiL,N£_1ga0PronhjgbL)o¥onq'_1Q_†]£L,`'gb'P6Q\gP6Zi_=a " P6gŒP6Q_
b_/g'_=bdvƒ¾»Sp},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ƒhsaQ_=P,bwSlQL,Z~P6gƒ_/¼R_1QgP6x„Zi_=aqƒxj_•©›h»v _,všZiL3b_1x
bL3_=a„g'L,R " L,g2RP6hjgfPOt§†³Ù},_1L,ZO_1RQ\ ª c']BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6gfP6xaL]£_–_=bhjR_=b&]2\
aN'xjhjRRhjg'}P6gb " L,Z{]'hjg'hjg'}Rq'_1Zv
´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a•©›_=b},_=a&L,Q^a`'Q SDP " _=a ª L6Sa_1NP6QP6R_š]BL3bhj_=a " P6g’]£_šP,bZ)P " _1gkR1v
u2` " q]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a”P6Q_ " P6xsxj_=bhjg'g'_1QM]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=aMP6gbRq'_{P,bZ)P " _1gkR†]BL3bhj_=a
P6Q_ " P6xjxj_=bf]£Lb\^NP6hjQa1vrÃMRq'_1Q†]£L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a”P6Q_ " P6xjxj_=bfL,`'R_1Q†]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1v
Á“q'_1gP]BL3b\Œhsana_1xj_ " R_=bdc'P6xjx€hjRa§L,`'R_1Qp]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=apP6Q_rbhaN'xsP=\,_=bhjg&Rq'_
]BL,`b'P6Qhj_=anxshsaR]BL=¼dv9¾;g'g'_1Qp]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g]B_rbhsaN'xsP \,_=b&]k\&a_1xj_ " Rhjg'}Rq'_
" L,QQ_=aN£L,gbhjg'}]BLb\ŒNP6hjQ1v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
25
¾;g'g'_1QP6gb—L,`'R_1Q^]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=aP6Q_™aL,Zi_1RhjZO_=a " P6xsxj_=b’P,a&]£L,`'gb'P6Q\’_1xj_/
Zi_1g2Ra1vWž„q'_1\^aq'L,`'xsb&g'L,Rn]B_ " L,gS›`a_=bonhjRq^Zi_=aq&]BL,`'gb'P6Q\_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa1v
´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ŒgP6ZO_=a§P6Q_–]2\Œb_/SDP6`'xjR„hjgRq'_MSlL,QZ¿´§L,`'gb'P6Q\3Kc'onq'_1Q_rK—hsa„P
a_=‡2`'_1g " _Wgk`'Z{]B_1Q1vƒ]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " P6gr]B_WP " Rhj‹6P6R_=b”]k\–a_1xj_ " Rhjg'}„hjRBSlQL,Z¦Rq'_
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\(xjhsaR]£L ¼”L,QSlQL,Z[Rq'_„XL3b_1x3onhjgbL o–v¤ž„q'_„gP6Zi_§L6SeRq'_„a_1xj_ " R_=b
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ŒhsanbhaN'xsP=\,_=bhjg&Rq'_–]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ŒgP6ZO_–_1gkRQ\Œ_1xsbdc'onq'_1Q_rhjR " P6g
]B_–_=bhjR_=bdv
TWbhjRhsg'}ƒ]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g—]£_šbL,g'_šL,g'xj\ŠSlL,Q&L,g'_]BLb\ŠL,Q]BLb\2NP6hjQ&P6R
PRhjZi_,vwÃMg'xj\™L,g'_^]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ " P6g|]B_^aN'xjhjR(P6RPRhjZi_,vƒÃMg'xs\ " L,ZiN'xj_1R_
]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6gŠ]B_ " L,Z]'hjg'_=bdv‰u2N'xshjRP6gb " L,Z]'hjg'_^L,NB_1QP6RhjL,ga " P6gŠ]B_
P6N'N'xjhj_=bhjgšP6gk\L,Qb_1QrP6gbš]BL,RqL,NB_1QP6RhjL,ga " P6g•]B_ " P6g " _1xjxj_=b`ahjg'}&Rq'_
`'gbL " L,ZiZŒP6gbdv
X`'xjRhjN'xj_?]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g]£_0a_1xj_ " R_=br]2\”N'Q_=aahjg'}pRq'_nt0L,gkRQL,x‚,_1\–b`'Qhjg'}
Pa_1xj_ " RhsL,g€v
KML,R_,¨§u2_1_rP6xsaLRq'_rXL3b_1x%Á‰hjgbL)o¦a_ " RhjL,gP6RnRq'_r_1gbL6S9Rq'hsa " qP6N'R_1Q1v
2.8.3 Element Selection method
 aN'xjhsR€L,N£_1QP6RhjL,gSlL,QPp]BL,`'gb'P6Q\rhsabL,g'_
Š
]k\ƒa_1xj_ " Rhjg'}Pf},QL,`'N|L6SzZi_=aqw_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra
hjgRq'_]£L,`'gb'P6Q\P6gb]k\&SlL,QZihjg'}iPOg'_1o
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\{onhsRq{Rq'ha?},QL,`'N€vWž„q'_nQ_1ZOP6hjg
hjg'}&Zi_=aq]BL,`'gb'P6Q\f_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra–aRP=\onhjRq
Rq'_rL,Qhj},hsgP6xB]BL,`'gb'P6Q\,v
u2_1xj_ " Rhjg'}nRq'_¤ZO_=aq–_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra " P6gr]£_WbL,g'_
]k\&R;oULiZi_1Rq'Lb'a1¨
« vŠº9hjQaRZi_1Rq'Lbd¨_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa " P6gŠ]B_a_/
xj_ " R_=b†SlQL,Z¦Rq'_¤},QP6N'q'h " a€onhsgbL o‰©lXL3b_1x
onhjgbL)o ª ]k{
\ ˜‘NP6hjg2Rhjg'}'1Rq'_1ZÉbhjQ_ " Rxj\,vž„q'hsa
hsaibL,g'_]k\|N'Q_=aahsg'}•Rq'_aq'h¡SlR‚,_1\,cnP6gb
NP6hjg2Rhjg'}ionhjRqRq'_ZiL,`a_ " `'QaL,Qponq'hjxj_rN'Q_=a ahjg'}Rq'_(xs_/S›RnZiL,`a_r]'`'RRL,g€v
¾yS " L,g2RQL,xd‚,_1\hsaWN'Q_=aa_=bihjgaR_=P,bOL6S€Rq'_†aq'hjS›RW‚,_1\,c3Zi_=aqO_1xj_1Zi_1gkRa " P6gO]B_
a_1xj_ " R_=b&]2\ " xjh " ‚3hjg'}Rq'_1ZÈonhjRq&Rq'_–xj_/S›R„ZiL,`a_†]'`'RRL,g€v0˜Mahsg'}{Rq'_–Qhs},qkR
ZiL,`a_–]'`'RRL,g " P6g " _1xsanRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2RMa_1xj_ " RhsL,ga1v
¶ v„u2_ " L,gbfZi_1Rq'Lbd¨UP6RnQaRzPiQ_/S›_1Q_1g " _Zi_=aq^_1xj_1Zi_1g2Rphsana_1xs_ " R_=b^`ahjg'}
Rq'_ZiL,`a_,v²ž„q'hsa]P,a_fa_1xs_ " RhjL,g " P6g²Rq'_1g²]B_^_/¼3R_1gb_=bŠ]2\|`ahjg'}•Rq'_
u2_1xj_ " Rp]'`'RRL,ghjgRq'_onhjgbL o–vnž„q'__/¼3R_1gb_=ba_1xj_ " RhjL,g^ha " L,gkRQL,xjxs_=b]k\
Rq'_ " QhjR_1QhsPa_1R0hsgORq'_ru2_1xj_ " RhjL,gQP,bhjL]'`'RRL,g&},QL,`'N€vWž„q'_=a_ " QhjR_1QhP(P6Q_
Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
26
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
´0\(g'_1hj},qk]BL,Q1¨a_1xs_ " RhjL,g(hsa9_/¼R_1gb_=b{]k\P,b'bhsg'}Mg'_1hj},q2]£L,Q?_1xj_1ZO_1gkRaS›L,Q
`" QQ_1g2Rxj\ia_1xj_ " R_=bi_1xj_1Zi_1gkRa=v?KM_1hj},q2]£L,QW_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa0P6Q_MP,b'b_=biL,g'xs\{hjSBRq'_1hjQ
'
g'L,QZŒP6x‹,_ " RL,Q " qP6g'},_=a”xs_=aazRqP6gonqP6R”hsa†a_1RM]2\Rq'_KzL,QZŒP6x%RL,xj_1QP6g " _
axjhsb_1Q1v
´0\ƒg'L,QZOP6x»¨&a_1xj_ " RP6xjx„_1xj_1Zi_1g2Raonq'La_^g'L,QZOP6xn‹,_ " RL,Qaibhj¢B_1Qa{xj_=aa
3
RqP6gRq'_},hj‹,_1gRL,xj_1QP6g " _(SlQL,Z Rq'_g'L,QZŒP6x‹,_ " RL,Q”L6SURq'_{Q_/S›_1Q_1g " __1xj_/
ZO_1gkR
´0\fN'xsP6g'_,¨†a_1xj_ " R–P6xjx_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa†onq'h " q™P6Q_{L,g•Rq'_aP6ZO_{N'xP6g'_P,a†Rq'_
3
Q_/Sl_1Q_1g " _§_1xj_1Zi_1gkR1v è xsP6g'_„bhsaRP6g " _ " P6g{bhj¢B_1QonhjRq'hjgrRq'_§RL,xj_1QP6g " _§onq'h " q
hana_1Rn]k\Rq'_(³†hsaRP6g " _–RL,xj_1QP6g " _axjhsb_1Q1v
zxjxy¨9a_1xs_ " RpP6xjxdZi_=aq^_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra„hjg^Rq'_–]BL,`'gb'P6Q\
3
3
2.8.4 Selection mode
2u _1xj_ " RhjL,gZiLb_ " L,g2RQL,xsa?q'L o¥Rq'_§_1xs_1Zi_1gkR¤a_1xj_ "
RhjL,gP " R`P6xjxj\Œ]£_1qP ‹,_=a1¨
T?¼R_1gbd¨P6xjo§P=\ar_/¼R_1gb'arRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Ra_1xj_ "
3
RhjL,g
Yp_=b` " _,¨9P6xjo0P \3aQ_=b` " _=an©lb_=a_1xj_ " Ra ª Rq'_ " `'Q
3
Q_1gkRMa_1xj_ " RhjL,g
žL,},},xj_,¨•RL,},},xs_Rq'_a_1xj_ " RhjL,g“aRP6R_SlL,QORq'_
3
_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa„]B_1hjg'}_/¢d_ " R_=b
1WP6xs`'_(bhsaN'xsP \,_=b^hjgRq'_{Kz_/¼RzP " Rhj‹,_(_1xsb^R_1xjxanRq'_(g'_/¼RpRL,xj_1QP6g " _{‹P6xs`'_
onq'h " q^oUL,`'xba_1xj_ " Rng'_1o—Zi_=aq^_1xj_1Zi_1gkRa=v
2.8.5 Remove CAD geometry
X_=aq–]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g'g'L,R]B_¤ZiLb3
hj_=b–h¡SZiL3b_1xk},_1L,Zi_1RQ\–hsab_/g'_=b
]2\Pft§†³¹},_1L,ZO_1RQ\,v{ž„q'hsa†xjhsZih¡
RP6RhsL,g{ha%hjZON'xj_1Zi_1gkR_=b(RL”N'Q_1‹,_1gkR
" L,gÚh " Ra]£_1R;oU_1_1g²Rq'_ft§†³ŽP6gb
ZO_=aqf},_1L,Zi_1RQhs_=a1v ê L oU_1‹,_1Q1c€hjS?Rq'_{L,Qhj},hjgP6x¤t§M³œ},_1L,Zi_1RQ\hsazQ_1ZiL ‹,_=b
SlQL,ZÇRq'_pZiLb_1x»c,Rq'_n_/¼hsaRhjg'}”Zi_=aq " P6g]£_nZiLbh¡_=bP,a¤hjR¤o0_1Q_zP–g'L,QZOP6x
_/¼R_1QgP6xZi_=aq€v
ž„q'_”L,Qhj},hsgP6x€t§†³É},_1L,ZO_1RQ\Ohsa0Q_1ZiL ‹,_=bSlQL,ZŸRq'_”ZiL3b_1xd`ahsg'}Rq'_–Yp_/
ZOL ‹,_(t§P,b&},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ " L,ZOZOP6gbdv¤KzL,R_”RqP6RnQ_1Zi_=aq'hsg'}hsa§g'L,R„NBLaahj]'xj_Mh¡S
Rq'_Œt§†³Ÿ},_1L,Zi_1RQ\hsa”Q_1ZiL)‹,_=bdvO¾yR”hsa–P6xaL^g'L,R–N£La ahj]'xj_{RLQ_=aRL,Q_Rq'_
t§†³œ},_1L,ZO_1RQ\,cdaLŒhjRMhsapQ_ " L,ZOZi_1gb_=bRLaP ‹,_Rq'_L,Qhj},hsgP6x%ZiLb_1xP6gb
a P=‹,_rRq'_–Zi_=aq^L,g'xj\O‹,_1QahsL,g^hjgPbh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRpZiLb_1xBxj_,v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
27
2.8.6 Remove inactive parameter data
 g_=‡k`P6RhsL,gZOP=\]B_rhjgP " Rhj‹6P6R_=b&hjg^Rq'_(ZOL3b_1x»v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1c£Rq'_NP6QP6Zi_/
M
R_1Qa§Q_1xsP6R_=bŒRL{Rq'haU_=‡2`P6RhjL,g&P6Q_Mg'L,R„_1QP,a_=bŒ]k\ŒRq'hsa1v¤ž„q'_1\l) `aRU]B_ " L,Zi_
hsbxj_ŒP6gb™Rq'_1\•onhjxjxU]£_iQ_=P " Rhs‹P6R_=bƒh¡S„Rq'_Œ_=‡2`P6RhjL,g™hsaP6}P6hjgwR`'Qg'_=bƒL,g€v
ž„q'hsa " L,ZiZŒP6gbQ_1ZiL ‹,_=a¤Rq'_=a_ng'L,gP " Rhj‹,_pNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa¤NB_1QZOP6g'_1g2Rxj\(SlQL,Z
Rq'_rZiLb_1xBxj_,v
2.8.7 Solver input file
 gÉ_/¼hsaRhjg'}²aL,xs‹,_1Qfhjg'N'`'R^xs_whsa
M
L,NB_1g'_=b”S›L,Q€_=bhsRhjg'}„onhjRq–Rq'_§u2L,xj‹,_1Q
hjg'N'`'R^xs_ " L,ZiZOP6gbdv ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1c
Ryo0L&Q_=‡k`'hjQ_1ZO_1gkRaMqP,apQaR†RL]£_
Zi_1R1¨
« v¤˜Ma_1QUxj_1‹,_1xqP,a0RL(]B_Ma_1RURL è L o0_1Q„`a_1Q1vz©»u2_1_M˜†a_1QWxj_1‹,_1x£Zi_1gk`Œ]£_1xsL o ª
¶ v¤ž„q'_zM`'RLraP=‹,_zaL,xj‹,_1Q?hjg'N'`'R?xj_pa_1xj_ " RhsL,g{hsgRq'_Mu2_1RRhjg'}a¤onhjgbL)o²qP,a
RL^]B_ " q'_ " ‚,_=b•L6¢?v´0\b_/SlP6`'xsR”P6xsx " qP6g'},_=arhjgRq'_iaL,xj‹,_1Q”hjg'N'`'R†xj_onhjxjx
]B_(L ‹,_1QonQhsRR_1gonq'_1gšRq'_{ZiLb_1xhsa†aP=‹,_=bfS›L,QMRq'_g'_/¼R†RhjZi_,vzž„q'hsaMZOP \
]B_–N'Q_1‹,_1gkR_=b]2\^a_1RRhjg'}Rq'_(M`'RLiaP=‹,_aL,xj‹,_1Qnhjg'N'`'R„xj_ " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼L6¢9v
2.8.8 Working directory
ž„q'_ " `'QQ_1gkR(oUL,Q‚3hjg'}^bhjQ_ " RL,Q\ " P6g•]B_a_1R”`ahjg'}Rq'hsa " L,ZiZOP6gbdv{ž„q'hsa
bhjQ_ " R L,Q\hsa„`a_=bP,apRq'_rb_/SlP6`'xjRnZOL3b_1xbhjQ_ " RL,Q\,v
2.8.9 User level
ž q'_(`a_1Qzxj_1‹,_1x9a_1RRhjg'} " L,g2RQL,xsazRq'_P6ZiL,`'g2RzL6S " L,ZiZOP6gb'aMbhsaN'xsP \,_=b^hjg
„
Zi_1g2`a†P6gbRq'_P6ZiL,`'g2R†L6S0o0P6Qg'hjg'}&Zi_=aa P6},_=a†bhaN'xsP=\,_=bonq'_1gšoUL,Q‚3hjg'}
onhjRq™Rq'_ŒNP6g'_1xsa1v^ž„q'_1Q_&P6Q_ORq'Q_1_Oxs_1‹,_1xsarP=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_,vKM_1oœ`a_1Qa{aq'L,`'xsb
QaR`a_WRq'_UKML ‹3h " _¤xj_1‹,_1x»v%ž„q'ha€xj_1‹,_1xahjZON'xjh¡_=a£Zi_1gk`a%]k\–bhsaN'xsP \2hsg'}§L,g'xs\
Rq'_OZOLaRr_=aa_1g2RhsP6x " L,ZiZŒP6gb'a1v¾;R(P6xsaLN'QL,R_ " RaP6}P6hsgkRa`'g'hjgkR_1g2RhjL,gP6x
xjLaaŒL6S{b'P6RPÅ]2\‰},hj‹3hjg'}ƒo0P6Qg'hjg'}|Zi_=aa P6},_=aŒonq'_1g—ZOL3bh¡_=b¥NP6g'_1xsa^P6Q_
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
28
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
" xsLa_=bfonhsRq'L,`'R†aP ‹2hsg'}ŒRq'_b'P6RP_1R " vrž„q'_ è L)oU_1Qr`a_1Q†xj_1‹,_1x9hjg " L,gkRQP,aR
N'QP " Rh " P6xjxj\”]k\3NP,aa_=a?P6xjx2o0P6Qg'hjg'}a1v?ž„q'_nnb‹P6g " _=bP6gb è L)oU_1Q¤`a_1Q9xj_1‹,_1xsa
aN£_1_=b&`'N^Rq'_ro0L,Q‚S›L,Qn_/¼N£_1Qhs_1g " _=b&`a_1Qa1v
KML,R_,¨²ž„q'_wb_/SDP6`'xjR^xj_1‹,_1x–hjg—Rq'_
]B_1},hjg'g'hjg'}fL6Sp_=P " qŠa_=aahsL,g™hsarRq'_
nb‹6P6g " _=b^xj_1‹,_1xyv
2.8.10
Settings
Figure 2.8: 4
Î/Í;Í Ì ÏK( Ì Ë>(
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
u2_1RRhjg'}a " L,ZiZOP6gbŠL,NB_1gaP™onhjgbL)oˆonq'_1Q_ " `'QQ_1gkR&N'QL,]'xj_1Z
" P6g]B_–ZiLbh¡_=bdv
ž„q'_Ma_1RRhjg'}(NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa
P6Q_–aq'L ong&]2\Ogk`'Z{]B_1Qa
Rq'hsa„L,Qb_1Q1v
29
a_1RRhjg'}a
" 6P gO]B_Mb_1‹3hsb_=bhsgkRLr‹,_†},QL,`'Na1v¤ž„q'_=a_†},QL,`'Na
« v¡v¡v ® hsgº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ­ P6gbŒRq'_1\O_/¼3N'xsP6hsg'_=bO]B_1xjL o“hjg
í,î _{r VX>ï>WUV"w¥YFXaHyFr0WrDUyFkZm
ž„q'_rb_/SDP6`'xjRn‹P6xs`'_=aUSlL,Qn‹6P6QhjL,`a§ZiL3b_1xbhsQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a " P6g]£_–a_1RpP6gb&ZOL3bh¡
_=b^`ahsg'}{Rq'_=a_r_1gkRQ\_1xsb'a1v
ðBî Rh+pXƒñò.U”hYMïZU,y”WVU,c<m
ž„q'_=a_§NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa " L,gkRQL,x'‹6P6QhjL,`a%P " RhsL,ga9P,a a L " hP6R_=brRL†Rq'_0xjLP,bhsg'}MP6gb
aP ‹2hjg'}L6S¤PZiLb_1xdxj_,v
 N'N'xj\^ZiLb_1x%xs_{a_1RRhsg'}azSlL,Q " _=a†Rq'_a_1RRhjg'}a†aP=‹,_=bšhjgPZiL3b_1xxj_
M
RLi]B_(P6N'N'xjhj_=b&onq'_1gRq'_(ZiLb_1xdxj_rha„xjLP,b_=bdvnÃMRq'_1Qonha_(Rq'_=a_a_1RRhjg'}a
P6Q_rhj},g'L,Q_=b
3
 `'RL{a P=‹,_†_/¼3R_1QgP6xdZi_=aqŒhjgŒTWxjZi_1Q¤SlL,QZOP6R0S›L,Q " _=a0Rq'_M_/¼R_1QgP6xdZi_=aq
M
RLO]B_a P=‹,_=bP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\hjgRq'_T¤xjZO_1QzZi_=aqS›L,QZOP6RMonq'_1gRq'_ " L,QQ_/
aNBL,gbhjg'}ZiLb_1xBxj_–hsanaP ‹,_=bdv
3
30
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
z`'RLrxsLP,bZi_=aqSlL,Q " _=aWRq'_zNBLaahs]'xj_0ZO_=aqRL(]B_nxjLP,b_=biP6xjo§P=\aWonq'_1g
3
PZOL3b_1xdxj_”hsa„xsLP,b_=bdv
z`'RL”aP=‹,_„ZiLb_1x2xj_USlL,Q " _=a?Rq'_„ZiLb_1xkxj_§RL†]£_naP ‹,_=b{P6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\
3
onq'_1g{N'QL " _=aa_=ahjgrRq'_„Yp`'g(ZO_1gk`P6Q_0aRP6QR_=b&©›_/¼ " xs`bhjg'}MTWV%XTWY è LaR ª v
ž„q'ha„L,N'RhjL,g^hsanP " Rhj‹,_rL,g'xs\Ohjg&Rq'_ è L o0_1QM`a_1Qnxs_1‹,_1x
z`'RLšaP=‹,_aL,xj‹,_1Qhsg'N'`'R(xj_ " L,gkRQL,xaonq'_1Rq'_1QRq'_&aL,xj‹,_1Qhsg'N'`'R(xj_
3
onhsxjx£]B_raP ‹,_=b&onq'_1gfP{ZiL3b_1xdxs_†ha§a P=‹,_=bdvUž„q'hsa„L,N'RhsL,g^hsa„P " Rhj‹,_–L,g'xj\Ohsg
Rq'_ è L o0_1QM`a_1Qpxj_1‹,_1x
KML,R_,¨¾yS£Rq'_„ZiLb_1x " L,gkRP6hjgaUPM‹,_1Q\xsP6Q},_„Zi_=aqP6gbbhsaN'xP=\3hjg'}zRq'_nZi_=aq
ha¤g'L,R0g'_ " _=a aP6Q\,c2hsRWZOP=\]B_p`a_/Sl`'xeRL{R`'QgOL6¢R_1ZON£L,QP6Qhjxs\Rq'_MZi_=aqOP6`
RL,xsLP,bhjg'}'vnž„q'hsa " P6g]£_{bL,g'_(]k\^`'g " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}Rq'_(QaR†P6gbRq'hjQb " q'_ " ‚2
]BL=¼_=a„a_1_1g&hjgRq'_M},`'Q_rP6]BL ‹,_,cP6gbRq'_1ga_1xs_ " Rhjg'}(Rq'_u3P ‹,_”S›L,Q„a_=aahsL,g
" L,ZOZOP6gb " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼&P6R§]BL,RRL,ZÀL6SRq'hsa§onhjgbL o—P6gbŒgP6xjxj\N'Q_=aahjg'}(Rq'_
ÃM‚]'`'RRL,g€v
×3vW´§QL)opa_1QMP6gb^TWbhsRL,Q1¨
´0QL)opa_1Q " L,ZiZOP6gbO_1xsb " P6g]£_†`a_=bŒRL{b_/g'_–P6g_/¼3R_1QgP6xBN'QL,},QP6Z
3
SlL,Q„xj_–]'QL)opahjg'}
TWbhjRL,Q " L,ZiZOP6gb_1xsb " P6g•]B_{`a_=bšRL&b_/g'_ŒP6g_/¼R_1QgP6x¤N'QL,},QP6Z
3
SlL,Q„xj_–_=bhjRhsg'}'v
ó î _`hWh£USWTFSBWIg‹X>WôFUYFkZm
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
31
ž„q'_=a_QP,bhjLi]'`'RRL,ga†P6Q_(`a_=b^RL " L,gkRQL,x9onq'_1Q_(Rq'_rL,`'RN'`'RMSlQL,ZmL,Rq'_1Q
TWVXTWYÙZiLb`'xj_=a„L,QnRq'_rN'QL " _=b`'Q_ " L,ZiN'hjxj_1Q„hsanbhsQ_ " R_=b&L,QzaRL,Q_=b&RL'¨
V€L,}ixj_,¨WaP=‹,_(L,`'RN'`'RphjgkRLiPixjL,}{xj_
3
u2q'_1xjxdonhjgbL)o–¨WbhjQ_ " n
R L,`'RN'`'RnRLRq'_–L,N£_1QP6Rhsg'}a\3aR_1Z¿aq'_1xsx£onhjgbL)o
KML,g'_,¨UKML,Rq'hjg'}hsanbhsaN'xP=\,_=b&b`'Qhjg'}iRq'_–N'QL " _=aa
3
3
KML,R_,¨ è Laahj]'xs_(xjL,}6xj_=a”P6Q_aRL,Q_=bhjgRq'_V€L,}bhjQ_ " RL,Q\fž„q'hsa”bhjQ_ " RL,Q\
" P6g]£_”b_/g'_=b`ahjg'}{Rq'_†XL3b_1xBgP6Zi_†P6gbbhsQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a " L,ZOZOP6gbOhsgORq'_
è QL,]'xj_1ZÀZi_1g2`€vWV€L,}6xj_=a " P6gŒ]B_z‹3hj_1o0_=bOhjgŒRq'_MN'QL " _=aa§]'QL opa_1Q0onhjgbL)o
©a_1_šRq'_ è QL " _=aa&RP6]'xj_ " L,ZOZOP6gb“hjg’Rq'_™Yp`'g—Zi_1g2` ª vŸVL,}6xj_=aP6Q_
P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xsxj\Ob_1xj_1R_=b&onq'_1gP6gT¤xjZi_1Qnº'QL,g2RMa_=aahjL,g&_1gb'a1v
õBî Rh+pX®U,TBWrDUyFkZm
ž„q'_ŒS›L,xjxsL onhjg'}^L,N'RhjL,ga{P6Q_`a_=b™RL " L,gkRQL,x§q'L oŸRq'_ONP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q‹6P6xj`'_=a
a_1Rnhjg^Rq'ha„onhjgbL oÉP6Q_(`a_=bd¨
u3P ‹,_–S›L,Qpa_=aahjL,g€¨ " `'QQ_1gkR†a_1RRhjg'}apP6N'N'xs\OL,g'xj\hjg&Rq'hsapa_=a ahjL,g
u3P ‹,_†hsgŒZiLb_1x»¨?a_1RRhjg'}a§P6Q_–aP=‹,_=b•©›onq'_1g^P6N'N'xjh " P6]'xj_ ª hjgRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2R
3
ZiLb_1xdxj_
3
3
u3P ‹,_rhjg&xj_,¨Wa_1RRhsg'}anP6Q_(aP=‹,_=bhjg&Rq'_ " '` QQ_1gkR†a_1RRhjg'}a„xj_
2.9
Display menu
³†hsaN'xsP \OZi_1g2`^hsa„`a_=b^RL " L,g2RQL,x%Rq'_(XLb_1x€},QP6N'q'h " anonhjgbL)o–v
32
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
2.9.1 Display model
ž„q'_Š³†hsaN'xP=\¦ZiLb_1x " L,ZiZOP6gb " P6g]£_
`a_=b’RL²L,N£_1g—Rq'_ƒXfLb_1x–onhjgbL oéh¡ShjR
haŒg'L,Rf‹2hsahj]'xj_,vƞ„q'ha " L,ZiZOP6gb“hsa^P6xsaL
P6RRP " q'_=bŠRL•Rq'_³†hsaN'xsP \™]'`'RRL,g²hjg|Rq'_
ZŒP6hjg&onhjgbL o–v
ž„q'_ƒZiLb_1x–hsabhsaN'xP=\,_=b—hjgÙP²a_1NP6QP6R_
},QP6N'q'h " a^onhjgbL o–vmºL,Qb_1RP6hjxsa^a_1_•Rq'_
XLb_1x€onhjgbL oÉa_ " RhjL,g^hjg&Rq'hsa " qP6N'R_1Q1v
2.9.2 Reset
ž„q'_Yp_=a_1R " L,ZiZOP6gb^a_1RanRq'_(XL3b_1x€onhjgbL)o¦hjg2RLhjRa„hjg'hjRhsP6xdaRP6R_,v
2.9.3 Labels
Mxjx§]£Lb\™_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa^©›hjg'g'_1QP6gb|L,`'R_1Q]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=a1cW_=b},_=aP6gb|‹,_1QRh " _=a ª
P6Q_`'g'hs‡2`'_1xj\g2`'Z]B_1Q_=bdvž„q'_=a_gk`'Z{]£_1Qa " P6g]B_bhsaN'xsP \,_=bšP,a”_1xj_1Zi_1gkR
xP6]£_1xsahjgÅRq'_^XfLb_1x„onhjgbL o–vŞ„q'_=a_aP6Zi_gk`'Z{]£_1QaP6Q_^P6xsaL`a_=b|RL
hb_1gkRh¡Sl\ORq'_–_1xj_1ZO_1gkRanhjg^Rq'_rb'P6RPi_1gkRQ\&onhjgbL opa=v
ž„q'_VP6]£_1xa " L,ZiZOP6gb&L,NB_1gapPonhjgbL oÉonq'_1Q_(Rq'_–xsP6]'xj_–bhsaN'xsP=\ " P6g]£_
" L,g2RQL,xjxj_=bdv
;¾ g^P " L,ZiN'xj_/¼OZiLb_1xdhjR„hsa„aL,Zi_1RhjZO_=a0b_=ahsQP6]'xj_MRLR`'Qg^Rq'_–xsP6]B_1xsa0L6¢]2\
`'g " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}iRq'_ " L,QQ_=aNBL,gbhjg'} " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼3_=a1v§ž„q'_rzxsxdP6gb^KML,g'_–]'`'RRL,ga
" L,g2RQL,x%Rq'_=a_–xP6]£_1xsa§hjg^},QL,`'Na=v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
33
2.9.4 Bodies
´ L3bhs_=a¤RLr]B_zbhsaN'xsP \,_=b " P6gi]B_za_1xj_ " R_=b]2\`ahjg'}–Rq'_M´§Lbhj_=a?Zi_1g2` " L,Z
§
ZOP6gb&L,QpRq'_u2_1xs_ " Rp]£Lbhj_=a§]'`'RRL,gfhsgRq'_(ZOP6hjg&onhjgbL o–v
2.9.5 Boundaries
´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=arRLf]£_ObhaN'xsP=\,_=b " P6gw]£_Oa_1xj_ " R_=b•]k\š`ahsg'}^Rq'_O´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a
" L,ZiZOP6gbihjgiRq'_M³†hsaN'xsP=\{Zi_1gk`€v?Á“q'_1gŒP(]£L,`'gb'P6Q\hsaUbL,`']'xj_/ " xjh " ‚,_=bihjg
Rq'_ixjhaR]£L ¼Bc€hsRa–bQP=oœZiLb_hsa”R`'Qg'_=b•L6¢|L,QrL,g€vOž„q'
_ ˜ØMxjx»€P6gb9˜ØKML,g'_,
a_1RRhjg'}a " P6g^]£_rP " Rhj‹6P6R_=b^]2\ŒN'Q_=aahjg'}Rq'_rzN'N'xs\ŒL,QMÃM‚]'`'RRL,ga1v
2.10
Problem menu
¾;g²Rq'hsaZi_1g2`²Rq'_P " R`P6xpN'QL,]'xs_1Z b_/g'hjRhjL,g²haaRP6QR_=bdv“XLaRL6S–Rq'_
b_/g'hjRhjL,ga9q'_1Q_ " L,g " _1QgRq'_nonq'L,xj_§ZiLb_1x'P6gb{P6Q_ng'L,R¤aNB_ " h¡ " RL–]£Lbhj_=a
L,Qp]BL3b\Œ_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra1v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
34
ÿ
Figure 2.9: 8
2.10.1
ËQö76jΒ—÷—(ÎÌ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Model Name and directories
ž q'_†XfLb_1xegP6ZO_MP6gbObhsQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a " L,ZOZOP6gbL,NB_1ga0P(onhjgbL o“onq'_1Q_zRq'_
„
ZOL3b_1x€gP6Zi_rP6gbRq'_–xj_rbhjQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a " P6g]£_(_1gkR_1Q_=bdv„ž„q'_=a_(bhjQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a
P6Q_&`a_=bÅonq'_1g|Q_=P,bhjg'}'cUa P=‹3hjg'}L,Qa_=P6Q " q'hjg'}•b'P6RPxj_=a{Q_1xsP6R_=bÅRLRq'_
ZOL3b_1x»v
Figure 2.10:
ü
Ë Î’6Ì7—(Î'1Ì
{
ÿ
ΧIÍlË Î Ï'( Ì Ë>(
<ÿ K L,R_,¨^hjRhsaNBLaahj]'xs_ŒRL•`a_aNP " _=ahjgŠRq'_^ZiLb_1xpP6gbŠN'QL,]'xj_1Z~gP6Zi_,c
M
]'`'R§]B_ " P6`a_MRq'_=a_MgP6Zi_=a§P6Q_†`a_=bŒP6xaLrhjgOxj_1gP6Zi_=a1c3hjRWZOP \i]B_MaPSl_1Q0RL
P ‹,L,hsbÅaNP " _=a1všu2NP " _=a " P6g " Q_=P6R_ŒN'QL,]'xs_1ZOa(_=aN£_ " hsP6xsxj\onq'_1gƒxj_1gP6Zi_=a
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
35
P6Q_r`a_=b^P,azP6Q},`'Zi_1gkRazonq'_1g " P6xjxjhjg'}{_/¼R_1QgP6xN'QL,},QP6ZOa1v
XL3b_1xBgP6Zi_,¨¤Rq'hsa0gP6Zi_†Z`aR0]B_”},hj‹,_1gŒ]B_ " P6`a_”hjR0hsaU`a_=bP,a„P{NP6QR
3
L6S?Rq'_rZiLb_1x£xs_–gP6Zi_–onq'La_(b_/SDP6`'xjRn‹6P6xj`'_”hsa1¨ |eˆ €j}Ž‘ƒ|t} v _1ZS
è QL,]'xs_1Z gP6Zi_,¨šRq'hsaOL,N'RhjL,gP6xzgP6Zi_ " P6g¥]B_f`a_=b²S›L,QŒ_/¼P6ZON'xj_RL
3
hsb_1g2Rh¡S›\^bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRM‹,_1QahjL,gazL6S?Rq'_]P,ah " ZOL3b_1x»vn¾yS¤},hj‹,_1g€cehjRzonhjxjx€]B_(NP6QR
L6S?Rq'_rZiLb_1x£xs_–gP6Zi_,¨ |eˆ €j}Ž‘ƒ|t}7øù¯B„’ˆjžŽŸ}|`ƒ|t} v _1ZS
XL3b_1x?b_=a " QhjN'RhsL,g€¨pRq'hsa " L,ZiZi_1g2Rz_1xsbhsaML,N'RhjL,gP6x»v–¾;R†haMbhsaN'xsP=\,_=b
3
L,g'xj\Œhjg^Rq'hsa„onhjgbL)o
è QL,]'xs_1Zb_=a " QhjN'RhjL,g€¨%Rq'ha " L,ZiZO_1gkR9_1xsbhsa9L,N'RhjL,gP6x»v¾;R " P6g]£_§`a_=b
3
RL^b_=a " Qhj]B_P&aNB_ " h¡ " ‹,_1QahjL,gL6S0Rq'_{]P,ah " ZiLb_1x»v”¾yR†hsa†bhsaN'xsP \,_=bfL,g'xs\
hjg^Rq'hsa„onhsgbL o
XL3b_1xbhsQ_ " RL,Q\£¨¤Rq'_rQL3L,RzbhjQ_ " RL,Q\ŒSlL,QnRq'_rZiLb_1x£xs_=a
¾;g " xj`b_{NP6Rq€¨†œa_1Zih " L,xjL,gfa_1NP6QP6R_=bšxjhsaRpL6S0NP6Rqa”onq'h " q•P6Q_`a_=b
3
P,a†a_=P6Q " qšbhjQ_ " RL,Qhj_=aMonq'_1gxsL2L,‚3hjg'}SlL,QzNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QMxj_=a1v è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Q†xj_
" P6g&]£_”`a_=bhjgRq'_”SlL,xjxjL onhsg'}(onhjgbL)opa1¨W¾yg'hsRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhsL,ga1c'´0Lb\SlL,Q " _=a1c
XP6R_1QhsP6x€NP6QP6Zi_1R_1QazP6gb^´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhsL,ga
Yz_=a`'xjRaibhjQ_ " RL,Q\B¨fRq'_QL2L,RŒbhjQ_ " RL,Q\ÅS›L,QiRq'_aL,xj‹,_1QiL,`'RN'`'ROxj_=a1v
3
ž„q'_=a_ahjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,gšQ_=a`'xjR–xs_=arP6Q_ŒaRL,Q_=bw`ahjg'}Rq'_iS›L,xjxsL onhjg'}bhjQ_ " RL,Q\
aRQ` " R`'Q_,¨ „ }"~›Žú‡€ƒ‚D„’}·†7‡fˆƒ„‰ ÂXT0u ê ³”¾ Y†Â |t}"~"ƒ|t} vž„q'_ib_/SlP6`'xsR†‹6P6xj`'_
SlL,QnRq'hsapbhjQ_ " RL,Q\hsa„Rq'_–ZiLb_1xbhjQ_ " RL,Q\,v
V€L,}|bhjQ_ " RL,Q\B¨•ž„q'_fxjL " P6RhjL,gŠSlL,QORq'_xjL,}•xj_=a " Q_=P6R_=b‰b`'Qhsg'}wRq'_
3
a_=aahjL,g€cRq'_(b_/SlP6`'x€‹6P6xj`'_–hsa |eˆ €}Ž€ƒ‚D„’}·†7‡fˆƒ„‰ ÂVÖ¸”³”¾ Yrv
3
ž q'_bhjQ_ " RL,Q\Å]'QL opa_1Qi]'`'RRL,gŠL,N£_1gaOPš]'QL opa_1QonhjgbL)o
„
SlL,Qpa_1xj_ " Rhjg'}bhjQ_ " RL,Qhs_=a1v
KML,R_,¨³†hjQ_ " RL,Q\ƒa_1xj_ " RhjL,gÅhsabL,g'_^]k\Åahjg'},xj_/ " xjh " ‚3hjg'}Rq'_
bhjQ_ " RL,Q\‰gP6Zi_šhjg“Rq'_•xjhsaR]BL=¼¥P6gb’N'Q_=aahjg'}ƒL,‚‰]'`'RRL,g€v
³†L,`']'xj_/ " jx h " ‚2hsg'}{Rq'_rbhsQ_ " RL,Q\gP6ZO_–L,N£_1gapPa`']BbhjQ_ " RL,Q\xjhsaR1v
Á“q'_1g¦Rq'hsa]'`'RRL,gÉhsa^N'Q_=a a_=b¦P²a_1xs_ " RhjL,g—xjhsaR
L,NB_1ga1v—t0`'QQ_1gkRxj\²P " Rhj‹,_fRy\3N£_haibhsaN'xsP \,_=bŠP,a
Rq'_–]'`'RRL,gxsP6]B_1x»v9‹6P6hjxsP6]'xj_†L,N'RhjL,gapP6Q_,¨
`a_=b
3
u2_=aahjL,g€¨9Rq'_M‹6P6xj`'_zb_/g'_=bŒSlL,QURq'_”a_=aahsL,gihsa
3
XL3b_1xy¨9Rq'_(‹P6xj`'_–b_/g'_=bfhjg&Rq'_rZiLb_1xdxj_”hsa„`a_=b
3
u2_1RRhjg'}a=¨¤Rq'_r‹P6xs`'_”b_/g'_=bfhjg&Rq'_(a_1RRhjg'}a§xs_=anhsa„`a_=b
Á“q'_1giRq'_”u3P ‹,_zhjgZiLb_1x " 'q _ " ‚2]BL=¼Œhsa " 'q _ " ‚,_=bdc3Rq'_†P " Rhj‹,_p‹6P6xj`'_nhsa¤aP ‹,_=b
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
36
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
hsgRq'_(ZiL3b_1xdxs_,v
2.10.2
Datafiles
ž q'_ŒgP6Zi_=a”SlL,Q(bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRhjg'N'`'R(P6gb™L,`'RN'`'R(xj_ " P6gƒ]£_Ob_/g'_=bwhjg™Rq'hsa
„
onhsgbL oÇonq'h " q•hsa†L,N£_1g'_=b•]2\Rq'_i³”P6RPxj_=a " L,ZOZOP6gbdv{ž„q'ha”onhjgbL oÇhsa
aq'L onghjg^º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «,« v
Figure 2.11: û
,ÍD “Q6jÎÏ( Ì Ë>(
XfLb_1xbhjQ_ " RL,Q\B¨z©›hjgS›L,QZŒP6RhjL,g_1xsbdc'g'L,Rp_=bhjRP6]'xj_ ª
XfLb_1xdxj_,¨z©›hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gŒ_1xsbdc'g'L,Rp_=bhjRP6]'xs_ ª
3
u2L,xj‹,_1Qnhjg'N'`'R„xj_,¨z©›hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g_1xsbdc'g'L,Rn_=bhsRP6]'xj_ ª
3
Xf_=aq^hsg'N'`'R„xj_,¨z©›hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gŒ_1xsbdc'g'L,Rp_=bhjRP6]'xj_ ª
3
Yp_=a`'xjRa„bhjQ_ " RL,Q\B¨M©›hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gŒ_1xsbdcg'L,Rn_=bhsRP6]'xj_ ª
3
Yp_=a`'xjR§xj_,¨¤aL,xs‹,_1QnL,`'RN'`'Rnxj_,c'Rq'_(b_/SDP6`'xjRn‹6P6xj`'_”hsa1¨ |eˆ €j}Ž‘ƒ|t} v‘b'P6R
3
è LaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q9xj_,¨%Rq'hsaxj_§aRL,Q_=a9aL,xj‹,_1QQ_=a`'xjRa%hsgRq'_nTWVXTWY è LaR
3
SlL,QZOP6R1c'Rq'_rb_/SDP6`'xjRn‹6P6xj`'_–hsa1¨ |eˆ €j}Ž‘ƒ|t} v _1N€v
Yp_=aRP6QR(xj_,¨hjS„Rq'ha–xj_ihar},hj‹,_1gÅTWVXTWYÈu2L,xj‹,_1Q(`a_=a(Rq'_Œ‹P6QhsP6]'xs_
3
‹6P6xj`'_=a”hjg•Rq'ha†xj_iP,a–hjg'hjRhP6x9‹6P6xj`'_=a1viž„q'ha†xj_iaq'L,`'xsbš]B_hjg•Rq'_iL,`'RN'`'R
xs_MSlL,QZOP6R
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
37
Yz_=aRP6QR„RhjZi_=aR_1N&NBLahjRhjL,g€¨9Rq'_–RhjZi_=aR_1N&hjgRq'_–Q_=aRP6QRnxs_†onq'h " q&hsa
3
`a_=bSlL,QMRq'_{Q_=aRP6QR”‹P6xs`'_=a1v–Ç½1_1QL&‹P6xj`'_hjgRq'hsap_1xbfZi_=P6ga†RqP6R”Rq'_
xsP,aR„RhjZO_”aR_1Nhsa„`a_=bdv
¸ _1]'qP6QbRSDP " RL,Qaxj_,¨ŒRq'hsa{xj_hsa{`a_=b|RL•aRL,Q_¸†_1]'qP6QbRSDP " RL,Qa
†
onq'_1g^Rq'_1\ŒP6Q_ " P6x " `'xP6R_=bŒ`ahjg'}Rq'_(¸†_1]'qP6QbR„SDP " RL,Qa " L,ZiZOP6gbhjgRq'_
Yp`'g^ZO_1gk`€vU³†_/SDP6`'xjRn‹P6xs`'_†ha1¨U¸†_1]'qP6QbRºP " RL,Qa1v‘b'P6R
3
1†hj_1ošSDP " RL,Qaxj_,¨€Rq'hadxj_Whsa`a_=b–RLzaRL,Q_0‹2hs_1ošSlP " RL,Qa%onq'_1g(Rq'_1\rP6Q_
P" x " `'xsP6R_=b`ahjg'}–Rq'_1†hj_1o|SlP " RL,Qa " L,ZiZOP6gbhjgRq'_MYp`'giZi_1g2`€v¤³M_/SDP6`'xjR
6
‹6P6xj`'_–hsa1¨1†hj_1opºP " RL,Qa1v‘b'P6R
3
KML,R_,¨ÃMg'xj\•ahjZON'xj_{xj_gP6Zi_=a " P6gw]£_i_1g2R_1Q_=bwhsg™Rq'_xj_igP6ZO__1xsb'a1c
]B_ " P6`a_bhjQ_ " RL,Q\aRQ` " R`'Q_ha†P6xsQ_=P,b\N'Q_=b_/g'_=b•]k\Rq'_Q_=a`'xjR”bhjQ_ "
RL,Q\,v
2.10.3
Coordinate settings
Figure 2.12:
ÊË6Ë
ÿq
ÌÍlÎ0Ï Î1ÍyÍ Ì Ï( Ì Ë>(
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
38
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
XLb_1x»‘a " L3L,QbhjgP6R_Ma\aR_1ZœhaUaNB_ " h¡_=bhjgORq'hsa¤onhjgbL)o‰onq'h " qOhsaWL,N£_1g'_=b
onhsRq^Rq'_t0L2L,QbhjgP6R_a_1RRhjg'}a " L,ZiZOP6gbdv
‹6P6hjxsP6]'xj_ " L2L,QbhsgP6R_Œa\aR_1ZOa–b_1NB_1gb™L,gƒRq'_ObhjZi_1gahsL,g•L6S„Rq'_OZiL3b_1x
},_1L,ZO_1RQ\,v
¾;g ¶ ³[N£La ahj]'xj_†L,N'RhjL,gapP6Q_,¨
3
ü.ƒ„‡ý}"~‚µƒvþZ¢
3
ÿ ƒ‚0~‰+|`|t}‡³„‚D†
3
ü‰ZŽú‚D€ƒ„‚D†z~‰+|`|t}‡³„‚D†
3
Kˆ+Ž±ƒ„lþZ¢
¾;gf×6³[L,N'RhjL,gapP6Q_,¨
>¢
3
ü.ƒ„‡ý}"~‚µƒ
3
ü‰ZŽú‚D€ƒ„‚D†
3
Kˆ+Ž±ƒ„ >¢
t0L3L,QbhjgP6R_iXP6N'N'hjg'}'¨{t0L3L,QbhjgP6R_ib_1NB_1gb_1gkR(‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=ai©›xshj‚,_‹,_1xjL " hsRy\ ª
6P Q_†_1gkR_1Q_=b&hsgŒb'P6RP{onhjgbL opa§]2\ " L,ZiNBL,g'_1gkRar©›xjhj‚,_z‹,_1xjL " hsRy\2c2‹,_1xjL " hsRy\2
ck‹,_1xsL " hjR;\k ª v2ž„q'_†b_/SDP6`'xjRUZŒP6N'N'hjg'}r]B_1RyoU_1_1g&Rq'_ " L,ZiNBL,g'_1gkRa„P6gbiRq'_
a Œ « c Œ ¶ P6gb Œ ×3vfž„q'hsa(ZOP6N'N'hjg'} " P6gÅ]£_
" L3L,QbhjgP6R_P¼3_=ahs
q" P6g'},_=b_1g2R_1Qhjg'}OPg'_1o¦hjgb_/¼^a_1Rnhjg&Rq'_{t0L3L,QbhjgP6R_–ZOP6N'N'hsg'}_1xsb'a1v
ž q'_„_1xbxP6]£_1xsaSlL,Q?Rq'_n_1gkRQhj_=aWP6Q_pP6xaL†P6xsR_1Q_=bonq'_1g " L2L,QbhjgP6R_pa\3aR_1Z
„
ha " qP6g'},_=bd¨
3
ü.ƒ„‡ý}"~‚µƒœ
3
ü‰ZŽú‚D€ƒ„‚D†œ
³ˆ³‚
3
Kˆ+Ž±ƒ„œ
³ˆ "!#³”}‡f ¶"³‚$
ž„q'_=a_•xsP6]£_1xaŒP6Q_™P6xsaLƒ`a_=b’hsg“b'P6RP|_1g2RQ\“onhsgbL opa&RLŠhjxjxs`aRQP6R_fRq'_
" L3L,QbhjgP6R_ra\aR_1ZmP6gb^Rq'_(ZOP6N'N'hjg'} " `'QQ_1gkRxj\&hjg&`a_,v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
2.10.4
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
39
Timestep settings
Figure 2.13:
«
—(ÎÏIÍlÎf!ŒÏÎ/ÍyÍ
Ì ÏK( Ì Ë>(
ž q'_zž„hjZO_=aR_1Nia_1RRhjg'}a?onhjgbL)o²hsa¤`a_=bRL(a_1R¤Rq'_pRhjZO_„b_1NB_1gb_1g " \iP6gb
„
RhjZi_=aR_1N&a_1RRhjg'}a„SlL,QnRq'_(ahjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,g€v
 " Rhj‹,_(a_1Rz]'`'RRL,g€¨„a_1xj_ " RhjL,g^xjhaRnL6S¤Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxs\&aRL,Q_=bRhjZi_=aR_1Na_1Ra1v
ž„q'_rgP6Zi_–L6S?Rq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\P " Rhs‹,_ra_1RphsanbhsaN'xsP=\,_=b&P,anRq'_r]'`'RRL,gfxsP6]£_1x
K†P6Zi_,¨WP`a_1Qp},hj‹,_1g^gP6ZO_”S›L,QnRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2RzRhjZi_=aR_1N&a_1R
ž„q'_&nb'bdc?˜MNdb'P6R_,cWP6gbw³†_1xj_1R_O]'`'RRL,gaP6Q_`a_=b™RLP,b'bdc¤`'NBb'P6R_&P6gb
b_1xj_1R_–RhjZO_=aR_1N^a_1Rp_1gkRQhs_=a1v
ž„q'_”RhjZi_†b_1N£_1gb_1g " \Ry\3N£_”L6S%Rq'_ " `'QQ_1g2RpahjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,giN'QL,]'xj_1ZŸhsa§a_1R„hjg
Rq'_(ž„hjZO_”b_1NB_1gb_1g " \&]£L ¼Bv0ÃMN'RhsL,gapP6Q_{u2R_=P,b\^aRP6R_rP6gbž%QP6gahj_1gkR1v
¾;g™Rq'_u2R_=P,b\•aRP6R_ " P,a_,c9RL,RP6xWhjR_1QP6RhsL,g™P6ZiL,`'gkR{P6gb•Rq'_iL,`'RN'`'RrSlQ_/
40
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
‡2`'_1g " &
\ P6Q_ " L,gkRQL,xjxs_=b&]k\&Rq'_”S›L,xsxjL onhjg'}{_1xsb'a=¨
XP¼hjZ{`'Zígk`'Z{]£_1Q&L6SrhjR_1QP6RhsL,ga1¨™XP¼hjZ{`'Z xjhsZihjR{S›L,QRq'_šaR_=P,b\
3
aRP6R_hjR_1QP6RhjL,gaO©›hjR_1QP6RhsL,gha–aRL,N'N£_=b™_1‹,_1g™h¡S0Rq'_iaR_=P,b\šaRP6R_ " L,gk‹,_1Q
},_1g " _ " QhjR_1QhjL,g&hsa„g'L,Rp\,_1RpZO_1R1c'h¡SRq'hsa„xshjZihjR0hsa„Zi_1R„QaR ª
ÃM`'RN'`'RphjgkR_1Q‹6P6x»¨0ÃM`'RN'`'RnSlQ_=‡2`'_1g " \OSlL,QpaR_=P,b\^aRP6R_–hjR_1QP6RhjL,ga
3
ºL,QzRQP6gahj_1g2RMN'QL,]'xs_1ZOapR;oUL]P,ah " RhsZi_=aR_1N'N'hjg'}ia " q'_1Zi_=a†P6Q_P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_,¨
KM_1onZOP6Q‚P6gb´„³†º§v
;¾ gÅRq'_KM_1onZOP6Q‚™Zi_1Rq'Lb™Rq'_&]B_1RPfNP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q " P6gÅ]B_OSlQ_1_1xj\™a_1xj_ " R_=bdc
]'`'R0Rq'_zRq'Q_1_†ZiLaR " L,ZOZiL,giZi_1Rq'Lb'a " P6gŒ]£_†ahjZiN'xs\a_1xj_ " R_=bi`ahjg'}rRq'_
QP,bhsL™]'`'RRL,gaŒS›L,QŒRq'_¾;ZiN'hjxjh " RT¤`'xs_1Q1cpT?¼3N'xsh " hjRiT¤`'xj_1QP6gb²Rq'_•t0QP6g'‚
KMh " L,xsaL,gZi_1Rq'L3b'a=v?ž„q'_=a_MZi_1Rq'Lb'a " L,QQ_=aN£L,gbŒRq'_M]B_1RPr‹6P6xj`'_=a « v · c · v ·
P6gb · v ® vW³M_/SDP6`'xjRn‹6P6xj`'_–hsa « v · ©l¾;ZiN'xjh " hsR0T¤`'xj_1Q ª v
ºL,QRq'_´§³”º[Zi_1Rq'LbÅL,g'xj\wL,g'_^L6S”Rq'_^N'Q_=b_/g'_=bŠ‹6P6xj`'_=a « ¡v v š
® " P6gŠ]£_
a_1xj_ " R_=bdv
ž„hsZi_=aR_1NaOP6Q_šb_/g'_=b“]k\²_1g2R_1Qhjg'}ÅRq'Q_1_g2`'Z]B_1Qahjg¥Rq'_šž„hjZi_=aR_1Na
_1xbdv²ž„q'_1\ÅqP ‹,_fRq'_^SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}šZi_=P6g'hjg'}²©›‹6P6xj`'_=aZ{`aR]£_^_1g2R_1Q_=b¥hsg
Rq'ha„L,Qb_1Q ª ¨
3
u2R_1Nfahj½1_,¨?Rq'_(aR_1Nahj½1_”hjga_ " L,gb'anhjg^Rq'_–hsgkR_1Q‹6P6x
u2R_1Nanhjg^hjg2R_1Q‹P6x»¨?Rq'_rg2`'Z]B_1QpL6S¤aR_1Nanhjg&Rq'_rhsgkR_1Q‹6P6x
3
ÃM`'RN'`'RphjgkR_1Q‹6P6x»¨¤Rq'_–L,`'RN'`'RzS›Q_=‡2`'_1g " Œ
\ hsgRq'_(hjgkR_1Q‹6P6x
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
41
Çg'_1oRhjZi_=aR_1Nfhjg2R_1Q‹P6x " P6gš]£_{P,b'b_=b]2\f_1g2R_1Qhjg'}&Rq'Q_1_{‹6P6xj`'_=a†a_1NP
QP6R_=bonhjRq&PaNP " _–P6gbŒRq'_1g&N'Q_=aahjg'}{Rq'_†nb'b]'`'RRL,g€vU¾;gRq'_M_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_
aR_1Niahs½1_§ha «=®6· c2aR_1Na¤hjghjg2R_1Q‹P6x µ ckP6gbL,`'RN'`'R¤hsgkR_1Q‹6P6x «=® ©›]£_ " P6`a_n_1‹2
_1Q\Œ'S›R_1_1g2RqfRhjZi_=aR_1N&aq'L,`'xsb]£_–L,`'RN'`'R1cRq'hana_1RRhjg'}oUL,`'xb^g'L,R " Q_=P6R_
P6gk\&L,`'RN'`'RnSlQL,ZmRq'hsa„hsgkR_1Q‹6P6fx J ª v
K _1o²_1gkRQhs_=a0P6Q_†P,b'b_=bOP6RURq'_M_1gbiL6S€Rq'_
M
RP6]'xj_onq'_1gšRq'_inb'b]'`'RRL,g™L,Q”Rq'_T¤g
R_1Qi‚,_1\|hsaiN'Q_=aa_=bdv’ž„q'_f¾yga_1QRi]'`'RRL,g
hjga_1QRa§P{g'_1o’_1gkRQ\&P6]BL ‹,_”Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\
a_1xs_ " R_=bQL)o²hjg{Rq'_nRP6]'xj_,v¤ž„q'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\
P " Rhj‹,_QL oŸZOP \™]B_Œ`'Ndb'P6R_=bÅ]k\w`'Ndb'P6R
hjg'}–Rq'_z‹P6xj`'_=aWhjgRq'_zž„hjZi_=aR_1N_1xsbiP6gb
Rq'_1gfN'Q_=a ahjg'}Rq'_(˜MNBb'P6R_(]'`'RRL,g€v§ž„q'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\a_1xj_ " R_=b&QL)oÉZOP \Œ]B_
b_1xj_1R_=bSlQL,ZmRq'_rRP6]'xj_–]2\ŒN'Q_=a ahjg'}Rq'_r³†_1xj_1R_–]'`'RRL,g€v
º'L,Q„_=P " q^QL)o’hjgŒRq'_”xjhaR1ckQ`'g'g'hjg'} " `'Z{`'xsP6Rhj‹,_=a§P6Q_–bhsaN'xsP \,_=bŒP,a§Rq'_”xsP,aR
Rq'Q_1_pg2`'Z]B_1Qa1v¤žL,RP6x " `'Z`'xsP6Rhs‹,_=a¤P6Q_paq'L ongŒhjgRq'_zžL,RP6xsa¤_1xsb'a¤P6RWRq'_
]BL,RRL,ZmL6S9Rq'_(onhjgbL o–v
2.10.5
Physical constants
ž„q'_ è qk\ah " P6x " L,gaRP6g2RaronhjgbL)o¹hsar`a_=b•RLZiLbh¡Sl\Rq'_Œb_/SDP6`'xjR–‹6P6xj`'_=a
SlL,QnN'qk\ah " P6x " L,gaRP6g2Ra1vUXL3bh¡Sl\3hjg'}Rq'_=a_–‹P6xj`'_=a„ZŒP=\O]B_–g'_ " _=aP6Q\onq'_1g
SlL,Q§_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_†hjg'N'`'R„‹6P6xj`'_=a„P6Q_–hjg&g'L,gaRP6gb'P6Qb&`'g'hjRa1vWž„q'_ " L,gaRP6g2RazP6Q_
Rq'_r},QP ‹2hjR;\Œ‹,_ " RL,QMP6gb^Rq'_{u2R_/SDP6gy´0L,xsR½1ZOP6g'g " L,gaRP6gkR1v
ž„q'_”b_/SlP6`'xjR0},QP=‹3hjRy\O‹P6xj`'_Mhsa ¬ v ­,¶&%('*)+ hjgŒRq'_†bhjQ_ " RhsL,gOL6S%Rq'_†g'_1}P6Rhj‹,_
\2yP¼3hsa=v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
42
2.10.6
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Equations
†aahs},g'hjg'}M_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga?SlL,Q¤Rq'_p]BL3bhs_=a?hsa?N£_1QqP6NaURq'_pZiLaR?hjZON£L,QRP6g2R¤RP,a‚
hsg¥Rq'_N'QL,]'xj_1Z a_1R`'N¥hjg“TWVXTWY º'QL,g2R1vTUP " q’]£Lb\|Z`aRŒqP ‹,_šP6g
_=‡2`P6RhjL,giP6RRP " q'_=bORLrhsR¤]£_/SlL,Q_zP6gk\_=‡2`P6RhjL,giQ_1xsP6R_=bOb'P6RPO©›xjhj‚,_„ZOP6R_1QhsP6x
N'QL,NB_1QRy\Ša_1Ra=c0]BL3b\ƒSlL,Q " _fa_1Ra1c0hjg'hjRhsP6xnP6gbŠ]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,g²a_1Ra ª
" P6gf]£_–_1g2R_1Q_=b&S›L,QzRq'_–]£Lb\ŒL,QnhsRa„]£L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a=v
ÙRy\3N'h " P6x€_=‡2`P6RhjL,gb_/g'hjRhjL,ga_=‡k`'_1g " _ " L,`'xb&]£_–Rq'_”SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
3
É]BL3b\ŒL,Qp]BL3bhj_=a„P6Q_(a_1xj_ " R_=b
3
zg^_=‡2`P6RhjL,g^hsanb_/g'_=b-,
POb_=a " Q hjN'Rhj‹,_”_=‡2`P6RhjL,g^gP6Zi_–hsa„_1g2R_1Q_=b
P6gf_=‡k`P6RhjL,g^R;\2NB_–hsana_1xs_ " R _=b
NP6QP6ZO_1R_1QanSlL,QnRq'_r_=‡k`P6RhsL,gP6Q_–_1gkR_1Q_=bdv
Á‰q'_1g^P6xjxBb'P6RPhsaU_1g2R_1Q_=bdc'Rq'_”g'_1o—_=‡k`P6RhjL,g&a_1R§hsa„P,b'b_=bRL{Rq'_”xjhaR
3
`ahjg'}Rq'_(nb'b^]'`'RRL,g
ž„q'_†b_/g'_=b&_=‡2`P6RhjL,g&a_1R0ha0P6RRP " q'_=b&RL{Rq'_–a_1xs_ " R_=bO]BL3b\f©›L,Q„]BL3b3
3
hs_=a ª ` ahjg'}Rq'_r„RRP " q]'`'RRL,g
TU‡k`P6RhjL,gaponhjgbL o¦hanaq'L onghsg&º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «/µ v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
Figure 2.14:
43
ú.ƒ
Í Ë/ÌkÏ( Ì Ë>(
ž„q'_OgP6ZO_iL6SnRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\™a_1xj_ " R_=b•]BL3b\hsaraq'L)ongwhjg•Rq'_´§L3b\_1xsb
ž„q'hsa§_1xsb&ha„g'L,Rp_=bhjRP6]'xj_,v
ž„q'_(R_/¼RpSlL,QzRq'_{a_1xj_ " R_=b^]BLb\hsgRq'_r},`'Q_^©z© « ª ±”_1RRxj_( • « –s±”_1RRxj_/»_=‡
ª c£aq'L opapRqP6RMRq'_(_=‡2`P6RhjL,gg2`'Z]B_1Q « hapP6RRP " q'_=bRLiRq'_(]BLb\Œg2`'Z]B_1Q
« vƾ;R^P6xsaL|aq'L opa&Rq'_•]BLb\²gP6Zi_²©l±”_1RRxj_ ª cMP6gb’Rq'_š_=‡2`P6RhjL,g’gP6Zi_
©l±”_1RRxj_/»_=‡ ª v
K†P6Zi_,¨?hjgORq'hsa0_1xsbŒRq'_”`a_1Q " P6g_1g2R_1QnL,Q0ZOL3bh¡Sl\Rq'_”gP6Zi_ML6S9P6g_=‡2`P
RhjL,ga_1R1v è Q_=aahjg'}Rq'_(˜MNdb'P6R_–]'`'RRL,gfaRL,Q_=apRq'_–gP6ZO_,v
ž„q'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\b_/g'_=b_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga9P6Q_nbhsaN'xsP \,_=brhjgRq'_„TU‡k`P6RhjL,ga_1RaxjhsaR
]BL=¼dvWzgP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\},_1g'_1QP6R_=b^_=‡2`P6RhjL,g^a_=‡2`'_1g " _–gk`'Z{]£_1Qnhsa„aq'L)ong
P6R¤Rq'_„]£_1},hsg'g'hjg'}”L6S£_=P " qxshjg'_,v%Á“q'_1giP6g_=‡k`P6RhsL,g{ha9P6RRP " q'_=bRLrP†]£Lb\,c
Rq'hsa„g2`'Z]B_1QphsanP6xsaLibhsaN'xsP \,_=bPSlR_1QpRq'_–]BL3b\gP6Zi_,v
44
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Á“q'_1g²NP6QP6Zi_1R_1QaOSlL,QOP™aNB_ " h¡ " _=‡2`P6RhjL,g¥P6Q__1gkR_1Q_=bdcpRq'hsai_=‡k`P6RhjL,g
Z{`aR0]£_MQaR„a_1xj_ " R_=bŒ`ahjg'}(Rq'_†_=‡2`P6RhjL,gŒR;\2NB_†QP,bhjL]'`'RRL,ga=v è Q_=aahjg'}
PQP,bhsL{]'`'RRL,gfL,gP6Q_=P « L,N£_1gapRq'_rP6N'N'QL,N'QhsP6R_rhjg'N'`'R„NP6g'_1xL,gP6Q_=P ¶
onq'_1Q_ŒRq'_i_=‡2`P6RhjL,g™hsarb_/g'_=bƒhjg™b_1RP6hjxyvŒž„q'_ŒK†P=‹3hj_1Q u2RL,‚,_=a(_=‡k`P6RhjL,g
qP,ap]£_1_1g " q'_ " ‚,_=bhjg&Rq'_r_/¼P6ZON'xj_”]£_1xjL)o–v
2u _1NP6QP6R_^_=‡2`P6RhjL,gÅRy\3N£_=a{hjgÅRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\ÅP " Rhj‹,__=‡k`P6RhjL,gŠa_1R " P6g|]£_
R`'Qg'_=bŒL,g&P6gbOL6¢]2\`ahjg'}(Rq'_ " q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼_=a„hjgiRq'_†xjL)oU_1Q§xj_/S›RUNP6QR0L6SRq'_
onhsgbL o–vi¾;gRq'__/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,c€L,g'xs\fRq'_iq'_=P6R–_=‡2`P6RhjL,g•hsa”P " Rhj‹6P6R_=bdcL,Rq'_1Qa
P6Q_–R`'Qg'_=bfL6¢9v
Á“q'_1g²aL,xj‹3hjg'}•P6gŠ_=‡2`P6RhjL,g²P6RRP " q'_=b‰RL™Pš]£Lb\,c§L,g'xj\wRq'La_f_=‡k`P6RhjL,g
R;\2NB_=a†P6Q_(RP6‚,_1ghjgkRLP "1" L,`'gkR”onq'La_ " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼3_=a–P6Q_R`'Qg'_=bfL,g€vzÁ‰q'_1g
P6gfhjgP " Rhj‹,_–_=‡2`P6RhjL,gRy\3NB_rhsanZOP,b_rP6}P6hsgfP " Rhj‹,_,ceP6xjx%N'Q_1‹2hjL,`axj\Œb_/g'_=b
NP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q‹6P6xj`'_=a&©›hjgwRq'_hjg'N'`'RP6Q_=P ¶ª P6Q_^P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\RP6‚,_1g|hjgkRL
`a_,v?XP6‚3hjg'}rP6gi_=‡2`P6RhjL,gihjgP " Rhj‹,_nZŒP=\P6xsaLrP¢d_ " RWL,Rq'_1QU_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1v?º'L,Q
_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,c'hjS9Rq'_(ÚL oÉ_=‡2`P6RhjL,ghanR`'Qg'_=bL6¢?c£P6xjxdÚL)oÉQ_1xsP6R_=b_1xsb'a(©›xjhs‚,_
Î
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
45
" L,gk‹,_ " RhsL,g ª P6Q_ZOP,b_fhjgP " Rhs‹,_hjg²L,Rq'_1Q_=‡k`P6RhsL,ga1vÉu2L'cnhjRihsaŒP•},L2Lb
hsb_=PƒRL " q'_ " ‚“P6xjx†P " Rhs‹,_f_=‡2`P6RhjL,g‰R;\2NB_=a]k\²`ahjg'}ƒRq'__=‡2`P6RhjL,g‰R;\2NB_
QP,bhjL]'`'RRL,ga1c¤onq'_1g'_1‹,_1QP6gw_=‡2`P6RhjL,gwhsa(ZOP,b_ŒP " Rhs‹,_)Â)hjgP " Rhj‹,_O]2\™Rq'_
" q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼_=a1v
Á“q'_1g‰Rq'_g'_1oˆ_=‡2`P6RhjL,g“a_1RŒqP,aŒ]B_1_1g " L,ZiN'xs_1R_1xj\Šb_/g'_=b‰hsR " P6g‰]B_
P,b'b_=b{RL”Rq'_§xshsaRL6SB_=‡k`P6RhjL,ga_1Ra9]k\N'Q_=aahjg'}MRq'_nnb'b]'`'RRL,g€v è Q_=aahjg'}
Rq'_0˜MNdb'P6R_W]'`'RRL,g(`'Ndb'P6R_=aRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\rP " Rhj‹,_W_=‡2`P6RhjL,g(a_1Rb_/g'hjRhjL,g€v
ž„q'_–³†_1xj_1R_M]'`'RRL,g&Q_1ZiL)‹,_=a„Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\P " Rhj‹,_M_=‡2`P6RhjL,g&a_1R0S›QL,ZŸRq'_
xjhsaR]£L ¼&P6gbP6xsaLiQ_1ZiL)‹,_=aMP6g2\P6RRP " q'Zi_1g2Ra”RLO]BL3bhs_=a„S›L,QzRq'hsap_=‡2`P6RhjL,g
a_1R1v
2.10.7
Attachment
« v¤zgO_=‡k`P6RhjL,gOhsaWP6RRP " q'_=bŒRL(P–]BLb\]2\QaRUa_1xj_ " Rhsg'}–Rq'_p]£Lb\{hjgiRq'_
]BL3bhj_=a„xshsaR1v
v KM_/¼3RnRq'_–_=‡2`P6RhjL,g^hsa " q'La_1g€v
¶ U
×3vnº9hjgP6xjxj\iRq'_{P6RRP " q'Zi_1g2RMhapbL,g'_(`ahsg'}iRq'_(„RRP " q]'`'RRL,g`'gb_1QzRq'_
]BL3bhj_=a„xshsaR]BL=¼dv
Mg¥_=‡2`P6RhjL,g¥ZOP \|]£_P6RRP " q'_=b‰RLƒPwahjg'},xj_]BL3b\|L,QŒZ`'xjRhsN'xj_^]£Lbhj_=a1v
ž„q'_1Q_P6Q_&g'LšQ_=aRQh " RhjL,gaq'L o¿]BL3bhs_=aP6gbÅ_=‡2`P6RhjL,gaP6Q_&P6RRP " q'_=bŠRL
_=P " q¥L,Rq'_1Q1c§]'`'Ronq'_1g¥Rq'_P6RRP " q'_1Zi_1g2RŒhsabL,g'_,c„Rq'_^]BL3b\ƒhjg'q'_1QhjRaP
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
46
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
‚3hjgbL6S€_=‡2`P6RhjL,gOZOP,a‚(SlQL,Z¹Rq'_p_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€v¤ž„q'hsaUZOP,a‚{hsa¤RQP6gaNP6Q_1g2R§RL
Rq'_(`a_1Q1ce]'`'RphsR " L,gkRQL,xsazq'L oÉL,Rq'_1QMN'QL,N£_1QRhs_=a " P6g]B_(P6RRP " q'_=bRLiRq'hsa
]BLb\{L,Q0hjRaW]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1v¤º'L,Q0_/¼P6ZON'xj_,ckh¡Sdg'LÚL o“_=‡k`P6RhjL,gOhsaUb_/g'_=bOS›L,Q
P”]BLb\,c,hjR?hsa?g'L,R¤N£La ahj]'xj_§RLrP6RRP " qOP6g2\(ÚL)o²Q_1xsP6R_=bZOP6R_1QhP6x3N'QL,NB_1QRhj_=a
SlL,QnRq'hsa„]BL3b\hjg&Rq'_rZOP6R_1QhP6xBN'QL,NB_1QRhj_=anNP6g'_1xyv
2.10.8
Advection-diffusion equation
/
Figure 2.15: 'j&
ΧIÍ Ë1Ì10
32 Ï Ë1ÌÎ .+ ,Í Ë/Ì
> Á“q'_1grRq'_UP,b‹,_ " RhsL,g(bh¡¢d`ahjL,g”_=‡k`P6RhsL,grhsa€P " Rhj‹6P6R_=b–]k\ " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}pRq'_ " L,Q
Q_=aN£L,gbhjg'} " q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼dc%Pa_1NP6QP6R_onhsgbL o[S›L,Q”P,b‹,_ " RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g‹P6Qhj
P6]'xs_=ahsaL,NB_1g'_=bdv“¾;gŠRq'hsaonhsgbL oÈRq'_f`a_1QiZOP \Å_1g2R_1QOL,Qi`'Ndb'P6R_Rq'_
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_gP6ZO_=a–SlL,Q(onq'h " qwRq'_ŒP,b‹,_ " RhsL,gybh¡¢B`ahjL,g™_=‡2`P6RhjL,gƒaq'L,`'xb•]£_
aL,xj‹,_=bdvWž„q'_=a_r‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_”gP6Zi_=anP6Q_(bhaN'xsP=\,_=b&hsg^Rq'_–hjg'N'`'RpNP6g'_1x%P6Q_=P ¶ v
SlL,Q(Rq'_&P,b_1‹,_1RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,gw_=‡k`P6RhjL,g|P6gbƒRq'_ " q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼_=ahjgƒRq'hsa(P6Q_=P
" L,g2RQL,x€h¡S%Rq'_=a_”‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=a§P6Q_rP " Rhj‹,_†L,Qng'L,R§hsgŒRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRz_=‡k`P6RhjL,g^a_1R1v
TUP " q’P " Rhj‹,_f‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_fP " Rhs‹P6R_=aŒP6xsaLwg'_1oˆ_1gkRQ\Š_1xb'aihjg‰L,Rq'_1QONP6g'_1xsa
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
47
onq'_1Q_ŒP,b‹,_ " RhsL,gybh¡¢B`ahjL,gš_=‡k`P6RhjL,gwQ_1xsP6R_=b™b'P6RP " P6g™]B_i_1g2R_1Q_=bdv´§_/
" P6`a_”_=P " q&‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_†hsa§aL,xj‹,_=bŒ]k\OPa_1NP6QP6R_–aL,xj‹,_1Q1c3_=P " qP " Rhs‹,_M‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_
P6xsaL " Q_=P6R_=azhjRa„L ong_1gkRQ\&hjg&Rq'_{u2L,xj‹,_1Qpa_1RRhsg'}anonhjgbL o–v
ž„q'hsaonhjgbL)o " P6g’]B_Q_1L,NB_1g'_=b“`ahjg'}ÅRq'x
_ 1WP6QhsP6]'xj_=aŒ]'`'RRL,g—onq'h " q“hsa
‹3hsahj]'xj_ML,g'xj\hjg&Rq'_(P,b‹,_1RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g&_=‡2`P6RhjL,g^_1gkRQ\&NP6g'_1x»v
2.10.9
Data checking
†aRq'_^`a_1QP " Rhj‹P6R_=aP6gŠ_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€c " _1QRP6hsg²b'P6RPšhjgkR_1},QhjR;\ " q'_ " ‚aOP6Q_
P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xsxj\ObL,g'_,vUž„q'_1\^P6Q_–Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
ê _=P6R0_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€¨¤q'_=P6R„_=‡2`P6RhjL,gŒhsg " xj`b_=a0P6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\q'_=P6R " L,gb` "
3
RhjL,gOP6gb " L,gaRP6gkR " L,gk‹,_ " RhjL,g " P6gO]B_pP,b'b_=b©›g'L,R_,¨ " L,gaRP6g2R " L,g2‹,_ " RhjL,g
‹6P6xj`'_=a„P6Q_†},hs‹,_1gŒhjgRq'_”ZOP6R_1QhsP6xBNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa„onhjgbL)o ª vWž„q'_†xP6R_1gkR„q'_=P6R
Q_1xj_=P,a_ " P6g¥]B_a_1xs_ " R_=b²L,g'xj\|h¡S–aL,Zi_L6SrRq'_N'qP,a_ " qP6g'},_ZiL3b_1xahsa
P " Rhj‹6P6R_=bdv
K†P=‹3hj_1Q u2RL,‚,_=a§_=‡k`P6RhsL,g€¨9onq'_1g&Rq'hsaU_=‡k`P6RhsL,gŒhsa§P " Rhj‹,_,c3hjRUhaWNBLaahj]'xj_
3
RLra_1xj_ " R " L,ZON'`'R_=b " L,gk‹,_ " RhjL,giS›L,Q¤Rq'_pq'_=P6R0P6gbRq'_zP,b‹,_ " RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g
_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1v
2.10.10
Equation solving order
ž„q'_TU‡k`P6RhjL,gaL,xj‹3hjg'}L,Qb_1Qzhazb_/g'_=bhsgRq'hsaponhsgbL o–vpž„q'_(L,Qb_1Q " P6g
]B_ " qP6g'},_=b]2\^_1gkR_1Qhjg'}g'_1oÙL,Qb_1Q†gk`'Z{]B_1Qa1cBž„q'_=a_‹6P6xj`'_=a " P6g]B_P6gk\
gk`'Z{]B_1Qa1cWL,g'xj\•Rq'_1hjQ{Q_1xsP6Rhj‹,_L,Qb_1QhsahjZiNBL,QRP6gkR1vwÃMg'xj\•Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\
P " Rhj‹,_–_=‡2`P6RhjL,g^Ry\3NB_=apP6Q_(bhsaN'xP=\,_=b&hjg&Rq'hsanonhsgbL o–v
ž„q'_(b_/SDP6`'xjRpaL,xj‹3hjg'}{L,Qb_1Qphsa„Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
« v ê _=P6Rn_=‡k`P6RhsL,g
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
48
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
v K†P=‹3hj_1Q u2RL,‚,_=a
¶ W
×3v0u2RQ_=a apP6gP6xj\ahsa
µ vW±–T‰ž`'Q]'`'xj_1g " _
® v9nb‹,_ " RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g”_=‡2`P6RhjL,gaU©lPpa_1NP6QP6R_U_=‡k`P6RhjL,g”SlL,Q€_=P " qP,b‹,_ " RhjL,g
bhj¢B`ahsL,gŒ‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_ ª
2.11
Model menu
zSlR_1QP6xjx0]£Lb\•_=‡k`P6RhsL,gaP6gbƒL,Rq'_1Q},_1g'_1QP6x„N'QL,]'xj_1Z b'P6RPqP=‹,_&]£_1_1g
_1g2R_1Q_=bdc„Rq'_ZiLb_1xnNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QaOP6Q__1g2R_1Q_=bdv‰ž„q'hsaihsabL,g'_`ahjg'}šRq'_
ZOL3b_1xdZi_1g2` " L,ZiZOP6gb'a1v
º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «=¯ aq'L opazRq'_(XfLb_1x€Zi_1g2`onq'_1Q_(P6xsaLRq'_–]BLb\ŒxjhaR§a`']'Zi_1gk`
qP,a„]B_1_1g&L,N£_1g'_=bdv„t0xjh " ‚3hjg'}Rq'_rbL,RR_=b&xjhjg'_zL,g^Rq'_”RL,N^L6S%Rq'ha§a`']'Zi_1gk`
L,NB_1gapPa_1NP6QP6R_(]£Lb\ŒxshsaR§onhjgbL o¦L,g^Rq'_b_=a‚2RL,N€v
Figure 2.16:
2.11.1
ü
Ë Î’6—(ÎÌ
Model info
ž q'_ŒXfLb_1xWhjgSlL " L,ZiZOP6gbšL,NB_1ga(PonhjgbL oÀbhsaN'xsP \2hjg'}&},_1g'_1QP6x0ZiL3b_1x
„
hsgS›L,QZOP6RhsL,g€vXLaRUL6SRq'_z_1xsb'aUP6Q_Mg'L,g»_=bhjRP6]'xj_zhsgS›L,QZOP6RhsL,g_1xsb'aW]'`'R
Rq'_”SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}{_1xsb'apP6Q_–_=bhjRP6]'xs_,¨
t§M³[hjg'N'`'R„xj_,¨¤Rq'_–gP6ZO_–L6S9Rq'_rL,Qhs},hjgP6xt§M³aL,`'Q " _rxj_
3
Xf_=aq^hsg'N'`'R„xj_,¨¤Rq'_–gP6Zi_–L6S?Rq'_r_/¼3R_1QgP6x%Zi_=aq^hjg'N'`'R„xj_
3
XfLb_1x " Q_=P6R_=bd¨WZiLb_1x " Q_=P6RhjL,ghjgSlL
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
49
1WP6xj`'_=apS›L,QnRq'_=a_(_1xsb'apP6Q_(a_1RzP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh
" P6xjxs\Oonq'_1gPiZiL3b_1x€ha " Q_=P6R_=bdv
ž q'_1\ " P6gÅ]£_`'Ndb'P6R_=bwRLQ_/Ú_ " RN£Laahj]'xj_ " qP6g'},_=ahsgwRq'__/¼3R_1QgP6x§xj_
„
gP6Zi_=a1c]'`'RrhjR–hsarg'L,Rrg'_ " _=aaP6Q\š]B_ " P6`a_iRq'_=a_Œ‹P6xj`'_=a–P6Q_Œg'L,Rr`a_=bšSlL,Q
P6gk\^P " R`P6xN'QL " _=aahsg'}{L6S?Rq'_rZiLb_1x»v
ÃMRq'_1Q^_1xsb'a^P6Q_•_1hsRq'_1Q " L,xjxj_ " R_=b‰S›QL,Z L,Rq'_1Q^NP6g'_1xa&S›L,Q&Q_/Sl_1Q_1g " _™L,Q
P6Q_ahjZiN'xj_”ZiLb_1xL,,] ) _ " R " L,`'gkR_1Qa=cB]'`'R†Xfhsg'hjZ`'Z¿_=b},_{ahj½1_–_1xb^g'_1_=b'a
aL,Zi__/¼3N'xP6gP6RhjL,g€vɾ;ROhsaORq'_aZŒP6xjxj_=aR_=b},_šahj½1_onq'h " q“hsai`a_=b¥onq'_1g
P—©›xjhjg'_=P6Qhj½1_=b ª t§†³é},_1L,Zi_1RQ\‰hsaRQP6gaZihjRR_=b¥SlL,QRq'_•TWV%TWXYéZi_=aq
},_1g'_1QP6RL,Q1vœž„q'hsaŒhjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g²ZOP \²]B_`a_/Sl`'xzonq'_1g—a_1RRhsg'}ƒRq'_Zi_=aq
b_1gahjR;\ŒNP6QP6ZO_1R_1QanSlL,QnRq'_–ZiL3b_1xyv
KML,R_,¨UKzL6S9hsanP6gfP6]']'Q_1‹3hsP6RhjL,g&SlL,
Q ˜ØKz`'Z{]B_1QnL6S v¡
2.11.2
Body info
´§L3b\ƒhjgSlL " L,ZiZŒP6gbƒL,NB_1gaP6gŠhjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gƒRP6]'xj_&onq'_1Q_Rq'_&N'qk\ah " P6x
bhjZi_1gahjL,ga(P6gbƒRq'_Œg2`'Z]B_1QL6SzZi_=aqƒ_1xj_1Zi_1g2RarSlL,Q_=P " q|]£Lb\ " P6gƒ]B_
" q'_ " ‚,_=bdv§³”P6RPhjg^Rq'ha„onhjgbL o " P6g'g'L,Rz]£_–_=bhjR_=bdv
2.11.3
Body list
´ L3b\ŒxjhsaR " L,ZiZOP6gbL,NB_1ganP6g^hjgS›L,QZŒP6RhjL,gŒRP6]'xs_”bhaN'xsP=\3hjg'}{PxshsaR§L6S9P6xjx
§
ZiLb_1x2]BLbhj_=a1v´§`'RRL,g " L,xjL,Qa¤P6Q_„Rq'_naP6Zi_nP,a9Rq'_n]BL3b\ " L,xsL,Qa9P6gb]BLb\
gP6Zi_=aMP6Q_(`a_=bP,az]'`'RRL,gxP6]£_1xsa=v0ž„q'hsanxshsaR„ZOP=\&]B_(`a_=bRLOZOP6R " qfRq'_
]BL3bhj_=a„hsgRq'_b'P6RP_1gkRQ\&xjhsaRa0onhsRq^Rq'_–]£Lbhj_=a„hjg^Rq'_rXL3b_1x%onhjgbL o–v
2.11.4
Initial conditions/Body forces/Materials
;¾ g“Rq'_•¾;g'hjRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhjL,gaonhjgbL oçRq'_š`a_1Q " P6g—a_1R&hjg'hjRhP6xp‹P6xs`'_=aOSlL,Q
ZiLb_1x€‹P6QhP6]'xj_=a1v
¾;g(Rq'_0´§Lb\”S›L,Q " _=aonhjgbL)oƒRq'_0`a_1Q " P6ga_1R%Rq'_0_/¼3R_1QgP6x2SlL,Q " _=aP¢d_ " Rhjg'}
RLiZiLb_1xd]£Lbhj_=a1v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
50
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
¾;g^Rq'_(XP6R_1QhsP6xsa§onhjgbL)oÉRq'_–`a_1Q " P6ga_1RnZOP6R_1QhsP6xdNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QapS›L,QnRq'_
]BLbhj_=a1v
KM_/¼Rr},`'Q_=abhsaN'xsP \šRq'_ŒxsP \,L,`'R(SlL,Q(Rq'_=a_ŒonhjgbL)opa1vž„q'_oUL,Q‚2ÚL o¿hsg
Rq'_=a_onhjgbL)opazhaz_=aa_1gkRhsP6xjxs\ŒRq'_aP6Zi_{P6gbfhjgfRq'_(SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}iRq'_¾yg'hjRhP6x
" L,gbhsRhjL,ga„onhjgbL oÉhsa„`a_=b^P,apP6g_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,v
Figure 2.17: ì
Ë
54 Ë ÿ §ÎÏ'( Ì Ë>(
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
Figure 2.18:
ü
51
,ÍlÎ
ÿ<
76 '
Ï (
Ì Ë>(
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
52
Figure 2.19:
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
6 Ì Í 76H§Ë/Ì > Í Ë1ÌkÏ( Ì Ë>(
;¾ gšP6xjx%Rq'_=a_onhjgbL)opa†NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q–a_1Ra”P6Q_{P6RRP " q'_=bšRLRq'_]BL3bhs_=a1vMž„q'_
},_1g'_1QP6x%oUL,Q‚2ÚL oÉP6gb&Rq'_–]'`'RRL,gN'QL,NB_1QRhj_=a„o0_1Q_(P6xjQ_=P,b\Œb_=a " Qhj]£_=b&hsg
Rq'_rTU‡k`P6RhjL,gazonhjgbL o¦a_ " RhjL,g€v
TWgkRQ\i_1xb'a0bhsaN'xsP=\,_=bOL,gŒRq'_†onhjgbL o—b_1NB_1gbOL,gRq'_”a_1xj_ " R_=bŒ_=‡k`P6RhjL,g
R;\2NB_,v?Á‰q'_1g&Pr]BLb\{haWa_1xj_ " R_=bOL,g'xj\Rq'La_z_=‡2`P6RhjL,gOR;\2NB_zQP,bhsL(]'`'RRL,ga
P6Q_iP " Rhs‹,_{onq'h " q™P6Q_Q_1xj_1‹6P6gkR”SlL,Q”Rq'_]£Lb\,v{MgbšL,g'xj\Rq'La__=‡k`P6RhjL,g
R;\2NB_O]'`'RRL,gaP6Q_‹2hahj]'xj_onq'h " qÅP6Q_ŒQ_1xj_1‹P6g2R(SlL,Q(Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkR{N'QL,]'xj_1Zv
ºL,Q9_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,c6h¡Sg'L†ÚL)oŠ_=‡k`P6RhjL,g{L,gP6gk\{L6SeRq'_„]£Lbhj_=aqP,a?]£_1_1gb_/g'_=bdc
Rq'_pK†P=‹3hj_1Q u2RL,‚,_=a¤QP,bhsL†]'`'RRL,gOoUL,`'xsbg'L,R¤]B_„‹2hsahj]'xj_UL,gRq'_=a_nonhsgbL opa1v
7 yFr WrµhcïZU,yFYr Wr U,yFk>m
¾;gwº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «=¬ ´0Lb\ « onhjRq™Rq'_Œhjg'hjRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhjL,g™a_1R8;±”_1RRxj_Ohsg'hjR:9qP,a
]B_1_1ga_1xj_ " R=_ bdvWž„q'_ ê _=P6RzTU‡k`P6RhjL,g^QP,bhsL]'`'RRL,ghsanaq'L)onga_1xj_ " R_=bdv
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
53
KML o¦Rq'_r`a_1Q " xjh " ‚a„L,g^Rq'_(´§Lb\ ¶ ¨
« vUž„q'_`˜‘Á™P6R_1Q1£gP6Zi_=b&]£Lb\hsa " xjh " ‚,_=b&L,g€v
_ ˜‘Á™P6R_1Q10]£Lb\ÅQL oÈP6gbŠRq'_fhjg'hjRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhjL,g²a_1R˜‘Á™P6R_1Qihjg'hjR1
¶ v¥ž„q'¥
]B_ " L,Zi_–q'hj},q'xjhj},q2R_=bdv
×3všž„q'_&K†P=‹3hj_1Qu2RL,‚,_=aQP,bhsL]'`'RRL,g|]B_ " L,Zi_=a(_1gP6]'xs_=bdcWP6gbwonq'_1g|Rq'_
`a_1Q " xjh " ‚a„hjR„_1gkRQ\&_1xsb'a§SlL,QnRq'_–ÚL oÉ_=‡k`P6RhjL,gP6Q_bhsaN'xsP \,_=bdv
Figure 2.20: 8
ÿ
7—(Î/ÍDÎ
ÿ
Ï Î ¡6 ΧIÍ Ë1ÌÎ:;Q
—!,6¡Î
´ L3bhs_=a " P6gw]B_Oa_1xj_ " R_=bwP6xsaLhjg•Rq'_XfLb_1xWonhjgbL)o¹]2\™bL,`']'xj_/ " xjh " ‚2hjg'}
§
L,gRq'_–]BL3b\&P6Q_=Pv
†aPÅ]BL3b\¥hsaŒa_1xj_ " R_=b‰P6xsxMRq'La_šhjg'hsRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhsL,g“a_1Raonq'h " q " P6g“]B_
P6RRP " q'_=b¥RL™Rq'_^]BL3b\|P6Q_ZOP6Q‚,_=b|onhjRq²P6g‰P,aR_1Qhsa‚’© n ª v²zg2\ÅL6S”Rq'_
" L,gbhjRhjL,gazZOP6Q‚,_=bonhjRqfP6gšP,aR_1Qhsa‚&ZOP6R " q'_=azRq'_{_=‡k`P6RhsL,gfRy\3NB_(L6SWRq'_
" `'QQ_1gkRxs\fa_1xj_ " R_=b]£Lb\P6gb " L,ga_=‡k`'_1g2Rxj\Rq'_1\ " P6g]B_P6RR " q'_=bšRLRq'_
]BL3b\,vW¾;g&Rq'_–_/¼P6ZiN'xs_MRq'{
_ ˜‘Á™P6R_1Qphjg'hsR1 " L,gbhjRhjL,g^a_1R„ZOP6R " q'_=anRq'{
_ ˜‘Á™P
R_1Q1]BL3b\,v
<
hVhg‹X>WXZVlaHcDX`aFXZcDY¶m
MgOhjg'hjRhP6x " L,gbhjRhjL,gŒa_1R " P6g&P6xsaL " L,g2RP6hjg&PrNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q0xj_zgP6ZO_,v?K†P6Zi_
SlL,Q{Rq'ha(xs_Œhsa{_1g2R_1Q_=bŠhjgÅRq'_ è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qxs_O_1xsbdvƒž„q'hsa_1xsb " P6gÅ]B_
P " Rhj‹6P6R_=b]2\ " q'_ " ‚2hjg'}Rq'_ºhsxj_ " q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼šP6RzRq'_{Qhj},qkR†ahsb_(L6SWRq'_(_1xsbdv
˜Mg " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}Rq'_ " q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼&ZOP6‚,_=a0Rq'hsa0_1xsbOhsgP " Rhj‹,_MP6gbhjRa0‹P6xs`'_Mhsa0g'L,R
RP6‚,_1ghjg2RLiP " L2L,`'g2R1v
Á“q'_1g™TWVXTWYÀu2L,xj‹,_1Qra_1_=a–PŒNP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q”xj_gP6Zi__1gkRQ\hjgšRq'_iaL,xj‹,_1Q
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
54
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
hsg'N'`'Rpxj_,cBhjRzQ_=P,b'a†hjg'N'`'RM‹P6xs`'_=anSlL,QMRq'hsaMNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q”a_1RpSlQL,ZŽRq'_},hj‹,_1g
xs_,vrž„q'_aRQ` " R`'Q_{L6S§Rq'hsazxj_{aq'L,`'xsbf]B_Rq'_aP6Zi_P,aMhsgRq'_aRP6gb'P6Qb
aL,xj‹,_1Q„hjg'N'`'R„xj_,v
¾yS€Rq'_MNP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q0xs_pgP6Zi_”bL2_=a0g'L,R " L,g2RP6hjg&P6gk\iNP6RqhjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g©›h»v _,v
onq'_1g(hjR€hsaPpahjZiN'xj_xj_¤gP6Zi_ ª cRq'_¤xj_Wha€a_=P6Q " q'_=b(`ahjg'}nRq'_0¾;g " xj`b_¤NP6Rq
‹6P6xj`'_n},hj‹,_1gOhjgiRq'_zXL3b_1xegP6Zi_zP6gbObhsQ_ " RL,Qhj_=a¤onhjgbL)o–v0ÃMRq'_1Qonhsa_pRq'_
NP6Rq|},hj‹,_1gÅhjgƒRq'__1g2RQ\™_1xsbƒhsa`a_=bƒonq'_1g|a_=P6Q " q'hjg'}šRq'_xj_,vŠ©lKzL,R_
RqP6R”Rq'_{_/¼3haR_1g " _L6S0Rq'_xs_(hsaMg'L,R " q'_ " ‚,_=b™onq'_1gRq'_b'P6RPhsaM_1gkR_1Q_=b
hsg&TUVXTUYÙº'QL,g2R1v ª
¾yS2Rq'_Uhjg'hjRhsP6x " L,gbhjRhjL,gra_1R " L,gkRP6hjgaP6xsaL„L,Rq'_1Qb'P6RP„_1xb'a1c=‹6P6xj`'_=a€hjg–Rq'_=a_
_1xb'a„onhjxjxdP6xjo0P \3anL)‹,_1QonQhjR_ " L,QQ_=aNBL,gbhjg'}‹6P6xj`'_=a„hjg&Rq'_–NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q„xj_
b'P6RPv
è P6QP6Z{R_1Qxj_=a " P6gÅ]B_&`a_=b|P6xsaLS›L,Q{]BL3b\•SlL,Q " _=a1cWZŒP6R_1QhsP6x0N'QL,NB_1QRhj_=a
P6gb]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,ga1v
<
V"UBï>XZYFSVXtXZy”WVqw2m
è Q L z
" " q'_ " ‚3]BL=¼d¨ " xsh " ‚3hjg'}”Rq'hsa " q'_ " ‚2]BL=¼iL,NB_1gaUP–a_1NP6Q_1R_zonhjgbL)oŠS›L,Q
N'QL " _=b`'Q_b_/g'hjRhjL,g€v†ž„q'hsazonhsgbL ohsazaq'L ongšhjgº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «,« v µ P6gbfRq'_
_1xb'a„hjg^Rq'_ronhjgbL)o¦P6Q_rRq'_–SlL,xjxjL onhsg'}'¨
3
3
ÃM`'RN'`'Rrxjhj]'QP6Q\B¨–Rq'_ixjhj]'QP6Q\onq'_1Q_iRq'_iN'QL " =_ b`'Q_O]B_1hjg'}b_/g'_=b•hsa
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
55
aRL,Q_=b
º'`'g " R hsL,ggP6Zi_,¨¤Rq'_ " P6xjxdgP6Zi_rS›L,QnRq'_–N'QL " _=b`'Q_(hjg&Rq'_rxshj]'QP6Q\
3
1WP6QhsP6]'xs_,¨9Rq'_(N£Laahj]'xj_MP6Q},`'ZO_1gkRp‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_ " P6g^]£_ra_1xj_ " R_=b]k\N'Q_=aa
3
hjg'}Rq'hsar]'`'RRL,g€vž„q'hsar‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_ " P6gÅ]B_ŒP6gk\•L6SpRq'_‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=araL,xs‹,_=b™hjg
Rq'_{ZiL3b_1xyceP6gk\L6SWRq'_ZiLb_1x " L3L,QbhjgP6R_=aMP6gbfSlL,QMPiRQP6gahj_1gkR†N'QL,]'xj_1Z
hjR " P6gP6xsaL]£_–RhjZO_,v
º hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ¶« aq'L)opa–Rq'_‹P6QhP6]'xj_=a”P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xj_S›L,Q–P&RQP6gahs_1gkR ¶ ³ÀN'QL,]'xj_1Z
9
onhjRq^q'_=P6RzP6gb^ÚL o¦_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1v
Figure 2.21:
— Î ÌÍ
/Wÿ< (
& °ÿ jö76jΦ6
ÏÍ
3
u2L,`'Q " –
_ xs_,¨¤Rq'_(aL,`'Q " _”xj_”SlL,QnRq'_rN'QL " _=b`'Q_
3
V€hs]'QP6Qhj_=a1¨¤NBLaahj]'xj_†_/¼R_1QgP6xxjhj]'QP6Qhj_=a§g'_1_=b_=b^]2\&Rq'_ " ,L ZiN'hjxj_1Q
3
t0L,ZiN'hsxj_1Q1¨?Rq'_ " ,L ZiN'hjxj_1Q " L,ZiZOP6gb^a " QhjN'R
3
TWbhsRpaL,`'Q " r
_ ]'`'RRL,g€¨WL,NB_1ganRq'_rN'QL " _=b`'Q_(aL,`'Q " _–xs_”S›L,Qn_=bhjRhsg'}'v
t0L,ZiN'hsxj_OaL,`'Q " _]'`'RRL,g€¨ " L,ZiN'hjxs_=arRq'_&aL,`'Q " _Oxs_ŒP6gbÅP6N'N£_1gbÅRq'_
3
N'QL " =_ b`'Q_rRLiRq'_rxjhs]P6Q\
= ?h >FcDXeX>y”WV"w2m
ž P6]'xj_ " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼B¨ " xjh " ‚3hjg'}^Rq'hsa " q'_ " 2‚ ]BL=¼ÅL,N£_1ga{Pfa_1NP6Q_1R_ŒonhjgbL)o
SlL,Qp_1gkR_1Qhjg'}Pib'P6RPiRP6]'xs_,v§ž„q'hsaponhjgbL oÙsh apaq'L)ongfhjgfº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «,« v µ P6gb
Rq'_–_1xsb'anP6Q_(Rq'_–S›L,xsxjL onhjg'}'¨
3
56
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
1WP6QhsP6]'xj_,¨¤PNBLaahj]'xj_”P6Q},`'Zi_1g2Rp‹P6QhP6]'xj_†S›L,QnRq'_rRP6]'xs_
3
u2hj½1_ « ¨„h¡S?Rq'_(NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q†hsang'L,R”Pia " P6xsP6Q1c£Rq'hsaphapRq'_rQaRMbhjZi_1gahjL,g
3
L6S?Rq'_rb'P6RP
2u hj½1_ ¶ ¨h¡SRq'_„NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q?hsag'L,R?P”a " P6xP6Q1cRq'haha%Rq'_na_ " L,gbbhjZi_1gahjL,g
L6S?Rq'_rb'P6RP
3
º L,Q0P(a " P6xsP6Q¤_1xsb©›xjhj‚,_pb_1gahjR;\ ª Rq'_=a_z‹6P6xj`'_=a0P6Q_MP6xjo§P=\aUL,g'_,v¤MQ},`'Zi_1gkR
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=a„P6Q_(P6xso0P=\apa " P6xP6Qa1v
T¤gkRQ\^_1xbd¨0Rq'_{b'P6RPihjgRq'_{RP6]'xj_rhap_1gkR_1Q_=b`ahjg'}ORq'hsan_1xsbdvpº9hjQaR
3
‹6P6xj`'_paq'L,`'xb]£_MP6xjo0P \3aWS›L,QWRq'_†P6Q},`'Zi_1gkR0‹P6QhP6]'xj_nh¡SdhjR¤hsaWb_/g'_=bdvWzS›R_1Q
RqP6R " L,Zi_šRq'_•b'P6RPŋP6xs`'_=a1vœž„q'_šgk`'Z{]£_1Q&L6S{b'P6RPŋ6P6xj`'_=a&aq'L,`'xsb‰]£_
@ABDCFEGH@ABDCI P6gb^Rq'_=a_–‹P6xj`'_=anaq'L,`'xsb&]£_ra_1NP6QP6R_=b^]k\^aNP " _=a
nb'bd¨UPg'_1o¦QL oÉhsanP,b'b_=bP6RpRq'_–_1gb^L6S?Rq'_rRP6]'xj_
3
3
3
¾yga_1QR1¨WPg'_1oÉQL o¦hsanP,b'b_=bfP6]£L)‹,_(Rq'_ " '` QQ_1gkRxs\&a_1xj_ " R_=b&QL o
˜zNdb'P6R_,¨¤`'NBb'P6R_=azRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\^a_1xs_ " R_=b&QL o
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
57
³†_1xj_1R_,¨Wb_1xj_1R_=apRq'_ " '` QQ_1gkRxj\&a_1xj_ " R_=b&QL)opa
V€hsg'_rgk]'Qa1¨„onq'_1gRq'hsa " q'_ " ‚3]'`'RRL,gha " q'_ " ‚,_=bšPxjhjg'_–g2`'Z]B_1QMhapbhsa
3
N'xsP \,_=bP6Rnxj_/SlRpahsb_”L6S9_=P " qQL o
3
2.11.5
Boundary conditions
ž„q'_O´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,ga”onhsgbL oÆbhj¢B_1Qa†SlQL,Z Rq'_iN'Q_1‹3hjL,`a–onhjgbL)opa
P,an]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,gapP6Q_rP6N'N'xjhs_=b&RLi]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=apP6gb^L,Rq'_1Qp_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa
b_/g'hjg'}Rq'_]£Lbhj_=a1c£xjhj‚,_(_=b},_=a–P6gb‹,_1QRh " _=a1v–ž„q2`a1c€hjgP,b'bhsRhjL,gfRL&Rq'_
]BL3bhj_=a€P6gb(]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhsL,ga€xjhsaR]BL=¼_=a1c=Rq'ha€onhjgbL o " L,gkRP6hjgaPnRq'hjQb
xjhsaR]£L ¼BcRq'_–]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=anxjhsaR]£L ¼Bv
Figure 2.22: ì
Ë Ì
ÿJ4
§Ë1Ì
Í Ë/ÌkÏ( Ì Ë>(
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
58
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
TWgkRQ\&_1xsb'apP6Q_},QL,`'N£_=b]k\^Rq'_r_=‡2`P6RhjL,gR;\2NB_(P6xsaLhsg^Rq'hsanonhjgbL)o–v„¾yS
Rq'_N'QL,]'xj_1Z " L,g2RP6hjgaMZiL,Q_rRqP6gL,g'_(_=‡2`P6RhjL,gfR;\2NB_rRq'_{QP,bhjLi]'`'RRL,ga
hsgRq'_(Zihsb'bxj_†L6S9Rq'_(onhjgbL oÉP6Q_(`a_=b&RLia_1xj_ " RnRq'_r_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€v
Á“q'_1gfPO]£Lb\Œhapa_1xj_ " R_=b^hsg^Rq'_(]BL3bhj_=apxjhsaR]BL=¼dc'P6xjx]BL,`'gb'P6Q\_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa
©›]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1cM_=b},_=aP6gb“‹,_1QRh " _=a ª SlL,QRq'_•]BLb\¥P6Q_™bhsaN'xsP \,_=b¥hsg‰Rq'_
]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a{xjhsaR]£L ¼BvfMg|P,aR_1Qh¡¼™hsa{P6}P6hjgÅ`a_=bwRLšZOP6Q‚•Rq'_]BL,`'gb'P6Q\
" L,gbhsRhjL,gaonq'h " q " P6gŠ]£_P6RRP " q'_=b²RL™Rq'_]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=aL6S†Rq'_fa_1xj_ " R_=b
]BLb\,v
u2_1xs_ " Rhjg'}OP]BL3b\^bhsaN'xsP=\anL,g'xj\&L,`'R_1Qz]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=apS›L,QMRq'hsan]BL3b\,vnž„q'_=a_
6P Q_„]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a?onq'h " qP6Q_„g'L,RWaqP6Q_=b{]B_1Ryo0_1_1gi]£Lbhj_=a1v9´§L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a?]£_1o„
R_1_1g&R;oULi]BL3bhs_=a0P6Q_ " P6xjxj_=bŒhjg'g'_1Q„]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a„P6gbŒRq'_1\P6Q_–},QL,`'N£_=b`'g
b_1Q§]BL3b\NP6hjQa1v¤’]BL3b\NP6hsQUhjg'q'_1QhjRaU_=‡k`P6RhsL,gŒR;\2NB_=aWSlQL,ZÀ]£L,RqŒNP6Q_1gkR
]BLbhj_=a„P6gb&]£Lb\ŒNP6hsQanP6Q_–xjhsaR_=²
b ) `aR§xshj‚,_”g'L,QZOP6x€]£Lbhj_=a§hjg&Rq'_–]BL3bhj_=a
xshsaR]BL=¼dv
´§L,`'gb'P6Q\_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa " P6g]B_(},QL,`'NB_=bhjgkRL]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=a{©SDP " _=azhsg×6³œP6gb
_=b},_=ahjg ¶ ³ ª P6gbrhjg2RLza`']B_1xj_1Zi_1gkRa%xjhj‚,_¤_=b},_=a„©›hjg ¶ ³ ª P6gb(‹,_1QRh " _=a1v?KzL,Q
ZŒP6xjxj\š]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,gaP6Q_^P6RRP " q'_=b¥bhjQ_ " Rxj\™RLš]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1cW]'`'R
Rq'ha " P6g " Q_=P6R_ " L,gÚh " Ra„P6R " L,ZiZiL,g‹,_1QRh " _=a–©lP6gb&P6R " L,ZOZiL,gŒ_=b},_=a„hsg
×6³ ª hjSB³†hjQh " q'xj_1R »Ry\3N£_ " L,gbhsRhjL,gaWP6Q_zP6N'N'xjhs_=bdv9º'L,QU_/¼P6ZiN'xs_,ch¡SBPrR_1ZiN£_1Q
P6R`'Q_ " L,gaRQP6hjgkR–qP,arbhj¢B_1Q_1g2R–‹P6xj`'_=a”hsgR;oULf]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a”onq'h " q•qP=‹,_OP
" L,ZOZiL,gr‹,_1QR_/¼dcRq'_UgP6x2‹6P6xj`'_UP6RRq'hsa‹,_1QR_/¼rhag'L,R%`'g'h‡k`'_,v?¾ygTWVXTWY
u2L,xs‹,_1Qz]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,ga†P6Q_P6N'N'xjhj_=bhsgfRq'_{L,Qb_1Q†Rq'_1\P6Q_ " Q_=P6R_=b
hsg|TUVXTUYȺ'QL,g2R1v“u2L'c0Rq'haL6¢B_1QaiP•ahjZiN'xj_ŒZi_1Rq'L3b|RL " L,g2RQL,xzRq'_=a_
" L,gÚh " Rhjg'}‹P6xs`'_=a1v¤ž„q'_rxsP,aR„‹6P6xj`'_–onhjxjxd]B_–`a_=bdv
ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1czhjROhsaiaL,Zi_1RhsZi_=ahjZiNBL,QRP6gkRORL " L,g2RQL,x " L,gaRQP6hsgkRaP6RO_=b},_=a
P6gb¥‹,_1QRh " _=aŒZiL,Q_f_/¼'P " Rxj\,cnP6gb²SlL,QiRq'_=a_ " P,a_=aORq'_L,N'RhjL,g‰RLƒb_/g'_
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbRhjL,gaMP6RpRqP6RMaNB_ " h¡ " xs_1‹,_1xhsang'_1_=b_=bdvn¾;Rzaq'L,`'xsb^]B_(P6xsaL
g'L,R_=b™RqP6R–hjR”hsa”g'L,R–N£La ahj]'xj_{RLP6RRP " qÅP&]£L,`'gb'P6Q\xj_1‹,_1x " L,gbhjRhjL,g•RL
_=b},_=a§L,Q0‹,_1QRh " _=a0P6gbŒ‹3h " _z‹,_1QaPc3]B_ " P6`a_MRq'ha " L,gbhjRhjL,ga " L,`'xsb " L,gkRP6hjg
‹6P6xj`'_=aMonq'h " q•P6Q_g'L,R–P6N'N'xjh " P6]'xs_P6R”Rq'_=a_xjL o0_1Q”},_1L,Zi_1RQh " P6x?xj_1‹,_1x»v–º'L,Q
_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,cdhjR”o0L,`'xsbg'L,R–]£_Zi_=P6g'hjg'}6Sl`'x?RLP6N'N'xj\fPÚ`¼ " L,gaRQP6hjgkR–L,g™P
‹,_1QR_/¼dv
K
L>2U,SFyYHhVr XZk
hYrµhWrDU,y
ºL,Q{Pbh¡¢d`a_/»},QP=\™QP,bhP6RhjL,gw]BL,`'gb'P6Q\,c¤L,g'_ŒqP,a{RLšb_/g'_^PQP,bhsP6RhjL,g
RP6Q},_1R§]BL3b\,v¤º'L,Q„P6gŒL,`'R_1Q§]BL,`'gb'P6Q\iRq'_zRP6Q},_1R " P6g]£_M_1hjRq'_1QURq'_†]£Lb\
hsRa_1x¡SdL,Q§Rq'I
_ ˜ ÃM`'Rahsb_,3_1gk‹3hjQL,g'Zi_1g2R1vWº'L,Q„P6gŒhjg'g'_1Q§]BL,`'gb'P6Q\,c'Rq'_MRP6Q},_1R
]BLb\²Z`aR]B_šL,g'_šL6SRq'_šNP6Q_1gkR]BLbhj_=a1vœ¾;RhaONBLaahj]'xs_fRLŠP6N'N'xj\‰P
" L,gaRQP6hjgkRUb_/g'_=bŒP6RUP–]BL,`'gb'P6Q\RLr]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=aWhjgL,Rq'_1QU]£Lbhj_=a¤qP ‹2hjg'}
ahjZihjxsP6QU_=‡k`P6RhjL,ga=cP,a„xjL,g'}iP,a„Rq'_–RP6Q},_1Rp]BL3b\Œhsa„Rq'_raP6Zi_,v ê L oU_1‹,_1Q1c£h¡S
P " L,gaRQP6hjgkRMhsapP6N'N'xjhs_=b&RLOZ{`'xjRhjN'xj_”]BL3bhj_=a=c'hjRphsang'L,RMP6gk\^ZiL,Q_rNBLaahs]'xj_
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
59
RL " qP6g'},_ORq'_iRP6Q},_1R–]£Lb\,c]B_ " P6`a_Rq'hsa”o0L,`'xsb " Q_=P6R_ " L,gkRQP,bh " RhjL,ga1v
ž„q'_L,g'xj\šo0P=\wRL " qP6g'},_&Rq'_RP6Q},_1R]BLb\hsg™Rq'_=a_ " P,a_=a(ha–RLb_1RP " q
P6RRP " q'_1ZO_1gkRaM`'gkRhjx€Rq'_ " L,gaRQP6hsgkRnhsanP6}P6hjg^P6RRP " q'_=bRLRq'_–]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a
L6S?L,g'xj\OL,g'_r]BLb\ŒL,Qn]BL3b\NP6hjQ1v
2.12
Mesh menu
2.12.1
Background
TWVXTWYÅXf_=aqra`'N'N£L,QRaRQhsP6g'},`'xsP6QP6gbr‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x ¶ ³|_1xj_1Zi_1g2R€Zi_=aq'_=a1v
T¤xj_1ZO_1gkRa " P6g^]£_†xjhjg'_=P6Q§L,Q„NP6QP6]£L,xsh " P6gb&bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkR„]BL3bhs_=a " P6g&qP=‹,_rbhjS
Sl_1Q_1gkRpZi_=aq^Ry\3N£_=a1v ê L)oU_1‹,_1Q1ce_1xs_1Zi_1gkRnR;\2NB_=a " P6g'g'L,Rz]B_–Zih¡¼_=bonhjRq'hjg^P
]BL3b\,v
ž„q'_iaRQ` " R`'Q_L6S„P&RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6Q”Zi_=aqhsaMS›Q_1_,vž„q'hsa”Zi_=P6ga†RqP6R–_1xj_1ZO_1gkR
ahj½1_ " P6g " qP6g'},_MS›Q_1_1xj\L ‹,_1Q0Rq'_p]£Lb\,vUÃMgiRq'_pL,Rq'_1Q0qP6gbdc2‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x
Zi_=aq'_=a†P6Q_P6xjo0P \3a”aRQ` " R`'Q_=bdvrž„q'hsaMZi_=P6ga†RqP6R”PŒ‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x9Zi_=aq
" P6gš]£_b_/g'_=bšL,g'xj\&SlL,QMRq'La_{]BLbhj_=azonq'h " q•P6Q_‡k`P,bQhjxP6R_1QP6xsa1cehs_,vMSlL,Q
]BL3bhj_=a9onq'h " qqP=‹,_„SlL,`'Q?]£L,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a=v?ž„q'_=a_§]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a " P6g]B_„N£L,xj\3xjhjg'_=a
onq'h " q " L,gahjR„L6S9Z{`'xjRhjN'xs_†a_1},ZO_1gkRa1c']'`'RnRL,NBL,xjL,},h " P6xjxs\Rq'_1\ŒZ{`aRnb_/g'_
P‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x€},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,v
žQhP6g'},`'xsP6QŒZO_=aq'hjg'}™hsa " L,gkRQL,xsxj_=b²]2\²Rq'_ZO_=aq‰b_1gahsRy\Š‹6P6xj`'_=aOonq'h " q
P6Q_Ob_/g'_=bƒP6R–]£Lb\‹,_1QRh " _=a1vO³†`'Qhjg'}^Rq'_iRQhsP6g'},`'xP6RhjL,g•N'QL " _=a a–Rq'_=a_
b_1gahjRhs_=aMP6Q_hjg2R_1QN£L,xsP6R_=bL ‹,_1Q”Rq'_]BL3b\fP6gbRq'_=a_{‹6P6xj`'_=a " L,gkRQL,x¤Rq'_
Zi_=aq²b_1gahjRy\|hjg¥bhj¢B_1Q_1g2RiNP6QRaOL6S”Rq'_f]BLb\,v“ž„q'_^gP6x†aRQ` " R`'Q_fL6S
Rq'_OZO_=aq•ZOP=\•b_1NB_1gb™L,g™Rq'_P " R`P6xUZi_=aq'hjg'}^Zi_1Rq'Lbdc]'`'RrRq'_Œ]P,ah "
N'Qhjg " hjN'xs_†ha„Rq'_raP6Zi_,v
Á“q'_1gÅb_/g'hjg'}Rq'_ŒZO_=aq€c?hjRrhsa(N£Laahj]'xj_RL_1gkR_1QRq'_=a_Œb_1gahjRy\•‹6P6xj`'_=a
SlL,Qi_=P " q²‹,_1QR_/¼ŠhjgŠRq'_fZiL3b_1xyv ê L)oU_1‹,_1Q1c„SlL,Q " L,gk‹,_1g'hj_1g " _b'P6RP•_1gkRQ\
hsaL,Q}P6g'hs½1_=b²aL™RqP6ROb_1gahjRy\|‹6P6xj`'_=a " P6g¥]B_^_1gkR_1Q_=b‰_1hjRq'_1QiP6ROZOL3b_1x»c
]BL3b\,c£]£L,`'gb'P6Q\L,QM‹,_1QR_/¼xj_1‹,_1x»conqP6R_1‹,_1Q†hsaMa`'hjRP6]'xj_–SlL,QpRq'_{N'QL,]'xj_1Zv
Á“q'_1g'_1‹,_1QPxsL oU_1Qxj_1‹,_1xW‹6P6xj`'_ihsarg'L,Rb_/g'_=bdc?hjR–hsa–hsg'q'_1QhjR_=bšSlQL,ZéRq'_
`'N'NB_1Qxj_1‹,_1x»vÅu2L'c0hjRhaNBLaahs]'xj_ORL•_1g2R_1
Q ) `aRL,g'_^ZiLb_1x„xj_1‹,_1x„b_1gahjRy\
NP6QP6Zi_1R_1QzP6gb " Q_=P6R_(P " L,gaRP6gkR†b_1gahjR;\ŒZi_=aqŒSlL,QnRq'_ronq'L,xj_–ZOL3b_1x»v
¾;g“PÅaRQ` " R`'Q_=b’Zi_=aq‰L,N'N£Lahjg'}ƒ]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=aP6Q_•P6xjo0P \3a&b_1‹3hsb_=b¥hsgkRL
aP6Zi_0gk`'Z{]£_1Q?L6SeZO_=aqa_1},ZO_1gkRan©›Zi_=aq]£L,`'gb'P6Q\_1xj_1Zi_1gkRa ª vž„q'_naRQ` "
R`'Q_phsaWRqk`aUb_/g'_=bO]k\Ryo0L(g2`'Z]B_1QaWonq'h " qOR_1xjx'Rq'_zgk`'Z{]£_1QWL6S€_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa
NB_1Q(]BL,`'gb'P6Q\•NP6hjQa1v^¾yR(hsarNBLaahj]'xs_{RLb_/g'_PaRQ` " R`'Q_=b™ZO_=aq•SlL,QP
]BL3b\P6gbOPrRQhsP6g'},`'xsP6QUZO_=aqS›L,Q§P–]BL3b\onq'h " qOhsaWP,Zb )P " _1gkR§RL(Rq'ha¤]£Lb\,v
ê L oU_1‹,_1Q1c'hsgiRq'_=a_ " P,a_=aWRq'_”aRQ` " R`'Q_=bOZO_=aqOb_/g'_=a§P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\{Rq'_
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
60
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
ZO_=aqƒb_1gahsRy\™P6R{Rq'_ " L,ZiZOL,gw]BL,`'gb'P6Q\wP6gbwRq'_&Q_=a`'xsRhjg'}RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6Q
ZO_=aqƒZŒP=\™]B_ " L,Zi_^‡k`'hsR_P6QRh¡ " hP6x»vwu2L'cUZih¡¼hjg'}_1xs_1Zi_1gkRRy\3NB_=ahsgƒL,g'_
ZOL3b_1xBhsa§N£La ahj]'xj_†P6gbŒhsgZŒP6gk\ " P,a_=an‡2`'hjR_”`a_/Sl`'x»c3]'`'R§hsR§Z{`aR§]£_–bL,g'_
" P6Q_/Sl`'xjxj\,v
ž„q'_=a_ " L,g " _1N'RaMP6Q_–q'hj},q'xshj},qkR_=b&hjg&Rq'_r_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_–aq'L)onghjgº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ¶µ v
1>
òPh X>cDk
¾;g{Rq'_pXfLb_1xonhjgbL o|g'L,QZOP6x]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a¤P6Q_„xsP6]£_1xs_=b(]2\a_=‡2`'_1g " _ngk`'Z
]B_1Qa„P6gb&‹,_1QRh " _=a„onhjRqRq'_ra_=‡2`'_1g " _†g2`'Z]B_1QnN'Q_ " _=b_=b&]k\Rq'_”xj_1RR_1Q1v
M
XZk"ô\XZc XZg‹XZy”WlW wTX>k
T VXTUY—Xf_=aq ¶ ³Éa`'N'N£L,QRa0Rq'_MS›L,`'Q0Zi_=aqO_1xs_1Zi_1gkR0Ry\3N£_=a§aq'L onghjgOº9hj}6
U
`'Q_ ¶ v ¶ ×3vNfhsaMPxjhsg'_=P6QM‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x?_1xj_1Zi_1g2R1cPO^ha†PNP6QP6]BL,xjh " ‡k`P,bQh¡
xP6R_1QP6x£_1xj_1ZO_1gkR1Rc Q{hsa§P(hsa0xjhjg'_=P6Q0RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6Q§_1xj_1Zi_1g2R§P6gb É hsa§P{NP6QP6]£L,xjh "
RQhP6g'},`'xsP6Qn_1xj_1Zi_1g2R1v
Figure 2.23:
2.12.2
ü
ÎÏ<iÎ ¡6 Î (
— Î ÌÍ?Í d
! ÎÏ
4
The three mesh definition levels:
ž„q'_rXfLb_1x%V€_1‹,_1x0©lV « ª
ž„q'_r´0Lb\&V€_1‹,_1x0©lV ¶ª
3
ž„q'_r´0L,`'gb'P6Q\^V€_1‹,_1x„©lV%× ª Whjg " xs`bhjg'}P6xsaL_=b},_=azP6gb^‹,_1QRh " _=a
3
¾ySzg'L•b_/g'hjRhjL,ga{qP,a]B_1_1g|ZOP,b_ŒL,g¦©lV ¶ª P6gb—©lV%× ª xs_1‹,_1xsa1c?Rq'_&ZiL3b_1x
xs_1‹,_1x§©lV « ª NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa”P6Q_a_1R†P,aMb_/SDP6`'xjRzRLP6xjx%ZO_=aq'_=aphjg " xs`b_=b^hjgRq'_
ZOL3b_1x»v
3
2.12.3
Mesh example
º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ¶µ aq'L opaP6g|_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_Œonq'_1Q__=P " qŠ]£Lb\•L6SMRq'_ZiLb_1x0qP,aP
bhj¢B_1Q_1g2RUZi_=aqORy\3N£_,vW´§Lb\ « qP,a§P(‡2`P,bQhsP6xjR_1QP6x?©laRQ` " R`'Q_=b ª Zi_=aqOP6gb
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
61
´§L3b\ ¶ qP,apPRQhP6g'},`'xsP6Qr©S›Q_1_ ª ZO_=aq€v
Figure 2.24:
ü
ÎÏýiÎ ;j
—K!”6¡Î
ž„q'_ŒP6QQL)o¹SlQL,Z Rq'_ŒRL,Nwxj_/SlRrbL ongÅRLRq'_OQhs},qkR " L,Qg'_1Q{q'hj},q'xjhj},q2Ra–Rq'_
Q_1xsP6RhjL,g^]B_1Ryo0_1_1gbh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRzxj_1‹,_1xsa1vWž„q'_r]BL,`'gb'P6Q\&xj_1‹,_1xU©lV%× ª ©›_=b},_=azP6gb
‹,_1QRh " _=a ª hjg'q'_1QhjRaMRq'_P6N'N'QL,N'QhsP6R_]£Lb\^xj_1‹,_1xn©lV ¶ª Zi_=aqb_1gahjRy\‹6P6xj`'_
h¡Spg'L•b_/g'hjRhjL,ga(SlL,QRq'_1Z qP,a]B_1_1gƒZOP,b_,vƒu2hsZihjxsP6Qhjxs\Rq'_&]£Lb\•xj_1‹,_1x
hjg'q'_1QhjRa„Rq'_(ZiL3b_1xdxj_1‹,_1xU©lV « ª b_1gahjR;\Œ‹6P6xj`'_,v
´pƳ « ¨
º'L,Q†´0Lb\ « PO‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x%Zi_=aqqP,aM]£_1_1gb_/g'_=bdvzTWb},_=a « P6gb×iP6Q_
b_1‹3hsb_=b^hjg2RL «1· a_1},Zi_1gkR†P6gb_=b},_=a ¶ P6gb µ hjgkRL ¶6· a_1},ZO_1gkRazP6gbRq'_
RL,RP6xg2`'Z]B_1QpL6S?_1xj_1Zi_1gkRaphsa ¶6·,· v
´pƳ ¶ ¨
º'L,Q´§L3b\ ¶ c?Rq'_Œ`a_1QqP,ab_/g'_=b|PfRQhsP6g'},`'xsP6Q(ZO_=aq€v£1¤_1QR_/¼ ® qP,ahjRa
L ongfZi_=aqb_1gahjR;\Œ‹6P6xj`'_–P6gb^Rq'_rZO_=aq&hsanb_1ga_1QzP6QL,`'gb^Rq'han‹,_1QR_/¼Bv
y¾ S£Rq'_„`a_1Q¤oUL,`'xbg'L,R9qP ‹,_zb_/g'_=biP6g2\(‹6P6xj`'_§S›L,Q1¤_1QR_/¼ ® ckhjR9oUL,`'xsbqP ‹,_
hjg'q'_1QhjR_=bP6gP=‹,_1QP6},_z‹P6xj`'_„b_1Qhj‹,_=bSlQL,Z[Rq'_pb_1gahjRy\r‹6P6xj`'_=a?P6R?Rq'_n_=b},_=a
® P6gb ¯ v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
62
2.12.4
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Define mesh
Figure 2.25: û
Β“kÌ3Ω—(ÎÏ<š( Ì Ë>(
T VXTUYÙu2L,xj‹,_1Q§qP,a§P{Z{`'xjRhjZi_=aq " P6NP6]'hjxjhjR;\,v9ž„q'ha0ZO_=P6ga0RqP6R„bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkR
U
_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga " P6gO]£_zaL,xj‹,_=b`ahjg'}rbh¡¢d_1Q_1gkRUZi_=aq'_=a1v?¾»Sd‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_„‹P6xs`'_=a?S›QL,Z
L,g'_•_=‡2`P6RhjL,g¦P6Q_•g'_1_=b_=b’hjg’L,Rq'_1Q_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga^b`'Qhjg'}ŠRq'_™ahjZ`'xP6RhjL,g€c
Rq'_1\P6Q_{hsgkR_1QNBL,xsP6R_=bSlQL,Z L,g'_ZO_=aqRL&P6gšL,Rq'_1Q1vrž„q'hsa†hsa " L,ZiN'xj_1R_1xj\
RQP6gaNP6Q_1gkRWRL”Rq'_n`a_1Q1c,hjR?hsa9L,g'xj\(g'_ " _=aaP6Q\(RLrb_/g'_nRq'_„Zi_=aqSlL,Q?_=P " q
_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€v
ž q'_r³†_/g'_rZO_=aq " L,ZiZOP6gbhjg&Rq'_(X_=aq^Zi_1g2`^L,N£_1gapPonhsgbL o¦onq'_1Q_
„
L,g'_ " P6gwb_/g'_ŒP6xjx¤Rq'_OZi_=aq'_=a–g'_1_=b_=bwhjgšRq'_ON'QL,]'xj_1ZvŒž„q'_=a_iZi_=aq'_=a
Z{`aRqP=‹,_f`'g'hs‡k`'_&gP6Zi_=a=v|ž„q'_=a_^gP6Zi_=aP6Q_^`a_=bŠP6xsaLšhjg|Rq'_u2L,xj‹,_1Q
a_1RRhjg'}a„onhjgbL oÉonq'_1Q_rRq'_rZi_=aq&SlL,Qn_=P " qf_=‡k`P6RhjL,g^hanb_/g'_=bdv
¾;g™Rq'_i`'N'NB_1QrNP6QRL6S„Rq'_OonhjgbL oÆhsarP^xjhaR]£L ¼onq'_1Q_P6xjx " `'QQ_1gkRxj\•b_/
g'_=bÅZi_=aq'_=a{P6Q_&xjhaR_=bdvÁ“q'_1gŠPfQL)o¿hjgÅRq'hsa(xshsaR]BL=¼™hsa{a_1xj_ " R_=bdc¤Rq'_
" L,QQ_=aN£L,gbhjg'}Zi_=aqƒhsarZOP,b_P " Rhj‹,_ŒP6gbƒhjRa(NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q{b_/g'hsRhjL,g " P6g
]B_ " q'_ " ‚,_=b^L,Qn`'NBb'P6R_=b^P6gb&Rq'_–ZO_=aq " P6g^]B_”},_1g'_1QP6R_=b^L,QnQ_1},_1g'_1QP6R_=b
`ahjg'}Rq'_r¸”_1g'_1QP6R_rZi_=aq&]'`'RRL,gP6RnRq'_–]BL,RRL,Z¿L6SRq'_–onhjgbL)o–v¤Á‰q'_1g
P{g'_1o—Zi_=aqŒhsa§]B_1hjg'}b_/g'_=bdcRq'_”`a_1Q„qP,a„RLQaR„N'Q_=aa„Rq'_–Kz_1o—Zi_=aq
]'`'RRL,g€v†ž„q'hsazP " Rhs‹P6R_=aMRq'_(Zi_=aqfgP6Zi_–_1xbonq'_1Q_{L,g'_ " P6gg'L o_1gkR_1Q
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
63
P^g'_1oœ`'g'h‡k`'_Zi_=aqgP6ZO_,vOž„q'hsa–g'_1oœZO_=aqšhsarP,b'b_=b•RLRq'_ZO_=aq•xjhsaR
onq'_1gRq'_rZO_=aq&hsa„},_1g'_1QP6R_=bdv
ž„q'_r]'`'RRL,gfP6gb^_1xsb'anhjg&Rq'_ronhjgbL)oÉP6Q_–Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
KM_1o–¨WPgP6Zi_”SlL,QpPg'_1o¦Zi_=aq " P6g^]B_–_1gkR_1Q_=b
3
Y _1gP6Zi_,¨rP&g'_1oœgP6Zi_SlL,QrRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxs\ša_1xj_ " R_=bšZi_=aq " P6g™]B__1g
z
R_1Q_=b
3
³†_1xj_1R_,¨¤Rq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\&a_1xj_ " R_=b^Zi_=aqhanb_1xj_1R_=b
3
³ hsaN'xP=\B¨wRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\’a_1xj_ " R_=b“Zi_=aq‰hsa&bhsaN'xsP=\,_=b“hjg’Rq'_•XfLb_1x
†
onhjgbL)o
3
X_=aqrgP6Zi_,¨%Rq'_WgP6Zi_¤SlL,Q%Rq'_Ua_1xj_ " R_=b–Zi_=aq(hsabhsaN'xP=\,_=b–hjg–Rq'had_1xsb
3
P6gb^hjRnha„`a_=b&SlL,Qn_1gkR_1Qhjg'}P6gb^Q_1gP6Zihjg'}Rq'_rZO_=aq&gP6Zi_(P,an_/¼N'xsP6hjg'_=b
P6]BL ‹,_
t0`'QQ_1g2R§g'L6Sg'Lb_=a1¨9Rq'_MRL,RP6x£gk`'Z{]£_1Q§L6Sg'Lb_=aUhjgORq'_Ma_1xj_ " R_=bOZi_=aq
3
t `'QQ_1g2R0g'L6S_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa1¨9Rq'_zRL,RP6xBgk`'Z{]£_1Q0L6S€_1xj_1Zi_1gkRaUhjgiRq'_†a_1xj_ " R_=b
0
Zi_=aq
3
X_=aq ê ‹6P6xj`'_ • e
Z –»¨ÅRq'_™b_/SlP6`'xsRZO_=aq’_1xj_1Zi_1gkR^ahs½1_SlL,Q&Rq'_•onq'L,xj_
3
ZiLb_1xnhsab_/g'_=bŠonhjRqŠRq'hsa‹6P6xj`'_,v91WP6xj`'_=aib_/g'_=b¥P6RxjL o0_1Qixj_1‹,_1xnonhjxjx
L ‹,_1QonQhsR_MRq'hsa0‹6P6xj`'_,v¤³M_/SDP6`'xjRW‹6P6xj`'_MhsaUb_1Qhj‹,_=bOSlQL,Z¹Rq'_”P=‹,_1QP6},_–bhjZi_1g
ahjL,g&L6S?Rq'_rZiLb_1x»v
X_=aq•a " P6xjhjg'}OSlP " RL,Q1¨–P6xjx9Zi_=aq•b_1gahsRy\‹6P6xj`'_=a†},hj‹,_1g€cb_1Qhj‹,_=bL,Q–hjg
3
q'_1QhjR_=bwhjgwRq'_ŒZiL3b_1x0P6Q_OgP6xjxs\Z{`'xjRhjN'xjhs_=bšonhjRq™Rq'hsa(SlP " RL,Q1v³M_/SDP6`'xjR
‹6P6xj`'_–hsa « v ·
t0`'QQ_1g2R1¨†Rq'haM]'`'RRL,g™a_1RaMRq'_{_1xsb‹6P6xj`'_{hjgkRL&Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\P " Rhj‹,_
3
‹6P6xj`'_
³†_/SDP6`'xjR1¨¤Rq'hsa„]'`'RRL,gfa_1RapRq'_–_1xsb&‹6P6xj`'_”hjgkRLiRq'_rb_/SDP6`'xjRn‹6P6xj`'_
3
X_=aqaRQ` " R`'Q_,¨%Rq'hsa%]'`'RRL,gL,NB_1ga%PzonhjgbL oƒS›L,Q_1gkR_1Qhjg'}M]£Lb\”xj_1‹,_1x
3
Zi_=aqb_/g'hsRhjL,gar©lV ¶ª
X _=aqb_1gahjRy\B¨nRq'hsaM]'`'RRL,gL,NB_1ga”PionhjgbL)oÙSlL,Qz_1g2R_1Qhjg'}&]£L,`'gb'P6Q\

xj_1‹,_1x€Zi_=aqb_/g'hjRhjL,gar©lV%× ª
3
¸ _1g'_1QP6R_Zi_=aq€¨0Rq'hsan]'`'RRL,gfonhsxjx€},_1g'_1QP6R_(Rq'_Zi_=aq^`ahjg'}ORq'_ " `'Q
†
Q_1gkR§Zi_=aqib_/g'hsRhjL,gi‹6P6xj`'_=a1v?KzL,R_MRqP6R0Prg'_1o‰Zi_=aqiha¤g'L,R0P,b'b_=bORL(Rq'_
xjhsaR0L6S?Zi_=aq'_=an`'g2Rhjx€Rq'hsa„]'`'RRL,ghsa„N'Q_=aa_=b
3
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
64
2.12.5
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Mesh structure
Figure 2.26:
ü
ÎÏýÏ Í §IÍ Î*( Ì Ë>(
"ÿ ÿ
ž„q'_{Xf_=aqaRQ` " R`'Q_{onhjgbL oÙL,N£_1gaM]k\ " xsh " ‚3hjg'}L,gfRq'_{Xf_=aqaRQ` " R`'Q_
]'`'RRL,ghjgRq'_§³†_/g'_„Zi_=aqonhjgbL o–v è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa?_1gkR_1Q_=b{hjgRq'hsaonhjgbL o
b_/g'_(Rq'_rZi_=aq^P6Rp]BL3b\Œxj_1‹,_1xU©lV ¶ª v
ÃMg{RL,N{xj_/S›RhsaRq'_0xjhaRL6SeP6xjx3]£Lbhj_=aP6gb(Rq'_„Zi_=aq{aRQ` " R`'Q_na_1Ra9P6RRP " q'_=b
RLfRq'_1Zvž„q'_OgP6Zi_iL6SnRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\•P " Rhj‹,_iZi_=aqwhsa–bhsaN'xsP \,_=b•hjg•Rq'_
Î
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
65
X_=aqƒgP6ZO_i_1xsbdvž„q'hsar_1xbwhsa(g'L,R_=bhsRP6]'xj_,vž„q'_&a_1xj_ " R_=bƒ]£Lb\ " P6g
]B_hjg " xs`b_=bL,Q†_/¼ " xj`b_=bS›QL,ZŽRq'_{Zi_=aqf]2\`ahjg'}ŒRq'_¾yg " xj`b_]£Lb\^hjg
Zi_=aq " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼Bv
ž„q'_fZO_=aq²_1xj_1Zi_1g2RiRy\3NB_ " P6g¥]B_
a_1xj_ " R_=b|`ahjg'}•Rq'_fžQhP6g'},xj_fP6gb
:M`P,b–QP,bhjLn]'`'RRL,ga=v9¾yS2Rq'_U‡2`P,bQh¡
xsP6R_1QP6x€Zi_=aq^Ry\3N£_–hsaza_1xj_ " R_=b&Rq'_
Zi_=aq“ahj½1_NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q&_1gkRQhj_=aL,g
Rq'_|Qhj},qkR™ahsb_ÅP6Q_ŠP " Rhj‹6P6R_=bP,a
aq'L)onghjg^º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «=¶ v ® v
T¤xs_1Zi_1gkR€L,Qb_1Q1¨%Vhjg'_=P6Q%a_1RRhjg'}
Q" _=P6R_=aRq'Q_1_Ug'L3b_=a€RQhP6g'},`'xsP6QP6gb
SlL,`'Qg'Lb_=a?‡k`P6QhjxP6R_1QP6x2_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa1v
è P6QP6]£L,xjh " a_1RRhjg'} " Q_=P6R_=aahj¼Mg'Lb_=a
RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6QP6gb”_1hs},qkRg'Lb_=a‡2`P,bQh¡
xsP6R_1QP6x€_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa
3
X _=aq'hjg'}„Zi_1Rq'Lbd¨´„P,ah " Zi_=aq

hjg'}{aRQR_1},hj_=a¤SlL,Q0S›Q_1_©›RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6Q ª
Zi_=aq'_=aOP6Q_fZiL)‹2hjg'}šSlQL,gkRŒZi_1Rq
Lb'a€P6gb–Rq'¦
_ 1¤L,QL,g'L,h‹,_1QR_/¼–Zi_1Rq'Lbdv
³†_/SlP6`'xsRB‹6P6xj`'_¤hsadRq'_WaRP6gb'P6Qb(XL ‹2
hjg'}º'QL,g2R0ZO_1Rq'L3bdv0ÃMRq'_1Q§ZiL ‹3hjg'}
SlQL,gkRL,N'RhjL,gaP6Q_²u'u'u3º?XfL)‹2hsg'}º'QL,gkR¥©lahsg'},xj_wa_1_=bdc(ahjg'},xj_•SlQL,gkR ª P6gb
u'u3Xº9XL ‹3hjg'}º'QL,g2Rz©lahjg'},xj_„a_1_=bdc,Z{`'xjRh2S›QL,g2R ª Zi_1Rq'L3b'a=v9ž„q'_=a_„Zi_1Rq'Lb'a
g'_1_=bÅPfaRP6QRhjg'}_=b},_ŒP,a{a_1_=bdvfž„q'_Œ]£L,`'gb'P6Q\™hbšS›L,QRq'hsa(a_1_=b " P6gw]B_
_1gkR_1Q_=bfhjg&Rq'_(X_=aq'hjg'}ia_1_=b&_=b},_–_1xbdv
3
´„P " ‚3},QL,`'gbZO_=aq€¨¤º'Q_1_Œ©›RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6Q ª ZO_=aq'hjg'}aRP6QRa„SlQL,ZmP6gP6`'RL6
3
ZOP6Rh " P6xsxj\ " Q_=P6R_=b]P " ‚2},QL,`'gbfZi_=aq€vW³†_1xsP6`'gP=\&hsa„Rq'_rb_/SDP6`'xjRnZi_1Rq'Lbdv
ÃMRq'_1QL,N'RhjL,gaŒP6Q_Q_1},`'xsP6QŒ]P " ‚3},QL,`'gb‰},Qhb'a1¨w¸†Qhsbdczu2NP6Qa_)¸†Qhsb“P6gb
³†_1ga_)¸†Qhsbdv^¿b_1ga_Œ]P " ‚3},QL,`'gbw},Qhb " Q_=P6R_=a{]£_1RR_1Q{‡k`P6xjhsRy\Zi_=aq'_=a1c
]'`'RihjRhaP6xsaL•P™axjL)oU_1QZi_1Rq'Lbdv“u2NP6Qa_)¸”Qhsb|hsa{SDP,aR_1Q1c0]'`'RORq'_Zi_=aq
‡2`P6xjhjRy\ŒZOP=\]B_–xjL o0_1Q1v
ÃMN'RhjL,ga„SlL,QnRq'_=a_r]'`'RRL,gaMP6Q_rbhsaN'xsP \,_=b&hjgº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «=¶ v ® v
X_=aqb_1gahjR;\Œ‹6P6xj`'_–Ry\3NB_–QP,bhjL]'`'RRL,ga1¨
KML,g'_,¨Ub_=P " R hj‹6P6R_=an‹6P6xj`'_=a„L,g^Rq'hsanxj_1‹,_1x
X_=aq ê ¨„P " Rhj‹6P6R_=aŒRq'_•X_=aq ê _1xsb¥RL|]B_`a_=b¥SlL,Q_1gkR_1Qhjg'}ŠP6g
3
P6]aL,xj`'R_–ZO_=aqb_1gahjR;\Œ‹6P6xj`'_”hjg^Rq'hsa„xj_1‹,_1x
3
3
Yz_1xsP6Rhj‹,_,¨P " R hj‹6P6R_=aRq'_§Yp_1xsP6Rhj‹,_¤ZO_=aq ê _1xsb–RLM]£_0`a_=b–SlL,Q_1g2R_1Qhjg'}
66
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
P”a " P6xshjg'}zSDP " RL,Q?SlL,Q¤Zi_=aqb_1gahjRy\{hjg{Rq'hsa?xj_1‹,_1x»v9ž„q'_pP " R`P6x'Zi_=aqb_1gahjR;\
‹6P6xj`'_–SlL,QpRq'hsazxj_1‹,_1xhsapRq'_(N'QLb` " RzL6S¤Rq'_a " P6xshjg'}SlP " RL,Q†P6gbRq'_ZiL3b_1x
xs_1‹,_1xb_1gahjRy\‹6P6xj`'_,v
Á“q'_1gfRq'_e:M`P,bZi_=aq_1xj_1Zi_1g2RpRy\3N£_hsapa_1xs_ " R_=bdceRq'_r_1xb'azP6RzQhs},qkRzP6Q_
P " Rhs‹P6R_=bSlL,Qnhjg'N'`'R1v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
67
KML6Sp_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra&© « aR{P6gbŠ×Qbƒ_=b},_ ª ¨ORq'_&gk`'Z{]£_1Q{L6Sz_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa^©la_1},_/
3
Zi_1g2Ra ª S›L,QzRq'_”QaRzP6gb&Rq'hjQb&_=b},_=azhjg&Rq'_(TWb},_=apxshsaR]BL=¼
KML6S§_1xs_1Zi_1gkRaO© ¶ gbwP6gb µ Rq•_=b},_ ª ¨(Rq'_ig2`'Z]B_1QrL6S„_1xj_1Zi_1g2RaO©la_1},_/
3
Zi_1g2Ra ª S›L,QzRq'_ra_ " L,gbP6gb&SlL,`'QRq^_=b},_=aphjg^Rq'_rTUb},_=apxjhsaR]£L ¼
2.12.6
Mesh Density
ž q'_”Xf_=aq&b_1gahjR;\onhjgbL o’L,NB_1gaU]2\iN'Q_=aahsg'}(Rq'_”Xf_=aq&b_1gahjR;\]'`'RRL,g
„
hjgRq'_{³†_/g'_Xf_=aqonhjgbL o–v”ž„q'_=a_b_/g'hjRhjL,ga†P¢B_ " R†Rq'_{Zi_=aqP6R†Rq'_
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\™xj_1‹,_1x†©lV× ª vX_=aqƒb_1gahsRy\•‹6P6xj`'_=a " P6gƒ]£_a_1RP6R{_=b},_=a(L,QP6R
‹,_1QRh " _=a1v ê L)oU_1‹,_1Q1c–P|NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa_1R^b_/g'_=b“SlL,Q^P6g“_=b},_ " P6g'g'L,R^]B_
P6N'N'xjhj_=b&RLŒP‹,_1QR_/¼P6gb‹3h " _–‹,_1QaPv0ž„q'_1\&qP ‹,_bh¡¢d_1Q_1gkl
R ˜‘ZŒP,a‚3a=¡vUž„q'hsa
hsa”ZOP6hsg'xj\]B_ " P6`a_ii
P ˜‘g'L6S§_1xs_1Zi_1gkRa1 »R;\2NB_ib_/g'hjRhjL,g™bL3_=a–g'L,R–qP ‹,_ŒP6gk\
Zi_=P6g'hjg'}iP6Rn‹,_1QR_/¼^xj_1‹,_1xyv
Figure 2.27:
ü
ÎÏ<
Î ÌkÏ Í
4
(
Ì Ë>(
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
68
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
X_=aqb_1gahjR;\r‹P6xs`'_0R;\2NB_0QP,bhsL†]'`'RRL,ga¤P6Q_„`a_=bRL–a_1xj_ " R9]£_1R;oU_1_1gRq'Q_1_
bhj¢B_1Q_1g2Rnhjg'N'`'RnL,N'RhjL,ga1¨
KzL,g'_,¨Wb_=P " Rhj‹6P6R_=an‹6P6xj`'_=anL,g^Rq'hsa„xs_1‹,_1x
3
Xf_=aq ê ¨WP " Rhj‹6P6R_=aRq'_Xf_=aq ê _1xsbÅRL•]£_^`a_=bÅS›L,Q_1g'_1R_1Qhjg'}wP6g
3
P6]aL,xj`'R_–Zi_=aq^b_1gahjR;\Œ‹6P6xj`'_–hjg&Rq'hsapxj_1‹,_1x
Yp_1xsP6Rhj‹,_,¨rP " Rhs‹P6R_=a(Rq'_OYp_1xsP6Rhs‹,_Zi_=aq ê _1xsb•RL]B_i`a_=bšSlL,Qr_1g'_/
3
R_1Qhsg'}Pa " P6xshjg'}rSDP " RL,Q„S›L,Q§Zi_=aq^b_1gahsRy\ihjgRq'hsa§xj_1‹,_1x»v¤ž„q'_rP " R`P6x€Zi_=aq
b_1gahjRy\i‹6P6xj`'_zS›L,Q§Rq'hsa0xj_1‹,_1x£haURq'_”N'QLb` " R§L6SRq'_†a " P6xshjg'}rSDP " RL,QnP6gbORq'_
]BLb\©›L,QpZiLb_1x ª xj_1‹,_1xb_1gahsRy\‹P6xj`'_,v
KzL6Sd_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra1¨%Rq'_n'¼_=bg2`'Z]B_1QWL6S€_1xj_1Zi_1g2Rap©la_1},Zi_1gkRa ª P6RWRq'_p_=b},_
3
M
?S
XZk"ô\cDU aHcDX
Á“q'_1gšRq'_Zi_=aqfhaM},_1g'_1QP6R_=b•PŒxjL,}Œxj_{hsa " Q_=P6R_=b²©›hjSWRq'hsa†N'QL " _=aa†L,`'R
N'`'Ra_1RRhjg'}^hsa–P " Rhj‹6P6R_=b ª vŒMg•_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_L6S„Rq'hsa†xj_ihsa–aq'L ong™hjg™º9hj},`'Q_
¶ v ¶,­ vž„q'hsarP6gb•L,Rq'_1Q(xjL,}6xj_=a”ZOP \]B_‹3hj_1oU_=b•`ahjg'}&Rq'_ è QL " _=aa–RP6]'xj_
" L,ZOZOP6gb&hjg&Rq'_(Yp`'g^ZO_1gk`€v
Figure 2.28:
ü
ÎÏ<{6jË
:;
“Q6jΧΠj7—!,6jÎ
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
2.13
Solver menu
2.13.1
Solver settings
69
ž„q'_iu2L,xj‹,_1Q†a_1RRhjg'}aponhjgbL)ohsazaq'L)onghsgº9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v ¶,¬ vru2_1RRhjg'}azS›L,Q†Rq'_
K†P=‹3hj_1Q u2RL,‚,_=a”_=‡k`P6RhsL,gšP6Q_ibhaN'xsP=\,_=bdv¾ygRq'hsa”_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_P6xsx_1xb'aMqP ‹,_
Rq'_1hjQpb_/SDP6`'xjRn‹6P6xj`'_=a1v
Figure 2.29: 4
Ë6 Î Ï Î1ÍyÍ Ì Ï( Ì Ë>(
& ÿ
TWP " q—_=‡k`P6RhjL,g’a\aR_1Z hjg‰Rq'_šZiLb_1xzhaŒaL,xs‹,_=b¥]2\‰PÅa_1NP6QP6R_™aL,xj‹,_1Q1v
ž q'_=a_OaL,xj‹,_1Qa " P6g™a_1xj_ " R_=bš`ahsg'}Rq'_OQP,bhjL^]'`'RRL,garL,g•Rq'_RL,N™L6S„Rq'_
„
onhjgbL)o–v?ž„q'_nP,b‹,_ " RhjL,gybhj¢B`ahsL,g(_=‡2`P6RhjL,gbh¡¢B_1Qa%SlQL,ZÙL,Rq'_1Q¤_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga
]B_ " P6`a_”hjR " P6g^aL,xj‹,_=bOSlL,Q0Z{`'xjRhjN'xj_M‹P6QhP6]'xj_=a1v?TWP " q^L6S%Rq'_=a_†‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=aUhsa
aL,xj‹,_=b]2\&Pa_1NP6QP6R_raL,xj‹,_1Q1vWž„q'_=a_raL,xs‹,_1Qa " P6g^]£_ra_1xs_ " R_=b&]k\N'Q_=aahjg'}
Rq'^
_ 1WP6QhsP6]'xj_z]'`'RRL,g&P6gba_1xj_ " Rhjg'}rRq'_ " L,QQ_=aNBL,gbhjg'}{‹P6QhsP6]'xs_nS›QL,ZÀRq'_
xjhsaR1v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
70
/
Figure 2.30: 'j&
Χ Í Ë/Ì10
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
T2 Ï Ë/ÌÏË6 & Î ÿ Î ;j7—!,6jÎ
B Á“q'_1gP6xjx'b'P6RP†_1xsb'a9SlL,Q9Rq'_paL,xj‹,_1Q¤P6Q_n_1gkR_1Q_=bL,Q?ZiLbh¡_=bdc,Rq'_pa_1RRhjg'}a
SlL,QWRq'_zaL,xj‹,_1QUP6Q_zaRL,Q_=bO]k\Rq'_M˜MNdb'P6R_p]'`'RRL,g€vWzxsxaL,xj‹,_1QaWqP ‹,_zhjg'hsRhsP6x
‹6P6xj`'_=a9onq'h " qP6Q_nP,b_=‡2`P6R_„S›L,Q¤aRP6gb'P6Qb " P,a_=a1v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1ckhjR9ZOP \r]£_„RqP6R
Rq'_naL,xs`'RhjL,grSlL,Q9P6g_=‡2`P6RhjL,gbL2_=a9g'L,R " L,gk‹,_1Q},_nL,Q " L,gk‹,_1Q},_=aUaxjL onxs\,cP6gb
hsgiRq'_=a_ " P,a_=aUhsRUhsa0Pr},L3L3bOhsb_=PrRL{R_=aRUonhsRqŒbh¡¢d_1Q_1gkR§NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q§‹P6xj`'_=a=v
º9hj_1xb'a0hsgRq'_(onhjgbL oÉP6Q_–},QL,`'NB_=baLRqP6R„_1xb'anQ_1xsP6R_=b&RLRq'_r},_1g'_1QP6x
SlL,QZ P6gb¥xjhjg'_=P6Qhj½=P6RhjL,g|Zi_1Rq'Lb'aiL6S”Rq'_f_=‡2`P6RhjL,g¥P6Q_hjgŠRq'_fxs_/S›Riahb_
L6SrRq'_onhjgbL)o–vÙº9hj_1xsb'aOQ_1xsP6R_=b²RLÅRq'_fxjhsg'_=P6QŒa\aR_1ZæP6gb‰hjRaŒaL,xj‹3hjg'}
ZO_1Rq'L3b'anP6Q_rL,gfRq'_–Qhj},qkRzahsb_”L6S9Rq'_ronhsgbL o–v
u3žM´„¾ V¾UB¤žn¾ ÆK¨nonq'_1g¦a_1xj_ " R_=bdc†aL,xj‹,_1Q&`a_=a^aRP6]'hjxshj½=P6RhjL,g€vœ¾;RhaP
Q_ " L,ZOZi_1gb_=b&L,N'RhjL,g&SlL,QpRq'_rKMP ‹2hs_1Q u2RL,‚,_=ap_=‡2`P6RhjL,g
V%˜MX è TW³ X”u'u‰X¤žnYzV¾ ¨§Rq'_•ZOP6RQh¡¼ " L,QQ_=aN£L,gbhjg'}|RL|Rq'_•ZOP,aa
ZŒP6RQh¡¼Œhsa§xj`'ZON£_=bhjg^Rq'_r_=‡2`P6RhjL,g
V%¾;K†TW†Yz¾UB¤žn¾ ÆK¨
XP¼²hjR_1QP6RhsL,ga1¨•xjhjg'_=P6Qhj½=P6RhsL,g²hsaŒ]P,a_=b“L,g“a`']'hsR_1QP6RhjL,gaŒP6gb“Rq'hsa
3
g2`'Z]B_1Qza_1Ra„Rq'_(ZOP¼3hsZ`'ZŸgk`'Z{]B_1QnS›L,QnRq'_=a_rhjR_1QP6RhjL,ga
ž L,xj_1QP6g " _,¨?h¡SBRq'_nxjhjg'_=P6Qhj½=P6RhjL,g_1QQL,QWg'L,QZ¹hsa¤aZOP6xjxs_1QRqP6giRq'ha¤gk`'Z
]B_1Q1c'xjhjg'_=P6Qhs½=P6RhjL,gŒhsR_1QP6RhjL,g^hsanaRL,N'NB_=b
3
Yp_1xsP¼'P6RhjL,g‰SlP " RL,Q1¨¥b_/SDP6`'xjR&‹6P6xj`'_•hsa « v · vÈV€hjg'_=P6Qhs½=P6RhjL,g " L,`'xsb’]£_
3
a N£_1_=b_=b^`'NhjgfaL,ZO_ " P,a_=az`ahjg'}iaL,Zi_1onqP6RMxsP6Q},_1Qp‹6P6xj`'_,vnÃMgRq'_(L,Rq'_1Q
qP6gbdcaL,Zi_1RhjZi_=a„P{‹P6xs`'_†xs_=aa§RqP6g`'g'hjRy\Œhsa§g'_1_=b_=b^RL},_1RpP6gk\&aL,xj`'RhsL,g
˜†a_†Kz_1onRL,g€¨¤onq'_1g^a_1xj_ " R_=bKM_1onRL,g€‘a„xjhjg'_=P6Qhj½=P6RhjL,gOZi_1Rq'L3bŒhsaU`a_=bdvW¾yR
ha9SlP,aR_1Q¤RqP6gORq'_zb_/SlP6`'xsR¤Zi_1Rq'L3b© è h " P6Qb ª ck]'`'RWha?`a_/S›`'x'L,g'xs\(onq'_1giRq'_
P " R`P6x¤aL,xs`'RhjL,ghsa " xjLa__1g'L,`'},qRLRq'_{_/¼P " R†L,g'_,v–ž„q'_(SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}i_1xsb'a
" L,g2RQL,x%onq'_1gfKM_1onRL,g€‘anZi_1Rq'Lb&hsanaRP6QR_=bd¨
Kz_1onRL,gfPSlR_1QnhjR_1QP6RhjL,g
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
71
KM_1onRL,gƒPSlR_1QrRL,xj_1QP6g " _,¨Kz_1onRL,g€‘a(Zi_1Rq'Lb•hsa–g'L,R{aRP6QR_=b™`'g2RhjxUP6R
3
xj_=P,aRnL,g'_–L6S?Rq'_=a_ " QhsR_1QhsP{hsa§S›`'xjxjxj_=b
³†hjQ_ " R1¨Rq'hsaQP,bhjLw]'`'RRL,g“a_1xs_ " RaiP
3
bhjQ_ " RfaL,xj‹2hsg'}ÅZO_1Rq'L3bdvŽº'L,QQ_1xsP6Rhj‹,_1xs\
aZOP6xsxzN'QL,]'xj_1ZOa&P|bhjQ_ " R&aL,xj‹,_1Qhsag'L,Q
ZOP6xjxs\|SlP,aR_1Q1v¿º'L,QP6g2\’xsP6Q},_1Q&N'QL,]'xj_1Z
hjRhsa{`a`P6xjxs\™]£_1RR_1QRL•`a_P6gŠhjR_1QP6Rhj‹,_
aL,xj‹,_1Q1v¤ž„q'_†‹,_1QahjL,gSlL,QURq'_”bhjQ_ " R§aL,xj‹,_1Q
" P6g^]B_ra_1xj_ " R_=bN'Q_=aahjg'}Rq'_r]'`'RRL,gP6RnRq'_(Qhj},qkRpahb_ML6S?Rq'_–QP,bhjL]'`'R
RL,g€v
¾;R_1QP6Rhj‹,_,¨šRq'hsaŒQP,bhjLw]'`'RRL,g’a_1xj_ " RaP6g¥hjR_1QP6Rhs‹,_aL,xj‹3hjg'}•Zi_1Rq'Lbdv
t0`'QQ_1gkRML,N'RhjL,gapP6Q_rRq'_”SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
3
3
´§h›tn¸ru2RP6]€¨W´§h›t0L,g+) `'}P6R_{¸†QP,bhs_1gkRMu2RP6]'hjxjhs½1_=b
3
žnº:†XYr¨ž%QP6gaNBLa_(º'Q_1_{:M`P,ah¡yXfhsg'hjZOP6xdYp_=ahsb`P6x
3
tn¸ru£¨£t0L,g+) `'}P6R_¸”QP,bhj_1gkR†u3‡2`P6Q_=b
3
tn¸{¨£t0L,g+) `'}P6R_¸”QP,bhj_1gkR
3
¸”XYzT§u£¨£¸†_1g'_1QP6xjhj½1_=b^Xhjg'hjZOP6xdYp_=ahsb`P6x
X P¼–hjR_1QP6RhjL,ga1¨Rq'_0ZOP¼hjZ`'ZÉgk`'Z{]£_1QL6ShjR_1QP6RhjL,ga€SlL,QRq'_§hjR_1QP6Rhj‹,_
aL,xj‹,_1Q
3
ž%L,xj_1QP6g " _,¨P6g™_1QQL,Q(g'L,QZéRq'Q_=aq'L,xsbdvŒ¾»S„Rq'_i_1QQL,Qrg'L,QZ ha–aZOP6xjxj_1Q
3
RqP6gRq'hsa„g2`'Z]B_1Q1chjR_1QP6RhsL,g^hsanaRL,N'NB_=b
Yz_=ahsb`P6xL,`'RN'`'R1¨WP6ghjgkR_1},_1Q§‹6P6xj`'_W,2xshjg'_=P6QUa\aR_1Z¹Q_=ahsb`P6xehsaUL,`'RN'`'R
3
SlL,Qn_=P " qKMRq^hjR_1QP6RhjL,gw©›½1_1QLO‹P6xj`'_–bhsa P6]'xj_=a„Rq'_–L,`'RN'`'R ª
è Q_ " L,gbhsRhjL,g'hjg'}'¨¤`ahjg'}N'Q_ " L,gbhjRhsL,g'hjg'}g'L,QZOP6xjxj\iaNB_1_=b'a„`'N^Rq'_–hjR
_1QP6RhjL,g€cq'L)oU_1‹,_1Q1c£Q_=a`'xjRhjg'}hjgaL,ZO_†L)‹,_1Qq'_=P,bdvnÃMN'RhsL,ganq'_1Q_(P6Q_,¨
3
3
KML,g'_,¨¤g'LiN'Q_ " ,L gbhjRhjL,g'hsg'}
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
72
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
3 ³†hsP6},L,gP6x»¨n³†hsP6},L,gP6x%N'Q_ " L,gbhjRhsL,g'hjg'}OZOP6RQhj¼BvpºP,aR " L,gaRQ` " RhsL,g€c£]'`'R
g'L,Rn‹,_1Q\&_/¢d_ " Rhj‹,_
3 ¾;V˜¨³†h¡¢d_1Q_1gkRpxj_1‹,_1x€L6S¤¾;g " L,ZiN'xj_1R_
V%˜Åb_ " L,ZON£LahsRhjL,ga1v%¾ V˜ · hsaRq'_0Q_ "
L,ZOZi_1gb_=b " q'L,h " _
t0L,`'N'xj_=b”_=‡evRL,xj_1QP6g " _M©›L,Qu2R_=P,b\
3
a RP6R_–RL,xj_1QP6g " _ ª ¨¤SlL,QpRQP6gahj_1g2RnN'QL,]
xs_1ZOa§Rq'hsa„_1xsb^a_1RapRq'_rRL,xj_1QP6g " _–SlL,Q
aRL,N'N'hjg'}™Rq'_hjR_1QP6RhsL,g²onq'_1g¥Z{`'xjRh¡
N'xs_ƒ_=‡2`P6RhjL,gašP6Q_ " L,`'N'xj_=bÉRL’_=P " q
L,Rq'_1Q1vrºL,Q”aR_=P,b\faRP6R_N'QL,]'xj_1ZOaMhjR
a_1RaiRq'_fRL,xs_1QP6g " _SlL,QŒaRL,N'N'hjg'}ƒRq'_
aR_=P,b\aRP6R_(hjR_1QP6RhjL,g
2.13.2
Processor settings
ž„q'ha " L,ZOZOP6gbL,N£_1ga–P&onhjgbL)o[S›L,Qra_1RRhsg'}ŒRq'_g2`'Z]B_1Q–L6S0N'QL " _=aaL,Qa
Q_=a_1Q‹,_=b&S›L,QzRq'_rN'QL,]'xj_1ZvUž„q'hanNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QzqP,apZi_=P6g'hjg'}iL,g'xj\ŒhjgPNP6Q
P6xsxj_1xdN'QL " _=aahjg'}_1gk‹3hjQL,g'Zi_1gkR1v
ÿ
Figure 2.31: 8
2.14
ËQ§ÎÏ Ï Ë Ï Î/Í;Í Ì ÏK( Ì Ë>(
ÿ
Run menu
ž„q'_Yz`'gZO_1gk` " L,ZiZOP6gb'a”P6Q_`a_=bRLaRP6QR”L,Rq'_1QrTWVXTWYÇZOL3b`'xj_=a=v
´§_/SlL,Q_(PZiLb`'xj_ " P6gf]B_raRP6QR_=bdcBP6xjx€Rq'_rg'_ " _=aaP6Q\^b_/g'hjRhsL,gapP6gbfa_1R
Rhsg'}aaq'L,`'xb(]B_ " L,ZON'xj_1R_=bdv9¾ySRq'hsag'L,R?Rq'_ " P,a_,cP6g_1QQL,Q?Zi_=aa P6},_U]BL=¼(hsa
bhaN'xsP=\,_=bdv0¾»S?Rq'_rZihsa ahjg'}b'P6RPihsa„_=aa_1gkRhsP6x€SlL,QnRq'_rZiLb`'xj_,c'Rq'_rN'QL " _=aa
" P6g'g'L,R " L,gkRhjg2`'_,v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
73
ý
Figure 2.32: K
2.14.1
Ì`—(Î Ì
Generate mesh:
¸ _1g'_1QP6R_Zi_=aq " L,ZiZŒP6gbaRP6QRa”Rq'_TWV%XTWYœZi_=aq},_1g'_1QP6RL,Q1vhjR " Q_/
†
P6R_=apP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxsL,}xs_,v
2.14.2
Calculate View factors:
t§P6x " `'xsP6Rx
_ 1†hj_1oˆSlP " RL,Qa " L,ZiZŒP6gb‰aRP6QRa^TUVXTUY 1Mhs_1oˆSDP " RL,Qa&N'QL6
},QP6Zv†¾yR†aRL,Q_=a†Rq'_(Q_=a`'xjR†b'P6RPOhsgfRq'_{1Mhj_1oÉSlP " RL,Qazxj_{b_/g'_=bhsgfRq'_
v Ó âeä=Ó Ô(ñ;âeÔið›ò'Ô÷eӝîƒÓkö>%Ó2öä՛ötÛòã5ØUÓ
è QL,]'xj_1ZˆÂ{³”P6RPxj_=a„onhsgbL o–©
òšä=Õlîwv
Ó Ûâ£ãö 9îwÕlã%¥
÷ 9ÔHâ ÛÓkö=Qö A ¾;R " Q_=P6R_=azP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxsL,}6xj_,v
2.14.3
Calculate Gebhardt factors:
t§P6x " `'xsP6R_(¸†_1]'qP6QR„SDP " RL,Qa " L,ZiZOP6gb&aRP6QRanTUVXTUY[¸†_1]'qP6QbR„SDP " RL,Qa
N'QL,},QP6ZvW¾;R§aRL,Q_=a0Rq'_”b'P6RP{hjgRq'_–¸†_1]'qP6QbR§SDP " RL,Qa§xj_Mb_/g'_=bhjgRq'_
v Ó âeä=Ó Ô(ñ;âeÔið›ò'Ô÷eӝîƒÓkö>%Ó2öä՛ötÛòã5ØUÓ
è QL,]'xj_1ZˆÂ{³”P6RPxj_=a„onhsgbL o–©
òšä=Õlîwv
Ó Ûâ£ãö 9îwÕlã%¥
÷ 9ÔHâ ÛÓkö=Qö A ¾;R " Q_=P6R_=azP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxsL,}6xj_,v
2.14.4
Solver:
ž„q'hsa " ,L ZiZŒP6gb^aRP6QRapTWVXTWYÇu2L,xj‹,_1Q1vU¾;R " Q_=P6R_=apP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxjL,}6xs_,v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
74
2.14.5
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Postprocessor:
è LaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q " L,ZOZOP6gb^aRP6QRapTWV%XTWY è LaRphjg^Pia_1NP6QP6R_(onhjgbL o–v
2.14.6
Select result file
ž q'haponhjgbL)oÙhsazg'_1_=b_=bfonq'_1gšZ{`'xjRhjN'xj_–ZO_=aq'_=azP6Q_{hjg`a_,v†´§_ " P6`a_P6xjx
„
Q_=a`'xjR€xj_=aP6Q_§aRL,Q_=bhjg–Rq'_0aP6ZO_UbhjQ_ " RL,Q\–onq'_1Q_URq'_0Zi_=aq–SlL,QP6g(_=‡k`P
RhsL,g•hsa”aRL,Q_=bdc%hjR–ha”g'_ " _=aaP6Q\RLaN£_ " hjS›\Rq'_Q_=a`'xjR”SlL,Q–N£LaRN'QL " _=aahsg'}
hsg&PiZ`'xjRhsZi_=aq " P,a_,v
Mxjx¤NBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,QrL,`'RN'`'R(xj_=arN'QLb` " _=bwb`'Qhjg'}fRq'_Œa_=aahjL,g™P6Q_ixjhsaR_=b
hsg•Rq'_ixjhsaR]BL=¼dviMgk\šL6SnRq'_xj_=a–ZOP \]B_Oa_1xs_ " R_=b•P,arRq'_ihjg'N'`'RrS›L,Q–Rq'_
NBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q1v
nb'b¥L,NB_1gaŒPwxj_]'QL)opa_1QS›L,QP,b'bhjg'}Åg'_1oÈxj_=aš© " Q_=P6R_=b‰hjg¥L,Rq'_1Q
3
a_=aahjL,ga ª RLiRq'_rxshsaR
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
75
³†QL,NQ_1ZiL)‹,_=apPxj_†SlQL,ZmRq'hsa„xjhaR1v9ž„q'_rxj_–hjRa_1x¡Shsa„g'L,RpP¢B_ " R _=b
ÃMNB_1g^hjgTWVXTWY è LaRpL,N£_1gapRq'_(a_1xj_ " R_=bxj_–hsg&TUVXTUY è LaR
3
ž„q'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}{_1xsb'anP6Q_rg'L,g»_=bhjRP6]'xj_–hsgS›L,QZOP6RhsL,gŒ_1xb'a1¨
3
3
è L aRnxj_,¨¤Rq'_rS›`'xjxdNP6Rq^SlL,QnRq'_rNBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q„xj_
TW‡2`P6RhjL,ga1¨¤Rq'_(_=‡k`P6RhjL,gazaL,xj‹,_=bhjg^Rq'_rQ_=a`'xsR0xs_
3
XL3bhj_=b&RhjZi_,¨?Rq'_–xsP,aRn`'Ndb'P6R_–RhjZi_†SlL,QnRq'_rQ_=a`'xjR„xj_
3
V P,aRnQ`'gaRP6R`a1¨WaRP6R`a„L6S?Rq'_–N'QL " _=a a„onq'h " q^`'Ndb'P6R_=b&xsP,aR„Rq'_–L,`'R
N'`'Rnxj_
3
t0L,ZiZO_1gkR1¨WRq'hsa " L,ZiZi_1gkR„_1xb&hsanL,g'xj\OS›L,QpRq'hana_=aahjL,gP6gbhjR„hsang'L,R
3
aP ‹,_=b^hjg^Rq'_–ZiLb_1xdxj_
2.14.7
Process table
Á“q'_1gL,Rq'_1QzTWVTUXYÙZiLb`'xj_=anP6Q_(aRP6QR_=b^hsg&TUVXTUYÙº'QL,g2R1cehjgSlL,QZOP
RhjL,gL,gRq'_=a_nN'QL " _=aa_=aWhsa " L,xjxj_ " R_=b{hjg2RLrP”N'QL " _=aaWRP6]'xj_,v¤ž„q'hsa?RP6]'xj_ " P6g
]B_†L,NB_1g'_=b&`ahjg'}{Rq'_ è QL " _=aa„RP6]'xj_ " L,ZiZOP6gbL,Q„Rq'_ è QL " _=aa„]'`'RRL,g^hjg
Rq'_–ZOP6hjgŒonhjgbL o–v0ž„q'hsa§RP6]'xj_–bhsaN'xsP \3a0hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gL,gRq'_ " `'QQ_1g2RzaRP
R`aL6SzPN'QL " _=aaP6gbƒRq'_O`a_1Q " P6g|P6xsaL " L,g2RQL,x§Rq'_ŒN'QL " _=a a(`ahsg'}fRq'_
" L,ZiZOP6gb&]'`'RRL,gazhjg&Rq'_rN'QL " _=aanRP6]'xj_–onhjgbL)o–v
è QL " _=aanRP6]'xj_ " L,xs`'Ziga1¨
è Q L " _=aa1¨¤Rq'_(gP6Zi_–L6S9Rq'_(N'QL " _=aa
KM]'Q1¨WP6ghjg2R_1QgP6xhsbgk`'Z{]£_1QpS›L,QnRq'_rN'QL " =_ aa
è ¾ ³{¨'Rq'_rL,NB_1QP6RhjL,ga\aR_1Z¿N'QL " _=a anhsb™©›h¡S?P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xj_ ª
è QhsL,Q1¨¤Rq'_rN'QL " _=a anN'QhjL,QhjR;\Oxj_1‹,_1x
3
3
3
3
u2RP6R_,¨WRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRzN'QL " _=aapaRP6R_,v.1WP6xj`'_rP6Q_,¨
†VVw³rÆK†T Œ N'QL " _=aan_1gb_=ba` "1" _=a S›`'xsxj\
3
º†¾;VTU³
Œ
±–¾ VVTW³
‹6P6R_=b
u3˜–u è W
T K†³”TW³
Y„˜†KMK†¾;K–¸
3
Œ
N'QL " =_ aanSlP6hjxs_=bŒb`'Qhjg'}ORq'_–N'QL " _=aahjg'}
N'QL " _=aapo0P,an_1gb_=bf]k\Rq'_r`a_1Q
Œ
N'QL " =_ aa†hsa†a`aNB_1gb_=bšP6gbhaMo§P6hjRhjg'}RL&]£_P " Rh¡
P6gfP " R hj‹,_rP6gb " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\&Q`'g'g'hjg'}iN'QL " _=aa
u2RP6QRzÂT¤gbd¨¤N'QL " _=aa„aRP6QRnP6gbŒ_1gbRhjZO_=aM©›o0P6xsx " xsL " ‚iRhjZi_=a ª ?
v º'L,QnP
Œ
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
76
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Q`'g'g'hsg'}iaL,xj‹,_1QnN'QL " _=aanRq'_(T¤gb^_1xsbbhsaN'xP=\a0Rq'_(gk`'Z{]£_1QpL6S " `'QQ_1gkRxs\
N'QL " _=aa_=b&RhsZi_=aR_1Na
³M`'QP6RhsL,g€¨¤RL,RP6xQ`'gRhjZi_
3
ÁÙ¨?Rq'_&Qhj},qkRZOLaR©›Á ª" L,xj`'Zig|hsa{ZOP6Q‚,_=bÅonhjRqŠP6g²P,aR_1Qha‚•h¡SzRq'_
3
N'QL " _=aa " Q_=P6R_=bfP6gk\&_1QQL,QpZi_=aa P6},_=a„L,Qpo0P6Qg'hjg'}a=v
ÿ
Figure 2.33: 8
ËQ§ÎÏ;τ͵Qö76jÎ
è QL " _=aa_=a–P6Q_{xshsaR_=bhsgRq'_L,Qb_1Q–Rq'_1\oU_1Q_iaRP6QR_=bdvž„q'_ZiLaR†Q_ " _1gkR
N'QL " _=aahsaL,g—Rq'_šRL,N—L6S(Rq'_•xjhsaR1vœzxjxM_1xsb'a&P6Q_šhjgSlLƒ_1xb'a1v¹´§_1xjL o
Rq'_nN'QL " _=aa¤xshsaRa9hsa¤P6gOP6Q_=P”onq'_1Q_MhjgS›L,QZŒP6RhjL,gL,gORq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\a_1xj_ " R_=b
N'QL " _=aahjgbhsaN'xsP \,_=bdvž„q'_„P " R`P6x " L,g2R_1gkRaWb_1NB_1gb'a9L,gRq'_0N'QL " _=aa9Ry\3N£_,v
è Laahs]'xj_”_1QQL,QzP6gb^o0P6Qg'hsg'}iZi_=aaP6},_=anP6Q_P6xsaLbhsaN'xsP \,_=b&hjg&Rq'hsapP6Q_=Pv
è QL " _=aapRP6]'xj_–]'`'RRL,ga1¨
u2`aN£_1gbd¨¤Rq'_a_1xj_ " R_=b&N'QL " _=aanhsana`aN£_1gb_=b™©›NP6`a_=b ª
3
Yp_=a`'Zi_,¨?Q_=a`'ZO_=ar© " L,gkRhjg2`'_=a ª Rq'_rN'QL " _=aa
3
±”hjxjx»¨šaRL,NaŒRq'_N'QL " _=aa•©lPS›R_1Q " L,gQZOP6RhjL,g ª vKML,R_,¨™Rq'_N'QL " _=aa
3
gP6ZO_–hsa„g'L,Rn_1QP,a_=b&SlQL,ZmRq'_–xjhsaR
³M_1xs_1R_,¨w‚3hjxjxsaRq'_šN'QL " _=aa^P6gb“Q_1ZiL ‹,_=a&Rq'_šN'QL " _=aaSlQL,Z Rq'_šxjhaR
3
©lPSlR_1Q " L,gQZOP6RhjL,g ª
´0QL)opa_,¨WL,NB_1ganRq'_rxjL,}{xj_O©›hjS9P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_ ª SlL,QnRq'_(a_1xs_ " R_=b&N'QL " _=aa
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
77
è QhsL,QhjRy\B¨ORq'_&N'QL " _=aaN'QhjL,QhjR;\™xj_1‹,_1x " P6gŠ]£_&a_1R`ahjg'}Rq'hsa{]'`'RRL,g€v
à N'RhjL,ga„P6Q_–ºP=‹,L,QM¸–˜M¾?L,QnºP ‹,L,QnN'QL " _=aa=v?ž„q'_=a_”P6Q_–b_=a " QhsN'Rhj‹,_z‹6P6xj`'_=a
M
P6gb•Rq'_OP " R`P6x0N'QhjL,QhjR;\xj_1‹,_1x¤RQP6gaZihjRR_=bSlL,QrRq'_iL,NB_1QP6RhjL,g™a\aR_1Zçhsa
N'xsP6R SlL,QZçaN£_ " hj " v(ºP=‹,L,Q¸”˜M¾phsa†Rq'_ib_/SlP6`'xjR–P6gbQ_ " L,ZiZi_1gb_=bš‹6P6xj`'_,v
¸†hj‹3hjg'}†ZiL,Q_„N'QhjL,QhjR;\rSlL,Q9Q`'g'g'hsg'}–N'QL " _=aa_=a " P6gZOP6‚,_„Rq'_n`a_1Q¤hjgkR_1Q SDP " _
P6xjZiLaR§`'g'Q_=aN£L,gahs‹,_,v
3
2.15
Window menu
t0L,ZiZOP6gb'a&hsg‰Rq'_•Á“hjgbL o Zi_1g2` " P6g—]£_š`a_=b“RL " L,g2RQL,x " `'QQ_1gkRxj\
P " R hj‹,_rTWV%XTWY[º'QL,g2RzonhjgbL)opa1¨
t0xjLa_fP6xjx»¨ " xjLa_=aOP6xsxzonhjgbL)opa©›_/¼ " _1N'RORq'_ZOP6hjg²onhsgbL oˆP6gb‰Rq'_
3
XL3b_1x€onhjgbL)o ª
t0xjLa_`'g'ZOL3bh¡_=bd¨ " xjLa_=a^P6xsx†onhsgbL opa^onq'_1Q_™b'P6RP|qP,a^g'L,R^]B_1_1g
3
ZiLbh¡_=b•©›_/¼ " _1N'RzRq'_rZOP6hjg&onhjgbL)oÉP6gb&Rq'_(XL3b_1x€onhjgbL)o ª
Á“hjgbL oÇxshsaR1¨MbhaN'xsP=\a”P&xjhsaRML6S " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\L,N£_1gšonhjgbL)opa1vž„q'hsa”xjhsaR
3
" P6g]B_–L,N£_1g'_=b^P,azPia_1NP6QP6R_ronhjgbL)o¦]k\ " xjh " ‚2hsg'}L,gRq'_rbL,RR_=bfxjhjg'_”P,a
aq'L)ongwhjg™º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ vØ× µ vt0xjh " ‚2hsg'}P^onhjgbL oÆgP6Zi_hjg™Rq'ha–xjhsaR–P " Rhj‹6P6R_=a
Rq'_ronhjgbL)o–v
Figure 2.34:
¨
Ì Ë>(i6 ÏIÍ%Î ;j7—!,6jÎ
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
78
2.16
ÿ
Help menu
Figure 2.35:
2.16.1
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
X Β6 !®—rÎÌ
Graphics info
?ÿ
Figure 2.36: q!, §
Ï ÌQËI( Ì Ë>(
ž„q'_™¸†QP6N'q'h " aOhjgSlLwonhjgbL)oŽbhsaN'xsP=\aiaL,Zi_•ÃMN£_1g£¸–VÙQ_1xP6R_=b²},QP6N'q'h " a
qP6Qbo§P6Q_(hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g€v¤ž„q'_=a_rP6Q_(g'L,g»_=bhjRP6]'xj_–hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g_1xsb'a1v
Î
Ê"!dÍlÎ
2.16.2
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
79
System info
4 Ï ÍDΒ— ÌQËI( Ì Ë>(
Figure 2.37: 4
ž q'_u2\aR_1Z¿hjgSlL{onhsgbL o¦bhsaN'xP=\a§aL,Zi_”hjgS›L,QZŒP6RhjL,gŒL,g^L,NB_1QP6RhjL,ga\a
„
R_1Z¹P6gbL,gRq'_p_/¼R_1QgP6xxjhs]'QP6Qhj_=a%onq'h " qOP6Q_ng'_1_=b_=bSlL,QWTWVXTWY(vkž„q'_=a_
P6Q_rg'L,g»_=bhjRP6]'xs_–hjgS›L,QZŒP6RhjL,g_1xsb'a1v
2.16.3
About
ž„q'_M]BL,`'RponhjgbL oÙbhsaN'xsP \3anhsgS›L,QZOP6RhsL,gL,gRq'_ " `'QQ_1gkR”TWVXTWY[‹,_1Q
ahjL,g€v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
80
2.17
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Model window toolbar
Figure 2.38:
ü
Ë Î’6H( Ì Ë>(wÍDË6Ë6µö
ÿ
ž q'_†SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}RL3L,xj]P6Q§]'`'RRL,ganhjgRq'_–TWVXTWYɺ'QL,g2RnZOP6hjgonhjgbL o—P6Q_
„
`a_=bŠRL " L,gkRQL,x†q'L oˆRq'_fZiLb_1xn},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ŠhsabhaN'xsP=\,_=b²hjgŠRq'_XL3b_1x
onhsgbL o–¨
zQQL)opa„L,gRq'_”xj_/SlR„ahsb_”P6Q_†`a_=bOSlL,Q§ZiL ‹3hjg'}'cQL,RP6Rhjg'}P6gb½1L2L,Zihsg'}
3
Rq'_–ZOL3b_1x
YpL,RP6RY
_ {c c " q'_ " ‚3]£L ¼3_=a=¨{ZOL3b_1xWQL,RP6RhsL,gƒP¼hsa–hsa–xsL " ‚,_=b™RLRq'_
3
a_1xj_ " R_=b^P¼3ha1v
³MQP o¥]BL3bhs_=a1¨Pt§M³’},_1L,Zi_1RQ\© ¶ ³—L,g'xs\ ª haWbQP=onghjgOaL,xshsbS›L,QZOP6R1v
3
ºL,Q„PZi_=aqŒ},_1L,Zi_1RQ\iRq'hsa„bQP onhjg'}ZOL3b_”bhsaN'xsP \3aURq'_”‹,L,xj`'Zi_zZO_=aqŒ]2\
bQP onhjg'}iRq'_–_1xj_1ZO_1gkRn_=b},_=a
³MQP o¦a`'Q SDP " _=a1¨¤Zi_=aq^},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ŒhsanbQP=ongf`ahjg'}{xjxj_=b]BL,`'gb'P6Q\Œ_1xj_/
3
ZO_1gkRa(©›L,g'xj\OS›L,Q†×6³ÙZOL3b_1xsa ª
³MQP o—_=b},_=a1¨§t§†³É},_1L,ZO_1RQ\Œhsa„bQP ongf`ahjg'}_=b},_=a1c'ZO_=aq&},_1L,Zi_1RQ\
3
hanbQP=ong`ahsg'}]£L,`'gb'P6Q\&_1xj_1Zi_1g2Rn_=b},_=a
t§M³Ç},_1L,ZO_1RQ\£¨pP " Rhj‹6P6R_=aIÂb_=P " Rhj‹6P6R_=apRq'_bhsaN'xP=\&L6SWRq'_t§†³Ç},_/
3
L,ZO_1RQ\š©›h¡SWt§M³[},_1L,Zi_1RQ\hsanP ‹P6hjxP6]'xj_ ª
Xf_=aqf},_1L,Zi_1RQ\£¨„P " Rhj‹6P6R_=aIÂb_=P " Rhj‹6P6R_=azRq'_{bhsaN'xsP \ŒL6S¤Rq'_Zi_=aq},_/
3
L,ZO_1RQ\š©›h¡S9Zi_=aq&hsa„},_1L,Zi_1RQ\&P=‹6P6hjxsP6]'xs_ ª
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
81
M`'RLwxjLP,b¥Zi_=aq€¨onq'_1g“a_1xs_ " R_=b¥P™ZO_=aq²hsaiP6`'RL,ZŒP6Rh " P6xjxj\ÅxjLP,b_=b
3
onq'_1g'_1‹,_1Q(P&ZiLb_1x?xj_hsa”xjLP,b_=bdv¾yS0Rq'_Zi_=aq•hsa†‹,_1Q\xsP6Q},_hsR†ZŒP=\f]B_
`a_/Sl`'x€RLOb_=P " Rhj‹6P6R_–Rq'_(P6`'RL,xjLP,b&]B_1qP=‹3hjL,`'Q
u2_1xj_ " n
R ]BLbhj_=a1¨?Rq'_r]BL3bhj_=a§RLi]B_rbhsaN'xP=\,_=b^P6Q_ " P6g]B_ra_1xj_ " R_=b&q'_1Q_
3
³ hsaN'xP=\B¨€Q_=bhsaN'xsP \3a9Rq'_nXfLb_1xonhjgbL o|L,gRq'_nb_=a‚3RL,N{hjShjRqP,a?]B_1_1g
†
" xjLa_=b&L,QnZOhjg'hjZihj½1_=b
3
Yz_=a_1R1¨?Q_=a_1Ra§Rq'_MRq'_†},QP6N'q'h " a„bhsaN'xj\,_=bOhjgORq'_–XL3b_1x£onhjgbL o’RL{hjRa
3
hjg'hjRhP6xBaRP6R_
2.18
Model Window
ž q'_&XfLb_1xUonhjgbL)oÆharL,NB_1g'_=bƒP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\onq'_1gÅPf},_1L,Zi_1RQ\•hjg'N'`'R
„
xj_Œhsa(Q_=P,bƒhjg2RLTWV%XTWY¿ºQL,gkR1v™ž„q'hsaonhjgbL oÀhsa(`a_=bwRLšbhsaN'xP=\•Rq'_
ZiLb_1x€},_1L,Zi_1RQ\^P6gb^RLiL6¢d_1QzPÚ_/¼hj]'xj_”hjg2R_1Q SlP " _–SlL,QpRq'_rZOL3b_1x»v¤Á“q'_1g
ZiLb_1x%L,,] ) _ " Ra–P6Q_{a_1xj_ " R_=bfhsgfRq'_XfLb_1xonhsgbL o–c€Rq'_=a_a_1xj_ " RhjL,ga†P6Q_
Q_/Ú_ " R_=b|hjgƒRq'_ŒL,,] ) _ " RxjhsaR]BL=¼_=arhjgÅb'P6RP_1gkRQ\wNP6g'_1xa1v•ÃMg|Rq'_L,Rq'_1Q
qP6gbdcna_1xj_ " RhjL,gaZŒP,b_^hjgŠRq'_=a_^NP6g'_1xsaiP6Q_fq'hj},q'xjhj},q2R_=b|hjg|Rq'_fXfLb_1x
onhjgbL)o–v
¾;gRq'_{SlL,xjxjL onhsg'}O_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_P]BL,`'gb'P6Q\fqP,a†]B_1_1gša_1xj_ " R_=bfhsgfRq'_XfLb_1x
Á“hjgbL oç]2\‰bL,`']'xj_/ " xjh " ‚3hjg'}ƒL,g—hsR1v¹Ma^P6Q_šQ_=a`'xsR1cMRq'_ " L,QQ_1NBL,gbhjg'}
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\,cRq'_NP6Q_1gkR–]BL3b\fP6gbšRq'_P6RRP " q'_=b•]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,gša_1R
QL opaMP6Q_(bhsaN'xP=\,_=b&P,apa_1xj_ " R_=b&hsg^Rq'_(´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhsRhjL,ga„onhjgbL o–v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
82
Figure 2.39:
ü
Ë Î’62( Ì Ë>(šÎ ;j
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
—K!”6¡Î
ž„q'_ŒZiLb_1x " P6gw]B_OZOP6g'hsN'`'xsP6R_=b•hjg•Rq'_onhjgbL oÆ_1hjRq'_1Q(]2\™bQP6},},hjg'}fhsR
onhsRq{Rq'_nZOL,`a_nL,Q¤`ahjg'}”Rq'_pP6QQL o¥]'`'RRL,ga¤hjgRq'_nZOP6hjgonhjgbL)o–v?³†QP6}6
},hsg'}zonhjRqrRq'_§xj_/SlRZiL,`a_0]'`'RRL,gZOL ‹,_=aRq'_UZiLb_1xkhjg(Rq'_0onhjgbL)o–v9³†QP6}6
},hsg'}ŒonhjRqRq'_{Qhj},qkR”ZiL,`a_{]'`'RRL,gšQL,RP6R_=a”Rq'_ZiL3b_1xyv†ž„q'_ZiLb_1x " P6g
]B_a " P6xj_=b—©›½1L3L,Zi_=b ª onhjRqŠRq'_ZOhsb'bxj_ZiL,`a_^]'`'RRL,gÙ©›L,QN'Q_=aahjg'}•xj_/SlR
P6gbQhj},qkRn]'`'RRL,gaMahjZ{`'xjRP6g'_1L,`axj\ionq'_1gf`ahjg'}P ¶ »]'`'RRL,gZiL,`a_ ª v
´§Lbhj_=a%P6Q_„bhsaN'xP=\,_=br`ahjg'}Mbh¡¢d_1Q_1gkR " L,xjL,Qa1v9ž„q'_=a_ " L,xjL,Qa " P6g{]B_§b_/g'_=b
`ahjg'}Rq'_rRq'_(´§L3bhs_=a " L,ZiZOP6gbhjg^Rq'_(TWbhsRnZi_1gk`€v
Mxjx§]£Lb\™_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa^©›hjg'g'_1QP6gb|L,`'R_1Q]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=a1cW_=b},_=aP6gb|‹,_1QRh " _=a ª
P6Q_”`'g'hs‡2`'_1xj\g2`'Z]B_1Q_=bdv0u3P6Zi_”gk`'Z{]£_1Qa„P6Q_–P6xsaL{`a_=bRL{hsb_1gkRh¡Sl\iRq'_=a_
_1xs_1Zi_1gkRaŒhjg¥Rq'_•b'P6RPÅ_1gkRQ\‰onhjgbL opa=vž„q'_šVP6]B_1xsa " L,ZiZOP6gb¥hjg¥Rq'_
³†hsaN'xsP=\šZi_1g2` " P6g|]B_Œ`a_=bwRL•aonhjR " qƒRq'_=a_=axP6]£_1xsa(L,gŠP6gbƒL6¢‰hjgwRq'_
XLb_1x€onhjgbL o–v
2.19
Control toolbar
XLaRn]'`'RRL,gazhjg&Rq'hsa„RL2L,xs]P6QnqP=‹,_P6g^_=‡2`'hj‹6P6xj_1gkR " ,L ZOZOP6gb&hjg&Zi_1gk`a=v
3
u3P=‹,_rZOL3b_1x»¨¤aP ‹,_rZiLb_1xdxj_
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/ÌÍ
83
3
X_=aq€¨WL,NB_1ganRq'_r³†_/g'_(X_=aq^onhjgbL)o
3
VLP,be˜zg'xjLP,biZi_=aq€¨P”R;oUL(aRP6R_p]'`'RRL,gSlL,Q9xsLP,bhjg'}–P6gb`'g'xjLP,b3
hsg'}Rq'_rZi_=aq
3
u2L,xs‹,_,¨UaRP6QRanRq'_raL,xs‹,_1Q
3
Yz_=a`'xjRa1¨¤aRP6QRapRq'_rN£LaRN'QL " =_ aaL,Q
3
´§Q_=P6‚B¨Whjg2R_1QQ`'N'Ra " '` QQ_1gkR†TWVXTWY[º'QL,gkRpN'QL " _=aahsg'}
3
t0xs_=P6Q1¨Ub_1xj_1R_=anP6xjx " '` QQ_1g2RzZi_=aa P6},_=a„hjg^Rq'_–Zi_=aaP6},_rP6Q_=P
3
è Q L " _=aa=¨WL,N£_1gapRq'_rN'QL " _=a a„RP6]'xj_
3
¾;gSlL'¨¤L,N£_1ganRq'_(ZiL3b_1x€hsgS›LonhjgbL)o
2.20
Message area
ž q'_”onhjgbL o—P6Q_=P{hjgŒRq'_†ZOhsb'bxj_pL6S%Rq'_”ZOP6hsgOonhjgbL)o“haU`a_=bŒRLbhsaN'xsP \
„
hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g“L6S{‹6P6QhjL,`a^a_=a ahjL,g“_1‹,_1gkRa1vmž„q'hsa&ha^P " `'Z`'xsP6Rhs‹,_xshsaROL6S
o0P6Qg'hsg'}a1c_1QQL,Q0Zi_=a aP6},_=aUP6gbŒL,Rq'_1Qna_=aahjL,gOQ_1xsP6R_=bOhsg " hsb_1gkRa1v?ž„q'hsa0xjhsaR
" P6g]B_ " xj_=P6Q_=b&`ahjg'}Rq'_t0xs_=P6Qp]'`'RRL,ghjg&Rq'_rZOP6hsgonhsgbL o–v
2.21
Status area
º9hj_1xsb'aMP6RMRq'_{]£L,RRL,Z L6SWRq'_ZOP6hjgfonhjgbL oÇbhsaN'xP=\&hjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,gfL,gRq'_
" `'QQ_1gkR&aRP6R`aL6S–Rq'_ZOL3b_1x»v‰Yp_=b " L,xjL,Q_=bŠ_1xsb'aiP6Q_Zi_=P6g2RORL™o§P6Qg
Rq'_`a_1Q”RqP6R–Rq'_ZiL3b_1x9ZOP \]£_hjg " L,ZON'xj_1R_1xj\^b_/g'_=b " L,g " _1Qg'hjg'}^Rq'_
NP6QP6Zi_1R_1QapbhaN'xsP=\,_=bhjgRq'_raRP6R`a§_1xsbdv ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1chjR„hsa§`'N^RLRq'_–`a_1Q
RLOb_ " hsb_–hjSRq'hsa„Q_=P6xjxs\Ohsa„Rq'_rahsR`P6RhjL,g€v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
84
Figure 2.40: 4
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
ÍD,Í ÏP qÎ
ÿ
T ‡k`P6RhsL,ga1¨g'L6S]BLbhj_=a¤qP=‹3hjg'}{P6gŒ_=‡2`P6RhjL,g–RL,RP6x£g'L6S]BL3bhs_=a¤hjgiRq'_
W
ZOL3b_1x€P6gb^gP6Zi_=anS›L,QnRq'_(b_/g'_=b_=‡k`P6RhjL,ga
3
ž„hjZi_=aR_1Na1¨€RL,RP6x3g'L6SRhjZi_=aR_=aN(b_/g'_=b(S›L,Q9Rq'_UN'QL,]'xj_1Zfv¾;gP†aR_=P,b\
3
aRP6R_ " P,a_rRq'_–ZOP¼hjZ{`'ZÀg'L6S?hjR_1QP6RhjL,ga
XP6R_1QhsP6xa1¨dg'L6S]BLbhj_=a€qP=‹3hjg'}zPpZOP6R_1QhsP6xb_/g'hjRhjL,g§RL,RP6xkg'L6S']BL3bhj_=a
3
¾yg'hjRhP6x " L,gbd¨Šg'L6S]£Lbhj_=aqP=‹3hjg'}²P6g—hjg'hsRhsP6x " L,gbhsRhjL,gɃRL,RP6xrg'L6S
3
]BLbhj_=a
´0Lb\ŒS›L,Q " _=a1¨0g'L6S¤]£Lbhj_=anqP ‹2hjg'}ŒP]£Lb\S›L,Q " _b_/g'hjRhjL,gÂ{RL,RP6xg'L6S
3
]BLbhj_=a
ÃM`'R_1QŒ] " ¨šg'L6SrL,`'R_1QŒ]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=aŒqP=‹3hjg'}ÅPw]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,g’Â
3
RL,RP6x%g'L6S9L,`'R_1Qp]BL,`'gbQhj_=a
¾yg'g'_1Q9] " ¨g'L6Sehjg'g'_1Q9]£L,`'gb'P6Qhs_=a%qP ‹2hjg'}–PM]£L,`'gb'P6Q\ " L,gbhjRhjL,giÂnRL,RP6x
3
g'L6S?hjg'g'_1Qn]BL,`'gbQhj_=a
Xf_=aq'_=a=¨¤g'L6S " `'QQ_1g2Rxj\^P " Rhj‹,_–Zi_=aq'_=a
3
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ[Zƒ$6ú%û£üú%ý@
Î Ë7—(Î/Í
ÿJ4{þ
6¡Î©Ë —z,Í
ÿ
85
Chapter 3
ELMER Geometry File format
3.1
Introduction
ž„q'hsanP6N'NB_1gbh¡¼Œb_=a " Qhs]£_=a§Rq'_rTWVXTWY¸†_1L,Zi_1RQ\Œº9hjxs_zSlL,QZOP6R1v¤ž„q'hsa„},_/
L,Zi_1RQ\{xj_nhsa¤S›L,QWhsZiN'xj_1Zi_1g2Rhjg'}”]P,ah " },_1L,Zi_1RQhj_=aUonq'h " qŒbL(g'L,RUP " R`P6xjxs\
g'_1_=bÅRq'_Œ`a_ŒL6SMPfSl`'xjxWSl_=P6R`'Q_=b²t§M³ÈN'QL,},QP6Zv™ž„q'_Œ},_1L,ZO_1RQ\™N'QhjZ
hjRhj‹,_=aonq'h " q " P6g‰]£_b_/g'_=b¥hjgŠRq'hsaxj_P6Q_xjhjZihsR_=bwRL™NBL,xj\3xjhjg'_=aP6gb
" hjQ " `'xsP6QnP6Q " a1c']'`'Rzhjg&N'QP " Rh " _–hjR„hsa§N£La ahj]'xj_†RLib_/g'_(‡2`'hjR_ " L,ZiN'xjh " P6R_=b
},_1L,Zi_1RQhj_=aponhjRq&Rq'_=a_rN'QhjZihsRhj‹,_=a1v
ž„q'_Ob'P6RP&hjg•Rq'_xs_{ha–b_1‹2hsb_=bšhsgkRLa_ " RhjL,ga–P6gb™Rq'_=a_ia_ " RhjL,ga”Z{`aR
" L,Zi_hjg•P&aNB_ " h¡ " L,Qb_1Q–hjgšRq'_{hsg'N'`'R1v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1caL,Zi_L6S§Rq'_ia_ " RhjL,ga
P6Q_iL,N'RhjL,gP6xyvŒTWP " qƒa_ " RhjL,gƒaRP6QRa–onhjRqwP‚,_1\2o0L,QbwP6gb•_1gb'a(onhjRq™Rq'_
‚,_1\3oUL,Qb ¸F\ ¾ v³”P6RPfhsR_1ZOa–onhjRq'hjgƒPa_ " RhsL,gwP6xsaLaRP6QR(onhjRqÅPfaNB_ " h¡ "
‚,_1\3oUL,Qbdv
´§_1xjL o—ha„Rq'_rxjhsaR§L6S?Rq'_(a_ " RhjL,g&‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'aMhjg&Rq'_rL,Qb_1QpRq'_1\Z`aRn]B_–hjg
Rq'_†hjg'N'`'R1vWž„q'_Mxs_1RR_1Q§K—PSlR_1Q0Rq'_”a_ " RhjL,ggP6Zi_Mhjgbh " P6R_=a0RqP6R0Z{`'xjRhjN'xj_
a_ " RhjL,g_1g2RQhj_=a?P6Q_pP6xjxjL o0_=bdc,]'`'R?_=P " qia_ " RhjL,g_1g2RQ\(Z{`aR?]£_„hsb_1g2Rh¡S›_=b]k\
P`'g'hs‡k`'_Mhsbig2`'Z]B_1Q1vWº'L,Q§_/¼P6ZON'xj_,ckRq'_1Q_ " P6g]£_MZ`'xjRhsN'xj_p_=b},_”a_ " RhjL,ga
hjgƒRq'_hsg'N'`'R1c¤]'`'RRq'_1\™Z{`aRP6xjxU]B_&PS›R_1Q{Rq'_&‹,_1QRh " _=aP6gbÅ]B_/S›L,Q_Rq'_
_=b},_rxjL3L,NanP6gb^]BL3bhs_=a1v
] ¿1^Q¾¿ƒÂ
_ ¿QÂjÄBÁQÃ+¿”Ë
¸ ¾1
` ¿ KÀ©›L,N'RhjL,gP6x ª
¸ ¾1
` ¿ ¹ ½½+Ì KÀ©›L,N'RhjL,gP6x ª
O ½j¾QÅ K
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
86
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
ž„q'ha”L,Qb_1Q–Zi_=P6ga–RqP6R–Rq'_},_1L,Zi_1RQ\hsa–b_/g'_=b•q'hj_1QP6Q " q'h " P6xjxj\,vV€L)oU_1Q
xs_1‹,_1Qi_1xj_1Zi_1g2RaiZ{`aRO]B_},hj‹,_1g‰]£_/SlL,Q_Rq'_q'hj},_1Qixj_1‹,_1xp_1xs_1Zi_1gkRaOonq'h " q
Q_/Sl_1Q9RLMRq'_1Zv?º9hjQaR9P6xjxk‹,_1QRh " _=a?P6Q_„b_/g'_=bdcRq'_1g{Rq'_0_=b},_=a?`ahsg'}zRq'_=a_=a
‹,_1QRh " _=a1cRq'_1gO_=b},_zxjL2L,NaUP6gbgP6xjxj\{Rq'_p]BL3bhj_=a?`ahjg'}–Rq'_=a_p_=b},_MxjL2L,Na=v
ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1c%hjR†hsaMN£La ahj]'xj_RL&b_/g'_iP]BL3b\f`ahjg'}L,g'xj\f_=b},_=a”L,Q”‹,_1QRh " _=a1v
ºL,QO_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,c§h¡S†Rq'_f},_1L,Zi_1RQ\ " L,gahsaRaiL6S”L,g'_fQ_ " RP6g'},`'xsP6QŒ]BLb\,c0Rq'_
SlL,`'Q " L,Qg'_1Q†‹,_1QRh " _=a†P6Q__1g'L,`'},qRLŒb_/g'_Rq'_},_1L,Zi_1RQ\,v”ÃMgRq'_L,Rq'_1Q
qP6gbdc'hjSRq'_†},_1L,ZO_1RQ\ " L,gahsaRa0L6SZ`'xjRhsN'xj_z]BL3bhs_=aUonq'h " q^qP=‹,_ " L,ZiZOL,g
]BL,`'gb'P6Qhj_=a1cBhjRMoUL,`'xsb]£_{ZiL,Q_{_/¢B_ " Rhs‹,_(RLŒQaR†b_/g'_]BL,`'gb'P6Q\_=b},_=a
onq'h " qOb_/g'_MRq'_z]BL3bhj_=a=c,]£_ " P6`a_†aP6Zi_n_=b},_=a " L,`'xsb]B_p`a_=bihsgZ`'xjRhsN'xj_
]BLbhj_=a1v?TWb},_MxsL2L,Na¤o0L,`'xsbŒ]£_p`a_/S›`'x£h¡SaL,Zi_p]BL3bhs_=aUP6Q_z_1g " xsLa_=bionhjRq'hsg
L,Rq'_1Qn]BLbhj_=a1c3]£_ " P6`a_–Rq'_1ga P6Zi_M_=b},_–xsL2L,Na " L,`'xsb]B_”`a_=bhjg&Z`'xjRhsN'xj_
]BLbhj_=a1v
³”P6RP(‹P6xj`'_=a " P6gO]B_z_1hjRq'_1QUhjgkR_1},_1Qa1c3Q_=P6xsa†©lb_ " hjZOP6xg2`'Z]B_1Qa ª L,Q0aRQhjg'}a=v
t0L,QQ_=aN£L,gbhjg'}•b'P6RPšR;\2NB_^hsb_1gkRhj_1QaP6Qb
_ a \ Ä,¿F`¿ƒÂ c » ¿D^À P6gb Ê ÄÂÁ \ ` v
KML,QZOP6xjxs\{hsR0hsa§g'L,R„g'_ " _=aP6Q\RLaN£_ " hjS›\Rq'_”Ry\3NB_†L6S9Rq'_–b'P6RPc']£_ " P6`a_–hsR
" P6gf]£_ " L,g " xj`b_=bSlQL,ZmRq'_ " L,g2R_/¼3R1c
¾;R„hsa„g'L,Rp_1hjRq'_1Qng'_ " _=a aP6Q\ŒRLiaN£_ " h¡Sl\iRq'_(ahj½1_”L6S9Rq'_rb'P6RPc]B_ " P6`a_rb'P6RP
‹6P6xj`'_=aiP6Q_Q_=P,bŠRhjxjxnRq'_g'_/¼3RO‚,_1\2o0L,Qb¥P6gb²Rq'hao0P \²Rq'_fahj½1_ " P6g‰]£_
" L,g " xs`b_=bSlQL,ZÈRq'_b'P6RPihjRa_1x¡S vnž„q'_ahj½1_ " P6g]B_(},hj‹,_1g`ahjg'}iRq'_ Ê Ádc¿
‚,_1\3oUL,QbP6gbL,g'_L,QpRyo0LŒhjg2R_1},_1QaMb_1NB_1gbhjg'}ihjS?b'P6RPiS›L,QZOazP6gP6QQP=\^L,Q
PRP6]'xs_,v
¾ySzb'P6RPSlL,QZOaPRP6]'xj_,c¤xshj‚,_ORq'_&‹,_1QR_/¼ƒNBL,hjg2RahsgƒRq'
_ 1¤_1QRh " _=aa_ " RhjL,g€c
Rq'_1g¥Rq'_fb'P6RP•Ry\3NB_fP6gb²ahj½1_^aNB_ " h¡_1QaiP6Q_P6xjo0P \3ag'_1_=b_=bdv’ž„q'_fahs½1_
‚,_1\3oUL,QbZ`aRn]B_–]B_/S›L,Q_rRq'_–R;\2NB_r‚,_1\3oUL,Qbdv
 "1" L,Qbhsg'},xj\,cS›L,Qn_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_–PxshsaR§L6S9_=b},_=a " L,`'xb&]£_–},hj‹,_1gahjZiN'xj\B¨
D` fe gihkj
¸ ¾ ¿”Ë
L,Q
D`
¸ ¾ ¿”Ë
Ê Á ¿
dc kj
e gihkj
L,Qnhsg^Rq'_”S›`'xjxs\Oa_1N " ¡h _=bS›L,QZ
D`
¸ ¾ ¿”Ë
Ê Á ¿
dc kj
a \ Ä¿F`¿ƒÂ
e gihkj
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ[Zƒ$6ú%û£üú%ý@
Î Ë7—(Î/Í
ÿJ4{þ
6¡Î©Ë —z,Í
ÿ
87
[aRQhjg'}‹6P6xj`'_ " ,L `'xsb&]£_–},hs‹,_1g^xjhj‚,_,¨
l ^>¼¿nmoBÁÂËZÄ *½ prq¿,ÃZÄ-m
L,Q
l ^>¼¿
\`
Ê ÄjÂBÁ
Á>ÂË>Ä
m5o
Wprqj¿”Ã>Äm
½
ž q'_pxsP \,L,`'R¤L6SBRq'_zhjg'N'`'R¤b'P6RP–hsa9SlQ_1_pP,a¤xjL,g'}rP,a?gk`'ZO_1Qh " ‹P6xs`'_=a¤P6Q_za_1NP
„
QP6R_=bionhsRqOP6RWxj_=P,aR¤L,g'_†aNP " _,vUÃzS " L,`'Qa_,c2`ahjg'}–xjhjg'_/Sl_1_=b'aWP6gbhjgb_1g2Rhjg'}
ZOP6‚,_=apb'P6RPi_=P,ahj_1Q„RL " q'_ " ‚^P6gb^Q_=P,b&SlL,Qn`a_1Qa1v
ÃMg_=P " qxjhjg'_,c " qP6QP " R_1Qa†PSlR_1
Q ˜·J¡WL,
Q ˜TsŒeP6Q_rhjg2R_1QN'Q_1R_=bP,a " L,ZiZO_1gkRa1v
3.2
The format
¾;gfRq'_S›L,xjxsL onhjg'}SlL,QZOP6RMb_=a " QhjN'RhjL,gfL,g'_L6SWRq'_xs_1RR_1Qa{© ÁutÂ#txË ª PSlR_1Q
P–‚,_1\3oUL,QbOZi_=P6gaWRqP6RUaL,Zi_pb'P6RPr‹6P6xj`'_nhsa¤g'_1_=b_=bOhjgRqP6RUN'xP " _pP6gbiRq'_
Ry\3NB_–L6S9Rq'hsazb'P6RPiaq'L,`'xsb]B_–hjgkR_1},_1Q1cQ_=P6x%L,QzaRQhjg'}'v
ÈaRQhjg'}‹6P6xj`'_Z`aR{]B_},hj‹,_1g|hjgŇ2`'L,R_=ah¡SphjR " L,gkRP6hsgaiaNP " _=a{L,Qh¡SzhjR
hsa”},hj‹,_1g•onhsRq'L,`'R(P&N'Q_ " _1hsbhjg'¥
} ˜ u2RQhsg'}'b'P6RP^Ry\3N£_ŒaN£_ " hj_1Q1vŒÃMRq'_1Qonhsa_
‡2`'L,R_=a(P6Q_Og'L,Rg'_ " _=aaP6Q\,c9]'`'R(hjR(hsaraPSl_1QrRLfP6xjo§P=\a‡2`'L,R_iRq'_aRQhjg'}a1v
:M`'L,R_=aponhsRq'hjg^‡k`'L,R_=apP6Q_(g'L,RzP6xjxjL)oU_=bdv
Mxjx " L2L,QbhsgP6R_(o0P6xs`'_=azP6gbL,Rq'_1QM},_1L,Zi_1RQh " P6xhsg'N'`'RpNP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa†P6Q_(]k\
b_/SDP6`'xjRWhjgiZO_1R_1Qa1v ê L)oU_1‹,_1Q1chjR¤hsaUN£Laahj]'xj_„RLb_/g'_†P6gOL,Rq'_1QUhsg'N'`'RU`'g'hjR
`ahjg'}”Rq'_p˜Mg'hjR9‚,_1\2o0L,QbhjgRq'_ ê _=P,b_1QWa_ " RhsL,g€v9º'L,QU_/¼P6ZiN'xs_,chjSeRq'_n`a_1Q
o0P6g2RapRL_1g2R_1Qnhjg'N'`'Rpb'P6RPhjg&ZihjxjxshjZi_1R_1Qa1c,Rq'_–hjg'N'`'R„`'g'hjRnaq'L,`'xbŒ]B_–a_1R
RL · v ·,·'« v†zxsx},_1L,Zi_1RQ\Q_1xsP6R_=bf‹P6xs`'_=a© " L3L,QbhjgP6R_=a1c " hjQ " xj_rQP,bhj`az_1R " v ª
hjg™Rq'_hjg'N'`'R–xs_OoUL,`'xb™]B_OZ{`'xjRhjN'xjhj_=bonhjRqwRq'hsa–SDP " RL,Q1vf¾;g™Rq'_ŒZOL3b_1x
Rq'_r},_1L,Zi_1RQ\&b'P6RPhsanP6xso0P=\apaRL,Q_=bfP,anZi_1R_1Qa1v
3.2.1 The v-wRxryzwr{ section
] 1¿ ^Q¾¿ƒÂ
l^
º ½j¾¿À
¼¿÷Ë
º ½j¾¿À É Á¿”Ã>Ä,½ƒÂjÅ
É Á¼¿ ËÁ+½
Á
\
\
Ë
|}^ \ ½ƒÌÄBÁZ½ \ ^ À Ë>ÄÂÁ \ `
| ^ \ ½ƒÌÄBÁZ½ \ ^ À Ë>ÄÂÁ \ `
}
|£Ã~ ÂjÂ,¿ \ Ä,À+Å ½ \ À+ŀr^Àd~”¿g
‚^,Ãjÿ+ÌÄ¿Q¾
ÁjË
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
88
ƒ?\
D\
¸
ÿ
Î
|iÁ \ Ì1~Äk~ \ ÁÄ@ͽQ„^ÀjÀ ÄD,¿k`¿½¼¿QÄjÂÅ Â,¿ÀF^QÄ¿j¾ê¾?^ƒÄr^
|‡†Ã+½½ƒÂ¾Á \ ^ƒÄ,¿,ËutxÃÁÂÃQÀQ¿ Â?^j¾Á ~Ëutxÿ \ Ä,¿ƒÂ@¿ƒÄà ˆŠ‰
|¾¿QÍ?^*~ À+Ä ÁQËfeˆ ‹
|Œ‹ˆV‹1‹Že” ­­d‘÷Á \ ÌD~ÄÒ¾?^ƒÄr^÷ÁjË@Á \ ¼HÁƒÀjÀ,Á¼¿QÄ¿ƒÂË
|be ‹D‹1‹ ” ­­d÷
‘ Á \ ÌD~ÄÒ¾?^ƒÄr^÷ÁjË@Á \€’ ÁƒÀQ½¼B¿ƒÄ,¿ƒÂË5¿ƒÄà ˆ
ÁÄÒÂ
¾
3.2.2 The “Pwr{•”—–•˜?wP™ section
_
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
½”Á ÄË
š
\
| ’
_ ^QÂÁ*^*p”Àj¿ a \ ¾¿W›
dc
?e *Á g
Ê Á ¿éÁ
D^
» ¿ À
D
¿ƒÅjÎ,½Q¾ÒͽQÂêÄ ,¿
Ì,½Á
\
r^*pÀQ¿tܼ•~Ë>Äip,¿k`Á ¿ \
ÄêÄ
|Œ^ \ ½+ÌÄÁZ½ \ ^À ’ ¿ƒÅjÎ,½ƒÂ¾êÄ¿ÀÀ,Á \ `êÄF•^ƒÄêÄF,¿êÍÁÂËZÄ
|}?^À*~,¿ Á \ ¿D^,à ¾1^ƒÄr^ ½+ÎÙÁjˇ^ \ ¾éÁ \ ¾¿W›œ†7Á>¾Ž‰
|Í½ƒÂÒÄD,¿i¿QÂjÄ¿F›
|šÄ?^*pÀQ¿÷ËÁdc¿#ˆ a ÍêÄQÎ,½éÁ \ Ä¿D`¿QÂkr^À*~,¿,ˇ^ƒÂ,¿k`Á ,¿ \ t
|šÄF,¿ \ Á?M
e Ä¿ÀjÀËÐÄD,¿ \ ~ƒ¼rp,¿QÂÒ½+ÎBː^ \ ¾ Á*g Ä,¿ÀjÀ,ËÐÄF,¿
\
| +~ ¼•,p ¿QÂ@½jÍéÃ+½j½Q¾Á \ ^QÄ¿i?^Àd~”¿,Ë9Ì,¿Q Â,½+͈ a ÍÒ½ \ ÀƒÅ@½ \ ¿
|iÁ \ Ä,¿F` ¿ƒÂ€?^ Àd,~ ¿éÁjː` Á , ¿ \ ¥
t Á>ÄêÄ,¿ÀÀË9ÄF,¿ \ ~+¼rp”¿ƒÂ
|vÃ+½j½Q¾Á \ Q^ Ä¿i?^ Àd”~ ¿,Ë9Ì,¿QÂêÂ,½+Î ˆ a \ ÄDBÁjËêÃW,^ ˃¿ ÄD,¿ Ä?^Wp”Àj¿
|e¼r~ ËZÄk,p ¿Ò¿ \ ¾¿Q¾ ÎÁÄF@ÄD,¿ ¸F\ ¾ ’ ¿ƒÅjÎ,½ƒÂ¾#ˆ Ê ¿¿ ÄD,¿
|¿W›?>^ ¼,ÌÀQ¿êÍÁƒÀQ¿‚,p ¿ÀQ½+Î
| ’
D
1^ ?^
¿ƒÅjÎ,½Q¾ÒͽQÂêÄ ,¿ê¾ QÄ
ÄjÅjÌ,¿éÁ
\ DÄ ,¿ ?Ä ^*pÀQ¿#ˆ
†7Á?eF‰MÂPe1eMÂPegžˆ1ˆDˆ€|vÃ+½j½Q¾Á \ Q^ Ä¿i?^Àd~”¿,Ë ˆ a \ Ä¿D`¿QÂË@Á?etiÁWg t„ˆDˆ1ˆ
†7Á*g•M
‰ ÂrgŽM
e ÂrgDgžˆ1ˆDˆ€|Œƒ^ ¿k` Á ¿ \ ½ \ ÀƒÅ Á>ÍêÄF”¿ ’ ¿ƒÅjÎ,½ƒÂ¾ _ ^ƒÂBÁd^*pÀQ¿ a \ ¾¿F› ÁjË
|Ÿ` Á , ¿ \ ͽQ„^ \ Á \ ¾¿W›BÁ \ `€^QÂ1`F~+¼¿ \ Äk?^QÂÁd^Wp”Àj¿ † Ë+¿¿k^Wp,½F¿R‰
† ¸D\ z¾ ‰
D\
¸
¾
|šÄFBÁjË ’ ¿ƒÅjÎ,½Q¾ ÎDÁQà ÙÁjË \
|®Ìrƒ^ Âr^ ¼B¿ƒÄ¿Q ÁQˇ`Á¿ \ ˆ
¿j¿j¾¿Q¾
1 \
Î ,¿
KML,R_,¨N1¤_1QRh " _=a%P6Q_0P6xjo§P=\a€},hj‹,_1g(P,aPnRP6]'xj_¤L6S'N£L,hsgkRa1v1¤_1QR_/¼ " L3L,QbhjgP6R_=a
" P6g&]B_”_1hjRq'_1Q ¶ ³ÉL,Qp×6³ " L3L,QbhjgP6R_=a1vWž„q'_”gk`'Z{]£_1QnL6S " L2L,QbhsgP6R_=a„Z`aR
P6xso0P=\a9]£_„},hj‹,_1g^©›`ahjg'}†Rq'_ Ê Ádc¿ ‚,_1\3oUL,Qb ª vW¾yS£P6ghjgb_/¼r‹P6QhP6]'xj_0ha%},hj‹,_1g
hsgŒRq'_–]B_1},hjg'g'hjg'}{L6S_=P " qRP6]'xj_†QL o–cRq'hsa§‹6P6xj`'_”hsa§`a_=b&P,a„Rq'_–‹,_1QR_/¼Œhsbdv
¾;gb_/¼™‹6P6xj`'_=a(aq'L,`'xb•]£_Œ`'g'hs‡2`'_OP6gbwRq'_Œhjgb_/¼™‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_f©lP6g|P6Q},`'Zi_1gkR
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_„hjg},_1g'_1QP6x ª hsa?g'L,RWhjg " xs`b_=bhjgRq'_zahj½1_nNP6QP6ZO_1R_1Q1v?ž„q'_zgk`'Z{]£_1Q
L6S–‹6P6xj`'_=aNB_1QOb'P6RP•QL)oˆaq'L,`'xsb²Q_/S›_1QiL,g'xs\ƒRLƒRq'_fP " R`P6xMb'P6RPw‹P6xj`'_=a=v
½
\
À+Å
½
\
c
¿÷ËÁ ¿
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ[Zƒ$6ú%û£üú%ý@
Î Ë7—(Î/Í
ÿJ4{þ
6¡Î©Ë —z,Í
ÿ
89
¾yS„g'Lhjgb_/¼•‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_ihsa(`a_=bdc¤‹,_1QRh " _=aP6Q_ŒhjZON'xjh " hjR_1xj\fgk`'Z{]£_1Q_=bƒ`ahjg'}
hjg2R_1},_1QazaRP6QRhjg'}SlQL,Z¿L,g'_,v
3.2.3 The ¡zyR¢zw section
1`
|ÜÄD,¿‚~ \ Á£W~”¿éÁ>¾ \ ~ƒ¼rp,¿QÂ
|š½ƒÌÄÁ+½ \ ^ À t(^÷Ë>ÄÂÁ \ `
¸ ¾ ¿éÁ
¼¿÷Ë
l^
¤
¿j½¼B¿ƒÄÂjÅ
Q¿\
Ë
Ä,¿ƒÂÒÂ
^
~
» Q¾Á ËÐÂ
_
F\
¸
¿ƒÂjÄBÁQÿ,Ë@Á
¾
•~ ip”¿k`Á ,¿ \
Á¥¼ ËZÄ
|š½ƒÌÄÁ+½ \ ^À t(^÷Ë>ÄÂÁ \ `tŒr^Àd~”¿,˂^ƒÂ,¿¥
¹ Á
\ 1¿ ^ƒÂt Q
ÁÂÃQÀQ¿
|š½ƒÌÄÁ+½ \ ^ À tÄjÎ,½Ò½ƒÂÒÄF¿¿ Â,¿D^À@ýj½Q¾Á \ ^QÄ¿i?^Àd~,¿”Ë
|®¾¿QÍÁ \ Á \ ê
` ÄF”¿ ÿ \ Ä¿ƒÂ ½j̀^÷ÃÁÂÃQÀQ¿#ˆ
|š½ƒÌÄÁ+½ \ ^À t(^
|§,¿ƒÂjÄ,¿W› Á \
| † Ã*^ \ ”p ¿k^
1^ ‚?^Àd~”¿
¿ F
ͽƒÂÒÄ ”¿÷ÃÁÂÃÀj¿
r^ ¦~
 Q¾Á Ë
\ \ ` F „^ \
^ \
~ F^ „^
¾ÁjÃ+¿,Ë5¾¿QÍÁ Á @¿”Á>Ä ,¿Q ÒÀ”Á ¿
̔½À+ŔÀ,Á ¿ нQÂ
ÃÁÂà À ƒÂ QÂÃ
\ R‰
KML,R_,¨pPiSl`'xjx " hsQ " xj_ " P6g]£_{b_/g'_=b]2\},hj‹,_1gRq'_ " _1g2R_1Q”P6gbRq'_{QP,bhj`a1v
 " hjQ " `'xsP6Q§P6Q "”" P6gŒ]B_Mb_/g'_=b]k\ORq'_ " _1g2R_1QpP6gbOR;oUL_1gbO‹,_1QRh " _=a0L,Q§]k\
Rq'Q_1_r‹,_1QRh " _=a=v
3.2.4 The ¡zyR¢zw©¨-ªRªF« section
1`
¸ ¾ ¿
F\
¸
¹ ½½+ÌÙÁ
D`
¸ ¾ ¿”Ë@Á
¾
|ÜÄD,¿‚~ \ Á £W~”¿éÁ>¾ \ ~ƒ¼rp,¿QÂ
|ÜÄD,¿Ò¿Q¾1`¿éÁ>¾Ë¬†7Á \ ^ \
•~ ip”¿k`Á ,¿ \
Á¥¼ ËZÄ
Å
P‰
½ƒÂ¾¿ƒÂ \¾¿QÍÁ
\ Á \ `êÄF”¿@ÀQ½j½ƒÌ
KML,R_,¨(zxsRq'L,`'},q™Rq'_iL,Qb_1QrL6Sn_=b},_ihsb'arhjgšRq'_Ohjg'N'`'R–hsa”g'L,R(hjZiNBL,QRP6gkR1c
Rq'_=a_M_=b},_=a0aq'L,`'xbOP6xjo§P=\a " Q_=P6R_†P " xjLa_=bixjL2L,NOonq'h " q&bL2_=aUg'L,RUhjg2R_1Q_ " R
onhjRq^hjRa_1x¡S%L,QponhjRq^P6g2\L,Rq'_1Qz_=b},_=a1v
3.2.5 The ­ª1yR® section
O
½j¾QÅ
Á
l ^¼¿÷Ë
|®ÄF,¿‚~ \ Á £F~,¿éÁ>¾ \ ~+¼rp”¿ƒÂ
|½+ÌÄBÁZ½ \ ^Àt(^
ËZÄjÂBÁ
\`
r~ kp,¿k`Á¿ \
ÁѼ BË>Ä
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
90
Q
_
½Àj½ƒÂ
± š
?` \ ²
Á |šÄF”¿i¿ƒÂÄ¿F›
½À+Å ½
D\
¸
Á
\
¾ÁQÃ+¿”Ë5¾¿QÍÁ
|šÄF”¿Ò¿Q¾D`¿éÁ>¾”Ë©†7Á \ ^ \
D`
¸ ¾ ¿,Ë@Á
D`
ÿ
Î
|½+ÌÄÁ+½ \ ^ À t£Í½W~ Á \ Ä¿D`¿ƒÂ˂‹ˆDˆ1ˆ g1¯D¯°† » ¤ O ?^À*~,¿”Ë
|Œ^ \ ¾^ \ ^ À+ÌDr^ir^Àd~”¿R‰
Á
¿ƒÂÄÁjÃ+¿,ËÒÁ
¸ ¾ ¿
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
\ Á\ê
` ÄD,¿‡p,½Q¾jÅ
z‰
Å@½Q¾¿ƒÂ 9¾¿QÍÁ
\ Á \ ` FÄ ,¿‚p”½Q¾QÅ
|šÄF”¿@ÀQ½j½ƒÌÙÁ>¾”Ë5¾¿QÍÁ \ Á \ `êÄF”¿‡p”½Q¾jÅ[ˆ´³F,¿Ò½W~Ä¿QÂZ¼B½,Ë>Ä÷Àj½j½+Ì
|e¼rB~ Ë>Ą^ À+ÎrQ^ ÅË ,p ¿k` Á¿ \ ÍÁÂË>čt(^jÍQÄ¿Q ÄDr^QÄêÄD,¿éÁ \1\ ¿QÂ
|£ÀQ½½+ÌBˬ7† Á>́^ \ Åzê
‰ Á \ ^ \ Å ½ƒÂ¾¿ƒÂ
¹ ½j½ƒÌËÒÁ
¾
K L,R_,¨„ž„q'_r‚,_1\2o0L,Qb'a^1¤_1QRh " _=azP6gb è L,xj\3},L,gP6Q_(_=‡k`'hj‹6P6xj_1g2R1v§M}P6hjg€cRq'_
M
L,Qb_1Q¤L6Sd_=b},_nhsb'a?hsa9g'L,RWhsZiN£L,QRP6g2R1c,]'`'RWRq'_=a_n_=b},_=aWaq'L,`'xsb " Q_=P6R_zP”oU_1xjx
b_/g'_=b_=b},_rxjL3L,N€v
3.3 An example file
ž q'_fS›L,xsxjL onhjg'}•_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_f},_1L,Zi_1RQ\|hsaiRP6‚,_1g¥S›QL,ZæRq'_(O ½Á+Àj¿ƒÂ[ˆ°¿F`Í xj_
„
onq'h " q " P6gr]B_?S›L,`'gbrhjg”Rq'_UbhjQ_ " RL,Q\ Ë*^¼”Ì”Àj¿,˃Ç,Ã*^j¾?µƒÍÁ+Àj¿,Ë hsg†Rq'_0TWVXTWY
bhaRQhj]'`'RhjL,g€v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1ckaL,Zi_ " xsP6Qh¡Sl\2hsg'} " L,ZiZi_1gkRa?P6Q_„P,b'b_=b(q'_1Q_,v¤ž„q'hsa
haWP6xsaLrRq'_†aP6Zi_p},_1L,ZO_1RQ\onq'h " qŒhsaW`a_=bŒP,aUP6gŒ_/¼P6ZiN'xs_phjgiRq'_†TWVXTWY
˜†a_1Q0¸†`'hb_,v9¾;RUb_/g'_=aWR;oUL]£Lbhj_=a1cP–‚,_1RRxs_pP6gbRq'_po0P6R_1Q0hjgRq'_p‚,_1RRxj_,v
ÃMg'xs\ORq'_rxj_/SlR„qP6x¡SL6S?Rq'hsapa\2ZiZO_1RQh " },_1L,ZO_1RQ\Œhsanb_/g'_=bq'_1Q_,v
] D¿ ^j¾¿ƒÂ
D\
_
¸
l ^ ¶m O
\ \ g
º Q
½ ¾¿À
¼B¿
É Á¼¿ Ë ÁZ½
¾
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
½”Á ÄË
QÂÁ
Ê Á ¿
» ¿ À
š
\
-m©|e¼½j¾¿À \ ^¼¿éÁjË5½ƒÌÄBÁZ½ \ ^ÀtxÁ>Ä Ã*^ \ p”¿ ¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿j¾@ÀD^ƒÄ,¿ƒÂ
|¾Á¼B¿ \ ËÁZ½ \ ¼r~ËZÄkp,¿k`Á¿ \ ˆ Q ~¿ \ Ä,ÀƒÅ€^ÀZΕ^ƒÅËig
| ¿D,^ à Ë+¿,ÃZÄÁ+½ \ ¿ \ ¾”Ë9ÎBÁ>ÄF@ÄF”¿ ’ ¿ƒÅjÎ,½ƒÂ¾ ¸D\ ¾

½Á+ÀQ¿QÂ
a \ ¾¿W›
_ ^ *^*p”Àj¿
dc g
1^
e ‹ˆ ‹D‹1‹i‹#ˆV‹D‹1‹
g ‹ˆ ‹D‹1‹i‹#ˆV‹Že‹
h ­‹ˆ ‹D¹1hi‹#ˆV‹Že‹
j ­‹ˆ ‹Dº1‹i‹#ˆV‹Dh1‹
¯ ­‹ˆ ‹Dº1‹i‹#ˆ»eDe‹
|Œ^ Är^*pÀQ¿Ò½QÍ Ì,½Á \ ÄËÒË>Är^ƒÂjÄË
| ^ \¸· ^QÂ1`W~ƒ¼¿ \ Ä · r^ƒÂÁ*^*pÀQ¿éÁQË ~˃¿Q¾ ĽéÁ \ ¾¿F›êÄD,¿
Œ
|®Ì,½”Á \ ġ^”Ëig É Ã+½½ƒÂ¾Á \ ^ƒÄ¿”Ë
|šÄjÅQ̔¿9¼r~ ËZÄk,p ¿k`Á¿ \ ͽƒÂ„^ Ä?^*pÀQ¿
| \ ½ƒÄ,¿
¥ ½ \ ¿€ƒ^ Â1`F+~ ¼B¿ \ Ār^Àd~”¿²†:¿QÂjÄ,¿W› Á>¾Ž‰^ \ ¾^g
Ì,½Á
É
\
ÄË
Ì,½Á
\
Ä
Ê"!dÍlÎ
¹
d‹ˆV‹1ºD‹€‹ˆegD‹
­d‹ˆV‹1º1¯k‹ˆegD‹
¼ ­d‹ˆV‹1º1¯k‹ˆ ‹Dh1‹
½ ­d‹ˆV‹1¹1¯k‹ˆ ‹D‹1‹
e ‹ ‹ˆV‹1‹D‹€‹ˆeDe‹
D\
F\
¸
¾
¾
1` g
l ^ ¾m ¿r^
¸ ¾ ¿
¼B¿
QÄ¿ƒÂ­ƒË7¼”ÄjÂ
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
¸ ¾
_
F\
fe ‹g
m
1` €h
l ^ ¾m a 1\ \ ¿ƒÂm
_
igkhkj¯
¸ ¾ ¿
¼B¿
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
¸ ¾
F\
1` kj
l ^ ¾5m À¿QÄjÄ,Àj¿­QË>ÂÍ-m
i¯k¹€º ¼€½
F\
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
¸
¾
1` ¯
l ^ ¾m O
¸ ¾ ¿
¼B¿
½QÄjĽ>¼
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
¸ ¾
F\
_
1` €¹
l ^ ¾5m À
—m
½ e
O
F\
feg
-m
Áe
l >^ ¼¿nmÀ,¿ƒÄjĔÀQ¿Pm
Q ½ÀQ½ƒÂfg1¯D¯k‹€‹€g1¯D¯
½j¾QÅ
91
|}^ \Ò¸D\ ¾ ÁQË \ ¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾êĽéÁ \
|ÜÄDBÁQË@ÁjË9ÄD,¿÷Ë+¿”Ã>ÄBÁZ½ \@¸D\
*^
¾Ájà QÄ¿
¾
F
Ä ”¿ê¿
\
|ÜÄD,¿Ò½*~Ä¿ƒÂkp”½*~ \ ¾1^QÂjÅ ½QÍêÄF”¿ ’
|ÜÄD,¿‚,p ½QÄjĽ>¼
|}^ \ ½QÄF”¿ƒÂêÌ,½À+Å,À”Á \ ¿ê¿j¾D`¿
|ÜÄD,¿ ’
’
F
|vÃ+½ÀQ½Q‚pÅ
k^ \
¿ƒÄÄ,Àj¿
t W› d~
»
¤O
\
¾
Î QÄ¿QÂ
r^
\`
¿ƒÄÄ,ÀQ¿
‚p,½*~ \ ?¾ ^ƒÂjń^QÄêÄD,¿÷Ë>Å+¼j¼B¿ƒÄjÂÅ÷À,Á \
½
?^*pÀQ¿
¿
¿ƒÄÄ,Àj¿ ‹¿ ÃÀ ,¾Á
¿QÄjÄ,Àj¿
|´p,½j¾QÅ \ ~ƒ¼rp,¿QÂ
Ä
\ FÄ ”¿‚,¿ƒÂÄ¿W›ÒÄr^*p”Àj¿
¾ÁQÃ+¿”Ë@Á
½QÍêÄ ”¿
D
¾@½QÍêÄ ,¿
|ÜÄD,¿ rÎ ^QÄ¿ƒÂkp”½*~ \ 1¾ ^QÂjń^ƒÄÒÄF”¿÷Ë>ÅZ¼¼¿QÄjÂjÅ÷À”Á \
|ÜÄD,¿‚p,½QÄjĽ>¼
¸ ¾ ¿
¼B¿
¿QÄjÄ,Àj¿­Q˼”ÄÂ
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
¸ ¾
_
ÿ
|ÜÄD,¿éÁ \1\ ¿ƒÂkp”½*~ \ ¾1^QÂjÅkp,¿QÄQÎ,¿¿ \ FÄ ”¿ ’
|ÜÄDBÁQË@Ájˇ^ ̔½À+ŔÀ,Á \ ¿Ò¿Q¾1`¿ˆ
¸ ¾ ¿
¼B¿
_
6¡Î©Ë —z,Í
|š¿j¾D`¿ \ ~+¼rp”¿ƒÂ ½ \ ¿
|tΕƒ^ Ä¿QÂ Ë ~ÂÍ1^”Ã+¿
|Ÿ¯k^ \ ¾ne ‹€^ƒÂ,¿÷Á \
1` ¾e
l ^ ¾m ~ 1^ Pm
_
i¯¶e ‹
¸ ¾ ¿
Ê ÂÍ ”Ã+¿
¼B¿
¿ƒÂÄÁQÿ,Ë
¸ ¾
F\
ÿJ4{þ
­
º
¸
Î Ë7—(Î/Í
ÿ[Zƒ$6ú%û£üú%ý@
D
¿éÁjË9Ä ,¿
’
¿
¿QÄjĔÀQ¿
‡^ \ 
¾ ^ \ ^ÀZÌD•^i?^À*~,¿²†Â‹#ˆDˆ1ˆ gD¯1¯•‰
Ã+½j¾¿”Ë
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
92
D\
¸
O
D` ‚hij¯k¹
¸ ¾ ¿”Ë
¾
„g
l ^ ¼¿nm¿r^ƒÄ,¿ƒÂm
Q ½ÀQ½Q„‹k‹€gD¯1¯€gD¯D¯
¸ ¾D
` ¿”Ëfe gih
½Q¾jÅ
D\
¸
¾
|¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿j¾‚pÅ@ͽ*~Â
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
D` ©†Âh€^ \ €
¾ jk^Q¿
¿Q¾ ¿,Ë
|´p”½Q¾QÅ \ ~+¼rp”¿ƒÂÒÄQΔ½éÁQËÐÄF”¿5Ε^ƒÄ,¿ƒÂ
Á
Ì,½À+ŔÀ,Á
\ FÄ ”¿ ’
\ ¿,Ë|Š‰
¿ƒÄÄ,ÀQ¿
|šÄD¿¿éÁQËÐÄF”¿\¼NÁ \ Á¼Ž^À \ ~+¼•p,¿QÂ@½jÍê¿j¾D`¿,Ë@Á \ g É |
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ#ÃQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
Ë/Ì̀ÏÎ/ÍyÍ Ì Ï“Q6jٍË
ÿ
—z,Í
93
Chapter 4
ELMER Front settings file format
Á“q'_1gšP6g•TWV%XTWYƺ'QL,gkRra_=aahjL,ghsa”aRP6QR_=bdc€‹P6xs`'_=azSlL,Q”‹P6QhsL,`a " L,g2RQL,x
‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_=a " P6g]£_„hjg'hsRhsP6xjhj½1_=b”SlQL,ZœP6ghjg'N'`'R9xj_,v?ž„q'hsa?P6N'N£_1gbhj¼{b_=a " Qhj]B_=a
Rq'_™aRQ` " R`'Q_™L6SRq'hsaŒxj_™P6gb’Rq'_•‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'afonq'h " q¦P6Q_™P ‹P6hjxP6]'xj_fSlL,Q
a_1RRhjg'}hsg'hjRhsP6xB‹P6xj`'_=a„RLORq'_=a_–‹P6QhP6]'xj_=a1v
Mxjx€‚,_1\2o0L,Qb'az},hs‹,_1ghjgRq'_–xs_(aq'L,`'xsb^]B_–onhjRq'hjgPiahjg'},xj_–a_ " RhsL,g " P6xjxj_=b
˜Ø˜†a_1QMu2_1RRhjg'}a1¡v0u2L'cRq'_(]P,ah " aRQ` " R`'Q_rSlL,QnRq'_”xj_–hsa„Rq'_rS›L,xjxsL onhjg'}'¨
ƒ
\ `Ë
ir^À*~,¿
ir^ À*,~ ¿
Ê Q
¿ ÄjÄBÁ
,¿ƒÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾
,¿ƒÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾
˃¿ƒÂ
À
À
F\
¸
¾
ˆ1ˆDˆ
ž q'_zL,Qb_1Q0L6SRq'_z‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'a0hsa?SlQ_1_,v¤¾ygŒRq'_pSlL,xjxjL onhsg'}'cP6xjx‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'a„aRP6QR
„
hjg'}šonhjRq ˜Ø³†_/SlP6`'xjR1¤P6Q_^‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'aonq'La_‹6P6xj`'_=a " P6g|]B_&aRL,Q_=b|L,g'xj\™hjg
Pa_1RRhjg'}a(xj_,všÃMRq'_1Q{‚,_1\2o0L,QbŋP6xj`'_=a " P6gÅ]£_aRL,Q_=bƒP6xaLfhjgÅPfZOL3b_1x
xj_†P6gbORq'_1\ionhsxjx]B_z`a_=bP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxs\onq'_1gRq'_MZOL3b_1xexj_zhsaUxjLP,b_=bdv
ê L oU_1‹,_1Q1ceRq'_M`a_1Q " P6g&N'Q_1‹,_1gkRnRq'haU]2\Œb_/g'hjg'}{Rq'_–a_1RRhjg'}a0NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Q
˜Ø³†_/SlP6`'xsR§˜†a_”XfLb_1x%u2_1RRhjg'}a13RL{]B_†SlP6xa_,v9ž„q'ha " P6g&]B_†bL,g'_–_1hsRq'_1Q0hjg&P
a_1RRhjg'}anxj_”L,Qp]k\`ahjg'}Rq'_{u2_1RRhsg'}a " L,ZiZOP6gbhjg^Rq'_(TUbhjRnZi_1gk`€v
ÃMg_=P " qxjhjg'_,c " qP6QP " R_1Qa†PSlR_1
Q ˜·J¡WL,
Q ˜TsŒeP6Q_rhjg2R_1QN'Q_1R_=bP,a " L,ZiZO_1gkRa1v
ÈaRQhjg'}‹6P6xj`'_Z`aR{]B_},hj‹,_1g|hjgŇ2`'L,R_=ah¡SphjR " L,gkRP6hsgaiaNP " _=a{L,Qh¡SzhjR
hsa”},hj‹,_1g•onhsRq'L,`'R(P&N'Q_ " _1hsbhjg'¥
} ˜ u2RQhsg'}'b'P6RP^Ry\3N£_ŒaN£_ " hj_1Q1vŒÃMRq'_1Qonhsa_
‡2`'L,R_=a(P6Q_Og'L,Rg'_ " _=aaP6Q\,c9]'`'R(hjR(hsaraPSl_1QrRLfP6xjo§P=\a‡2`'L,R_iRq'_aRQhjg'}a1v
:M`'L,R_=aponhsRq'hjg^‡k`'L,R_=apP6Q_(g'L,RzP6xjxjL)oU_=bdv
ÙxjL,},h " P6xd‹P6xs`'_ " P6g]£_–_1hsRq'_1Q « ©›Zi_=P6g'hjg'}RQ`'_ ª L,Q · ©›ZO_=P6g'hjg'}{SlP6xsa_ ª v
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
94
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
¾;g&Rq'_”S›L,xsxjL onhjg'}‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'apP6Q_–hsgRq'_ra P6Zi_”L,Qb_1QzP,a„Rq'_1\P6Q_rbhaN'xsP=\,_=b
hsgŒRq'_(u2_1RRhjg'}a„onhjgbL)o–vUž„q'_”Zi_=P6g'hjg'}L6S%_=P " q‚,_1\2o0L,Qb&hsa§_/¼3N'xP6hjg'_=bOhsg
Rq'_ " L,g2R_/¼3RML6S9Rq'_TWbhjRnZi_1g2`^hjgt0qP6N'R_1Q ¶ v
ž„q'_&‚,_1\3oUL,Qb|‹6P6xj`'_=a},hj‹,_1gƒ]B_1xjL)oŸP6Q{
_ ) `aRS›L,QP6g|_/¼P6ZiN'xs_,všž„q'_&`a_1Q
aq'L,`'xsb™L6S " L,`'Qa__1gkR_1Q{L ong|‹6P6xj`'_=a–SlL,Q{Rq'_O‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'aonq'h " qƒq'_ŒL,Q{aq'_
b_/g'_=azhjg&Rq'_(a_1RRhjg'}a§xs_,v
?^*~”ÀƒÄ
É ¿QÍ
º ½Q¾¿À É >
Á ¿,ÃZĽQÂjÅ
>ÇQ¿À ¼¿Q,
Â Ç º ½Q¾¿À,Ë
\ `nm
Ê ÄjÂBÁ
•m
?^*~”ÀƒÄ Q Q^ ¾ioÁƒÀQ¿”Ë É ÁÂ,¿,Ã>Ä,½ƒÂÅ
Ê ÄjÂBÁ \ `nm>ÇQ¿À ¼¿QÂ,ÇQ¾1^ƒÄr^Ç,Ã*^Q¾rµƒÍÁ+ÀQ¿”Ë•m
É ¿QÍ
¸ j
› Ä,¿ƒÂ \ ^À º ¿”Ë oÁƒÀQ¿”Ë É ÁÂ,¿,Ã>Ä,½ƒÂÅ
\ `nm>ÇQ¿À ¼¿QÂ,ÇQ¾1^ƒÄr^Ǽ¿,˕µQÍÁ+Àj¿,ËRm
?^*~”ÀƒÄ
É ¿QÍ
Ê ÄjÂBÁ
?^*~”ÀƒÄ a \ ÃQÀd~,¾¿ š ^ƒÄD
Ê ÄjÂBÁ \ `nm>ÇQ¿À ¼¿QÂ,ǔÁ \ 1
Ì ~Äm
É ¿QÍ
?^*~”ÀƒÄ
¹ ½F` É Á>¿”Ã>ĽQÂjÅ
\ `nm>ÇQ¿À ¼¿QÂ,Ç+Î,½ƒÂ ’ m
?^*~”ÀƒÄ
» ¿,˔
~ ÀƒÄË É ÁÂ,¿,ÃZĽƒÂÅ
\ `nm>ÇQ¿À ¼¿QÂ,Ç+Î,½ƒÂ ’ m
É ¿QÍ
Ê ÄjÂBÁ
É ¿QÍ
Ê ÄjÂBÁ
|
*~
F
|
Ê ,½ Àƒ¾êÄ ”¿@˃¿ƒÄÄÁ
?^*~”ÀƒÄ ƒ Ë+¿
¹ ½F
` ÁQÃW^Àk‹
É ¿QÍ
º ½j¾¿À
\ `”ËÒË>Ä,½ƒÂ,¿Q¾
Ê ¿ƒÄÄÁ
N ~Ä,½
D^
F` W^ ¶e
N ~Ä,½
^W,¿ º ½Q¾¿À
½F`ÁQÃW^À¶e
N ~Ä,½
^W,¿ Ê ½ÀW¿ƒÂ a \ ÌD~Ä
½F`ÁQÃW^À¶e
Á
\ ^9¼½j¾¿À
‚~BË+¿Q¾ 1Î ,¿ \
ÍÁ+ÀQ¿
Á>ÄéÁjË
D^
Àj½ j¾¿Q¾
\ `”Ë
¹ ½ j¾ º ¿,Ë
¹ ½ ÁQÃ À
¹
¹
O
| Q
|
Ê
Ê
z^ \
½¼j¼
½ƒÎË+¿QÂ
^ \ W¿ ›Ä¿Q \ ^ÀÒÀQ½F`ÍÁƒÀQ¿‚pÂ,½+Î˃¿ƒÂœ† ”¿ƒÂ,¿÷Á \
¾êͽƒÂ
Q
Ž^ \
½¼¼
¾
D^
¿ j¾ê½
\
R‰
ÀƒÅмB½Q¾¿
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ#ÃQ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠþÿ
|
Ž^ \
„^ \ W¿ ›Ä¿ƒÂ \ ^À
½>¼j¼
¸ ¾ÁÄ,½ƒÂ
Ê ÄjÂÁ
ÿ
—z,Í
95
\ `Ám Q ¥ Ä š ½D`QÂr^¼ÅoÁƒÀQ¿,ËFÄ*³,¿W›jÄ š ^j¾?Ä*³1ÆD³ š N É 1h gˆ ¸ Æ
Ê ÄjÂÁ
| Q
Ë/Ì̀ÏÎ/ÍyÍ Ì Ï“Q6jٍË
¾ÒͽQÂ
œ† ͽƒÂ
¿j¾ÁÄ,½ƒÂ
¿Q¾ÁÄBÁ
\`
|
¤ W¿ pDr^Q¾jÄkor^,ÃZĽƒÂË
Â,½+ÎBË+¿ º ½j¾¿
Ê ÄjÂÁ
½
\` l \
O
¿
Â,½+ÎBË+¿ º ½j¾¿ º ¿”Ë
Ê ÄjÂÁ
Ê ”¿ÀÀ
\`
O
š
D`
W~
Â,½+ÎBË+¿ º ½j¾¿
Â,½,Ã+¿j¾ ¿
Ê ÄjÂÁ
¹ ½ jÍÁ+ÀQ¿
\`
O
Q
½>¼,ÌBÁƒÀQ¿QÂ
*
Â,½+ÎBË+¿ º ½j¾¿ Ê ½ À ¿QÂ
Ê ÄjÂÁ
¹ ½ jÍ+
Á ÀQ¿
\`
O
­Â
*
Ê ½À ,¿ƒÂ
Q ½>¼j¼Ž^ \ ¾
\Á
` m Q ¥ Ä š ½D`QÂr^¼ÅoÁƒÀQ¿,ËFÄ*³,¿W›jÄ š ^j¾?Ä*³1ÆD³ š N É 1h gˆ ¸ Æ ¸ m
|}³F”¿ ͽÀÀQ½+ÎÁ \ `‚p½ƒÎË+¿9¼B½Q¾¿ ÍÀD^F`ˇ^Q¿€^Wr^”ÁƒÀF^*pÀQ¿
| ¹ ½Dj` ÍÁƒÀQ¿#¥½W~jÌ1~Ä ÁQË5¾Á>¿”Ã>Ä¿j¾ Ä,½€^ÒÀj½F`ÍÁ+Àj¿
| Ê ”¿ÀjÀ¥ ½W~ ÄjÌD~ ā`½j¿,ËÐÄ,½@ËZÅË>Ä,¿¼ Ã+½ \ ˃½ÀQ¿
\ ½Ò½*~ ÄjÌD~ āQ^ Ą^ ÀjÀ
| l ½ \ ¿¥
O
-m
¸
D`
_
D`
o?^”Ã>ĽQÂË
Â,½+ÎBË+¿ º ½j¾¿
Á+¿+Î
Ê ÄjÂÁ
¹ ½ jÍÁ+ÀQ¿
\`
Á
\ DÌ ~ÄÒÍÁ+Àj¿ê¿QÄȊ‰
96
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
Chapter 5
ELMER Definitions File format
5.1 Introduction
ž„q'hanP6N'N£_1gbh¡¼^b_=a " Qhj]B_=a„Rq'_(TWV%XTWY[³†_/g'hjRhjL,ganº9hjxj_†SlL,QZOP6R1v
´§\b_/SDP6`'xjR1c2TWV%XTWY—ºQL,gkR„a`'N'N£L,QRa0L,g'xj\P(a_1RWL6SN'Q_=b_/g'_=bO_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga
©lK†P=‹3hj_1Q u2RL,‚,_=a1c±–T¤yž`'Q]'`'xj_1g " _,c ê _=P6RpTU‡k`P6RhjL,g€c£u2RQ_=a apzgP6g'xs\3aha0P6gb
nb‹,_ " RhsL,g³†h¡¢d`ahjL,g{TW‡2`P6RhjL,g ª v¤ž„q'hsa9Zi_=P6ga9RqP6R9Rq'_nb'P6RP”_1g2RQ\(NP6g'_1xsa
" L,g2RP6hjgL,g'xj\O_1xsb'a„SlL,QnRq'_=a_–_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1v
˜†ahjg'}{Pb_/g'hjRhjL,gŒxj_MRq'_–`a_1Q " P6gb_/g'_”g'_1o’NP6g'_1xd_1xsb'a„P6gbZiL3bhjS›\
Rq'_ON'QL,N£_1QRhj_=arL6S§Rq'__/¼hsaRhjg'}_1xsb'a=vÁ‰q'_1gwP^b_/g'hsRhjL,gšxj_hsa”xjLP,b_=b
hsgkRL(TWV%XTWY’º'QL,g2R1c2Rq'_Mg'_1o²`a_1Q§b_/g'_=bi_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga¤]B_1qP=‹,_†N'QP " Rh " P6xjxj\
ahjZihjxsP6Qhsxj\P,a(Rq'_iN'Q_=b_/g'_=bƒ_=‡k`P6RhjL,ga=v ê L oU_1‹,_1Q1c?Rq'_1Q_Œhsa”L,g'_OxjhsZihjRP
RhsL,g€v²ž„q'_1Q_fhsag'L•Zi_ " qP6g'hsaZíRL™b_/g'_N'QL " _=b`'Q_=aiS›L,Q " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}™Rq'_
b'P6RPfhjgkR_1},QhsRy\,v^ž„q'_Og'L,QZOP6x§b'P6RP " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}Å© " q'_ " ‚3hjg'}f_1g2RQ\™‹P6xs`'_=a”S›L,Q
g2`'Zi_1Qh " _1xsb'a”_1R " v ª hsa”P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxs\fhjgš`a_,c]'`'RrP^ZiL,Q_ " L,ZiN'xjh " P6R_=b
 " QLa a " q'_ " ‚2hjg'}'ehsa„g'L,RpNBLaahj]'xj_MSlL,QnRq'_r`a_1Qpb_/g'_=b&_1xsb'a=v
¾;Rnaq'L,`'xsb]B_rP6xsaL{g'L,R_=b^RqP6RnRq'_rb_/g'hjRhjL,gxj_”hsa§L,g'xj\ŒZi_=P6gkRnRL " Q_=P6R_
Rq'_&`a_1Q{hjg2R_1Q SlP " _SlL,QRq'_&g'_1oŸ_=‡k`P6RhsL,ga1v•zg2\wN'QL " _=b`'Q_=a©lb\2gP6Zih "
xshj]'QP6Qhj_=a ª g'_1_=b_=b&SlL,QpaL,xj‹3hjg'}Rq'_–_=‡2`P6RhjL,ganZ{`aRn]B_rb_/g'_=b^_1xsa_1onq'_1Q_,v
m]P,ah " aRQ` " R`'Q_^hjg|Pb_/g'hsRhjL,gwxs_Œhsa{P6g|_=‡k`P6RhsL,g|a_ " RhjL,g€v™¾yg|Rq'hsa
a_ " RhjL,gŒRq'_–`a_1Q„b_/g'_=a„Rq'_”gP6Zi_”L6S9Rq'_†g'_1o’_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€c'Rq'_”‹P6QhP6]'xj_MRL
]B_raL,xj‹,_=b^P6gbfRq'_rN'QL " _=b`'Q_Œ©›Rq'_(xjhs]'QP6Q\ŒP6gb^Rq'_–Sl`'g " RhjL,ggP6ZO_=a ª S›L,Q
Rq'_§_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€vMg(_=‡2`P6RhjL,g(]'xsL " ‚ " P6g{P,b'b{P " L,ZiN'xs_1R_1xj\”g'_1ow_=‡2`P6RhjL,gL,Q
hsR " P6gZiLbh¡S›\P6g_/¼hsaRhjg'}_=‡2`P6RhjL,g€v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1c£hsRpaq'L,`'xsb^]B_–g'L,R_=bRqP6R
hsgf},_1g'_1QP6x?hsapg'L,R”`a_/Sl`'x%RL&P,b'bg'_1oÉ_1xb'azRLRq'_N'Q_=b_/g'_=b_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga
©›xshj‚,_ ê _=P6RnTW‡2`P6RhjL,g ª c']£_ " P6`a_†Rq'_–_/¼hsaRhsg'}©›N'Q_=b_/g'_=b ª„" Lb_”S›L,Q„Rq'_=a_
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
þ
6jΩË —z,Í
ÿ
97
_=‡2`P6RhjL,ganoUL,`'xb^g'L,Rn`a_rP6gk\&L6S?Rq'_=a_rg'_1o’_1xsb'a=v
MgÉ_=‡2`P6RhjL,gÉb_/g'hjRhjL,g " L,gkRP6hjgag'L,QZOP6xjxj\’P6xsaL‰aL,Zi_•NP6g'_1xa_ " RhjL,ga
onq'_1Q_^Rq'_^g'_1oŸ_1xsb'a{Q_1xsP6R_=b|RLšRq'_^_=‡2`P6RhjL,gŠP6Q_P,b'b_=b|RL_=P " q²Q_1x¡
_1‹6P6gkR„NP6g'_1x?©lXP6R_1QhsP6xsa=c2¾;g'hjRhsP6xBt0L,gbhjRhsL,gaU_1R " v ª v¤Á“q'_1gPNP6g'_1x€a_ " RhjL,g
hsazonhjRq'hjgfP6g_=‡k`P6RhjL,ga_ " RhjL,g€c£Rq'_r_1xsbb_/g'hjRhjL,gaponhsxjxP¢B_ " R†L,g'xj\&Rq'_
_=‡2`P6RhjL,gwhjg™‡2`'_=aRhjL,g€v&Á“q'_1gƒPfNP6g'_1x0a_ " RhjL,gƒhsa–L,`'Rahb_OP6gk\•_=‡2`P6RhjL,g
a_ " RhjL,g€c%Rq'__1xsb•b_/g'hjRhjL,ga”onhjxsx9P¢d_ " RrP6xjx¤_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1vº'L,Q–_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_,cP
g'_1o¦ZOP6R_1QhP6xBNP6g'_1x%_1xsboUL,`'xsb]£_rP,b'b_=b^RLŒP6xjxd_=‡k`P6RhjL,ga=v
¾;Rrhsa–P6xsaL^NBLaahs]'xj_RLfhjg " xj`b_L,Rq'_1Qb_/g'hsRhjL,gšxj_=a–onhjRq'hsg™Pb_/g'hjRhjL,g
xj_,v“ž„q'_fhjg " xj`b_ " L,ZOZOP6gbŠZ{`aRi]B_L,`'Rahsb_P6g2\Š_=‡k`P6RhjL,g¥L,QiNP6g'_1x
a_ " RhjL,ga=v
5.2
ELMER Front model file and user definitions
Á“q'_1g™TWVXTWY¹º'QL,g2R(aRP6QRa1c%hjR " Q_=P6R_=a(P6g•hjgkR_1QgP6x¤xjhaRML6S0_1xsbšb_/g'h¡
RhjL,gazonq'h " qfP6Q_Q_1xsP6R_=b^RLŒRq'_(N'Q_=b_/g'_=b_=‡k`P6RhjL,gazZi_1gkRhsL,g'_=bP6]£L)‹,_,v
¾yS£P–b_/g'hjRhjL,gxj_„hsa9xjLP,b_=bdcRq'hsa9xjhaR%hsa9_1g'xsP6Q},_=bP6gbZiLbh¡_=b{P6gbRq'_=a_
" qP6g'},_=a„P6Q_MQ_/Ú_ " R_=bOhjgORq'_Mb'P6RP_1gkRQ\NP6g'_1xsa1vUu2L'c3xjLP,bhjg'}(Pb_/g'hjRhjL,g
xj_ " P6g^]B_(a_1_1gP,apPZO_ " qP6g'hsaZ¿RLŒP,b'b^g'_1o’_1xsb'anRLRq'_(a\3aR_1Zfv
Á“q'_1g™P&ZiL3b_1x?xs_{ha†a P=‹,_=bdcP6xsx¤g'_1o_1xsbšgP6Zi_=a–P6gbšRq'_1hjQ–‹6P6xj`'_=a–P6Q_
aP ‹,_=b²onhjRq²Rq'_ZiLb_1x„xj_,v ê L o0_1‹,_1Q1cphjRhsaihjZiNBL,QRP6gkRiRL™g'L,Rh " _fRqP6R
Rq'__1xsbšN'QL,NB_1QRy\•b_/g'hjRhjL,ga†SlL,Q–Rq'_g'_1oÇ_1xsb'a–P6Q_Og'L,RraRL,Q_=bšhjg•Rq'_
ZiLb_1xWxj_,v¾ySnRq'_OZiLb_1xWxs_ihsarxsLP,b_=b™xsP6R_1QhjgwPg'_1oŸTWVXTWY¿º'QL,g2R
a_=aahjL,g€c£onhsRq'L,`'RMQaRMxjLP,bhsg'}ŒRq'_L,Qhj},hjgP6x9b_/g'hjRhjL,gxj_k©la ª cdRq'_=a_g'_1o
_1xsb'apP6Q_ " L,gahsb_1Q_=b^`'g'‚3g'L ongSlL,QnRq'_(a\aR_1ZmP6gbP6xsxBRq'_b'P6RPQ_1xsP6R_=b
RLRq'_1Z hsarQ_1ZiL ‹,_=bƒSlQL,ZéRq'_hjgkR_1QgP6x„b'P6RPaRQ` " R`'Q_=a1v¾;gwRq'hsaaRP6},_
Rq'_†L,Qhj},hjgP6xBZiL3b_1xexj_zha0aRhsxjxL6S " L,`'Qa_†`'g'ZiLbh¡Sl_=bdc2]'`'R§h¡SRq'_†`a_1Q0g'L)o
aP ‹,_=a”Rq'_ZiL3bhj_=bZiLb_1x¤b'P6RPcP6xjxRq'_ib'P6RPQ_1xsP6R_=bRL&Rq'_g'_1o_1xsb'a
hsa„NB_1QZOP6g'_1gkRxs\ŒxjLaR1v
u2L'c'hjR„hsa§_=aa_1g2RhsP6xdRLxjLP,bN'QL,N£_1Qnb_/g'hjRhsL,gŒxs_=a„hjgkRLRq'_ra\aR_1ZŸ]£_/SlL,Q_
xjLP,bhjg'}P{ZiLb_1xexj_”onq'h " q " L,gkRP6hjga„`a_1Qnb_/g'_=b_1xsb'a=vW¾yR§hsa§Rq'_”`a_1Q1‘a
Q_=aNBL,gahj]'hjxshjRy\”RL”‚,_1_1NQ_ " L,QbL6SeRq'_nb_/g'hjRhjL,g{xj_=a9Q_1xsP6R_=bRL”P6g2\ZOL3b_1x
xj_,v
98
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
5.3 Loading definition files
Ÿb_/g'hjRhsL,g•xj_ihsa(xjLP,b_=b™P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxj\h¡S„Pxj_igP6Zi_=b5˜ S›QL,g2R1v _=b3S=%hsa
SlL,`'gbhjgRq'_l˜ØTUVXTUYzÏ ê ÆXT0Â)xshj]€bhjQ_ " RL,Q\L,Q¤h¡S£Rq'_z`a_1Q¤qP,aUb_/g'_=b
P6g_1gk‹3hjQL,g'Zi_1g2RM‹6P6QhsP6]'xj_gP6Zi_=b¥˜ØTUVXTUYzÏpº?YpÆKMžÏp³”TWº?¾ KM¾ žn¾ ÆK–u£
P6gbhjR " L,gkRP6hjgaMP{xj_–gP6Zi_–Q_/Sl_1Qhjg'}RLiPb_/g'hjRhjL,g&xj_,v
çb_/g'hsRhjL,g²xj_ " P6g“]£_P6xsaLwxsLP,b_=b‰P6RRq'_aRP6QRŒRhjZO_]k\²`ahjg'}wRq'_
" L,ZOZOP6gb&xjhjg'_”P6Q},`'Zi_1gkR1¨
3
­j­ b_/g'hsRhjL,ga Dxj_ Œ`€j}µ¤P‚D‡³‚Dˆƒ”~¤¦ŽŸ}Iƒ|t}
Çb_/g'hsRhjL,gxj_ " P6g]B_(xsLP,b_=bP6xsaLOb`'Qhjg'}Rq'_{TWV%XTWYǺQL,gkR–a_=aahsL,g
onhsRq^Rq'_rV€LP,bfb_/g'hjRhsL,gŒxs_ " L,ZiZOP6gb&hjg&Rq'_(º9hjxj_”Zi_1g2`€v
³†_/g'hjRhsL,gwxj_=a{P6Q_^a_=P6Q " q'_=bŠP6gbÅxjLP,b_=bÅhjgÅRq'_^P6]£L)‹,_&L,Qb_1QP6gb|P6g2\
xP6R_1Qpb_/g'hjRhjL,g^L ‹,_1QonQhsR_=apPNBLaahj]'xj_†N'Q_1‹3hjL,`anb_/g'hjRhjL,g€v
5.4 The format
ž„q'_(]P,ah " aRQ` " R `'Q_rL6S¤Pib_/g'hjRhjL,gxj_–hanP,a„S›L,xsxjL opa1¨
£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ }UÈ7›,ƒ‡³‚DˆQiBƒ|t}
¿D£W~•ƒ
^ ÄÁ+½ \ ÌÂ,½+̔¿ƒÂjÄBÁZ¿”˲ˆ1ˆDˆ
š ^ \ ¿À{¯,ƒB}Ž2Bƒ|t}
o ÁZ¿Àƒ¾vƒ|t}
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ ÌÂ,½+̔¿ƒÂjÄBÁZ¿”˲ˆ1ˆDˆ
¸D\ ¾ š ^ \ ¿À
¸D\ ¾ ¸ £F~rQ
^ ÄÁZ½ \
a \ ÃQÀd~ ¾¿`¯Q‡D
š ^ \ ¿À{¯,ƒB}Ž2Bƒ|t}
oBÁZ¿Àƒ¾‹Bƒ|t}
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ ÌÂ,½+Ì,¿QÂjÄBÁZ¿,ËɈ1ˆDˆ
¸D\ ¾ š ^ \ ¿À
¸
¾;gŠRq'_^SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}S›L,QZOP6Rib_=a " QhjN'RhjL,gŠL,g'_L6S”Rq'_xj_1RR_1Qaf© ˗tÂt¥ÁtvÀ ª
PSlR_1QrP^‚,_1\3oUL,QbwZi_=P6ga”RqP6R(aL,Zi_ib'P6RP‹P6xj`'_ha”g'_1_=b_=b•hjg•RqP6RrN'xsP " _
P6gbRq'_–Ry\3N£_rL6S?Rq'hsanb'P6RPiaq'L,`'xsb&]£_rPaRQhjg'}'c'Q_=P6x»c'hjg2R_1},_1QpL,QnxjL,},h " P6x»v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
þ
6jΩË —z,Í
ÿ
99
[aRQhjg'}‹6P6xj`'_–aq'L,`'xsb&]B_–},hj‹,_1g^hjg^‡k`'L,R_=aph¡ShjR " L,g2RP6hjgapaNP " _=a=v':M`'L,R_=a
onhjRq'hjg^‡2`'L,R_=azP6Q_–g'L,RzP6xsxjL o0_=bdv
ÙxjL,},h " P6xd‹P6xs`'_raq'L,`'xsb^žQ`'_©›L,Q « ª L,QzºP6xsa_©›L,Q ·kª v
ÃMg|_=P " q|xjhjg'_,c¤P6xjx " qP6QP " R_1QaiPSlR_1Q®˜·J¡•L,QܘTsŒ¤P6Q_hjgkR_1QN'Q_1R_=bŠP,a " L,Z
Zi_1g2Ra1v
V€hjg'_=a " P6g]£_ " L,g2Rhjgk`'_=b]k\&_1gkR_1Qhjg'}£˜
L,Q*˜3Ê{'P,a„Rq'_”xsP,aR0g'L,g»]'xsP6g'‚ " qP6QP " R_1QphjgRq'_”xjhjg'_,v?zg2\Oxj_=P,bhjg'}onq'hjR_
aNP " _§hsaQ_1ZiL ‹,_=bSlQL,ZÙRq'_„hjg'N'`'Rxjhjg'_U]B_/SlL,Q_0hjRhsa9P,b'b_=bRL†Rq'_§xjhjg'_U]B_1hjg'}
" L,gkRhsgk`'_=bdv
5.4.1 The ¡PË?Ì-x?”u–•ªFÍ section
¸
Mg_=‡k`P6RhjL,gib_/g'hsRhjL,ghsa¤P6xjo§P=\aWP–a_1NP6QP6R_za_ " RhsL,g€chjR " P6g'g'L,RW]B_nhjgahsb_
P6gk\&L,Rq'_1Qza_ " RhjL,g€v
£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \
| ¸ W£ ~•^ƒÄBÁZ½ \€\ ^¼¿²†Ë?‰êÁQË \
¿¿Q¾¿Q¾
re WË gž| ¹ Á¦pÂ?^QÂjŜ†Ë•eF‰^ \ ¾êÍF~ \ Ã>ÄÁ+½ \ †ËFg•‰ \ ^>¼¿”ˇ^Q¿ \ ¿¿Q¾¿Q¾
_ ^ d^Wp
| _ ƒ^ ÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿ \ ^¼¿²†Ë?‰êÁQË \ ¿¿Q¾¿Q¾
_ ^ d^Wp
o
| É ¿Fj` ¿¿,Ë ½QÍÒÍQÂ,¿j¿j¾½¼Î†·¾¿QÍ?^*~À+ÄÁeF‰
\
l
r^ F~
^
| Ê Ä?Q^ ÄFB~ Ë À”Á \ ¿ \ ^ ¼B¿ ͽƒÂÒÄF”¿Ò¿F£#ˆ‡†·¾¿QÍ?^*~À+Ä ƒÉD\ ‰
š
³?^Wp l ^ Ë
| š ½”Ã+¿”ËjËÐÄ?^W”p ÀQ¿ \ ^ ¼¿êͽƒÂÒÄF”¿ê¿D£#ˆ‡† ¾¿QÍ?^*”~ ÀƒÄ ƒÉF\ ‰
*
š
Ë
W~
Ê ½À ¿QÂ
 ½”Ã+¿j¾ Â,¿÷Ë
QÂÁ ”Àj¿ Ë
QÂÁ ”Àj¿ É”È ËÒÁ
Ê Ä ƒÄ BË ¹ Á ¿
¼B¿÷Ë
Â,½,Ã+¿”ËjË
”Àj¿
¼B¿
| l,È ³ ¸ }
¥ ³F”¿,˃¿5̽ƒÌ,¿ƒÂÄÁ+¿,Ëо¿QÍÁ \ ¿‡”½+Î@ÄF”¿i?^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿Ò½jÍ ÄD,¿Ò¿F£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \
|iÁQË5¾ÁjË̔ÀDƒ^ Å,¿Q¾ Á \ ÄF”¿ a \ Á>ÄÁ*^ À Q ½ \ ¾Á>ÄÁZ½ \ ^ \ ¾ O ½*~ \ ¾1^QÂjÅ Q ½ \ ¾Á>ÄÁ+½ \
|®Ìr^ \ ¿À,Ëu
t ÎD”¿ƒÂ¿éÁ>Ä Áj˂Q^ ¾j¾¿Q¾€^*~Ľ¼z^ƒÄBÁQÃ*^ÀjÀƒÅɆ·Í½QÂ@¿ \ Ä,¿ƒÂÁ \ ` Á \ ÁÄBÁd^À
|}?^ À*,~ ¿”ˇ^ \ ¾ É Á>ÂÁjà ”Àj¿ƒÄk,p ½W~ \ ¾1ƒ^ ÂÅ÷ý \ ¾ÁÄBÁZ½ \ r^ À*,~ ¿,Ër‰uˆ
|}³ ½÷Ë+¿¿ ÄD,¿ ½ÀQ¿Ò½QÍ@¿1,^ à êÌÂ,½+̔¿ƒÂjÄń^ \ ¾êÄD,¿ê¾¿jÍ1^*~ À+Ā?^ Àd~”¿,Ëutx˃¿j¿
|šÄF,¿êÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾ ̽ƒÌ,¿QÂjÄjÅ ¿FQ› ̔ÀD^ \ ƒ^ ÄÁ+½ \ Ëϔp ¿ÀQ½ƒÎ
|
]
| ,l È ³ ¸ ¥}³F”¿i?^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿êÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾÷ÁjË ÀF^*p”¿ÀÀQ¿Q¾^W~ÄZ¼z^ƒÄBÁQÃ*^ÀjÀƒÅip•^,˃¿Q¾@½ \ FÄ ”¿
|}?ƒ^ ÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿ \ ^¼¿tŸpD~ÄÒÄD,¿‡~Ë+¿Q Ã*^ \ ^ÀË+½÷˃¿ƒÄÒÄF”¿ÒÀD^*p”¿À‡,¿Q¿ˆ
|
Q ^ \ O ¿ š ½”Ã+¿j¾W~Â,¿@À
Q ^ \ O ¿i³?^*pÀQ¿@À
ÁZ¾¿@À
a \ ¾¿W›€³ÅQÌ,¿÷Ë
¹ ^W,
p ¿À Ë
¹ ^W,
p ¿À‡¿ Á>¾QÄDÙÁ
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
100
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
^*p,¿À O Å Q ½½ƒÂ¾Á \ ^ƒÄ¿ÒÀ
ÁÄBÁd
^ À _ ^À*~,¿ Â
Ê ~Dj
\
p ̕^ ¿À÷Á
ƒ?\ ÁÄ ¹ ^*,p ¿ÀÒË
¿ Á>¾D` ¿ƒÄkB¿ ÁZ¾QÄD Á
¹
a\
| š ^ \ ¿À ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ê¾¿QÍÁ \ ÁÄÁ+½ \ ː`Á ,¿ \ ~ \ ¾¿ƒÂ„^ \ ¿D£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ Ë+¿”Ã>ÄBÁZ½ \
| ^ƒÂ,¿€^,Ã>ÄBÁ ,¿ ½ \ À+Å@ͽƒÂÒÄF”¿ Ë>Ì,¿”ÃÁ>ÍÁZ¿j¾Ò¿D£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ ˆ
Œ
|}³F”¿ƒÂ,¿ ÃW^ \ p,¿9¼r~À+ÄBÁ ̔Àj¿ Ìr^ \ ¿À Ë+¿”Ã>ÄBÁZ½ \ Ë@Á \ ^ \ ¿F£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \ ˃¿,ÃZÄÁZ½ \
|
š^\
¿À
D\
¸
D\
¸
ˆDˆ1ˆ
š^\
Ë
¾
¿À
£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \
¸
¾
| š ^ \ ¿À
| N ¾¾ Ìr^
| ¸F\ ¾ š ^
| F¸ \
¾
¸
\ ^¼B¿ †Ë?‰êÁQË \ ¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾
\ ¿À ¾¿jÍÁ \ ÁÄBÁZ½ \ Ë ,¿Q¿
\ ¿À ’ ¿QÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾ ÁjË \ ¿j¿j¾¿Q¾
£W~•^ƒÄBÁZ½ \€’
¿ƒÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾éÁjË
\
¿j¿j¾¿j¾
5.4.2 The ÐPx1Í-wPÑ section
Á“q'_1gP{NP6g'_1xa_ " RhjL,g&hsa§L,`'Rahsb_–P6g2\Œ_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga_ " RhjL,g€cRq'_”_1xsb&b_/g'h¡
RhsL,ganP¢B_ " RzP6xsxB_=‡2`P6RhjL,ga1vWž„q'_1Q_ " P6g^]£_–Z{`'xjRhjN'xs_MNP6g'_1x%a_ " RhjL,ga1v
š^\
¿À
Ë
oBÁZ¿ÀQ¾éË
| š^\
\ ^¼B¿ †Ë?‰êÁQË \
¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾
|}oÁ+¿ÀQ¾ \ ^¼B¿ †Ë?‰êÁQË \
¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾
¿À
| l,È ³ ¸ ¥´³FÁQË@ÁQ˂^@À,ÁjË>Ä ½Q́^ÀjÀ5Ì,½”ËjËÁ p”Àj¿ ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ ÌÂ,½+Ì,¿Q¿QÄÁZ¿”Ë
|iÁ \ ÄF”¿Ð̕^ \ ¿À Ë+¿”Ã>ÄÁ+½ \ ˆ
|}³ ½÷Ë+¿¿5ÄD,¿ ½ÀQ¿Ò½QÍ@¿1^,à Ò̽+̔¿ƒÂÄjń^ \ ¾ ÄD,¿ê¾¿jÍ1^W~”À+Ār^Àd~”¿,˗tv˃¿j¿ FÄ ”¿
|®ÌÂ,½+Ì,¿QÂjÄÅÒ¿FQ› ̔ÀD^ \ ƒ^ ÄÁ+½ \ ËÒp”¿Àj½+Î
|
]
N
N p˃½À*~Ä¿ O ½F›÷À
Q ^ \ O ¿ š Â,½,Ã+¿j¾W~¿ÒÀ
Q ^ \ O ¿i³?^W”p ÀQ¿ÒÀ
¾¾
ÁZ¾¿@À
a \ ¾¿F›k³ÅQ̔¿@Ë©† š ¿t š ½,ËZÄz‰
a \ ÁÄBÁd^À _ ^Àd~”¿ †ËƒÇƒÂ,Ç,ÁƒÇjÀR‰
¹ ^W,
p ¿À@Ë
¹ ^W,
p ¿À O Å Q ½j½Q¾Á \ Q^ Ä¿@À
¹ ^W,
p ¿À¿ Á>¾jÄF Á
Ê ~1j
p ̕^ \ ¿À@Á
³jÅjÌ,¿÷Ë † Ê ÄjÂBÁ \ `tŒo Á+Àj¿t » 1¿ ^Àt a \ Ä,¿F`¿Qt ¹ ½D`ÁjÃ*^ÀR‰
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
þ
6jΩË —z,Í
ÿ
ƒ1\ Á>Ä ¹ ^*p”¿À Ë
_ ^À*~,¿”Ë‚ÓÀ,ÁjË>Ä ½QÍk?^Àd~”¿,ËWÔ
¿ Á>¾1` ¿QÄéË©† ¸F\ ÄÂjÅ#t Q ,¿”à ’ O W½ ›#t O
B
¿ Á>¾1` ¿QÄi¿ Á>¾jÄFÙÁ
B
| N \
oÁ+¿Àƒ¾éË
ˆDˆDˆ
¸F\ ¾iB
o ÁZ¿Àƒ¾
F\
¸
¾
š^\
| F¸ \
ÕWÍu˜•ÑFÌzyPw
W^*p”Àj¿ioÁ+Àj¿t
½ƒÎË
¾
\
ÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾÷ËZÄ QÂjÄË
š^\
¿À÷ÁQË
\
ÁQË
½ƒÌÄÁ+½
\ ^À|
¿¿Q¾¿j¾
section
Mg^hjg " jx `b_ra_ " RhjL,g&Z{`aRn]B_–L,`'Rahsb_rP6gk\&_=‡2`P6RhjL,gP6gb^NP6g'_1x%a_ " RhjL,ga1v
a \ ÃÀ*~¾¿÷Ë
| š ^ƒÄFž†Ë?‰9ͽQÂêÄD,¿éÁ \ ÃÀ*~¾¿êÍÁ+ÀQ¿
5.4.4 Panel names
ž„q'_NP6g'_1xsaonq'_1Q_fg'_1o¿_1xsb'a " P6g²]B_^P,b'b_=b²P6Q_N'Q_=b_/g'_=b²P6gbŠRq'_1\
P6Q_{hsb_1gkRh¡_=bhjgRq'_{b_/g'hsRhjL,gxj_{]k\fRq'_gP6Zi_=a†`a_=bhjgRq'_{TWV%XTWY
º'QL,g2R{ZO_1gk`a1vzg|P6xjR_1QgP6Rhj‹,_ŒgP6Zi_Ohsa},hj‹,_1gƒhjgwNP6Q_1g2Rq'_=ahsa^©›hjRrhsaRq'_
gP6Zi_–`a_=bhjg&Rq'_(ah¡S›Dxj_,c3onq'_1gfP6N'N'xjh " P6]'xj_ ª ¨
XL3b_1x è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa{©lXfLb_1x è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Q ª
3
u2hjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,g è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa{©»u2hsZ`'xsP6RhsL,g ª
è q2\3ah " P6xt0L,gaRP6gkRa©»t0L,gaRP6g2R ª
3
3
TW‡2`P6RhjL,ga(©lTU‡k`P6RhjL,g ª
´§Lb\ è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa©l´§Lb\ è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Q ª
´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ è P6QP6ZO_1R_1Qa©l´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ è P6QP6ZO_1R_1Q ª
¾;g'hjRhsP6x%t0L,gbhjRhjL,gar©l¾;g'hjRhsP6x%t0L,gbhjRhsL,g ª
3
3
3
3
´§Lb\º'L,Q " =_ a{©l´§L3b\&º'L,Q " _ ª
XP6R_1QhsP6xsar©lXP6R_1QhsP6x ª
3
3
3
3
´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ft0L,gbhjRhjL,gar©l´§L,`'gb'P6Q\t0L,gbhjRhjL,g ª
u2L,xj‹,_1QMu2_1RRhsg'}a(©»u2L,xj‹,_1Q ª
P‰
Ê ¿ÀQ¿”Ã>ÄÁ+½ @¹ j
Á Ë>Ä
?^
¿+Î
| l,È ³ ¸ ¥ F¸ \ k
¾ oÁZ¿Àƒ¾
¿À
5.4.3 The
101
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
102
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
5.4.5 Field properties
ž„q'_r_1xsbN'QL,N£_1QRhj_=azP6Q_rRq'_–SlL,xjxjL onhsg'}'¨
N
N pBË+½Àd~Ä,¿ O W½ ›÷À
¾j¾
a
D~ tÖ^ \ N p
[ˆ
’ p W›
‚^
F
`W
F
Í Äj ,¿
ê
ËÒà ”¿,Ã
”½
ÁQË Q¾¾¿j¾ Ä,½ Ä ,¿ ÂBÁ Ä Ë Á>¾¿
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾
BÁjË9̽ƒÌ,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁQËG¼B¿
Á
”Àê½ À+Å@ͽƒÂ
½ƒÎË ”Àj¿ +
Á Àj¿
Å@¾¿jÍ À+Ä
Â,½+ÎBË+¿Q¾ÒÍÁ+ÀQ¿
¼¿éÁjËêËZĽQ¿Q¾ ÎÁÄ
Í ”Àj5
À Ì
ÍêÄ ÁQËÒà ”¿,Ã
,½
ÁQË ÁjËÁ ÀQ¿éÁ
Ä ,¿ Ì
¿À
¾ ÁÄ ÁQË
Ä ,¿êÍÁ+ÀQ¿
>¼¿éÁQËÒËZĽƒÂ,¿Q¾
É ¿QÍ À+Ä
À ,¿÷ÁQË
À˃¿
³F
D^ \ \ `W~
O
1^*~ #tŒ^‚p
a F
’ p F›  ¦p
\^
F
[ˆ
?^*~ €?^ d~ ro ^ ˆ
Q^\ O
¿
š
„^ O
\
\^
½jÍêÄ ,¿
\ D
W^*p io
F F~
r^ \ k^ \
•^ F ˆ
\
#ˆ
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾
Ā
½ƒÄéà ,¿”Ã
’ ¿Q¾t‹½ \
À+Å
F~
½,ÿQ¾ ¿ÒÀ
a ÍêÄjÂD~,¿tÄF”¿ š ½”Ã+¿j¾W~Â,¿÷à ,¿”à ’ p,½F› Á \ ÄF”¿ rÌ ^ \ ¿À÷ÁjËѼz^Q¾¿i^”Ã>ÄÁ¿ ÎD”¿ \
ÄF,¿÷Ã~Â˃½ƒÂ ÁQË ½ \ ÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿Àƒ¾[ˆ}³FBÁjË9̽ƒÌ,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁjËѼB¿D^ \ Á \ `W~À ½ \ À+Å@ͽƒÂ
\ +~ ¼B¿ƒÂBÁQà ¿ \ ÄjÂjÅÒÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾”Ë ˆ
É ¿QÍ?^*
~ À+Ā?^ Àd,~ ¿÷ÁQː³ ÂF,~ ¿#ˆ
Q^\ Oi
¿ ³r^*p”Àj¿êÀ
]
a ÍêÄjÂD~,¿tÄF”¿i³?^*pÀQ¿÷à ”¿,à ’ p”½W› Á \ ÄD,¿ ̕^ \ ¿À÷ÁQËG¼Ž^j¾¿€^,ÃZÄÁ , ¿ÐÎ1,¿ \
ÄF,¿÷Ã~Â˃½ƒÂ ÁQË ½ \ ÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿Àƒ¾[ˆ}³FBÁjË9̽ƒÌ,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁjËѼB¿D^ \ Á \ `W~À ½ \ À+Å@ͽƒÂ
\ +~ ¼B¿ƒÂBÁQà ¿ \ ÄjÂjÅÒÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾”Ë ˆ
É ¿QÍ?^*
~ À+Ā?^ Àd,~ ¿÷ÁQː³ ÂF,~ ¿#ˆ
Á>¾¿ÒÀ
a
D~ t F
\
F
?^*~ €?^ d~
\
\ ÄF”¿ Ìr^ \ ¿Àt}p1~Ä ÁÄ ÁQËÒËZÄÁ+ÀÀ
²† ^ \ \ 5p D^ \1’ a \ Á>ÄÁd^À _ ^À*~,¿÷ÁQË5¾¿jÍÁ \ ¿Q¾z‰
ˆ
D^
Í Äj ,¿ Ä ”¿êÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ ÁQË
ê
½ Ä@¾ÁjË̔À ƒÅ,¿Q¾ Á
ƒ
ÎÂÁ>ÄjÄ,¿
Ľ Ä ”¿ ËÁ>ÍB­ÍÁƒÀQ¿ ÁZÍ
½ ­ ”À
É ¿QÍ À+Ä
À ,¿÷ÁQË
À˃¿
or^
a \ ¾¿W›€³jÅjÌ,¿÷ËÁ† š Â,¿t š
z‰
½”Ë>Ä
³F,¿ir^ƒÂÁ*^*pÀQ¿ \ ^¼B¿Ò½Q́^ \ ~˃¿ƒÂ@¾¿jÍÁ \ ¿Q¾@¿D£W~r^QÄÁ+½ \ Ã*^ \ p”¿~BË+¿j¾ Ä,½nm+Á \ ¾¿F›-m
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ \ >
^ ¼¿”Ë ˆ´³FBÁjËG¼¿D^ \ ËÐÄF•^ƒÄÒÄF”¿i?^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿ \ ^¼¿÷ÃW^ \ p,¿5Ìr^QÂjÄ ½QÍêÄF”¿
\
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾
^ ¼¿#ˆ a Í ÄD,¿éÁ \ ¾¿F›B­ ÄÅQ̔¿÷ÁjËÒË+¿ƒÄÒÄ,½ š ¿tÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾\¼z^¼¿”Ë9ÎBÁ+ÀÀ
>
p,¿éÁ \ ÄF”¿ ͽƒÂ+¼Žƒ^ Ä · _ ƒ^ ÂBÁd^W”p ÀQ¿ l ^>¼¿ioÁ+¿Àƒ¾ l ^>¼¿ · ˆ a ÍêÄF”¿÷Á \ ¾¿W›B­ÄjÅjÌ,¿÷ÁQË š ½”Ë>čt
ÄF,¿êͽƒÂZ¼zƒ
^ Ä ÁQË · Bo ÁZ¿Àƒ¾ l ^ ¼B¿ È Í _ ƒ^ ÂBÁd^W”p ÀQ¿ l >^ ¼¿ · ˆ
o ½ƒÂ ¿F›?^ ¼”Ì”Àj¿x
t Á>Í@½ \ ¿ê½jÍêÄF,¿irƒ^ ÂÁ*^*p ÀQ¿,Ë@Á \ ^‚B~ Ë+¿ƒÂ@¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿j¾ê¿D£W~rQ^ ÄÁ+½ \ Î,¿Q¿
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
þ
6jΩË —z,Í
ÿ
103
\ ^ ¼¿j¾^,Ë · È ›jÅ1`¿ \[· ^ \ ¾^\¼Ž^ƒÄ,¿ƒÂBÁd^À5̕^ \ ¿À ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ \ ^>¼¿j¾
^ Ë ·°É ÁZÍjÍW~BËÁÁÄÅ · Î,¿Q¿꾿jÍÁ \ ¿Q¾tŒ^ š ¿­jÁ \ ¾¿W›êΔ½*~”ÀQ¾éÃ>¿1^ƒÄ,¿k^êÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾
”
\ ^ ¼¿j¾,^ Ë · È j› Å1` ¿ \@É ÁZÍjÍF~ËÁÁ>ÄjÅ · ^ \ ¾^ š ½,ËZÄB­QÁ \ ¾¿W›êÎ,½W~”Àƒ¾éÃZ¿D^QÄ¿€^êÍÁ+¿Àƒ¾
\ ^ ¼¿j¾,^ Ë <· É Á>ÍjÍF~ ËÁ Á>ÄjÅ È Í È ›Å1`¿ \#· ˆ}³F,¿”Ë+¿ \ ^>¼¿ Î,½W~”ÀQ¾‚p”¿‚~Ë+¿j¾^À˃½éÁ \
ÄD,¿÷ËÁZÍ­ÍÁ+Àj¿ˆ
l ½ ¾¿QÍ?^*”~ ÀƒÄ€?^ À*,~ ¿#ˆ
a\
_ ^Àd~”¿²†ËƒÇƒÂ,ǔÁ+ÇjÀR‰
d^
ÁÄBÁ À
oBÁZ¿ÀQ¾ · ËÒÁ \ Á>ÄÁd^À‚?^À*~,¿#ˆ§³DBÁQːr^Àd~”¿÷Ë ,½W~”ÀQ¾9¼z^ƒÄÃ
½jÍ ÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾#ˆ
l ½ ¾¿QÍ?^*”~ ÀƒÄ€?^ À*~,¿#ˆ
F ‚r^À*~,¿
@Ä ”¿
ÄjÅjÌ,¿
^Wp,¿À@Ë
¹
oBÁZ¿ÀQ¾ · Ë ÀD^*p”¿À÷Á \ ÄF”¿ rÌ ^ \ ¿Àˆ
l ½ ¾¿QÍ?^*”~ ÀƒÄ€?^À*~,¿#ˆ
^Wp,¿À O
¹
Q
Å
½j½Q¾Á
\ ^QÄ¿@À
a Í ÄÂF~”¿t(^÷Ã+½j½Q¾Á \ ^QÄ¿÷Ë>Å+¼rp”½À ÁQ˂^Q¾¾¿Q¾êÄ,½ ÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾ · Ë ÀD^*p,¿Àˆ
³D,¿i›B­QÃ+½j½Q¾Ád^ \ Ä¿÷Ã+½QÂjÂ,¿,Ë̔½ \ ¾”Ë9Ľ ÄF”¿ ÍÁÂË>Ä@¾¿D`Q¿¿Ò½QÍÒÍQÂ,¿j¿Q¾½¼ ¿ƒÄà ˆ
³DBÁQË9̽+̔¿ƒÂÄjÅ ÁQËG¼¿1^ \ Á \ `F~”À ½ \ À+Å@ͽQÂêÄD,¿i?^QÂÁ*^*p”Àj¿Ò½QÍêÄF”¿ê¿D£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ ^ \
Á>Ä ÁjË \ ½ƒÄ„ƒ
^ Ìj̔À”ÁQÃW^*”p Àj¿ Ľ ÄF,¿ \ ½ƒÂZ¼z^À5Ìr^ \ ¿À ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾”ˈ
É ¿QÍ1^W”
~ ÀƒÄkr^ À*,~ ¿éÁQːo?^ À˃¿ˆ
^Wp,¿À¿Á>¾jÄFÙÁ
¹
^*p
·
F \ •^ r^
ˆ ³F
´
\ F •^ \ ‡p
\ \` D
‚p ²†:
W^ z‰ ^ ` \ [ˆ
\`F
F
F F^*p
W^ \ p ‚~
F^Wp
D
€^À,Á` \
¿1,
^Ã
\ `Ɇ ^*p i× ƒ?\
^*p”¿À•‰—ˆ
¹ ,¿À Ë\ÎÁ>¾jÄ ÙÁ
à ƒÂ ,Ã>Ä,¿ƒÂË
BÁjË9̽ƒÌ,¿QÂjÄjÅ Ã
,¿ ˃¿Q¾êĽ
ÎÁ>¾ ¿ƒÄËÒÁ
Ä ,¿ Ì
¿À ÅÒ¾¿QÍÁ Á êÄ ,¿÷Ë >¼¿@À ,¿À5ÎÁ>¾QÄ
ͽƒÂ
ÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾êĽ ,¿
,¿ƒ
 ÄÁQà ÀÀ+Å
À”Á
¿Q¾
É ¿QÍ ”ÀƒÄ ÁjËÐÄ ,¿@j
¹ ,
À ¿ jÄ ÷½QÍ Ä ”¿@À ”
¿ À Ë>ÄÂÁ
¿ À
Á>Ä ¹
D`
Ê
1^W~
~1pj̕^ \
*^
¿À÷Á
oBÁZ¿ÀQ¾^ƒÂ¿k`j½*~Ì,¿j¾éÁ \ Ä,½@Ë~Dpj̕^ \ ¿ÀË©†Ã+½À*~+¼ \ Ë?‰êÁ \ ÄD,¿ Ìr^ \ ¿ÀË ˆ
N Ìr^ \ ¿À@ÃW^ \ Ã*^ \ ,p ¿ ¿1^,Ë+½ \ ^Wp”À+ÅÒ¾¿FÁZ¾¿Q¾ Á \ Ľ€hÒ½ƒÂjéË ~1pj̕^ \ ¿À˗t
¾¿+Ì,¿ \ ¾Á \ @
` ½ \ ÄD,¿9¼Ž^F›Á¼r~+¼éÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾ ÎÁ>¾jÄFž†qÀD^*p,¿À5ÎBÁ>¾jÄF„× ÎBÁZ¾D`¿QÄêÎBÁ>¾jÄF-‰uˆ
É ¿QÍ1^W”
~ ÀƒÄkr^ À*,~ ¿éÁQËfe-tŸp1~ Ä Á \ ÄF”¿ ¸ £W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ Ìr^ \ ¿À5ÄD,¿êÍÁ>ÂËZÄ
^F?”^ ÁƒÀF^W”p ÀQ¿÷Ë~Djp ̕^ \ ¿À÷ÁQËigÜ
ˆ ÎDÁQÄ^À˃½ ÄD,¿ê¾¿jÍ1^W”~ À+Ār^ Àd”~ ¿²†’ÄF”¿
\
ÍÁÂËZÄ Ë ~D
p Ìr^ ¿À÷ÁjË9Â,¿,˃¿ƒÂD, ¿Q¾êͽQÂêÄD,¿Ò¿F£F~rQ^ ÄÁZ½ \ À,ÁQËZÄz‰
¾
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
104
³ÅQ̔¿
†Ê
Ë
ÄÂÁ
^*p”¿À
¹
Á>Ä
ÿ
Î
\ `tŸoÁƒÀQ¿t » ¿D^À t a \ Ä¿F`¿ƒÂ#t ¹ ½F`ÁQÃ*^À•‰
oÁZ¿Àƒ¾ · Ë5¾1^QÄ?^
ƒ?\
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
¥
1^W~”À+Ä
É ¿jÍ
ÄjÅQ̔¿
D^
» ¿ À
ÁjË
Ë
³FBÁjË ÀF^*p”¿À ÁQ˂^Q¾¾¿j¾€^jÍQÄ,¿ƒÂÒÄF”¿
l ½ê¾¿jÍ1^*~À+Äk?^Àd~,¿#ˆ
F^Wp,¿Àˆ
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾
À
_ ^À*~,¿,ËiÓÀ,ÁQËZÄÒ½jÍk?^À*~,¿”ËWÔ
N
À”ÁQËZÄ@½j͂r
^ À*~,¿,Ë@Á \ ÄD,¿êͽQÂZ¼z^ƒÄ[¥ÖÓWoÁÂË>Ä
l,È ³ ¸ ¥}³F”¿pÂ?^”Ã+¿,ËG¼•~Ë>Äkp”¿ê¿ \ Ä,¿ƒÂ¿j¾#|
F³ BÁjË9̽ƒÌ,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁQËG¼B¿D^ \ Á \ `jÍW~Àê½ \ ÀƒÅ@ͽƒÂ„^
l ½ê¾¿jÍ1^*~ À+Äk?^Àd~,¿#ˆ
¿Á>¾1`¿ƒÄ Ë©† ¸D\
³F,¿
t Q
ÄÂjÅ
”¿,Ã
’ O W½ ›#t O
D`
Ê ¿”Ã+½
\ D
F
\
[ˆ
Ê ¿ÀQ¿”Ã>ÄÁ+½ @¹ j
Á Ë>ÄÒÍÁ+¿Àƒ¾
*^Wp”Àj¿‚oBÁ+Àj¿t
½ƒÎË
\Á
¾ m³DBÁ¾‚r^À*~,¿zm©ˆ1ˆDˆ Ô
\
z‰
Ê ¿ÀQ¿,ÃZÄÁ+½ @¹ j
Á Ë>Ä
r^ \ ˆ
Df^
‡p
Î Á>¾ ¿ƒÄêÄjÅjÌ,¿Ò½QÍêÄ ”¿êÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ Á
Ä ,¿ Ì
¿À
½ƒÎË ”Àj¿ BÁ+Àj¿÷ÁjË
¿ ÄjÂjÅ@ÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾ ÎBÁÄ
ÍÁ+Àj¿ ½ƒÎË+¿QÂ
ÄĽ ¥ÁÄË
¾¿QÍ À+Ä@¾ QÄ
ÄjÅQ̔¿éÁQË ÁƒÀQ¿
Ê ¿Àj¿,ÃZÄÁZ½ ê¹ ÁQËZÄ ÁjË
¾j½ƒÌ­¾½+Î
¼B¿ @ͽƒÂ @À,ÁjË>Ä Q
½ Í ÌÂ,¿Q¾¿QÍÁ ¿j¾
À ”¿,Ë
É ¿QÍ À+ÄêÎBÁZ¾ ¿QÄ ÄÅQ̔¿÷ÁjË ¸ ÄÂjÅ
Ä@ͽQ ÒÀj½ ÁQà À ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ Ä ”¿ ¾¿QÍ ”ÀƒÄ
ÄjÅQ̔¿éÁQË
”¿,Ã
½
O
W^*p ‡o
‚^ \ \
1^ ?^
o ˆ
\
\ \~
‚^
F\ #}
?^*~
D`
t p1~
Q ’ O F›[ˆ
?^*~
¿Á>¾1`¿ƒÄk¿Á>¾QÄD
„^
„^ F` *^
‚p1~
\ t
\ ‚r^ d~ ˆ
F
?^*~
Á
¿BÁ>¾1`¿QÄ · Ë\ÎBÁZ¾QÄD
É ¿QÍ?^*
~ À+Ā?^Àd~,¿
O ½ƒÎËW^*”p Àj¿‡Bo Á+Àj¿
\ F •^ \
„^ \ F\
D^ ~
^”ËêÃr^QÂ?^,ÃZÄ¿QÂË ˆ
fegk^ \ ¾ÒͽƒÂ„^
Á
Ä ,¿ Ì
¿À\¼¿ ”Ë ¿Q¾
@
¸
ͽQÂ
Ä ÂjÅ@ÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾ Q
j
Á Ë
ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ ÁÄ Q
Á Ë
fed¯ˆ
5.5 An example file
ž q'_WS›L,xjxsL onhjg'}n_/¼'P6ZiN'xj_?xj_¤haPnZiLbh¡_=b”‹,_1QahjL,g–L6S'Rq'_§aP6ZiN'xj_¤b_/g'hjRhjL,g
„
xs_9onq'h " qrhsa€b_1xshj‹,_1Q_=b”onhjRq”Rq'_UTWVXTWYƒNP " ‚6P6},_M© v¡v¡vÂaP6ZiN'xs_=aIÂ)L,Rq'_1Q7τxj_=aI SlQL,gkR1v _=b3S ª v
ž„q'_MaP6ZiN'xj_„xj_pb_/g'_=a§P6xjx_1xsb'aWg'_1_=b_=bSlL,QWRq'_ ê _1xjZiq'L,xjR½naL,xj‹,_1Q1v¤ž„q'hsa
_=‡2`P6RhjL,gŠhsaP6g¥_/¼P6ZiN'xs_L6S–9
P ˜‘`a_1Qib_/g'_=bd0_=‡k`P6RhsL,g¥P6gb|hjRf©›hj_,vŠRq'_
b\3gP6Zih " xjhs]'QP6Q\ ª hsanP6xsaLb_1xshj‹,_1Q_=b&onhjRq^Rq'_rTWVXTWYÙNP " ‚6P6},_,v
ž„q'_ZiLbh¡ " P6RhjL,ganq'_1Q_P6Q_‡2`'hjR_(P6QRh¡ " hP6x%P6gbfRq'_1\P6Q_ZOP,b_(L,g'xs\RL
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
þ
6jΩË —z,Í
ÿ
105
hjxjxs`aRQP6R_(aL,Zi_(_1xsbN'QL,N£_1QRhj_=a†onq'h " qP6Q_g'L,R†`a_=bhjgfRq'_aP6ZiN'xs_rxj_,v
u2_1_rRq'_ " L,ZiZO_1gkRan]B_1xjL o–v
|}ojÂ,¿F£W~”¿ \ Ã>Å ÁQ˂^9¼½j¾¿À5ÎÁ>¾¿ Í¿1^ƒÄD~¿²† \ ½ƒÄÒÂ,¿ÀF^QÄ¿j¾ Ä,½€^
|½ƒÂk,p ½W~ \ ¾1^ƒÂÅz‰ti˃½éÁÄ5¼r~BË>Ā`Á ,¿ \ ^,ËG¼B½Q¾¿ÀÒÀQ¿W,¿À ¾1^QÄ?^#ˆ
|
| l,È ³ ¸ ¥}³DBÁQË5ÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾éÃ+½*~Àƒ¾ip,¿k^Q¾¾¿j¾€^À˃½
|¿F£F~r^ƒÄBÁZ½ \ ̕^ \ ¿À
F
Ä,½
Ä ,¿
]
•
Ë>Ì,¿”ÃÁ>ÍÁQÃ
1c
*
¿À ¼ ,½À+Ä é˃½À ,¿ƒÂ
p,½j¾QÅ
·Ë
|
š ^ \ ¿À¶m Ê Á¼r~”ÀD^ƒÄBÁZ½ \š ^ƒÂ?^>¼¿QÄ¿ƒÂm
o Á+¿Àƒ¾Ám N \ `F~”ÀD^ƒÂ€ojÂ,¿F£W~”¿ \ Ã>Å
¸F\ ¾ š ^ \ ¿À
‚p,½W~ \ ?¾ ^ƒÂÅêÂ,¿ÀD^ƒÄ¿j¾ \
|
Ê ½>¼¿
|
¿+Î@ÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾”Ë
š ^ \ ¿À¶m O W½ ~ \ ?¾ ^ƒÂÅ š ^ƒÂr^¼¿QÄ¿QÂ-m
|}³FBÁjË5ÍÀF^D` ÁQË ~˃¿Q¾êĽ÷Ã*^ÀÃ~”ÀF^QÄ¿ FÄ ”¿
|iÁ \ Ä,¿ƒÂ,¿,Ë>ÄBÁ \ ‚
` p”½*~ \ ¾1^QÂÁ+¿,Ë ˆ
*~ \
˃½
¾@¿
\ ¿ƒÂ1`jń^ƒÄ
Ë+½>¼¿
|
| ,l È ³ ¸ }
¥ ³FÁQËнW~ÄBÁ \ ¿éÁjË \ ½ƒÄ„^Wr^”Á+ÀD^*pÀQ¿éÁ \ ÄF”¿ ] ¿À¼r”½À+Ä?c
|vË+½ÀW ¿QÂÒ¾¿À”Á ¿Q¿j¾ ÎÁÄDêÄD,¿÷Ë>ÅË>Ä¿>¼ˆ ] ¿Q¿ ÄF”¿‚~Ë+¿QÂkr^,ËG¼z^Q¾¿€^÷Ë̔¿,ÃÁd^À
|} ¿ƒÂËÁ+½ \ ͽQÂêÄD,¿Ò¿F£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \ |
|
oÁ+¿Àƒ¾Ám Q ½¼”ÌD~Ä¿
³jÅQ̔¿ ¹ ½F`ÁQÃW^À
W~ \
Ê ½
¾
D\ ¿ƒÂ?`QÅm
¸
|}³FBÁjËÒË+¿ƒÂ1¿”Ë5½ \ ÀƒÅ^”Ë‚^ \ W¿ ›?^>¼,ÌÀQ¿Ò½QÍêÄF”¿
|ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾[ˆ´³D,¿Q¿éÁQË \ ½‚~BË+¿ ͽƒÂÒÄDBÁQË5ÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾
|
\
Ê ¿ Àj¿,ÃZÄÁZ½ @¹ ÁQËZÄ
Á
Ä ”¿
¿À¼ ,½À+Ä Ò¿
\ F
]
r
?c D£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ |
oÁ+¿Àƒ¾Ám Ê ½*~ \ ¾ O ½W~ \ ¾1^ƒÂŀ³jÅQ̔¿zm
³jÅQ̔¿ Ê ÄjÂBÁ \ `
¿ Á>¾1` ¿QÄÁm Ê ¿ÀQ¿,ÃZÄÁ+½ \@¹ ÁjË>Ä-m
B
_ ^ À*,~ ¿”Ë‚Ó¾m Ê ½¼¼¿QÂÍ¿Àƒ¾ip,½W~ \ ¾1^ƒÂÅ-mkm » ¿QÍÀj¿,ÃZÄÁ , ¿‚p,½*~ \ ?¾ ^ƒÂjÅmÙØ
m š ¿”ËjË~ ¿ Â,¿ÀQ¿1^,ËÁ \ `‚p,½W~ \ ¾1^ƒÂÅ-m È ÄD,¿Q„Ô
| ”l È ³ ¸ ¥ a Í \ ½éÁ \ ÁÄBÁd^Àr^Àd~”¿éÁQˇ`Á¿ \
|ÜΔ½*~ Àƒ¾ip,¿ ÄF”¿êÍÁÂË>Ä÷À,ÁjË>Ä ÁÄ,¿¼
|
a\
F\
¸
¾
š^\
*^
Á>ÄÁ À
¿À
_ ^Àd~,¿nm È ÄF”¿ƒÂm
„^÷Ë+¿Àj¿,ÃZÄÁZ½ \
ͽƒÂ
t
À,ÁQËZÄ ¥ÁÄ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
106
| N \
\
F£W~•^
ÿ
Î
‚^
¿ Î÷¿
ƒ
ƒÄBÁZ½
ÁQË j¾j¾¿j¾
ÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆ
¸
|
|
£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ m ]
r
?c
¿À¼ ,½À+Ä
* m
Ê ½À ,¿ƒÂ
\ ¿ l >^ ¼¿nm ] À ¼Rc-m
r³ ^*pÀQ¿ l ^ ¼B¿nm ]D] m
?^ D~
Ê Ä ƒÄ Ë ¹ Á
½,ÿ,ËË
š
| ,l È ³ ¸ ´
¥ ³DBÁjËêÁjˇ^‚~BË+¿ƒÂ5¼B½Q¾ÁZÍÁ+¿Q¾k¿QÂËÁ+½ \
|
š
*
Ê ½À ,¿ƒÂ
W~ ¾m ]
•
Â,½,ÿQ¾ ¿
|}³F”¿ \ ^¼B¿
1c
¿À ¼ ,½À+Ä
F i?^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿
ͽƒÂÒÄ ”¿
|
_ ƒ^ ÂÁ*^*pÀQ¿nm š m
* ?gŽm€m ]
r
Ê ½À ¿
]
D
½QÍêÄ ,¿
?c
¿À¼ ,½À+Ä
‡p”¿÷Ë+½ÀW¿j¾²†Ë+½W~ \
Ä,½
r
1c
W
¿À ¼ ”½ÀƒÄ ÷Ë+½À ¿QÂ
* -m
Ê ½À ,¿ƒÂ
¾
~ R‰
Ì¿,ËË Â¿
| ,l È ³ ¸ ¥ N ’ ¿QÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾É†:,¿ƒÂ,¿ _ ^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿ É”È o Ê ‰ Ã*^ \ p”¿k^À˃½ê¿ \ Ä,¿ƒÂ¿j¾
|iÁ \ £F~,½ƒÄ,¿,ˈ§³DBÁQË@ÁjËêËW^QÍ¿ƒÂ@ͽQÂм•~”ÀƒÄÁ Δ½ƒÂ¾ ’ ¿ƒÅjÎ,½ƒÂ¾”Ë—t}p”¿,ÃW^*~˃¿i^ \
|iÁ \ Ã+½QÂj¿”Ã>ĔÀ+Å ÎÂÁ>ÄjÄ,¿ \ Á \ ÌD~Ä÷À”Á ’ ¿²† _ ^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿ É”È oDoË?‰MÎ,½W~”ÀQ¾ \ ½ƒÄkp,¿
|iÁ \ Ä¿QÂQÌÂ,¿ƒÄ,¿Q¾€^,˂^ _ ^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿ ’ ¿ƒÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾ ÎÁÄDÒÄD,¿i?^Àd~”¿¾m É,È oDo˂gŽmˆ
| a \ Ë>Ä,¿DQ^ ¾i
t Á>Ä Ã+½*~ Àƒ¾i,p ¿÷ÃWƒ^ ÄÃ,¿j¾€”^ ˂^ \ ¿ƒÂ½ƒÂ|
|
| Ê ½W~ \
¾
|ÍQÂ,¿j¿j¾½¼
~
‚^÷Ã+½>¼,̔Àj¿W›€?^Àd~”¿Q¾k?^QÂÁd^Wp”Àj¿txË+½
Ì¿”ËjË Â¿÷ÁQË
|
m _ ^ƒÂBÁd^Wp”ÀQ¿
ÄQΔ½
F`
¾¿ j¿j¿”Ë
½QÍ
o RmÒg
É,È Ë
|}³F”¿€^*~Ä+¼Ž^QÄÁQà ÀF^Wp,¿ÀË9Î,½W~”Àƒ¾ip”¿¾m š e1mÒ^ \ ¾nm š gŽmPtŸp1~Ä ÁÄ ÁQË9Ì,½”ËjËÁ¦p”Àj¿
|šÄ½ê¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿kê
^ ¾Á>ÍÍ¿Q¿ \ Ä÷ÀF^*p”¿Àˆ l ½+Î@ÄF”¿@ÀF^*p”¿À,ˬ†7Á \ ÄF”¿
a
Q
\
\
| ÁÄBÁd^ À ½ ¾ÁÄÁ+½ \ ^ \ ¾ O ½*~ \ ¾?^ƒÂjÅ Q ½ \ ¾ÁÄBÁZ½ \ ̕^ \ ¿ÀËr‰GÎÁ+ÀÀ ”p ¿
|Úm Ê ½*~ \ ¾ ÌÂ,¿,ËjË~ Â,¿Åe?mÏ^ \ ¾Ám Ê ½*~ \ ¾ ÌÂ,¿,ËjË~Â,¿€gzm
|
¹
^*p,¿À¾m Ê ½W~ \
š ^ \ ¿À¾m
~ zm
¾5Ì¿,ËË Â¿
* -m
Ê ½À ,¿ƒÂ
¿À ¼ ,½À+Ä @¿
| ,l È ³ ¸ ¥ a \ ÌÂ?^,ÃZÄÁjÃ+¿ FÄ ÁQË
| ] ¿À ¼r”½ÀƒÄ1cÒ¿F£W~ÄÁ+½ \ |
ÁQË
|
|´¿,¿€^Q¾¾k^ \ ¿W›jÄÂ?^êÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾ Ä,½ FÄ ,¿ ]
|vË+½À* ¿Q ̕^ƒÂr^¼¿QÄ¿QÂË9Ìr^ \ ¿Àˆ
½+ÌÄÁZ½
\
1c D£W~r^QÄÁ+½ \#· Ë
•
\ ½QÄi~BË+¿jÍW~”À
F
ͽƒÂÒÄ ”¿
Ê"!dÍlÎ
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
þ
6jΩË —z,Í
ÿ
107
|
oÁZ¿Àƒ¾Ám O ~Dp1p”ÀQ¿”Ë•m
³ ÅQ̔¿¾m ¹ ½D`ÁQÃW^Àzm
a \ Á>ÄÁd^ À _ ^ À*,~ ¿nm³ÂF~”¿zm
F\
¸
š^\
¾
| Ê ½*~ \
¿À
~
¾Ð¼¿j¾Á +¼
‚^”Á>txË+½
ÁQË
|
š ^ \ ¿À¾m º ^ƒÄ,¿ƒÂBÁd^Àzm
Ë+½>¼¿
1^*~À+Ā?^Àd~”¿,Ë
ÌÂ,½+̔¿ƒÂ@¾¿jÍ
|´³D,¿‚~˃¿ƒÂêÎr^ \ ÄË9Ä,½‚BÁ>¾¿5ÄD,¿ê¾¿ \ ËÁÄjÅ@ÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾éÃ+½¼”Ì”Àj¿ƒÄ¿À+Å#t
|‹Ëƒ½éÁÄ ÁQË \ ½QÄ@¾ÁQË>̔ÀD^ƒÅ¿j¾k^QĄ^ÀjÀk^ \ ¾êÄF”¿‚r^À*~,¿éÁQ˂^À+Îr^QÅË
|®ÄD,¿éÁ \ ÁÄBÁd^ À‚r^ Àd”~ ¿|
|
oÁZ¿Àƒ¾Ám É ¿ \ ËÁÄÅ-m
] Á>¾¿¶e
a \ Á>ÄÁd^ À _ ^À*~,¿¾eˆ:gDgFj
oÁZ¿Àƒ¾Ám Ê ½*~ \ ¾ Ê Ì”¿j¿Q¾-m
a \ Á>ÄÁd^À _ ^ À*~,¿€hFj?‹
oÁZ¿Àƒ¾Ám É ^¼”ÌBÁ \ `Pm
a \ Á>ÄÁd^À _ ^À*~,¿€‹
F¸ \ ¾ š ^ \ ¿À
|
|
š^\
*^
a\
ÁÄÁ À
ÁÄBÁ À
Q½\
¾ÁÄBÁZ½
Ê ½¼B¿÷ËÌ,¿”ÃÁ À
¿À
a\
d^
Q½\
*^
¾ÁÄÁ+½
\ rÌ ^ \
¿À
˃¿ƒÄjÄBÁ
\ `”Ë
\
| ”l È ³ ¸ ¥}oÁ+¿Àƒ¾ \ ^¼¿éÁjË9¾¿ƒÂÁ¿j¾êÍj½>¼÷ÄD,¿i?^QÂÁ*^*p”Àj¿ \ ^¼B¿
|Ÿ^ \ ¾êÄF”¿ê¾¿F`j¿¿,Ë ½QÍÒÍQÂ,¿j¿j¾½¼f?^Àd~”¿ † ÄF”¿ÒÀD^ƒÄÄ¿ƒÂ ÁjËÒ~BË+¿j¾Ò½ \
|vÁZÍêÄF,¿ir^ƒÂÁ*^*pÀQ¿‚r^”Ë¥¼B½ƒÂ¿ ÄDr^ \ ½ \ ¿ê¾¿D`Q¿¿,Ë ½QÍÒÍj¿j¿j¾½>¼|Š‰
ÀƒÅ
|
oÁZ¿Àƒ¾Ám š ?e m
] Á>¾¿¶e
a \ Á>ÄÁd^ À _ ^ À*~,¿€‹ˆ ‹
|
| l”È ³ ¸ ¥ O Å@¾¿jÍ1^W~”À+ÄÒÄD,¿ ¾½QÍB­QÁZ¾¿ \ ÄÁZÍÁZ¿QÂêÎ,½*~Àƒ¾ip,¿€^j¾j¾¿j¾êĽ ÄF”¿‡p•^,˃¿
|ÀD^*p”¿À5ÎDÁQà ÒΕ^,Ë ¿D^QÂ,À,Á+¿ƒÂéË+¿QÄêÄ,½‚p,¿nm Ê ½*~ \ ¾ Ì¿”ËjË~¿Pmˆ}³FÁQË9Ìr^ \ ¿À
|‹Ë>Ì,¿”ÃÁ>ÍÁQÃ5¾¿jÍÁ \ ÁÄBÁZ½ \ ˃¿ƒÄËÐÄD,¿@ÀF^W,p ¿Àê¿F›?^,ÃZÄ,ÀƒÅêÄ,½ ÄF,¿‚~BË+¿ƒÂ@¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿j¾
|´r^ À*,~ ¿
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
108
oÁ+¿ÀQ¾nm š zg m
¹ ^W,
p ¿À¶m Ê ½*~ \
D\
š^\
¸
¾
¾
~
ÌÂ,¿,ËjË Â,¿
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
O m
¿À
|}³F”¿,˃¿ Í,Àd~?›€^ \ ¾ Á¼”Ì,¿Q¾?^ \ Ã+¿êÍÁ+¿Àƒ¾Ë‚^ƒÂ¿ \ ¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾ÒͽQÂÒÄF,¿‚p”½*~ \ 1¾ ^QÂjÅ
|vÃ+½ \ ¾ÁÄÁ+½ \ Ë ˆ´³F,¿QÅ Ã*^ \1\ ½QÄip”¿÷Ã+½ \ ÃÀ*~¾¿j¾ÒÍQ½>¼éÄF,¿
|}?Q^ ÂÁ*^*”p Àj¿ ½jÍêÄF,¿Ò¿D£W~r^QÄÁ+½ \ †Ëƒ½*~ \ ¾ Ì¿”ËjË~¿Ž‰txË+½
|šÄF”¿‚~ Ë+¿QÂ9¼•~ ËZāj^ ¾j¾êÄF”¿,˃¿ ÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾”ËÐÄ,½ ÄD,¿÷Ë>ÅË>Ä,¿¼
|
š ^ \ ¿À¾m O W½ ~ \ 1¾ ^ƒÂÅ Q ½ \
¾ÁÄBÁZ½
\ m
oÁ+¿ÀQ¾nm¿r^F¿‚o,Àd~?›Áe1m
|}³FBÁjËMΕ^ƒÅ ÁÄ ÁjË5¿1^,ËÁZ¿ƒÂÒÄ,½ Â,¿¼B¿¼rp”¿ƒÂÒÄF•^ƒÄÒÄF”¿êÍÁÂË>Ä
|vÃ+½¼”Ì,½ \ ¿ \ ÄéÁjËÐÄF,¿ Â,¿D^À5̕^ƒÂjĄ^ \ ¾êÄF”¿ ˃¿,ý \ ¾éý¼,̔½ \ ¿ \
|iÁQËÐÄF”¿ Á¼Ž^F`Á \ ^ƒÂjÅê̕^ƒÂjÄ
|
¹
^Wp,¿À¶m¿•^W,¿
d~?›
Í,À
Ä
zm
» ¿
oÁ+¿ÀQ¾nm¿r^F¿‚o,Àd~?›fgŽm
¹ ^W,
p ¿À¶m¿•^W, ¿ Í,Àd~?› a —¼ m
oÁ+¿ÀQ¾nm¿r^F¿ a ¼,̔¿Q¾?^ \ ÿ¾e1m
¹ ^W,
p ¿À¶m¿•^W,¿÷Á¼,̔¿Q¾1^ \ ÿ » z¿ m
oÁ+¿ÀQ¾nm¿r^F¿ a ¼,̔¿Q¾?^ \ ÿgŽm
¹ ^W,
p ¿À¶m¿•^W,¿÷Á¼,̔¿Q¾1^ \ ÿ a ¼—m
D\
¸
D\
¸
¾
¸
¾
š^\
¿À
£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \
| N \ F¿ ›ÁjË>ÄÁ \ `Ò¿F£F~r^ƒÄBÁZ½ \
Á ËG¼½Q¾Á>ÍÁZ¿Q¾
j
ÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆjÆjÆÆjÆÆ
¸
|
|
£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ m ] D¿ ^QÄ
¸
£W~r^QÄÁ+½ \ m
| ,l È ³ ¸ ¥ Ê ½ÀW¿ƒÂéË+¿QÄjÄBÁ \ `Ë@ÁQ˂^ Ìr^ \ ¿À5ÎD”¿ƒÂ,¿ \ ¿+Î ÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾÷ÃW^ \ p,¿
|Œ^Q¾¾¿j¾ Ä,½5ÄD,¿ ÌÂ,¿Q¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿j¾Ò¿D£W~•^ƒÄÁ+½ \ ËÒp”¿,ÃW^*~˃¿ ÄF,¿ Â,¿ÀF^QÄ¿j¾ ˃½À*BÁ \ `
|e¼¿QÄF”½Q¾”ˇ^ƒÂ,¿‚pD~BÁƒÀ+Ä Á \ Ľ ÄF”¿÷Ë>Ä?^ \ ¾?^ƒÂ¾ ¸¹Qº¸j» Ë+½ÀW¿QÂ[ˆ‡†:³D,¿ƒÅir^F¿‚p,¿¿ \
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû
Β“Ì Í Ë/Ì2Ï
6jΩË —z,Í
þ
ÿ
109
|£ÀQ¿QÍjĄ^,˂^‚~Ë+¿QÂ@¾¿QÍÁ \ ¿Q¾êÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ËutŸp,¿”Ã*^*~BË+¿ FÄ ”¿ƒÅ„^ƒÂ,¿
|½ \ ÀƒÅ@ͽƒÂ ˃½¼¿÷Ë>Ì,¿,ÃÁ>ÍÁQÃ\̽Wp”Àj¿¼FËr‰
|
š ^ \ ¿À¾m Ê ½ÀW¿QÂ-m
o ÁZ¿Àƒ¾Ám O ~Dp1p”ÀQ¿”Ë•m
³ ÅQ̔¿ ¹ ½F` ÁQÃW^ À
j
a \ Á>ÄÁ*^ À _ ^ Àd,~ ¿nm5³jÂF~”¿zm
|´³DBÁjËÐÍÁZ¿Àƒ¾ ÎBÁƒÀjÀ‡p,¿‚BÁZ¾j¾¿ \ tÄF”¿ƒÂ,¿÷ÁjË \
|®ÄD~  \ Á>Ä ½QÍjÍ[|
|
]
F\
¸
F\
¸
¾
| N\
¸
¾
nm³jÂD~,¿Pm
Á>¾¿
š^\
£W~•^ƒÄBÁZ½ \
½+ÌÄÁ+½
|
F\ k
¾ oÁ+Àj¿
¸
¿À
\ ^Àê¿ \
¾@½jÍêÍÁ+Àj¿
’
¿ƒÅQΔ½ƒÂ¾
½
r^
Î QÅêÄ,½
W^
ÄjÅQÌÁQà ÀjÀƒÅ
\
¿j¿j¾¿j¾
110
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Chapter 6
ELMER Mesh Generator input
file format
6.1 Model description
ž q'_(hjg'N'`'RnZiLb_1x " L,gahsaRa„L6S¤Pgk`'Z{]£_1QzL6S9]BL3bhs_=a„RqP6RzP6Q_(bhj‹3hsb_=bhjgkRL
„
xP=\,_1Qa1vpž„q'_Zi_=aqR;\2NB_ " P6g]£_a_1xj_ " R_=bfa_1NP6QP6R_1xj\S›L,QM_=P " qxsP=\,_1Q1vpž„q'_
xP=\,_1Qa?P6Q_„Q_1N'Q_=a_1gkR_=bP,a " L,xjxj_ " RhsL,gaL6S " xjLa_=b(xjL3L,NaL6Se_=b},_=a1¨?ÃMg'_„L,`'R_1Q
]BL,`'gb'P6Q\&xjL3L,N&P6gbN£Laahj]'xj\ia_1‹,_1QP6xhsg'g'_1Q " P=‹3hjRy\&xjL3L,Na1v¤ž„q'_r_=b},_=apP6Q_
b_/g'_=b]k\&xjhsaRa§L6S?g'L3b_=apRqP6Rzb_/g'_(P]'QL,‚,_1gxjhsg'_”a_1},Zi_1gkR1v
T P " q•xjL3L,Nfhsa†P&a_=‡2`'_1g " _{L6S§bhjQ_ " R_=b_=b},_=a1vrž„q'__=b},_=a†P6Q_bhjQ_ " R_=bšaL
U
RqP6R¤Rq'_Mb_/g'_=bxsP=\,_1QUhsa9L,giRq'_nxj_/SlR?ahsb_nL6S£Rq'_p_=b},_=a=vWu2L–Rq'_zL,`'R_1QWxjL3L,N
},L3_=a " L,`'g2R_1Q " xjL " ‚3onhsa_P6QL,`'gbfRq'_(xsP \,_1QMP6gbfRq'_(hjg'g'_1QpxsL2L,Na " xsL " ‚2onhsa_
P6QL,`'gbšRq'_ " P ‹2hsRhj_=a1v(nZb )P " _1gkR–_=b},_=a–hsgPxjL3L,NšZ`aR–aqP6Q_P " L,ZiZOL,g
g'Lb_,caLRqP6RnRq'_–xsP,aR§g'Lb_–hjg^P6g_=b},_(hsa§Rq'_raP6Zi_”P,a„Rq'_”QaRng'L3b_–hsg
Rq'_”g'_/¼R0L,g'_,vWž„q'_†QaR„g'Lb_ML6SRq'_MQaR§_=b},_”Z{`aR§]£_†Rq'_–aP6Zi_MP,a§Rq'_
xP,aR„g'L3b_rL6S9Rq'_rxsP,aR„_=b},_,v
ž„q'_(g'L3b_=a " L,QQ_=aN£L,gbhjg'}ORLRq'_r},_1L,Zi_1RQ\‹,_1QRh " _=anonhjxjxdqP ‹,_(Rq'_(aP6ZO_
hb'aWRqP6RURq'_M‹,_1QRh " _=a0qP=‹,_†hjgiRq'_zhsg'N'`'RWxj_,v è Q_=b_1R_1QZihsg'_=bihjg'g'_1Q0g'L3b_=a
" P6gP6xsaL]£_raN£_ " h¡_=bdv
6.2 Mesh density control
ž„q'_§Zi_=aq{b_1gahjR;\–hsab_/g'_=b{]2\(Pzq»‹6P6xj`'_,c6RqP6R9hsa1cRq'_0N'Q_/Sl_1QQ_=b{_1xj_1Zi_1gkR
ahsb_xj_1g'},Rq€vOž„q'_b_1gahjRy\‹6P6xj`'_=a " P6g™]B_ib_=a " Qhj]B_=b•P6R(P6gk\•xs_1‹,_1x¤L6S§Rq'_
Î
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÛZ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠü
ÎÏý
Î ÌÎ ,ÍlË Ì>! ÍH“Q6jΩË —lÍ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
111
ZiLb_1x¤q'hj_1QP6Q " q2\£¨Æb_1gahsRy\‹P6xj`'_ " P6g•]B_},hj‹,_1g•SlL,Q–Rq'_onq'L,xj_iZOL3b_1x»c
SlL,Q„P{]BL3b\,c3SlL,QnPxsP=\,_1Q1c3SlL,Q„P6g^_=b},_–L,Q§SlL,QnP‹,_1QR_/¼dvUž„q'_–b_1gahjR;\O‹6P6xj`'_=a
},hj‹,_1gÅSlL,Q{P6gŠ_1g2RhjRy\ÅP6xjo0P \3aL)‹,_1QQhsb_=aRq'La_&},hj‹,_1gÅS›L,Q{Rq'_^q'hj},q'_1Q{xj_1‹,_1x
_1gkRhsRhj_=a1v
ž„q'_Ob_1gahsRy\ " P6g™]£_O},hj‹,_1g™P,a(P6g™P6]aL,xs`'R_i‹P6xs`'_L,Q(P&‹P6xs`'_Q_1xsP6Rhj‹,_RL
Rq'_–},xjL,]P6xb_1gahsRy\O‹6P6xj`'_,vWž„q'_rP " R`P6x%b_1gahjRy\Œ‹P6xj`'_=a„hsgRq'_–ZOhsb'bxj_†L6S9P
xsP \,_1Q”P6Q_hsgkR_1QNBL,xsP6R_=bSlQL,Z Rq'_‹P6xs`'_=aML,gšRq'_]BL,Qb_1Q1vž„q'Q_1_Ry\3NB_=aML6S
]P " ‚3},QL,`'gbZO_=aq'_=a " P6g^]B_–`a_=b&SlL,QnRq'_rhjgkR_1QNBL,xsP6RhjL,g€¨
Mg¥_/¼N'xjh " hsR]P " ‚3},QL,`'gb‰ZO_=aq " P6g“]£_},hj‹,_1g‰P,aPwa_1RŒL6SrN£L,hsgkRa
onhsRqƒP,aaL " hsP6R_=bƒb_1gahjRy\•‹6P6xj`'_=a1vzg2\•Zi_=aqƒb_1gahjRy\•‹6P6xj`'_=a–SlQL,Z
Rq'_(ZiL3b_1xP6Q_–hs},g'L,Q_=bdv
3
 b_1xsP6`'gP=\RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6RhsL,g " P6g&]B_†ZŒP,b_MSlQL,ZŸRq'_–L,Qhj},hjgP6xB},_1L,Zi_/
Ù
RQ\&‹,_1QRh " _=a=v
3
MgšL,QRq'L,},L,gP6xW},Qhsb " P6gš]£_`a_=bRL " P6x " `'xP6R_Rq'_b_1gahjR;\f‹6P6xj`'_=a
P,a†POaL,xj`'RhjL,g^RLŒPŒVP6N'xsP " hsP6gf]£L,`'gb'P6Q\^‹6P6xj`'_rN'QL,]'xj_1Zfv„ž„q'_{},Qhsb
b_1gahjRy\ " P6g]B_ " q'La_1g^SlQL,ZmRq'Q_1_r‹6P6xj`'_=a1v
3
6.3
File structure
ž„q'_{xj_ " L,gahsaRaML6S0Pq'hj_1QP6Q " q2\L6S0Q_ " L,Qb'a”RqP6R " L,g2RP6hjgš‚,_1\2o0L,Qb'arP6gb
b'P6RPvOMxjx¤‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'ar_1gb™onhjRq™P " L,xjL,g€vOž„q'_xs_hsa–bhj‹3hsb_=bhjgkRL^o0L,Qb'a
a_1NP6QP6R_=b¥]k\ŠP6gk\|‚3hjgb|L6S†onq'hsR_=aNP " _ " qP6QP " R_1Qa=cpaL•Rq'_^xj_^ZOP \ƒ]B_
SlQ_1_1xj\b_ " L,QP6R_=bŒ]2\ihjgb_1g2RP6RhjL,gOL,Q„P,b'bhjg'}(_1ZON'Ry\xjhjg'_=a=v9ž„q'_zxj_zhsa " P,a_
a_1gahsRhj‹,_,v
XLaRnL6S¤Rq'_–_1xsb'a„hjg^Rq'_rQ_ " L,Qb'aMP6Q_rZOP6gb'P6RL,Q\^P6gb^Z{`aRn]B_r},hj‹,_1g^hjg
PŒ'¼3_=bšL,Qb_1Q1viu2_1‹,_1QP6x¤Q_ " L,Qb'a–ZOP \ " L,gkRP6hsg™P6g•L,N'RhjL,gP6x?Zi_=aqšb_1gahjRy\
_1xsbRqP6R”qP,aML,g'_{L6SUR;oUL^‚,_1\3oUL,Qb'Ü
a 8 ê ¨ 9rL,Ý
Q 8;Y(¨ 9v–ž„q'_‚,_1\3oUL,QH
b 8 ê ¨ 9rhsa
SlL,xjxjL o0_=b]k\šP6gšP6]aL,xj`'R_b_1gahjRy\‹P6xs`'_P6gbRq'_‚,_1\3oUL,Q
b 8;Y(¨ 9aNB_ " h¡_=a
P‹6P6xj`'_–Q_1xsP6Rhj‹,_”RLiRq'_r},xsL,]P6xb_1gahjRy\‹6P6xj`'_,v
ž„q'_rhjg'N'`'R„xs_–hsanbhj‹3hsb_=bOhsgkRL µ ZOZP ) L,Q„_1xsb'a1¨
3
Ùq'_=P,b_1Q
3
ÙxjhsaR0L6S?‹,_1QRh " _=a
3
ÙxjhsaR0L6S?_=b},_=a
3
ÙxjhsaR0L6S?]£Lbhj_=a
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
112
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
ž„q'_1Q_ " P6gw]£_xjhjg'_=a†L6S " L,ZiZi_1g2R†]B_1Ryo0_1_1gwRq'_=a__1xb'a1vt0L,ZOZi_1gkR–xjhsg'_=a
]B_1},hjgonhjRqP6g8qJ 9OL,QWPÜ8:s9v¤ž„q'_n‹,_1QR_/¼xjhsaRhsa9L,g'xj\Zi_1gkR?SlL,Q¤Rq'_n‹,_1QRh " _=a
`a_=bS›L,Q–b_/g'hjg'}^_=b},_=a1vž„q'_iP,b'bhjRhsL,gP6x9hsg'g'_1Q†g'Lb_=arP6Q_xjhaR_=bfhsgRq'_
xP=\,_1QnQ_ " L,Qb'a1v
6.4 The header
ž q'_•q'_=P,b_1QaRP6QRa&onhjRq—Rq'_•‚,_1\3oUL,Qb ì&Ókâ£îƒÓä=Ô)ï۔xÔ S›L,xjxsL oU_=b’]2\ ®
„
ZŒP6gb'P6RL,Q\O_1xsb'a=¨
Þ
ž„q'_r},xjL,]P6x€Zi_=aqb_1gahjRy\‹6P6xj`'_,v
Ô
3
ÞÙÓ2ö¦ÝFÛò'ð›Õlã%÷Bà€ò”Û,ä=âeÔÔ ž„q'_Zi_=aqa " P6xjhjg'}iSDP " RL,Q1vrMxjxZO_=aqb_1g
ahjR;\O‹6P6xj`'_=apP6Q_–Z{`'xjRhjN'xjhj_=bŒ]k\Rq'hsa„‹6P6xj`'_,v
3
3
âH×9ÓköƒÔ ž„q'_rg2`'Z]B_1QpL6S?‹,_1QR_/¼&Q_ " L,Qb'a=v
ܬ×9÷eÓ2ƒö Ô ž„q'_rgk`'Z{]B_1QpL6S9_=b},_(Q_ " L,Qb'a1v
3
ß âH×՛ÓköƒÔ ž„q'_(gk`'Z{]£_1QnL6S?]£Lb\Q_ " L,Qb'a1v
Ó
3
T¤¼P6ZiN'xs_,¨
¤
•g É ¥
¿j½>¼¿ƒÄÂjÅ
] ¥Œ‹ˆ»e
º ¿,Ë Ê ÃW^À”Á \ `Do?^”Ã>ĽQÂ[¥Leˆ:¯
l ½Q¾¿,Ë ¥Œh
¸ ¾D
` ¿,Ë ¥Ög
O ½Q¾ÁZ¿,Ë¥be
MxjxRq'_”b_1gahjR;\‹P6xs`'_=aWhjgŒRq'hsa¤xj_Monhjxjx]B_zZ{`'xjRhjN'xshj_=bonhjRq « v ® c3hjg " xj`bhsg'}
Rq'_ · v « },hj‹,_1gOhjgŒRq'_Mq'_=P,b_1Q1vWž„q'_†Zi_=aqa " P6xjhjg'}rSlP " RL,Q§hsaUP6g_=P,a\o§P=\ORL
" qP6g'},_(Rq'_–L)‹,_1QP6xjx%b_1gahjR;\ŒL6S?Rq'_r_1g2RhjQ_–Zi_=aq€v
6.5 The vertices
TUP " q‹,_1QR_/¼^Q_ " L,Qb^qP,azRq'_”_1xsb'a1¨
3
â ×9ÓDà×PÔ ž%oUL”NBLahjRhj‹,_¤hjg2R_1},_1Qa1¨Pz`'g'hs‡2`'_U‹,_1QR_/¼(hsb(P6gbPz]£L,`'gb3
H
P6Q\hbdvi¾»S„P^]£L,`'gb'P6Q\_1xj_1Zi_1g2R–hsa”g'L,RrQ_=‡2`'hjQ_=b•P6R–Rq'hsa–‹,_1QR_/¼dcP
½1_1QLiL,Qng'_1}P6Rhj‹,_r]BL,`'gb'P6Q\&hsbZOP=\]B_–},hj‹,_1g€v
Ó
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÛZ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠü
ÎÏý
Î ÌÎ ,ÍlË Ì>! ÍH“Q6jΩË —lÍ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
3
Mg^L,N'RhjL,gP6xZO_=aqb_1gahjR;\i_1xsbdv0u2_1_(P6]BL ‹,_,v
3
ž%oULŒ‹,_1QR_/¼ " L3L,QbhjgP6R_=a1v
113
T?¼'P6ZiN'xj_,¨
a ¾#¥be€e
» ¥ÖgˆV‹
‹€‹
l ½j¾¿ a ¾#¥Öé
g ­1e
] ¥Œ‹#ˆ g
e€e
l ½j¾¿ a ¾#¥Œh¾e
‹¾e
l ½j¾¿ a ¾#¥Ÿj ­1e
­1e ‹
l ½j¾¿ a ¾#¥Öé
¯ ­1e
­1e€e
l
½j¾¿
à g'xj\‹,_1QRh " _=a « P6gb&זonhjxjx'N'QLb` " _MP(]£L,`'gb'P6Q\O_1xj_1Zi_1gkR1v¤´§L,RqORq'_zQaR
M
P6gba_ " L,gbO‹,_1QRh " _=a0onhsxjxN'QLb` " _†PZi_=aqb_1gahjRy\L6S · vØ×3v?ž„q'_”xsP,aRWRq'Q_1_
‹,_1QRh " _=apbLOg'L,RpaN£_ " hjS›\Pb_1gahjRy\L6S?Rq'_1hjQnL ong€v
6.6
The edges
TWP " qf_=b},_rQ_ " L,Qb^qP,apRq'_–_1xsb'a1¨
Ü ×9÷eÓDà×©Ô Ryo0L–N£LahjRhj‹,_Whjg2R_1},_1Qa1¨?Pz`'g'hs‡2`'_§_=b},_§hbP6gbP†]£L,`'gb'P6Q\
^
hbdv
3
Mg^L,N'RhjL,gP6xZO_=aq^b_1gahjRy\Œ_1xsbonhjRqP6gP,b'bhjRhsL,gP6x€‚,_1\2o0L,QbŸ8;K¨ 9
RqP6RŒZOP=\Å]B_^`a_=bŠRLwaNB_ " h¡Sl\wPš'¼_=bŠgk`'Z{]B_1QiL6S–]£L,`'gb'P6Q\|_1xj_/
ZO_1gkRa1v
3
3
3
ž„q'_(gk`'Z{]£_1QpL6S?‹,_1QRh " _=anRqP6RMb_/g'_rRq'_r_=b},_,vM©l„Rpxs_=P,aR„RyoUL ª
ÙxjhsaR0L6S?‹,_1QR_/¼^hsb'a
T?¼'P6ZiN'xj_,¨
¸ ¾1`¿ a ¾#¥be€e
] Œ
¥ ‹#ˆV‹1¯
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
114
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
h¾egkh
D` a [¾ ¥Ögkg
l ¥be ‹
g¶e h
¸ ¾D
` ¿ a ¾[¥Œhkh
g¶eÒj
¸ ¾D
` ¿ a ¾[¥Ÿj€h
gij„¯
¸ ¾D
` ¿ a ¾[¥Ö¯ih
gkh¯
¸ ¾ ¿
ž q'_zQaR§_=b},_zhsa0b_/g'_=bO]2\iRq'Q_1_z‹,_1QRh " _=a§P6gbaN£_ " hj_=aUPrZO_=aqOb_1gahjR;\
„
L6S · v ·k°6® v²ž„q'_a_ " L,gb|_=b},_^hsab_/g'_=bŠ]2\ƒR;oUL™_1gbNBL,hjg2RaiP6gb|onhjxjx§]£_
bhs‹2hsb_=b²hjgkRL «1· _=‡2`P6x¡yahj½1_=b²a_1},Zi_1gkRaš©laLwRq'_1Q_onhjxjxz]£_ «,« g'Lb_=aŒL,g
RqP6R_=b},_ ª v´§_ " P6`a_ŒRq'_Œg'L3b_&×^bhsbg€ R{aN£_ " hjS›\šP^Zi_=aqƒb_1gahjRy\•L6SnhjRa
L)ong€c'hjRUonhsxjxeqP ‹,_”Pb_1gahsRy\iRqP6R„hsaURq'_”P ‹,_1QP6},_–L6S%Rq'_–b_1gahjRhj_=a0L6S%Rq'_=a_
R;oULŒ_=b},_=a1vWž„qP6Rphsa · v «=®,® v
6.7 The bodies
TUP " q ]BL3b\Q_ " L,Qb^qP,anRq'_r_1xsb'a1¨
3
ß âH×%ïà×©Ô Ù`'g'hs‡2`'_†]BLb\Œhsb_1g2Rh¡ " P6RhjL,gw©lPNBLahjRhj‹,_”hjg2R_1},_1Q ª v
3
zg^L,N'RhsL,gP6xZi_=aq^b_1gahjR;\O_1xbdv
3
Ü ð›Ó2îƒÓ2ãBä6ÑÔZ×Ó2ÔjÔ ž„q'_^L,Qb_1QL6S†Rq'_^_1xs_1Zi_1gkRaRL•]B_ " Q_=P6R_=b|S›L,Q
M
Rq'hsa„]BL3b\,vWT¤hsRq'_1QzV€hjg'_=P6QnL,Q è P6QP6]BL,xjh " v
3
ÝWòkï£ÓkÔöƒÔ ž„q'_rg2`'Z]B_1QpL6S?xsP=\,_1Qaphjg&Rq'hsan]BL3b\,v
3
ÉxshsaR§L6S9xsP \,_1QpQ_ " ,L Qb'a1v
TUP " q xsP \,_1QpQ_ " L,Qb^qP,anRq'_r_1xsb'a1¨
3
ÝWòkï£ÓkÔdà×PÔ É`'g'hs‡2`'_–xsP=\,_1Qphsgb_1gkRh¡ " P6RhjL,gw©lPNBLahjRhs‹,_†hsgkR_1},_1Q ª v
3
zg^L,N'RhsL,gP6xZi_=aq^b_1gahjR;\O_1xbdv
3
ÝWòkï£ÓkÔ+ÚMïNWÓÔ ž„q'_(xsP=\,_1QpZO_=aq&Ry\3N£_,vU³†_=a " Q hs]£_=b]B_1xjL o–v
3
ÉR;\2NB_/yb_1NB_1gb_1gkRzNP6QR1v0³M_=a " Q hj]£_=b&]B_1xjL)o–v
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÛZ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠü
ÎÏý
Î ÌÎ ,ÍlË Ì>! ÍH“Q6jΩË —lÍ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
115
ÝUâ€â9öƒÔ ž„q'_rgk`'Z{]B_1QpL6S9xsL2L,Na
3
ÙxjhsaR0L6S?xjL3L,N^Q_ " ,L Qb'a1¨
á ÝUâ€â à×PÔ ÙN£LahsRhj‹,_MhsgkR_1},_1Q
á ^՛ÔjÓ Û,ä=՛â£Pã Ô « L,Q? « v¤¾yS£Rq'_zbhsQ_ " RhjL,ghsa9 « cRq'_pxjL3L,NbhjQ_ " RhjL,g
ha„hjgk‹,_1QR_=bdv
Ü ×9÷eÓkQö Ô ž„q'_–gk`'Z{]£_1QpL6S?_=b},_=a
á ^
á ÙxjhsaR0L6S¤ahj},g'_=b&_=b},_rhb'ar©›g'_1}P6Rhj‹,_rZi_=P6gan]P " ‚2o§P6Qb'a ª
3
ž„q'_rxsP \,_1QnRy\3N£_ " 6P g]£_–L,g'_–L6S?Rq'_–SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨
iâ âBããÓjÛä ¨KML3b_=aP6Q_U},_1g'_1QP6R_=b{L,g(Rq'_0xsP=\,_1Q_=b},_=aP6gb " L,g'g'_ " R_=b
3
onhsRqPib_1xsP6`'gP=\RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6RhsL,g€v
Òã â£Ô)âBã%â£Õ ã ÓkÔ)ä=ÓQâ ¨–KML3b_=a†P6Q_hjga_1QR_=bL,g'_]2\fL,g'_{hjgkRL&Rq'_{N'xsP " _
3
3
RqP6RzqP,anRq'_r},Q_=P6R_=aRzbhaRP6g " –
_ RLiRq'_–g'_=P6Q_=aRp_/¼hsaRhsg'}{g'Lb_,v
Þ[â3Ò՛ã÷£àÔ)âBãBä ¨UKzLb_=anP6Q_–hjga_1QR_=b]2\ŒRP6‚3hjg'}P6gP "1" _1N'R_=b^Zi_=aq
a_1},Zi_1gkRiP6gb|hjga_1QRhjg'}PšRq'hsQbƒg'Lb_^aLšRqP6RiPš},L2LbÅRQhsP6g'},xj_hsa
N'QLb` " _=bdv0ž„q'_(_1gkRhjQ_–]BL,`'gb'P6Q\&hsa„`a_=b^P,apPiaRP6QRhjg'}S›QL,g2R1v
¨ ž„q'_{aP6Zi_(P,a†XL ‹3hjg'}º'QL,gkR1cB]'`'RzRq'_{N'QL6
p
" _=a a”hsaMaRP6QR_=bfSlQL,ZçP&ahjg'},xj_{a_1_=bN£LahsRhjL,g€v–nb‹P6g " _=a–RL&Rq'_bh¡
Q_ " RhsL,gonq'_1Q_rRq'_(bhsaRP6g " _–RLRq'_rg'_=P6Q_=aRpg'Lb_–hsa„},Q_=P6R_=aR1v
3 ݶݶ݀à„Þ[â3Ò՛ã÷£à€Ôâ£ãBä ¨§ž„q'_(aP6Zi_–P,a”u'u3Xº?XL ‹3hjg'}º'QL,gkR1c£]'`'RzP,b3
‹6P6g " _=apZOL,Q_–xjL " P6xsxj\,v
3iä ò”×Wì&Ô)ÕD× ¨À},Qhsb•L6Sp‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6xW_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa1v^ž„q'_OxP=\,_1QrZ{`aR
qP ‹,_&L,g'xj\ « xsL2L,NƒonhjRqw_/¼'P " Rxj\šSlL,`'Q_=b},_=a1všž„q'_&`a_1Q{Z`aR{P6xsaL
ZŒP6‚,_”a`'Q_–RqP6RnRq'_†L,N'NBLahjR_”_=b},_=a„onhjxsx£]B_–a`']Bbhs‹2hsb_=bŒhjg2RL{_=‡2`P6x
g2`'Z]B_1QaWL6SB_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra1v¤ž„q'hsa " P6g]£_pbL,g'_z_=P,ahjxj\ronhsRqRq'_M¸†Qhsbeu2hj½1_/
aN£_ " h¡ " P6RhsL,gb_=a " Qhj]B_=bŒ]B_1xjL)o–v
ݶ݀Þ[à„Þ[â3Ò՛ã÷£à€Ôâ£ãBä
3
3
Ü(ìÔÕD× c Ú0Ô)՛òã÷eð›Ó Ó ÕŽìÔÕD× c Ú0Ô)՛òã%÷£ðÓ1åŒæ Ó Ürì&Ô)ÕD× c
Ú0ÔՍòã÷eð›ÓDåŒæ Ó ÕŽìÔÕD× c ÚUÔ՛òã%÷£ðÓ3à ß Ó Ürì&Ô)ÕD× L,Q Ú0Ô)՛òã%÷£ðÓ3à ß å
Ó Õˆì&Ô)ÕD× ¨ :M`P,be¸†QhsbŠRqP6ROhsaiaN'xjhsR{hsgkRL™RQhsP6g'},xs_=a1v¥K†T0ÂKzÁ
aN£_ " h¡_=a&Rq'_™aN'xjhjRRhjg'}ÅbhjQ_ " RhjL,g—L6SRq'_šQaR‡k`P,bQhjxP6R_1QP6x»vÆ
˜ ZO_=P6gaOP6g¥P6xjR_1QgP6Rhsg'}wbhjQ_ " RhjL,g¥P6gb¥º9´ŸhaiP™a " _1Zi_fRqP6ROP6xjR_1Q
gP6R_=azL,g'xj\ŒP6xsL,g'}Rq'_–QaRpP6gb^Rq'hjQb&_=b},_=a=v
Ú0ÔՍòã÷eð›Ó Ó
ž„q'_wR;\2NB_/yb_1NB_1gb_1gkR_1xsb'ahsgÙPŠxsP \,_1QfL6SiR;\2NB_G1¤L,QL,g'L,hŸ1¤_1QR_/¼dcXL ‹2
hjg'}º'QL,g2R1cdu'u'u3º?XL ‹3hjg'}º'QL,gkRML,QMu'u3Xº?XL ‹3hjg'}º'QL,g2R1¨
úûeüú%ýŠþkÿ
116
Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ
ÿ
Î
3
à„0Õ âÓ × Ó âH×Ó2öƒÔ ž„q'_gk`'Z{]B_1QiL6SM'¼_=bŠZi_=aqÅg'Lb_=aOP6gbŠP™xjhsaR{L6S
‹,_1QR_/¼^Q_ " L,Qb'a1v
3
ß ìÞ[ÓköPÔ „´ P " ‚2},QL,`'gbÙZi_=aq¦R;\2NB_,¨ÉÃMg'_ƒL6Si³†_1xsP6`'gP \,c¸†Qhsbdc
u2NP6Qa_)¸†Qhsbdc³†_1ga_)¸”Qhsb&L,QzT?¼N'xjh " hjR1v
¾»S9]P " ‚3},QL,`'gbfZO_=aq&hsanT?¼N'xjh " hjR1¨
´„P " ‚3},QL,`'gbZO_=aqahs½1_P6gbPixjhsaRpL6SWg'L3b_=a†onhjRqRyo0L " L3L,QbhjgP6R_=a
P6gb^PZi_=aq^b_1gahjR;\O‹6P6xj`'_,vWž„q'_–L,Rq'_1Qza_1xs_ " RhjL,ga§Q_=‡k`'hjQ_”g'LiP,b'bh¡
RhjL,gP6x€NP6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa1v
3
¾ySURq'_R;\2NB_hsaru'u'u3º?XfL)‹2hjg'}ºQL,gkR(L6Spu'u3Xº?XL ‹3hjg'}º'QL,g2R1c%Rq'_SlL,xjxjL onhsg'}
P,b'bhsRhjL,gP6xd_1xsb'a1¨
3
2u _1_=b^Ry\3N£_,¨0¾yZiN'xsh " hjRUL,QpT¤¼3N'xjh " hjR1v
¾»S9Ry\3N£_(hsanT?¼N'xjh " hjR1¨
ÝdÓ2ÓjשÔ
á
Ó
âH×9ÓköƒÔ ž„q'Q_1_rg'Lb_rhsb'a„RqP6Rzb_/g'_(Rq'_rhjg'hjRhsP6x£SlQL,gkR1v
¾»S9Ry\3N£_(hsan¾yZON'xjh " hjR1¨
á ܬ×9÷eÓÔ Mg_=b},_Mhsbdv¤¦a_1},Zi_1gkR0S›QL,ZÀRq'_†Zihsb'bxj_pL6SRq'_M_=b},_
hsa„`a_=b^PRq'_–hsg'hjRhsP6xBS›QL,g2R1v
O
T¤¼P6ZiN'xs_,¨
a [¥be
\
[¥ \ ¿D^QÂ
^ ¥be
^ a #¥be
¥Ÿ‹#ˆ ¯
^ D³ #¥
o º ½FÁ \ `Fo½ \
o › l
¥Le
l a #¥}j 1e ‹ ˆ:¯k‹ˆ ¯
O¤
¥ ¤
[¥ a
1` #¥Œg
¥be
a #¥Le
\ ¥e
1` ¥Ög
e dg
½Q¾jÅ ¾
¸ ÀQ¿>¼¿ Ä È Â¾¿QÂ
¹ Á
¹ ƒÅ,¿ƒÂË
¹ ƒÅ¿Q ¾
»
¹ ƒÅ¿Q ÅQ,
ÊÊjÊ
Ì ¿
BÁ ¿j¾ ½Q¾¿”Ë
½j¾¿ ¾
­
º ¿”Ë
ÂÁZ¾
Ê ¿j¿Q¾
¼,ÌÀ,ÁjÃÁÄ
¸ ¾ ¿
¹ ½j½+ÌBË
¹ ½½+Ì ¾
É Á>¿”Ã>ÄÁ+½
¸ ¾ ¿”Ë
ê­
Ä
ž„q'haUonhjxsx " Q_=P6R_†PZi_=aqŒonhjRqOL,g'_†N'Q_=b_1R_1QZihjg'_=bŒg'Lb_†P6R§N£LahjRhjL,g© · v ® c
· v ®ª v|ž„q'_^_=b},_ ¶ qP,aPšg'_1}P6Rhj‹,_^ahj},g€cUaLRq'_^g'Lb_=aL6SMRq'_&_=b},_P6Q_
Ê"!dÍlÎ
ÿ ÛZ$6ú%û£üú%ýŠü
ÎÏý
Î ÌÎ ,ÍlË Ì>! ÍH“Q6jΩË —lÍ
ÿ ÿ ÿ
117
RP6‚,_1ghjgOPrQ_1‹,_1Qa_zL,Qb_1Q1vWž„qk`a§Rq'hsaU]£Lb\hsaWPahjg'},xj_nRQhsP6g'},xs_nS›L,QZO_=bi]k\
g'Lb_=a «{¶ P6gb×3vMž„q'_(RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6RhsL,gfonhjxjxaRP6QRMPiRq'_{Zihsb'bxs_–L6S?_=b},_ ¶ v
ž„q'_rZi_=aq&b_1gahjRy\hsa " L,gkRQL,xsxj_=b^]k\&P " P6QR_=ahsP6gf},Qhsbdv
ž„q'_Ry\3NB_/yb_1N£_1gb_1g2Rr_1xsb'a”hjg•P&xsP \,_1Q–L6S0R;\2NB_®:M`P,be¸†Qhsbdc%ž%QhsP6g'},xj_=K†T?
¸†Qhsbdcž%QhsP6g'},xj_=KMÁ‰¸†Qhsbdc'žQhP6g'},xj_=˜^-KMT0¸”QhsbdcžQhsP6g'},xs_=˜^-,KMÁ‰¸†Qhsbdcž%Qh¡
P6g'},xj_=º?´„KMT§¸†Qhsb&L,QpžQhP6g'},xj_=º?´§KMÁ‰¸†Qhsb^P6Q_,¨
3
ì&Ô)DÕ ×PÝdèÕ çÓ Ô ž„q'_Œg2`'Z]B_1QL6Sz_1xj_1Zi_1g2Ra(hjgÅonq'h " qƒRLšaN'xjhjRRq'_ŒLb'b
6P gbŒ_1‹,_1g&_=b},_=a§L6SRq'_MxsP \,_1Q1vz©lžo0L{NBLahjRhs‹,_phjgkR_1},_1Qa=v ª ¾»SRq'hsaW_1xsb
ha”L,ZihjRR_=bšRq'_i_=b},_=aP6Q_iaN'xjhjR–P,arb_/g'_=bw]k\Rq'_Ob_1gahjR;\‹6P6xj`'_=a1v
ž„q'_{‹6P6xj`'_=an},hj‹,_1ghsgfP¸†Qhbeu2hj½1_/D_1xsb&L ‹,_1QQhb_{P6g2\b_1gahjRy\&‹6P6xj`'_=a
},hs‹,_1g&S›L,QpRq'_–_=b},_=a=v
T?¼'P6ZiN'xj_,¨
O
a #¥Ög
\
¥ ¹ Á \ D¿ ^QÂ
^
¥be
^ a [¥Le
¥Œ‹ˆ:¯
^ 1³ ¥Öé*~r^Q¾ ¤ ÂBÁ>¾
¤
c ¥Ö¯¶e ‹
¥be
a #¥be
\ x
¥ ­1e
D` ¥}j
j d¯€gkh
½j¾QÅ ¾
¸ Àj¿¼B¿ Ä È Â¾¿ƒÂ
¹ QÅ¿QÂË
¹ QÅ¿ƒÂ ¾
»
¹ QÅ¿ƒÂ jÅj,
Ì ¿
ÂBÁ>¾ Ê Á ¿
¹ ½½+ÌË
¹ ½j½ƒÌ ¾
É ÁÂ,¿,ÃZÄÁZ½
¸ ¾ ¿,Ë
­
ž„q'hsa„]BL3b\Œonhjxjxd]B_rP},QhsbL6S ®6· ‡2`P,bQhjxsP6R_1QP6x€_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa1vWž„q'_–L,`'R_1QpxsL2L,N
hsa9},hj‹,_1g " xjL " ‚3onhsa_,c6]'`'R¤Rq'_pbhjQ_ " RhjL,g{_1xsb{R_1xjxa%Rq'_nN'QL,},QP6ZœRL”hjg2R_1QN'Q_1R
hjRr]P " ‚2o§P6Qb'a1vMg'L,Rq'_1Q(o0P \•RLaNB_ " h¡Sl\fRq'_Œ},Qhsb™ahj½1_ " L,`'xb•]£_ORLf},hj‹,_
8;K¨ ® 9†RLi_=b},_=aM×P6gb ® P6g}
b 8;K¨ «1· 9†RL_=b},_=a ¶ P6gb µ v