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/`" bc& 8 &('d6 <Ze ' =!f '@65hg K '@ikj K ik')&l-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. m
/`0/ n F 65 :k< &porq&_6sBABt >8WK & f '@6 K &utv6 84w tyxz')& Q &ik'd6 <ZQ & K * = '@s ,-,-----,-,--,-,. {
/`IH J w4w 98kf 67b.'@6 : 2 j_6 <]|R? &('}P 8BK &(' C 6j(&~--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
/0H4" >?@:k< 6A >8kf~K &* ?3=!8BKd= 6' 6 < & ? -,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
/0H40/ = i :41< 984f~=Ce 6'd6p57& K &(' ? 6 8kw
e 6 8 & < =!8BK ' =!<9? ,-,-----,-,--,-,.
/0H4IH }i 8k8 >8kf? 5i < 6 K 9=!84? i ? 98kf~K 24& f 'd6 : 2 j_6 < 98BK &' C 6j&-----,-,--,-,.!
/`ON J w4w 98kf #li K@: i K=C l6 K 67,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./
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H40/ g 5i < 6 K >=!8 =8WK ' =!< n < &(5& 8BKd? ,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
H`/`" g* "K j2k& ? -,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
H`/`0/ g < 9w &' ? ,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.{
H`/`IH 1 5&(',-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
H4IH 9?@:4< 6_A; >8kwk= * ? 6 8kwMK &* ?}=!8 6p' 6p < & ? ,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
H`0H4" >?@:k< 6A7 98kw4= * ? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
H`0H40/ K &* ? ,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./
H`0H4IH e < 6j&(5& 8BK=CK &* I? 98k? 9w &c6~ 984wk= * -,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./
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H`0H4ON 1rA : & ?R=C 9?):k< 6_A 6p' 6p < & ? --,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./`
H`0H40m P 576 f &t K &* ? --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./!/
H`0H4I 6 ?)K &(' e <9=K@? --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./H
H`0H40{ g >8kf!< & 6' 6 < &cb.'@6 : 2 ? -,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./pN
H`0H4 F ABt e <9=K@? -,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./pN
H`0H4I J%')'d6_A ?R=pC P 576 f & ? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./!m
H`0H4" D i 8 j K 9=8k? ,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./!m
H4ON &* g`& K@K >8kf!?}D 'd6p57& ? -,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./
H40m q = 6 w 98kf 6 8kw g`6$ >8kf b | P g`& K@K 98kf!? --,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./!{
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S Nk" #li K@1< >8 &o e=`=<9? 6 8kw
(D & <9w4? -,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,./
Nk0/ g = 57&.q = * t < &$& < %&x 8 >K 9=!84? -,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H!
NkIH 6 K ' "F 6 8kw &j K@= 'R# : &('@6 K >=!8k? -,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H!
N40H4" # : &'d6 K 9=!84?3=!8 g`j_6 < 6' 6' 6 < & ? -,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H4
N40H40/ &5 = ' AMJ <><9= j_6 K 9=!8 = i K >8 & ? -,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H4
N40H4IH < &(6 8 >8kf &(j Kd= ' ? 6 84w 6 K ' j(& ? ,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. HB/
N40H4ON J3j(j& ?)?RKd= n < &57& 8BKd?}=C 6 6 K ' "F -,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. HB/
N40H40m 6* P !# =pC &j Kd= ' ? 6 8kw 6 K ' j& ?3Kd= C ' = 5 x < & ? -,-----,-,--,-,. HB/
N40H4I &(j Kd= '6 84w 6 K ' GF # : &('d6 K 9=8k? ,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H!H
N40H40{ Q &(ik'@6 < # : &'d6 K 9=!84? C = ' &(j Kd= ' ? 6 8kw 6 K ' j(& ? -,-----,-,--,-,. HBm
NkON *D & <>w =w & <>? g : 6 K 6 < =!8 $ =?= ' (D 9<"K &(' ? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H!
N4INk0/ = ')'@& < 6 K >=!8 6 8kw =!8 $ =!=!8k? ,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. HB{
N4INkIH #l' & 8BK 6 K 9=!8 1i 8 >8kf 6 :k? --,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H N4INkON qZ6_A!&(' ? 6 8kw g : sp&_qZ6_A!&(' ? -,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. H!
Nk0m R& < 6_A ? -,--,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. NB
N4m`" =!8BK 6 98 &' ?3C = '}%& < 6_A 6' 6 < & ? ,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. NB
N4m`0/ J3j(j& ?)? 984f =!8BK 6 98 &' ? ,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. NW/
N4m`IH J%') >K 'd6' AM%& < 6_A ?3C = ' e==!<9? --,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. NW/
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9?)K 6 8 j&t w & : & 8kw & 8BK %& < 6_A ? --,-,--,-,. NBH
NkI 6 8kw4= 5 Q ik5&(' ? ,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. N!N
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N4{`" g : 6p' ? & &(j Kd= ' ?z? &(5 t ?): 6' ? & 6 K ' j(& ? -,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
N4{`0/ J <><9= j_6 K 98kf q = 6 w098kf 6 8kw g46_$ 98kf g : 6p' ? &.JR'@'d6_A ? -,-----,-,--,-,.
N4{`IH g : 6p' ? & 6 K ' GFV &(j Kd= ' i <>K 9:k< j_6 K 9=8k? -,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
N4{`ON #l' & 8BK 6 K 9=!8 1i 8 >8kf 6 :k? * "K 2
9? K 6 8 j&t w & : & 8kw & 8BK R& < 6_A ? ,-,--,-,. N N4{`0m >?@:k< 6A >8kf g : 6' ? &.J%')'d6_A ?L>8MK 2k&,b | P -,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. NB
N4{`I n F 65 :4< &o g : 6' ? &.P 8WK & f '@6 K &utv6 84w t D( '@& Q & K * = '@s ,-,-----,-,--,-,. NB
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m`" P 8BK &(' C 6pj(& C = ' D(9< &c#li K@: i K .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.mH
m>!" #li Kd: i KRD(9< & ? --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.mpN
m>!0/ #li Kd: i K} 6' 6 < & ? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m!m
m>!IH 1&(5 := '@6 < g`& < &j K >=!8k? ,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m!m
m>!ON g : 6 K 6 < g`& < &(j K 9=8k? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m
m>!0m 132k&-1 5&('-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m!{
m>!I n F 65 :4< & ? ,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m!{
m`0/ P 84: i K .-,--,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m m`IH 6_*P !# ,--,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.m
l^4^kX U
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D i K i4'@& --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. 4
40/ g4g4n qJcg J 1}qJcg -,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. B/
4IH # : & 8 e ,--,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. N
4ON e P .-,--,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. !
40m L Ak' >w e P !# : & 8 e =`w &,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. B{
4I e 6'd6 <9< & 1< >? 984f g`&' 6 <D & 1< GF =w &h-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. `04" # : & 8 e 6 84w .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,. `040/ e Ph-,-,--,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.{
`04IH n F 65 :4< &o 1Z* = >8WK &('@6j K 98kfQ &ik' =8 e=`=!<>? --,-,-----,-,--,-,.{
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{`0/ = i :k< & w 2k6 =K j. = & ?)?@< &('# ? j 9<9< 6 Kd= ' ? ,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.{
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J,> g K 6 8kw 6' w? &(' 6 =!8 ,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,>> e '@&'@& Wi >? "K & ? --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,>/ g`&' 6 <D & 1< GF P 84?)K 6 <9< 6 K 9=8 -,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,>0H J wkw "K >=!8 6 <]QR=K & ? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,/ P 84?)K 6 <9< 6 K 9=8V=CEe 6'@6 <9< & < D & 1< "F ,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,/> e '@&'@& Wi >? "K & ? --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,// = 5 : 9< 6 K >=!8;=pCe 6'd6 <>< & <D & 1< GF -,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,/0H J wkw "K >=!8 6 <]QR=K & ? .-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
J,0H >8kwk= * ? A f * 98 --,.-,-,--,-,.-,--,-,-----,-,--,-,.
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6 8kw w A 8 6p5 j_6 <? A ? K &5 ? P K 9? j(i4'@'@& 8BKd< A& >8kf *}' >K)K & 8 3132 9?L98BK ' =`w ikj K 9=!8 kK 2k& i js!t ? K 6' Klf i >w & 98
? &(j K >=!8 / 4? &(j K 9=8k? H6 = i K K 2k& f 'd6 : 2 j(6 8
C i 8 j K >=!8 < k'@6' & ?I98 ? &(j K 9=8 N 6 8kw K 2k&6 :k: & 8kw0"F 6 = i KK>8k?)K 6 <9< 6 K >=!8 J 6')& ?@= 57& K 2 >8kfV<1 s& 98
6')&_6 w 6 < & ? K 6 K &1324&& F 65 :4< & ? ? &j K >=!8 { 6 8kw K 2k& ? &j K >=!8 6 = i K.: 6'@6 <9< & <D & <1GF & FK & 84? 9=8k? 6p'@&
?)K ><9< 5 =!?)K@< A&(5 :4K A = 'rz6 w ! = i* = i <>w;: ' = z6 < A*6 8BK K@= j =!8k? i <>K K 2k&& F 65 :k< & ? K 2z6 K j = 57&3* >K 2 D & <1"F
w ')&(j K@< A >C A = i K 2 98 s;6 = i K i ? 98kf~K 2k& Kd==!< 6 84w *6 8BK}Kd=< &(6' 8 5 = '@&l6 = i K 2 = * K@=~wk=?@= g`&' 6 < 6 8kw
: 6'd6 <9< & < & F 6p5 :k< & : ' =f 'd65 ? 6')&.6$p6 >< 6 < &
D & 1< GF 9? 6 w &$& <>=!: 5& 8BKlKd==!<C = ' 8 &(ik'@6 <8 & K * = '@s 6 8kw w A 8 65 j_6 <Z? A ? K &5 ?c? 5i < 6 K >=!8k? 3P KK9? t z6 ? & w
6 8kw : ' = $ >w & ? 6 ? 5 :4< & Kd= i ? & f 'd6 : 2 j_6 L< >8BK &(' C 6j(& 6 ? * & <>< 6 ? 6 j = '@& =C ' = i K >8 & ?8 &(& w & w >8 576 8 A
6 :k:k< j_6 K 9=8k? E = i K 98 & ? '@& i '@& Bw 98?@: &(j 6 < 6 :k:41< j(6 K >=!8k? j(6 8 &(6 ? >< A~&l6 w4w & w D & 1< "F 9? & ?)K? i "K & wC = '
=!8 &-6 8kwK * = t w 57& 8k? >=!8 6 <8 & K * = '@sM5 =w & <>? ki K}=K 2k&' Kd=!:=!<9=f & ? 6')& :=!?)? < &.6 ? * & <9<
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6 98: 2 9<9=?@=!: 2BA =CD & <1GF >?Kd= j =8k? >w &(' 6 8 &ik'd6 <z8 & K * = '@s = ' 5 = ')& f & 8 &('d6 <kw A 8 65 j(6 <k? A ? K &(56 ? 6 ? & K
=C $6p' 6p < & ? *}2 j2 = &A 6Vj(&' K 6 98 w A 8 65 j ? 6 8kw 6 ? &(j =!8kw ? & K.=Cr: 6'@657& K &' ? *}2 j2 j =!8BK ' =!<
K 2 >?~w A 8 65 j x? 6 8k=8 j(6 < & F 65 :k< & ? 6')& w0<; &('@& 8 j(& ? j2k&(5& ? x(t + 1) = f (x(t); p)p = ' w <; &(')& 8BK 6 <
*}2 j2 6'@& = 5 8 t : '@& ? & 8BK@>88 &ik'd6 <%8 & K * = ')s 6 8kww A 8 65 j_6 <R? A ? K &5 ?
& Wiz6 K 9=!8k? K 2k& = ')A dx/dt = f (x; p)
132k& D & 1< "F j = ')& 5 :k< &57& 8WK@? 6 8kw?@=!< $!& ?K 2k& ? & w A 8 6p5 j_6 < & Wiz6 K >=!8k? 6 8kwK 24& f '@6 : 2 j_6 < 98BK &' C 6j& K 2k& 8
: '@& ? & 8BK@?-K 2k&$p6' 6 < & K? 98 $p6' 9= i ?l:=?@? < &,$ &* ?c< s& f 'd6 : 2 ? 6 8kw 'd6 ?)K &' :k<9=pKd?l= $!&' K 5& . 576 f & ?l= '
C i 8 j K 9=!84?0w 9?@:4< 6_A!& w
: &(' ? 98kf!< & K 57&ut ?)K & : 4= ' F AWt :k<9=pKd? 6 ?}=!8 6 8=!? j 9<><9=!? j =!: &
132k& : 6'@657& K &' ?;=pC 6 ? 5i < 6 K 9=8 6')& C ik' K 2k&' w >?@:k< 6A& w 6 ? 6 j =<9< &j K 9=!8 =C ki K)Kd=!8k? 6 8kw ?)<19w &(' ?98
K 2k& f 'd6 : 2 j(6 =!8
9? ')i 8k8 >8kf 6 8kw 575& w 6 K & < A = ? &')$!& K 2k& 984w ikj(& w j2z6 8kf & @? 98K 2k& ? A ? K &(5 w A 8 65 j ? (D 9f i4'@& >
w 9?):k< 6_A ?,K 2k& f '@6 : 2 j_6 < A 6 8 & K * = ')s =C3?)= t
j_6 <>< & w >8WK & f '@6 K &utv6 84w tyxz')& 8 &ik' =!84? /
D(9f i4'@& !"!oMJ K A : j(6 <}D & < "F ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 ? 2 = * 984f 6 : 6 8 & < * >K 2 j =!8BK ' =!<3: 6'@65& K &' ? 6 K~K 2k& =pK@Kd= 5
6 8kw * >8kwk= * ?RC = ' w09?@:4< 6_A 98kf $p6' 6 < & ?3=C 6'@i 848 98kf? 5i < 6 K >=!8 6 KK 2k& Kd=!: }2z6 8kf 98kf: 6'@657& K &' ?L9?
557& w 6 K & < A7')&z&j K & w'>8MK 2k& w >?@:k< 6A& w $p6' 6 < & ?
J ? &j =!8kw~w & ? >f!8~: ' 98 j 9:k< & =pCD & <1GF9?K 2z6 K(>K 6 5 ? 6 K & "K 2k&' :==!< 8 & K * = '@s ? j = 5 : ' 9? 98kf 5 = '@& = ' < & ?)? < 6' f &7& 8k? &5 < & ?=pC3:=pK & 8BK 6 <>< A 6 <9< t Kd= t 6 <9< j =8k8 &(j K & w i 8 >K@?= '6 K< 6A&(')& w =!8 &tl6 8kw K * = t w0 5& 8k? 9=!8 6 <
8 & K * = '@s ? * >K 2 6 8 & 9f 2W = ik'@2 =`=w Kd=:=!<>=!f Acg`&$!&('@6 < ? i4j2 :==!<>?.= ' < 6_A&(' ? 5;6_A
&j = 5 >8 & w'98BKd=
< 6' f &(' ? i : &(' t 8 & K * = ')s ? `? &(& (D >f ik')&l!0/`E132k& xk' ?)K K A : & =C8 & K * = ')s5 =w & < 6 :k: &_6p' ? "C<>= j(6 < & 8k? &(5 < & ? =C
j(& <><9? >8.K 2k&rk'd6 98 6'@& j =!8k? 9w &'@& w pK 24& ? &(j =!8kwJ"CWK 2k& C = j(i ?59?=8.K 2k& w 9? K ' ki K & w-: ' = j(& ?@? 98kf * >K 2 98 *}2 =< &
k'd6 >8 6'@&(6 ? .P 8 5 = '@& f & 8 &'d6 <w A 8 65 j(6 <? A ?)K &5 ?cK 2k&xz' ?)K 6 <"K &(' 8 6 K $!&,'@& C &(' ?lK@=Mf!<9= z6 <9< AMj =8k8 &(j K & w
? A ?)K &(5 ? *}2k&'@&(6 ? K 2k& ? &(j =8kw;K i4' 8k? i : & f 898: 6' K 6 <zw <; &(')& 8BK 6 < &Wiz6 K 9=8k? 6 8kwB98BK & f ' = t w ; &'@& 8WK 6 <
&Wiz6 K 9=!8k? 132k& j = '@& =CcK 2k& D & < "F ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 Kd==!<R: ' = $ 9w & ? 6 8 ik5&(' =C.=pC K & 8 i ? & w ' = i K 98 & ?;Kd=
5 :k< &57& 8WK 6 8kw? 5i < 6 K & 8 &ik'd6 <? K ')ikj K ik'@& ?%=CK 2k&.')& ?@: &(j K $!&6p'@j2 "K &(j K ik')& Q I&p '@6 8kwk= 5 < A7j =8k8 &(j K & w
:==!<9? 6 ?@?)= j 6 K $&357&5 = ' & ? != ' 0w 9?)K ' ki K & w7? A ?)K &5 ? * >K 27b-6i ?@? 6 8= 'rc#.b 0w >C &(')& 8 j& =C b.6i ?)? 6 8 < 6 K &('d6 < j = i :k1< >8kf s&' 8 & <9?
&j(& 8BK@< A D & 1< GF 2z6 ? &(& 8 & FK & 8kw & w;Kd= *6' w4? ? i :k:= ' K 98kf $p6' >= i ? s 98kwk? =C j =w & : 6'd6 <9< & 1< >? 6 K 9=!8 e 2 ><9=!? t
=!: 2BA2k&(')& >?Kd=-? 5 :k< >C A K 2k& w &$& <>=!: 5& 8BK=pC]: 6p'd6 <>< & < j =w & C = ' K 2k& K A : & ?=C8 & K * = ')s ?w & ? j(' & w 6 = $!&
H
E−cells
I
E
e
J
I
INH
FF
ee
1
REC
J ie
J ei
4
3
11x11
11x11
2
Ii
J ii
FB
23x23
11x11
I−cells
25x25
Two−pool Model
Two−Layer Model
D(9f i4'@&c!0/`oqZ& C K oJ K A : _j 6 <4:==!< 5 =`w & < 9<9?)=!8 tv = *6 8 # ? j 9<9< 6 Kd= ' 9f 2 K oJ K * = t < 6_A!&(' & F j "K 6 K@= ')ABt
98 2 >K@= ')A Kd=:=!f 'd6 : 2 j 8 & ik'd6 < xz& <>w
6 ? 5ikj26 ?:=!?)? < &p |R? 98kf 6 = i K 62z6 8kw`C i <]=C? 5 :k< &j =!84?)K ')ikj K@? >K9? 8k= * 987C 6j K3:=!?)? < & K@= *}' "K &
D & <1GFV: ' =!f '@65 ? K 2z6 K j(6 8 &.j = 5 : >< & wM=!8? 984f!< &. er| 576j2 98 & ? *}24&('@& K 2k&A')&$!&(6 < 6 f 'd6 : 2 j(6 <: ' =!f '@65 ? j_6 8 K 2k&(')& C = ')&~'@i 8 =!8
6 e = ' < 6 :4K@=!: *}24&('@& K 24&b | P 6 8kw '@&(6 < t K 57& ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 j =!8BK ' =!<8 j(& < A ? i :k:= ' K 6 8 i 8kw &(' ? K 6 84w 98kf
=C *}2z6 JK 9?-f!= >8kf
=8E98 K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 ;1324& ? 65& ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 2 = *&$!&(' j_6 8 8k= *&7&_6 ? 9< A ? j_6 < & w
i : 6 8kw '@i 8=!8 6~5ikj2 < 6' f &(' ? j_6 < & =!8 6~j = 5 : i K &('3j ?;=!<>w 1324& = ' >f 98 6 <3: ' =!f 'd65 *6 ? *}' "K@K & 8 6 = i K !! p4 >8 v5i <>K 6 w 6 < &j K7=C C = '
K 2k& : 6p'd6 <>< & < j = 5 : i K &' 6$& K 'd6j&(' *}2 j2 98 K 2k&V$!&' ? >=!8 *&M2k6 w 6_$6 9< 6p < &76 KK 2z6 KK 5&V6 KK 2k&
|R8 $!&(' ? "K A =C |< 5 bc&('@576 8 A j =!84? 9? K & w =C NB! =8 &ty >Kc: ' = j(& ?)?@= ' ? ')i 8k8 >8kf 6 K L H98 6g`P t
6'@j2 "K &j K i4'@& ? 98kf!< & >8k?)K '@ikj K 9=8 5i <>K 9:k< & w 6 K 6 7&(6j2 : ' = j(& ?@?@= ' w4= & ? K 2k& ? 657& =!8M:=?@? < A w ; &'@& 8BK
w 6 K 6 rnr6j2 : ' = j(& ?@?@= '32z6 w?@= 5& K 2 984f~<1 sp& >K <9= j_6 < 57&5 = ')A;6 8kwMK 2k& : ' = j(& ?)?@= ' f ' 9w *6 ?3C '@&& < A
j =!8 x f ik'd6p < &c6 ? 6; / = ' Htv 6')'d6_A!1324&c&_6' < A D & <1GF * 6 ? 57&(6 8BKKd=? &(' $!&-6 ? 6 f 'd6 : 2 j(6 <698BK &' C 6j& C = '
K 2z6 K 576j2 >8 &132k&r 6_$!& K '@6j(&'*6 ? 6 = i K / K 5& ? C 6 ?)K &' K 2z6 8 6 ?)K 6 8kw 6' w g`i 8 ty = '@s ? K 6 K 9=!8 mA!&(6' ?
6 f!= E 24& 8M?)K 6 8kw 6p' w * = '@s ?)K 6 K >=!8k? &(j(65& Wi jsp&(' 6 8kwB>8;: 6p' K j(i < 6' i js&' K 2k6 8;K 24&% 6_$& K '@6j(&' P := ' K & wD & < "FK@=K 2k&.gi 8 # ? 6 8kw g =< 6' 9? =!: &'d6 K 98kf? A ?)K &(5 ? 6 8kwM< 6 K &' *}2k& 8 P w >? j = $&('@& wK 2z6 K &$!& 8
j2k&_6 :
< 6 :`Kd=!:k? 6'@& C 6 ? K &(' K 2z6 8?)K 6 8kw 6p' w g`i 8 t * = ')s ?)K 6 K 9=8k? P C ik' K 2k&(' := ' K & w >KKd= q 98 i F QR= * P 6p5
6 < 5 =!?)K & F j K i 8kw &('q 98 i FM=!8
w & ? s K@=!:k? < 6 :4Kd=:k? 6 8kw j = 5 : i K &'3j K 576s& ? i ? & =C 6 8
= i K@w 6 K & w * 984wk= * ?RKd==!< s "K j_6 <>< & w RK
&*. D = '%6*}2 9< & K 2z6 K
N
* 6 ??)K 6 8kw 6p' w
C = '%gi 8 !,6 :k:k< j_6 K 9=8k? * >K 2 K 2k&,# : & 8 tvq == s <9== s;6 8kwC &(& < L= *&$!&(' gi 8 ? Kd=!:k: & w
w &$& <9=: 98kf % &* C ik' K 2k&' >8 6 = i K !Bm` &_6 8 *}2 9< & "K 2z6 ? && 8 '@& :4< 6j& w WA5 = ')&35 =w &(' 8~Kd==!< s >K@?
1< sp& =K "C 1 6 8kw =K 2k&' : 6js6 f & ? J <>K 2 = i f 2 P =pC K & 8 K 2 = i f 2 K P ? 2 = i <>w P 8 &$&(' C = i 8kw K 2k& K 5&
Kd= '@&(j =`w & K 2k&Vb | PRi ? >8kf 65 =`w &(' 8 Kd==!< s "K RK &* >?-? K ><9< 6_$p6 9< 6 < &~6 8kw j = 5& ? * "K 2 ?@= 5&q >8 i F
w 9? K ' ki K 9=!8k? cP K 5 9f 2 K 2 = *&$!&('-& K 2z6 K >K 9?%84=K 984?)K 6 <9< & w =!8 A = ik'c576j2 >8 &BA w & C 6i <"K cPR65 8k=K
? ik')& >K >? 6_$p6 9< 6 < & >8 N "K 6 K,K 2k&;5 = 5& 8BK = i wk=!8 OK~8 &(& w\K 2k& f '@6 : 2 j ?< k'@6' & ?>C A = i\* 6 8BK
Kd= i ? & K 24& K@=`=< =!8 j = 5 : i K &('~j < i ? K &(' ? bc'd6 : 2 j_6 #< 98BK &' C 6j& ?wk=!8OK 576s& K@=`= 5i4j2 ? & 8k? & 98 2 9f 2
: &' C = ')5;6 8 j(&.j = 5 : i K 98kf
g = 5&-')& ?)= ik'@j& ? o
# : & 8 tvq == s D J oz2 K)Kd: o *3*3*. C 6 ? = ' f C 6 ? =!: & 8 t <>=`= s p4t f & 8 &'d6 < •
% &* D J oz2 K@K@: o *3*3*. C 6 ? = ' f C 6 ? =!: & 8 t <9== s !Ht F $ &* •
# }& ><9< A : ' = $ >w & ? C '@&& =`= s ? 6 = i K % &* : ' =f 'd655 98kf =8 K 24& ' 2 = 57& : 6 f &
•
2 K@Kd: o *3*3*. = ')& ><9< AIj = 5 =!: & 8 == s =!: & 84<9== s
%'J 84w '@&(6 ? 8k= < 6ikj2 6 C = '@5&('Vj =!<9< & f i4& 6 KMK 24& |R8 $!&(' ? "K A =C|R< 5 8k= * 6 KL=!8kw 6 }&t
•
? &(6'@j2 # ; & 8 z6j2 b.&'@576 8 A 2z6 ? *}' >K)K & 8 & F`K & 8k? 9=!84?C = ' D & 1< "F *}2 j2VA = iMj_6 8 x 84w 2k&(')&o
2 K@Kd: o *3*3*. >84C = '@576 K s Ii 8 tyi < 5 w & 8 p5 >K 6p'@& GK &(' pJ 8k= < 6ikj2 O2 K 5 <
g 98 j&}'@& < 6 K $!& < A,'@&(j& 8BKd< A~P6p5& F`: &(' 5& 8BK >8kf * >K 2 : 6p'd6 <>< & < 9? & w~D & < "F $!&' ? 9=!8k? 132 9? 5&_6 84?rD & 1< GFf & Kd?
z6js Kd= "Kd? ' ==K@? !Kd=-: 6'@6 <9< & < j = 5 : i K &(' ? 132k&}j =w &}j =8WK 6 98 & 3w 98~K 2k& w >?)K ' 4i K & w7D & 1< "F $!&' ? 9=!8? 2 = i <9w
&}j =8k? >w &(')& w: '@& 1< 5 98 6')A-6 843w >? 8k=K * & <><4K & ?)K & w LR= * &$&(' >K ? i :k:= ' K@? 2WAk' 9w # : & 8 e e Pj =`w & *}2 j2
j_6 8 &c$&(')Ai ? & C i <C = ' ?)= 5& K A : & ?=C< 6_A!&(')& w8 & K * = ')s5 =w & <>? =CEK 2k&.k'd6 98 &,6p'@& ?)K i w A 98kf
? ikj25 =w & <9? 6 KK 2k& |R8 $!&(' ? "K A =Ce < A5 = i K 26 ?: 6' K =C K * = 9f ')& ? &(6'@j2 : ' = &(j Kd? o132k&}n | t 98BK & f 'd6 K & w
D J n 1g : ' = &j K j = 5 : ' 9? 98kf 5 = '@& K 2z6 8 ! ? j & 8BK >?)K@? 6 8kw K 24& | %t * 9w &3#cqZJ Q: ' = &(j Kd? j_6
~'@& ? &_6')j2 f ' = i :k? +0 )*..) /+ / 0
132k' = i f 2 = i K K 2 9? b.i >w & "K * ><9< &}6 ?)? ik5& w~K 2z6 K 6 C i 8 j K 9=!8 >8kfl? &(' 6 <kD & <1"F &$ ' =!8 57& 8WK * >K 2 f 'd6 : 2 j(6 K 9=!8 6 ?)? ik5&36 : 6'd6 <>< & <8>8k?)K 6 <9< 6 K >=!8 >8: 6' K j(i < 6'
j2z6 :4K &('R4rJ :k: & 8k0w "F J & F`:k< 6 984? 2 = * D & <1"F j_6 8 & 98k? K 6 <>< & wM=8
? &(' 6 < 6 84w
: 6p'd6 <>< & < j = 5 : i K &(' ? 6 8kw
j = 5 : i K &('}j < i ?)K &(' ?

V M 132 9?3? &(j K 9=!8M: '@& ? & 8BKd?3K 2k&l576 98;C &(6 K i4'@& ?3=pCD & <1GF BA ? 2 = * 984f 6 ? 5 :k< &R& F 6p5 :k< &c6 8kw 2 = * "K#9? 5 :k< &ut
57& 8WK & w ~1324&& F 65 :4< &* ><9< j =!8k? 9?)K.=pC 6 ? 5;6 <><E8 & K * = '@s =C < &(6sBABt 98BK & f '@6 K &utv6 8kw tyxz')& 8 &(i4' =!8k? ~P K * 9<><
w &(5 =!8k? K 'd6 K &.2 = * 6 K A : j(6 <ZD & 1< GFV: ' =!f '@65 >?3?)K '@ikj K ik')& w 2 = * 6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 j(6 8 &.j =!8BK ' =!< & w WA K 2k&
f 'd6 : 2 j(6 ?)K@?=C 6 ? >8kf!< &7 t x < &pn 6pj2\6 :k:k< j(6 K >=!8 8 &(& wk?K@= w &x 8 &7x4$!& ? ikk' = i K >8 & ?
K 2z6 Kw &x 8 & K 24&b | P `K 2k& = i K@: i K}=C?@= 57& w 6 K 6 Kd= x < & ? 6~576 98 t 980>K 6 <1"? 6 K "=!8 ' = i K 98 &l*}2 j2 9? j(6 <9< & w
=!8 j(&V6 K? K 6' K i : 6 8E>8 >K 6 < 9? 6 K 9=8 ' = i K 98 &*}2 j2 9? j_6 <>< & w &_6pj2 K 57&76 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8N9? '@& ? & K 6 8kw 6
?)K & : t ' = i K 98 &*}2 j2 j =!8BK 6 98k? &$&(' A K 2 984f Kd= wk=498 6 ? 98kf!< & ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8\? K & : g = 5& = '76 <9< =pC%K 24& ? &
C i 8 j K 9=!84? j(6 8 &c&5 :4K Ar132k& ? 5;6 <9< & ?)K}D & <1"F;: ' =!f 'd6p5 2k& 8 j(&-'@&(6 wk? o
!"#%$'&$!()#*,+,*-.
/ !012$435)6,7$!8(:9;%<
=%=%>>?4?@>.GA2B,CC4GDE F
!0-!!0I? H"!J20KL!IH"J2KL
.4#IH"J2KL
9?.K 2k&;5;6 >8 D & <1"F 24&_6 w &'x < & K 2k6 K 6 < *6A ? 2k6 ?Kd= & 98 j K@? & <>C >8 j =!8
132k& 576j(' =MONQPRTSUVWQX%YG>8 K 2k& & F 65 :k< & 6j K iz6 <9< A& F`: 6 84wk?
K@= 6ps&_ 9?@:4< 6_A [Z\ & f 6 8 &(5 :4K A
w &(j < 6'@6 K >=!8 =pC K 2k& f 'd6 : 2 j(6 8WK &(' C 6j(&p g 5 >< 6' < A ]K 2k&75;6pj(' =]M^NPQN_`%a_` <1 sp&* >? && F`: 6 8kw4?Kd=
6s&( 9?):k< 6_A "Z\ 6 8 &5 :4K A w &(j < 6'@6 K >=!8 =pC = i Kd: i KcKd= x < & ? g 5 :k< && F 6p5 :k< & ?%C = ' K 2k&b | P6 84w x < &
= i Kd: i K}C =!<9<>= *+& <>= *. 1324&b | P 9? K '@&_6 K & w 98w & K 6 >< 98 j2k6 :4K &'%H6 84w (D >< &l#ci Kd: i KL>8 j2k6 :4K &'Rm`
132kc& bedfhgQijfhgkfhlnmpot ' = i K 98 & j =!8BK 6 98k<? >8 >K 6 < 9? 6 K 9=8k?Z8 &(& w & w7=!8k< A =!8 j& w ik' >8kf & F &(ji K >=!87=pC 6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8
: ' =!f 'd65P @K >? & F &j(i K & w *}2k& 8 K 24& : ' =f 'd65 ?)K 6' K@? P K 576_A <9= 6 ww 6 K 6 C ' = 5 x < & ?V= ' ? & K)K >8kf!?V=C
m
< f elix.h >

D(9f i4'@&-/`"!o bc'd6 : 2 j_6 < i ? &' 98BK &' C 6j& f & 8 &'d6 K & w WA K 2k&.5 98 5;6 <D & < "F;: ' =f 'd65 f $& 8 98? &j K 9=!8 /`"!
: 6'd6p57& K &('vty$p6 < ik& ?.8k=K 6jj(& ?@? < &BA ?@< 9w &' ? 7P CK 2k&;6 :k:k<1 j_6 K 9=!8 i ? & ?,w A 8 65 j(6 <9< A 6 <><9= j_6 K & w $&(j K@= ' ?
= '6'@'@6A ? 57&5 = ' A C = ' K 2k& ? &c$6p' 6p < & ? | g`1 &-6 <><9= j_6 K & w@>8 5;6 >8I98 "K BKd== >8: 6' K j(i < 6' "CZK 2k&
$6p' 6p < & ? 6'@& ? i :k:=!? & w
Kd= & w 9?):k< 6_A!& w >8MK 2k&,b | P
132k& fhgkfhl mpoty' = i K 98 & 98 j =!8BK 'd6 ?)K 9? 98 $ = sp& w &_6pj2 K 5&6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8'>? '@& ? & K 132k&b | P : ' = $ >w & ? >8 >K t
6 8kw '@i 8 tyki K)Kd=!8k? >8 K 2k&576 98 ty* 984wk= * Kd=wk=MK 2 >? P KcK A : j_6 <>< A
j =!8BK 6 98k? j =`w & Kd= 98 "K 6 <1>? &c$p6' 6 < & ?
'd6 8kw4= 5 < A!P 8 j =8 i 8 j K 9=8 * >K 2\6 8 6 wkw "K 9=8 6 < j = i 8BK &(',$6p' 6p < & 98 K 2k&;j =w & K 2z6 K98 j'@&(5& 8BK@? &_6j2
K 5& 6R'@& ? & ?K >?E: &(' C = '@5& wK 2k& 980>K ty' = i K 98 & j(6 8 6 <>?@= &i ? & w~Kd=c? j_6 8 6 : 6'd6p57& K &(''d6 84f & ? A ? K &(576 K j_6 <9< A
6 8kw 98BK 6 1< >? &%&(6j2 ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 98 6*& <9<w &x 8 & w
?)K 6 K &.i ? 98kf~K 2k6 K j = i 8WK &('
132k&8 l
mpot C i 8 j K 9=!8 j =!8BK 6 >8k? 6 <>< K 2 98kf?Kd= &M& F &(ji K & w 98 6 ? 98kf!< & ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 ? K & : 132k&(')& 9?~8k=
j =!8k? K '@6 98BK 6 = i KrK 2k&}j =8WK & 8BK =pC]K 2 9? C i 8 j K 9=8 ki K 98f & 8 'd6 6< >K * ><9< j = 5 : ' >? & C i 8 j K 9=8k? Kd= >K &'d6 K & K 2k&
w A 8 65 j ? =pCK 2k& ? 5i < 6 K & w~? A ?)K &(5 ? 6 8kw:=!?)? < A6 <9?)=%Kd=.wk=c?)= 5& w 6 K 6c6 8 6 < A ? 9? 132k& ?)K & : t C i 8 j K 9=!8
9? '@& : &(6 K & wk< Aj(6 <9< & 3w >C 6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!D8 9??>8 ')i 8 ty5 =w &6 ? <9=!8kf 6 S? >K?>?r8k=K & F`:k1< j "K & < A ? Kd=!:4: & w 132k&cb | P
C ik' K 2k&(' ? i :k:= ' Kd?%? 98kf< &t 6 8kw 5i <>K t ? K & : 5 =`w & ? 698 *}2 j2 j_6 ? & K 2k& ? K & : t ' = i K >8 & 9? & F &(ji K & w =!8 j(& = '
6x F & w
8 ik5&(' =CK 57& ?
132k&6 = $& K ' $ 6 < D & < "F : ' =!f 'd6p5 j(6 8 6 < '@&_6 w A &Vj = 5 0: 9< & w 6 84w & F &(ji K & w Dz= ' K 2z6 KK 2k&Vj =`w &V2z6 ?
Kd= & ? Kd= ')& w 98 6; tyx < & 6 O& 6x < &,j(6 <9< & w <? 5 }8 65& > Oj *}2k&'@& <? 5 }8 65& > >?}?@= 5&,k6 ? & 8 65&
& f &(5 :4K A &j_6i ? &76 <9<? ikk' = i K >8 & ? 6')&&5 :`K A C i 8 j K 9=!84? ; 6 <>1< 984f D & < "F <? 5 }8 65& > O& D & < "F &(5 :4K A j = 5 : 9< & ? K 2k& : ' =!f '@65 6 8kwMf & 8 &('d6 K & ? 6 8 & F &(j(i K 6 < &cj_6 <>< & w <? 5 }8 65& > v&5 :4K A *}2 j2Vj(6 8 &}'@i 8C ' = 5 K 2k&j = 55;6 8kw1< 98 &E132 9? ? 2 = i <9w;:=!: i :7K 2k&5;6 >8 ty* >8kwk= * =C]K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 *}2 j2 ? 2 = i <>w <>=`= sV6 ?R0w 9?@:4< 6_A!& w 98
(D 9f ik'@&,/`"! XQ=K &po 132k& D & 1< GF & F 65 :k< & w '@&j Kd= ')A ? 2 = i <9w j =!8BK 6 98
6 8 &(5 :4K A!Oj %C i 8 j K 9=8 6 ? * & <9< 6 ?=pK 2k&' ? 132k& f 'd6 : 2 j_6 f ik'@&M/`>j =!8BK 6 >8k?~? 5i < 6 K 9=8 j =8WK ' =!< & < &57& 8WK@?K 2z6 K WA w & C 6i <>K
6 :k: &_6'6i K@= 576 K j_6 <>< A >8 K 2k& b | P =pC &(6j2 ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 : ' =!f 'd65132k& Kd=:+< 6& < k6'M'@& z&(j Kd?K 2k&
z6 ? &t 8 65& =CK 2k&lj = 5 0: 9< & w7: ' =!f '@65132k& y 98kwk= * ? t 4i K@K@=!B8 98;f & 8 &'d6 < j = 5 : ' 9? & ? 6 < 9? K=CZw &x 8 &
w * 98kw4= * ? ki K,C = ' = ik' ? 5 :k< &~& F 65 :k< & K 2 9?.1< >?)K >? &5 :`K A!;1324& vn 8 $ ' =!8 5& 8BK t ki K@Kd=48 >8 j =!8BK '@6 ?)K
j =!8BK 6 98k? ? &$&('d6 < & 8BK ' & ? 84=K ? 2 = * 8 K 2z6 K 6 <><9= * K@=?)K@= '@&c6 8kwV<9= 6 w;: 6p'd65& K &(' ? & K)K >8kf!?C = ' K 24& ?@< 9w &' ?
& <9= *.E132k& )g K & :k? 6 8kw 9?@:4< 6_ABt g K & :k? ?)1< >w &(' ? j =!8BK ' =<`K 24&5i <"K t ?)K & : 6 8kw0w 9?@:4< 6_A-5 =w & =CkK 24&}b | P '@& ?): &j K $!& < A P C >?@:k< 6ABtvg K & :k? lw <; &(' ? C ' = 5 4K 2k&c$p6' 6 < &%* 984wk= * ? 8k=!8 & 9?3? 2 = * 8 ? 98 j& K 2k&A6p'@&
&(5 :4K A ki Kr? &(& < 6 K &(' 6')&3i :w 6 K & w=!8k< A6 K K 2k&3'@& ?@: &(j K $& >8BK &(' $p6 < 132 9?<>? i ? & C i <kK@= j = 5 : '@& ?@? K 57& 98
K 2k& 0w 9?@:4< 6_A >C K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K >=!8?)K & : t ? & >?? 576 <>< >K j_6 8;?@= 5& K 5& ? 6 <9?)= 2k& <9:;K@=?@: &(& w i :V? 5i < 6 K >=!8k? &j_6i ? &
i :w 6 K 984f K 2k& w 9?):k< 6_A 8 &(& wk?;?)= 57& K 5&\132k& g K & :k? t ?@< 9w &' 98 K 2k& b | P-j ==!: &('@6 K & ? * "K 2
K 2k&g K & : tyki K)Kd=!8 i ? K & <9= *. P CK 2k& ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 >? 98 5i <>K t ?)K & : 5 =`w & K 2k& )g K & :k? t ?)1< >w &(' ?@: &(j xz& ?
2 = *576 8 A ? K & :k? 6'@&~& F &(j(i K & w i 8BK ><K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K >=!8
? Kd=!:4? 6 f 6 >8 6 C K &(' K 2k& g K & :k? t ki K)Kd=!8 2z6 ? &(& 8
: '@& ?@? & w 3132 >? 5&_6 8k? zK 24&- =K)Kd= 5~t ' = * ki K)Kd=!84? j =!8BK ' =< K 2k& = $!&('@6 <9< & F &(j(i K 9=8 =C 6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 o nr6j2
K 5& K 2k&-P 8 "K t 4i K@K@=!8 9?}: '@& ?@? & w K 24& >8 >K ty' = i K 98 & 9? j(6 <9< & w }i 8 6 <9?@= j_6 <9<9? K 2k& 98 "K t ' = i K >8 & ki K
{
6 C K &')*6' wk?,K 2k& ?)K & : t ' = i K >8 & "K &'d6 K $!& < A K 2 >?>?,K 24& ?)K 6 8kw 6p' w ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 5 =w &p g Kd=: ?)K@=!:k? 6
? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 )g K & : '@i 8k? 6.j(&(' K 6 >878 ik5&' =pC ?)K & :k? 6 ? & F`:k< 6 98 & w 6p = $!& 6 8kw =!8BK j =!8BK 98 ik& & 8BK &(' ?
K 2k& ?)K 6 8kw 6' w ')i 8 5 =w &.6 f 6 98 6 C K &('6 ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 2z6 w && 8?)Kd=:k: & w D(98 6 <9< A K 2k& C =`=pK &(' =pCEK 24&b | P
5;6 >8 * 98kw4= * j =!8BK 6 98k? 6~j = i 8BK &(' =CK 24& ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8V? K & :
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& 8k= * j =!84? 9w &(',65 = '@& >8WK &(')& ?)K 98kf & F 65 :k< & K 2z6 K98kw &(& w ? 5i < 6 K & ?.?)= 57& K 2 >8kf 7132 9? 9? 6 8 &(ik'@6 <
8 & K * = '@s j = 5 : ' >? 984f 6Vj(&' K 6 98 8 ik5&('
=C 8k= 9? A < &(6sBAWt 98BK & f 'd6 K &t 6 8kw t xz'@& 8 &(ik' =!8k? j = i :k< & w
'd6 8kw4= 5 < A >8 6 8 & K * = '@s 132k& ? & ? 5 :k< N& 8 =&ik100
' =8k? 6'@& w & ? j' & w BA 5&(5k'@6 8 & :=K & 8BK 6 <9? x K 2z6 K
98BK & f 'd6 K & >8 j = 5 984f >8k: i K 6 ?,<9= * t : 6 ?@? x <>K &(' ? * >K 2 K 57&ut j =!8k?)K 6 8BK τ P C 6 :=K & 8WK 6 < j' =!?)? & ? 6xz' 98kf
K 2k')& ? 2 =!<9w
=C C ' = 5 & <9= * "KI9? '@& ? & KRK@= &(' = 6 8kw 6 ?@: s& 9? &(5 >K)K & w g : sp& ? 6'@&.'@& : '@& ? & 8WK & w >8 6' A
WAV6 ? &j =!84w 6p'@'d6_A =C $p6' 6 < & ? z , i = 1, . . . , N rn Wiz6 K >=!8 /`> w & ? j(' & ? K 2k&l5&(5k'@6 8 & w A 8 65 j ?
6 8kw /`0/ K 24&-')& ? & ?)K 6 K3K 2k'@& ? 2 =!<>w j' =!?)? >8kf o
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i 8 >K@?3f!<9= z6 <9< A!132k& J >8 j =!8BK 'd6 ? K 6p'@& 984w $ 9w iz6 < j = i :kJ< 98k=f? 1.1? A 8 6 :k? & ? & K *& 8 & : 6 ' ? =C8 &(ik' =!8k? P 8
K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K 9=8VK 2k&A6'@& 984w & : & 8kw & 8BK 6 84'w 9w & 8BK j_6 <>< A w 9? K ' ki K & w w b.6i ?)? 6 8 '@6 8kwk= 5 8 i45&' ?
* >K 2 5&_6 8 ;6 8kw ? K 6 84w 6' w w &$ 6 K >=!8 4IN47132k& ‘eta (t) 98 /`> 6p'@& C ik' K 2k&(')5 = '@& w K &5 := 'd6 <9< A
b-6i ?@? 6 8 *}2 >K & 8k= 9? & : ' = j& ?)? & ? * >K 2 5&_6 8 6 8kw ? K 6 84w 6' w w &$ 6 K >=!8 !71324& C 6j Kd= ' σ ? j_6 < & ?.K 2 9?
8k= >? & 98 &(j K & w 98BKd=K 2k& 98k0w $ 9w ik6 < j& <9<>?
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132k& C =<9<9= * >8kf j =w & 5 :k< &(5& 8BKd?K 2k& 8 & K * = ')s5 =w & < o
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L & 8 3$4IH = + = + / + : + 5 J 4 *,5Q!*^$! &3!420 #^$! <
c# ? &(' $!& K 2k& f & 8 &'d6 <? K ')ikj K ik'@& =CrK 24&~j =w & D( ' ?)KlC & <1"F O2 9? >8 j w 6 <9?)= &l$p6' 6 < & ? 132k& 8 6')'d6_A ?3C = ' K 24& 8 &(ik'@6 < $p6' 6 < & ?
6 8kw 6 8 6i F 9<><1 6')A6p'@'d6_A 6p'@& w &j < 6p'@& w 132k&.j =w & ?)K 9<9<wk= & ?3w &x 8 &-6 8 &(5 :4K AMb | P 6 8kww 6 K 6
x, J, z
= i Kd: i K ' = i K 98 & Q # %P g e qJ! v 6 8kw Q # # | 1 er| 1 rJ C K &(' K 2z6 K~K 2k& K 2k')&(& = < 9f 6 K@= ')A C i 8 j K >=!8k?
5;6 >8I 98 "K 98 "K 6 8kw
? K & : C =!<><9= *.
5;6 >8I 98 "K J98 "K 6 1< 9? & ?K 2k& '@6 8kwk= 5 8 ik5&' f & 8 &('@6 Kd= ';6 8kw ? & K@?;K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K 9=8 K 5&t ?)K & : K@= 4"!
J C K &')*6' w4? K 2k&l' = i K 98 &%6 <9<>= j(6 K & ? K 2k& K 24'@&(&l$&(j Kd= ' ? v, x, z 6 8kwVK 2k&l6'@'@6A J Q=K & K 2z6 K K 2k& ztv6')'d6_A
9? 6 v &j K@= ' V6 .fhgTd &(j K@= '( 6 8 A C i 8 j K >=!8k? >8D & 1< GFV=!: &('@6 K &c& >K 2k&(' =8 = 6 K >8kf~:= 98BK $&(j K@= ' ?
6 8kw 5;6 K ' j(& ?3= ' =!8 98 6p')A =!8 & ? *}24&('@&- >8 6')A7$p6 < ik& ? 6'@&c')& : ')& ? & 8BK & w BA K 2k&, t K A : & vj2z6'
132k& 98 "K t C i 8WK 9=!8 >8 >K 6 < 9? & ? K 2k& w 6 K 6tv6')'d6_A ? o 6 8kw 6')&j < &_6')& w . &p ? & K%Kd= K 2k& :=K & 8BK 6 <9? 6'@&
? & KcK@= &Wiz6 <9< A w >?)K ' 4i K & w 'd6 8kwk= 5 8 ik5&(' ? 98 vK 2k&'d6 z8kf & O 6 8kw K 2k&j = i :k< 98kf 5;6 K ' GF J 9? x <9< & w
* >K 2 w rb.6i ?)? 6 8 'd6 8kw4= 5 8 ik5&(' ?Q ! 4ON D(98 6 <9< A !K 2k& ?)K & : ty' = i K 98 & 5 :k< &(5& 8BKd? K 24& w A 8 6p5 j ? =C K 24& 8 & K * = ')s P K 576 98k< Ai ? & ?C i 8 j K 9=!8k?rC ' = 5
K 2k& D & <1"F <1 4'd6' & ? M132k& < &_6sBA 98BK & f '@6 K >=!8 >8 & ik6 K >=!8 /> 9? j =w & w & F`:k<1 j "K & < A i ? 98kfK 2k&75;6j' =
< &(6sBA L>8BK & f 'd6 K & *}2 j2 5 :k< &57& 8BKd? 6 ? 5 :k< &n i < &(' t ? j2k&57& Kd= 98BK & f 'd6 K & K 2k& <9= * t : 6 ?@?-w A 8 65 j ?
D( '@& }& ? & K 6 C K &')*6' w4?w4= & ?VK 2k& K 2k'@& ? 2 =!<>w 984f\: 6' K=pC,K 2k& < &(6sBAWt 98BK & f 'd6 K &t 6 8kw t xz'@& w A 8 65 j ? 6 8kw v i <>K j = 5 : i K & ? K 24& 6 K ' "F t &j Kd= ' : ' =w ikj K & K *&& 87K 2k&}j = i :k<1>8kf 6 K ' "F J 6 8kw~K 2k&} >8 6' A
$!&(j Kd= ' =C?@: s& ? z r132k&-'@& ? i <"K v >? i ? & w'>8K 2k& < &(6sBA 98BK & f '@6 K >=!8@98MK 24& 8 & FK?)K & :
J f 6 >8K 2k&-j =w & ? 2 = * 8 j(6 8 &,j = 5 : 9< & w 6 8kw '@i 8 i ? >8kf7D & <1GF ki KR? 98 j(& >K8 & >K 24&(' w &x 8 & ?Rf 'd6 : 2 j(6 <
8k= 'Rx < &t = i K@: i K * &,* = i <9w 8k=K &6 < & Kd=;= ? &')$&*}2z6 KRK 2k& 8 & K * = '@s 9?Rwk= >8kf 3132k& >8BK &(' C 6j(&-* = i <9w
<9== sV6 ? >8D(9f i4'@&-/`"! 132k&'@& C = '@& * & 8 & FK 6 wkw?@= 5& f '@6 : 2 j_6 < = i Kd: i K
"
&+ ) !)*-%&)*. 01 + !4 )c 132k& f d' 6 : 2 j_6 8BK &(' C 6j(& ? &(')$& ? w <; &(')& 8BKrK 6 ? s ? K 2k& K * = 5 =?)KS 5 : = ' K 6 8WK 6'@& w >?@:k< 6_A >8kf $p6' 6 < & ?
=CK 2k& ? 5 < iz6 K 9=!8 6 8kw~: ' = $ >w 984fc?@<1>w &(' ?EKd= j =!8BK ' =!< >K =K 2k&(' K 6 ? s,j =!8 j((& ' 8 x < & P!# 6 8kw? 6$ >8kf <>= 6 w >8kf
: 6'd6p57& K &(' ? P 8\K 2k&;xz' ?)K j_6 ? & K 24& 984C = '@576 K >=!8 = * 9?-C ' = 5 K 24&M'@i k8 8098kf ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 Kd= K 2k&b | P *}2k&(')&_6 ? >8
K 24& ? &j =!844w "K >?K 2k& =K 2k&('* 6_A
' = i 8kw K 2k&i ? &('lj2k6 8kf & ?l?@< 9w &' ? *}2 j2 98
K ik' 8 5 =w >C A
? 5i < 6 K 9=!8;: 6'd6p57& K &(' ? 132k& 8 & F`K}K * =;? ik`t ? &(j K 9=8k? & F`:k< 6 98 2 = * K 2k& ? & K 6 ? s ? 6'@& ? & K i :
P 8 f & 8 &'d6 <ZK 24& C i 8 j K >=!8 6ps&_ 9?@:4< 6_A ')& : ')& ? & 8BKd?lK 24&576 98 t 98BK &' C 6j&c& K *&& 8 K 24&~ t j =`w &6 8kw
K 2k&
984wk= * ? t gWA ? K &5
P K j =!8BK 6 >8k?~?)K 6 K &57& 8BKd?K 2z6 Kw &x 8 &2 = * $p6' 6 < & ?~? 2z6 <9< & w >?@:k< 6A& w =!8 K 2k&
? j(')&(& 8 6 8kw ("C38 && w & w w &(j < 6')& ? ki K@K@=!8k? j_6 <>< & w ? * >K j24& ? 6 8kw ?)<19w &(' ? *}2 j2\6 <><9= * C = ' 98BK &'d6j K $!&
j =!8BK ' =!<B=C 6}')i 8k8 >8kf}? 5i < 6 K 9=8 6sp&_ >?@:k< 6A-6 < *6A ?Zf & 8 &('@6 K & ? 63576 98 t * 98kw4= * * "K 2 ? &$!&('@6 < ki K@K@=!8k?
6 8kw ?@< 9w &' ? *}2 j2 6')&~i ? & w K@= j =!8BK ' =!<EK 2k& ? 5i < 6 Kd= 'vt s&' 8 & < &$!& 8 "C K 2k& 6sp&_ >?@:k< 6_A RC i 8 j K 9=8F9?
& F`:k1< j "Kd< A w &(j < 6'@& w &(5 :4K A = ' K 24&c5;6j' =!?Q # %P g e q!J 9? i ? & w *}2 j2 wk= & ? K 2k& ? 657& `? &(& *D 9f ik')&
/`>
"!#%$&!'(*)+*,-
J ? = i Kd< 98 & w>87? &(j K 9=!8 !0/,6 ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 j(6 8 &%j =!8k? >w &(')& w 6 w A 8 65 j(6 < ? A ?)K &(5 j = 5 : ' 9? >8kf $p6' 6 < & ?
6 8kw: 6'd6p57& K &(' ? 6p' 6p < & ? 6'@& w >?@:k< 6A& wKd=cK 24&Ri ? &(' 6 8kw: 6'@65& K &' ? j_6 8 & =`w xz& w BA >K E132k&j =w &
& <9= * ? 2 = * ? 2 = * 6 K A : j_6 < bc'd6 : 2 j(6 <z|? &('rP 8BK &' C 6j& C = ' K 2k& < &(6sBABt 98BK & f '@6 K &utv6 8kw tyxz')& 8 &(i4'd6 <z8 & K * = '@s
: ' =!f 'd65 j = i <>w & w &j < 6p'@& w
.
A8=?4@A4B4CDEF
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A 8E%EEB C76 H((H 1 (41"5( 1 1++ + E= = +j+j+ EE E- - ++ + ( ( ++ + 77 7??-4-,>> > ++ + ="$=# + ++# #"=+# + # +# + # 9 ## # ++ + " " 99 ###"3+++ " J" 9 # " J
E%B (H 1 :+1 + = + E - + : + & 7 -4 > + = +# + 9 #"3+ " 9 # "3+98 J
/OA8=@%0> / 2H 121423#$!0+Q3 14J

A 8E (H 1 / 1 + E j+ E - +/9+ - 2> =B E= 8E A +j= + = + 9 = + 9 = + ^J
=@%?2@A4B4CD,EF
132k&}5;6j' =!? n b.P Q RP g e qZJ! 6 84w n Q %P g e qJ!& 8 j <>=!? & K 2k& w &x 8 >K 9=!8~=C 6.b | P K 2k&A& F`: 6 84w
98BKd=
>?@:k< [Z\C 8 K 9=!8 =w K ? = 8 <>?@=w 8 K 9?ZC 8 K 9=!8-w Kd< K = K ? 98kf
6 6sp&_ 6_A i j A 2Wi A ij(6 6 &x & 2 i j '@&(j Ac* 2 i i
K 2k& 576j' =!? n$&(')A K 2 98kf & K * &(& 8~K 2k& K * = 576j(' =!?(>? & F &j(i K & w *}2k& 8~K 2k&}b | P 9? ki ><9w ZP 8K 24& : '@& ? & 8WK
& F 65 :k< & K * = * 98kwk= * ? 6'@& w &x 8 & w * "K 2 8 65& ? K 57&~j = ik' ? & ? 6 8kw vj = i :k< 98kf? ')& ?): &j K $!& < A!P K9?
:=!?)? < & K@=w &x 8 &,6 8 6'@ >K '@6')A 8 ik5&(' =C? ikj2 w 9?):k< 6_A7* 98kwk= * ?
n 6pj2 0w 9?@:4< 6_A* 98kwk= * j_6 F8 98 K ik' 8 j = 5 : ' >? &6 8 6'@ "K '@6')A 8 ik5&(' =C ?@= tyj_6 <>< & w $ &* ? lJ$ &* >? 6
$ &* =C 6.$p6' 6 < & &p f 6 ? j_6 < 6' $!&j K@= ' = '6.5;6 K ' GF nr6j2;$p6' 6 < &3j_6 8 &}$ &*& wB98w <; &(')& 8BK * 6_A ?
6 8kw ? &(j K 9=!8 H w & ? j' & ?K 2k& :=!?@? ><1>K & #? 98w & K 6 9< L &'@& ."K 576_A ? i4xkj(& K@=;= ? &(' $!& K 2z6 KK 2k&.* 984wk= *
vj = i :k1< >8kf!? ~w >?@:k< 6A ?cK 24& N × N j = i :k1< >8kf 5;6 K ' GF J 6 ? 6 8 P Jb-n 5 O& 6 f '@&ABt ? j_6 < &j =w & w4 576 f &
K 2z6 K '@& z&(j Kd? K 24&R$p6 < i4& ?=pC K 2k&%5;6 K ' j& 8BK ' & ? &(j(6i ? & J 9? w &(j < 6')& w 6 ? 6~3# Q g1J Q 1 J 1}P G98
K 2k&-P Jb.nt w &x 8 >K 9=!8 kK 2k& 576 f & =C J 9? i :w 6 K & w =8k< A =8 j(& 6 C K &('3&(6j2 j(6 <9<]K@=K 2k& 98 "K t C i 8 j K 9=!8
132 9?}? 6_$& ? i 8k8 &(j& ?)? 6' A
i :w 6 K & ? *}2 j2j =?)K}K 57&p
# 8 K 2k& =K 24&('M2z6 84w RK 2k& * 98kw4= * K 5& j = ik' ? & ? w &x 8 & ?C = ik';$ &* ? K 2k')&(& w ; &'@& 8BK=!8BK@= K 2k& xt
$6p' 6p < & ? :=K & 8BK 6 <9? 6 84w
=!8 & =!8MK 2k& ?@0: s& ? z r132k& :=K & 8BK 6 <9? 6'@& w >?@:k< 6A& w 6 ? 6 8 P Jb.n =C? &
i ? K-C = ' w &(5 =!8k? K 'd6 K 9=8 6}Jcg`1}nr*}2 j2 w >?@:k< 6_A ?cK 2k& :=K & 8BK 6 <9?%= $&(' K 57& ? 6 ? 6 f '@&ABt < &$& <
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:k<9=K 6 8kw 6 b-}J erL *}2 j2 ? & < &j K@? 6 ? 984f!< & :=K & 8WK 6 <K 'd6j&V6 84w :k<>=Kd? >K 6 ? 6 C i 8 j K 9=!8 = $!&(' K 57&p
132k& ?): sp& ? 6'@& x 8 6 <>< A 6 <>?@=:k<9=pK@K & K 6 ? 6Jlg`1}nr 6 &p `K 2k&c$p6 < i4& ?}=CK 2k&c*}2 =!< &-6'@'@6AV6'@& w >?@:k< 6_A!& w
= $&(' K 57&p = ')&-6 = i K K 2 9?3< 6 K &(' *}2k& 8 * & <9== s6 K3K 2k&-6j K iz6 < f 'd6 : 2 j(6 <]= i Kd: i K X(D >f ik'@&c/`0H C = ' K 2k&
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? 5i < 6 K 9=!84? L= *&$!&(' * &5 9f 2 K 6 <>?@= * 6 8BKRKd= j2k6 8kf & : 6'd6p57& K &(' ? 6 8kw ? &(&,*}24&('@& K 2z6 K%< &_6 wk?}Kd= 1 =
wk=K 2 9? * &.2z6_$!& Kd= 6 w4w j =!8BK ' =< & < &(5& 8BKd?3Kd=~K 2k&c5;6 98 * 984wk= * =CZK 24&b | P K 2k& =!8 *& < 6'@&(6 w AVs 8 * =
C ' = 5 *D 9f ik')&./`" 1324& ? &-& < &(5& 8BKd? j(6 8K 2k& 8 &-j = i :k< & wKd=: 6'@65& K &' ?3=CK 24& ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8k?
132k&(')& 6')& K * = K A : & ?;=C j =!8BK ' =!< & < &(5& 8BKd? 6_$p6 9< 6 < & 98 D & <1GF g* "K j2k& ? 6 8kw g <1>w &(' ? gW* >K j24& ? 6p'@&
'@& : '@& ? & 8BK & w BA ki K)Kd=!8k? K 2k&A j(6 8 &7# Q = ',# DD 6 8kw K 2k&(')&(BA K 2k&A j_6 8 ? * >K j2 j =`w && F &j(i K 9=!8
& K *&& 8 6 <>K &' 8 6 K $& ? & f 57& 8BKd? g* "K j2k& ? 6'@& 8k=pK i ? & w >8K 2 >?? &j K >=!8 ki Kr? &(& ? &j K 9=!8 H E132k& ? &j =!84w
j =!8BK ' =!< & < &(5& 8BK 6'@&g 1< 9w &(' ? 132k& ? &j_6 8 K 6s&V$p6 < ik& ? >8 6 *}2 =!< &V'd6 8kf &M6 84w j_6 8 K 2k&(')&(BA\'@& : '@& ? & 8WK
j =!8BK >8 i = i ?: 6'@657& K &' ?3=CK 2k& ? 5i < 6 K >=!8k?
LR= * w4= & ?K 2 >? * = '@s 984: 'd6j K j(& q& K i ? 6 ?@? ik57&7*&V*6 8BKKd= j =!8BK ' =!< K 2k& : 6p'd65& K &(' ? I J 6 8kw σ
98 K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 =C K 2k& < &_6sBABt >8WK & f '@6 K &utv6 84w tyxz')& 8 & K * = ')s ;132k& ? &V6p'@& K 24& f!<>= z6 *< 98k: i K K 24& f<9= z6 <
& ; &(j K $&cj = i :41< 984f?)K '@& 84fK 2 6 8kwVK 24& 8k= 9? & < &$!& < Dz= ' &_6j2 =CK 2k& ? &.* &c2z6_$!& K@=~w &x 8 &.6 8 &* $p6' 6 < &
=C K A : &g 1< >w &(' 6 < i4& K 2k&~'@&(6 ?@=8 C = ' K 2 >?lC =!<9<>= * ?%?@==!8 132k& ? & 8 &*$p6' 6 < & ? * &2z6_$!& Kd= &5& Nw 98
K 2k&b | P 6 8kw * &j_6 8 i ? & K 2k&5 98K 2k& ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8 j =`w &6 ? *& <9< 3132k&j =`w &-& <9= * ? 2 = * ? 2 = * K 2 9?L9?
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K 2k& ?)<19w &(' K@=K 2k&.b | P 4f $ 984f,K 24&(5 8 657& ? 6 8kw j&(' K 6 98M<>= *&'36 8kw i :k: &(' = i 8kwk? r132 >? j =w &t ?@8 >:k: & K
'@& k&(j K@?=!8 & : ' = < &(5 * >K 2 g <1>w &(' ? o7 =!8k? K '@6 98 & w BA K 2k& >8kwk= * ? %K &* ? A ? K &(5 K 2k&A j(6 8\=!8k< A
K 6sp& >8WK & f &'c$6 < ik& ? P 8 K 24&& F 65 :4< & K 2k& ? &'d6 84f & ? 6')& {0, 1, 2, . . . , 200} C = ' 984: i K sI 6 8kw j = i :k<1>8kf
6 8kw {0, 1, 2, . . . , 100} C = ' K 24& 8k= >? & < &$& < ssigma J3jj = ' w 98kf< A *}2k& 8 K 2k&7$p6' 6 < & ? 6')&;i ? & w
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(D 6 84<9< A p84=K & K 2z6 K84= * K 2k6 K * &32z6_$!&}'@& :k< 6j& wK 2k& = ' >f 98 6 < $6p' 6p < & ? I, , J0 6 8kw σ BA ?)<19w &('$p6' 6 < & ? *&.j_6 8w & < & K & K 2k& ' = ' >f 98 6 <w &(j < 6'd6 K 9=8k?>8VK 2k& : ' =!f '@65
E132k&A w4=!8 K 6 :k: &_6' >8VK 2k&cj =`w &.6 8 A`5 = ')& ki LK 98k? K &(6 wK 2k&AM6'@&.j =8WK ' =!< & w BA K 24& f 'd6 : 2 j_6 < i ? &' 98BK &' C 6j& z? && D*9f ik')&./`0/`
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B (D 9f i4'@&-/`0/ w 9?):k< 6_A ? K 24&b | P 6 C K &(' K 24&-j =!8BK ' =!< & < &(5& 8BKd? 2k6$&,&(& 8 6 wkw & w 1324& w09?@:4< 6_A7* >8kwk= * ? *&
2z6_$!& w &x 8 & w 6p'@& ? K ><9< 2 9w4w & 8 &lj(6 8V=!: & 87K 2k&5 BA' >f 2 K t j <1 js >8kf987K 2k& y 98kw4= * ? tyki K@K@=!8 *}2 j2
:=!:4? i : 6 <1>?)K3=pCEK 24&,6_$p6 >< 6&R* >8kwk= * ?
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j =!8BK ' =!<}: 6 8 & < >?? 2 = * 8 K 2k&j = i :k<1>8kf 5;6 K ' GF 6 8kw Kd= K 2k& < & C K7=pC =K 2 K 2k&
* 98kwk= * j =!8BK 6 98 >8kfK 2k&c$p6' 6 < & K 5&lj = ik' ? & ?
A < & C K tyj < js 98kf}K 24& n 8 $ ' =!8 57& 8WK tyki K@K@=!8K 2 9? j =!8 x f ik'd6 K 9=8 j_6 8 & ? 6_$& w? ikj2 K 2k6 KK 24&b | Pj = 5& ?
i : >8~K 2k& ? 6p57& ? K 6 K & K 2k& 8 & F`K K 57& K 2k& : ' =!f 'd6p5 >? ?)K 6p' K & w ' >f 2 K j <1 js 98kflK 2k& n 8 $ ' =!8 57& 8WK tyki K@K@=!8
f $& ?l?)= 57&5 = ')& =!:`K 9=8k? %132 >? 6i K@= 5;6 K j <9= 6 w 984f7=Cr: 6'd65& K &(' ?%C ' = 5 6 w & C 6i <"K & 8 $ ' =!8 5& 8BK x < &
= $&(')' 9w & ? 6 8 AM& F`:k< j "K 980>K 6 1< >? 6 K 9=!84? =pCE?)1< 9w &(' $p6' 6 < & ? :=!?@? < A wk=8 & 98VK 24& ?)= ik')j(&-j =w &
132k& D & < "F & F 6p5 :k< & w '@&j Kd= ')Aj =8WK 6 984? K 24&%j =w & =pC 6 < &_6sBABt >8WK & f '@6 K &utv6 84w tyxz')& 8 & K * = '@s* >K 2b | P 6 8kw
x < & = i K@: i K 3 = i 5 9f 2 K * 6 8BK-Kd= & F`: &(' 5& 8BK * >K 2 "K & C = ')& : ' = j(&(& w 984fK@=K 2k& 8 & FK-? &j K 9=!8 *}2 j2
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w & ? j(' & ? 2 = * x < & = i K@: i KH9?w &(j < 6')& w P 8 : 6p' K j(i < 6' 84=K & K 2z6 KK 2k& < 6& < =!8\Kd=!: =C &(6j2 $ &* 9?
j <1 js6 < &;6 8kw k' 98kf? i : j =8WK ' =!<: 6 8 & <9?C = ' K 2k& f '@&ABt ? j_6 < & ?~=pCI 576 f & ? 6 8kw '@6 ?)K &(' ? r= ' K 24& ? & < &(j K & w
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x 8 & ?~= i Kd: i KK 2z6 K 9?? i :k:=!? & w\Kd= f= Kd= x < & ? 132k&M576j(' = Q # # | 1 er| 1j_6 8 &Vi ? & w>"C}8k= ? i4j2
= i Kd: i K 9?R8 &(& w & w -1324&5;6pj(' =? n bcP Q # | 1 er| 16 8kw n Q # | 1 er| 1 >8 K i4' 8 & 8 j <>=!? &j =`w & C = '
w 6 K 6 = i K@: i K E132 9? w &x 8 & ? 6 C i 8 j K 9=8 6ps&#li K@: i K *}2 j2 >? j(6 <9< & w & C = '@& K 2k&}xz' ?)K ? 5i < 6 K 9=!8~? K & :
6 8kw 6 C K &('&(6j2 ? ik ? & Wik& 8BKR=8 &rP K#>?:=!?@? < & K@=? & < &(j K3? i4`t '@6 8kf & ? C = ' = i Kd: i K *}2 j2 9? & F`:k< 6 98 & wB98
w & K 6 9<598 j2z6 :`K &('RH43132k& C =!<><9= * 98kf j =`w & ? 2 = * ? 2 = *$p6' 6 < & ?}=CEK 2k& < &_6sBABt >8BK & f 'd6 K &tv6 8kw tyxk'@&c5 =`w & <
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i : Kd=M=!: &('@6 K >8kfM? A ? K &(5 j =!8k? K 'd6 98BKd? j_6 8 & =!: & 8 &_6j2 =C *}2 j2 j(6 8 ? 6_$!&6 8 ik5&(' =C $p6' 6 < & ?
: &' ? K & : 132 =!? &,6'@& ? Kd= ')& w 98? & i4& 8BK 6 <Z= ' w &' *}2 j2
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&7'@&(')&_6 w &j_6i ? & =CK 2k& :=!?)? < A j = 5 :4<1 j(6 K & w ')&(j = ' w ? K ')ikj K ik'@&p P K >?>8 : ' = z6 < A i ? iz6 <9< A 5 = '@&
j =!8 $!& 8 & 8BK-K@=V?)K@= '@& =!8k< A =!8 &$p6' 6 < & : &('%x < & ? 6 ?K98 K 2k& ? 2 = * 8 & F 65 :4< &%132k&$p6' 6 < & x 9?R?)Kd= '@& w
6 ? 6$&(j Kd= ' =pCr< & 84fK 2 N K@=;K 2k&-x < & :=K & 8BK 6 <9? *}2k&('@6 ? z >?R? Kd= ')& w 6 ? 6; 98 6')AM$&(j K@= ' =Cr< & 8kfpK 2 N
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D(9f i4'@&~/0H4o |R? &(' >8WK &(' C 6j(& ? 2 = * 98kfVK 2k&j =!8BK ' =<E: 6 8 & < 6 8kw K 2k& K * = * 984wk= * ? j('@&(6 K & w C = ' w >?@:k< 6_A >8kf
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D(9f i4'@&/`ONko. =8WK ' =!<E: 6 8 & <=CrK 2k& f 'd6 : 2 j_6 w 8k=pK &'@&(6 w 6 < &-WA2Wik576 8k? ki K%? 6_$!&
?@: 6j&-132k& w & C 6i <>K 9? j2z6 8kf & w C = ' K 2k& ? &j =!8kw x < & >8 K 2k&~& F 65 :4< & *}2k&(')&6 6 f@>?%? & KcC = ' 2Wik576 8 t
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ki K@K@=!8 g`6$& >? # DD H>8kw j(6 K & ?-K 2z6 K-K 2k& = i : i K 2z6 ?,8k=pK A& K &(& 8 6j K $p6 K & w ;P CI>K9?.: ')& ?@? & w x < &
= i Kd: i Kc?)K 6' K@? lP ?C "K >?%: ')& ?)? & w ')& : &_6 K & wk< A w ik' >8kf 6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8 kK 2k& ? K 6 Kc=pCK 2k&ki K@K@=!8 K@=!f!f!< & ? 6 8kw
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g46_$!& >? # DD tyki K@K@=!8 4' 984f!? i : C i4' K 24&(' =!:`K 9=8k?8k=K 6 <><=pC *}2 j2 6')& C i <>< A 5 :k< &(5& 8BK & w 8k= '*& <9<
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L 6_$!&-6 <9== s 98BKd= j2k6 :4K &'m = ' K 2k&c& F 65 :k< & : ' =f 'd65 ?`= ' K 2k& ?@= i4'@j(&cj =`w & =C= i Kd: i K Oj p2 C = ' :=!?@? t
9< >K & ?K@=7? & < &(j KR? i4`t '@6 8kf & ?R=C 6'@'@6_AV$p6' 6 < & ? C = ' = i K@: i K 132 9? j(6 8 &,i ? & C i <ZC = ' < 6' f & ? 5i < 6 K 9=!84?
&j_6i ? & =pK 2k&')* 9? & K 2k&-65 = i 8BK}=Cf & 8 &('d6 K & w
w 6 K 6j(6 8 Wi js < AV&j = 5& K '@&57& 8kw & = i ?

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2z6 :4K &('7/ : '@& ? & 8BK & w 6 k' & C & F 65 :4< & =C 2 = * D & <1"F : ' =!f 'd6p5 ? 6p'@& ?)K '@ikj K ik')& w 6 8kw *}2z6 KK 2k&M5;6 98
: ' =!: &(' K & ?.=CK 2k&7b.'@6 : 2 j_6 <|R? &'.P 8WK &(' C 6j(&76'@&p71324& : ')& ? & 8BK j2k6 :4K &' <>=`= s ? >8BKd=MK 2k&7b | P 98 5 = '@&
w & K 6 98 * >8kwk= * * "K 2j =!8BK ' =!< & < &(5& 8BKd?}C = '3')i 8k8 >8kf 6 ? 5i < 6 K >=!8
6 8kw 5;6 8 9: i < 6 K 98kf >Kd?: 6'd6p57& K &(' ? 98 ')&_6 < t K 57&pgW* >K j24& ? 6'@&c 98 6' A # Q !# DD j =!8BK ' =!<9? K 2z6 K 6 <9<9= *
C = '~6 j =!8kw "K 9=8 & w & F &(j(i K 9=8\=C j =w & ? & f 5& 8BKd? g <19w &(' ?98 j =!8BK '@6 ?)K j(6 8\K 6sp&;$p6 < i4& ? >8 6 'd6 8kf & =C
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6 D & 1< GF? 5i < 6 K 9=8 >8 f & 8 &('@6 < * 9<9< 2z6_$& =!8 & = '%5 = '@& w >?@:k< 6A* >8kwk= * ? R132k& ? &~j_6 8 j =!8BK 6 >8 f '@6 : 2 j ?
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: 6'd6p57& K &(' ? & K@K 98kf*? >8 & F`K &(' 8 6 < x < & ? 132k& : '@& ? & 8BK j2k6 :4K &'* ><9<!f!=}K 24' = i f 2 K 2k& 5& 8BK 9=!8 & w j = 5 :=!8 & 8BKd?
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=!8K 2k& ? j'@&(& 8 6 84w 2 = * K 2 >?3? 2z6 <>< & w4=!8 & Dz= ' K 2 9? 6 C i 8 j K >=!8
R a 2z6 ?Kd= & ? i :k:k1< & w *}2 j2j =!8BK 6 >8k?w &x 8 "K 9=8k?=C K 24& f 'd6 : 2 j ? = &(j Kd?K@= & w >?@:k< 6_A!& w 132k& C i 8 j K 9=8 t
=w A =C 6ps&_ 9?@:4< 6_A j_6 8 &.&5 :4K A Q>C8k=f 'd6 : 2 j(6 < = i K@: i KL9?}8 && w & w P 8K 2z6 K j(6 ? &,6~z6 ? j.5;6 98
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