Download Portable Roadside Sensors for Vehicle Counting

Portable Roadside Sensors for Vehicle Counting, Classification,
And Speed Measurement
Rollakanti Raju
Professor
Department of ECE
MLRITM,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
Abstract:
Life is too precious than anything in the world. Daily
40% of the deaths were caused to the road accidents
across the globe. This should be prevented by taking
intensive measures using emerging trends of
technology. Portable road side systems were to be
established for monitoring the roads using cuttingedge technologies. Portable road side systems will
communicate with the traffic system if any
emergency caused. This has to alert the driver if the
speed of vehicle is greater than the speed limit. In
order to demonstrate this, I’ve used ARM7 (LPC
2148) and 8051 Controller, the communication
between these two has done through Master - Slave.
RFID Technology is used to count the number of
vehicles, and classifications of vehicles are also done
through RFID technology. GSM Module is used to
send SMS when the vehicle speed is greater than the
speed limit. The speed calculation is done through a
pair of sensors connected to the system.
Keywords— ARM7, RFID Technology, GSM
I.INTRODUCTION
Portable Road Side Systems are a type of network in
which vehicles and roadside units are the
communicating nodes, providing each other with
information, such as safety warnings and traffic
information. As a cooperative approach, vehicular
Sangem Saikrishna
M.Tech Student
Department of ECE
MLRITM,
Hyderabad, Telangana, India.
communication systems can be more effective in
avoiding accidents and traffic congestions than if each
vehicle tries to solve these problems individuality.
Generally, vehicular networks are considered to
contain two types of nodes: vehicle and roadside
stations.
Both
are
dedicated
short-range
communications devices. DSRC works in 5.9 GHz
bandwidth of 75 MHz and approximate range of
1000m. The network should support both private data
communications and public communications but
higher priority is given to public communications.
Vehicular communications is usually developed as a
part of intelligent transportation systems (ITS). ITS
seeks to achieve safety and productivity through
intelligent
transportation
which
integrates
communication between mobile and fixed ones. To
this end, ITS heavily relies on wired and wireless
communications.
II.SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE
The system architecture of this proposed system is
divided into two different and independent blocks.
ARM7 END: Hardware implementation for this
proposed system is shown below with the simple
blocks. Power Supply block is designed and developed
to generate power source for the ARM processor and
its relevant components. Reset Circuit is designed and
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developed to reset the program whenever necessary
and interfaced to the ARM processor for greater stable
response. Clock Circuit is designed and developed to
generate oscillations and interfaced to the ARM
processor for needy response. LCD Display is
interfaced to the ARM processor for displaying the
status of the system for better understanding. RFID
Reader is connected to ARM processor for identifying
the vehicle and also to count the number of vehicles
running on the road. The same information is fed to
slave controller (8051).
III.IMPLEMENTATION
HARDWARE:
In hardware implementation, ARM processor plays a
key role in monitoring and controlling the security
system. Low-power consumption ARM processor
(LPC2148) operating at 3.3V, 50uA is designed and
mounted on a PCB along with Reset Circuit and a
Clock Circuit. LPC2148, a 32-bit microcontroller with
advanced RISC architecture and having 48 GPIO lines
with a program memory of 32KB and a data memory
of 512Bytes.
Figure – 1: Block Diagram of ARM7 END
8051 END: At 8051, pair of sensors was interfaced to
the slave controller for calculating the speed of vehicle
passed. GSM module is also interfaced to the slave
controller for communicating with the end user. LCD
Display is interfaced to slave controller for displaying
status of the project. Reset Circuit and clock circuit
were also interfaced to the slave controller for resetting
and generating the clock oscillations respectively.
Figure – 2: Block Diagram of 8051 END
Figure – 4: ARM Overview [LPC2148]
Figure – 5: LPC2148 Development Board
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Here, in the above figure the clock circuit and reset
circuits were assembled along with the LCD display
circuit. A 16 X 2 LCD display is used for displaying
the status of the system. RFID Reader is interfaced to
ARM7 at UART port and each vehicle is equipped
with RFID tag. The RFID Reader is a UART module
and is connected at 0.0, 0.1 of ARM7.
Figure – 6: RFID Reader
LCD: LCD has used in this project for display status
of the system. Interfacing LCD to LPC 2148 has
shown below:
Figure – 7: LCD Display Interfacing
IR Sensors: For optical sensing and optical
communication, photo optics technologies are used in
the near infrared region as the light is less complex
than RF when implemented as a source of signal.
Optical wireless communication is done with IR data
transmission for short range applications.
The working of any Infrared sensor is governed by
three laws: Planck’s Radiation law, Stephen –
Boltzmann law and Wien’s Displacement law.
Planck’s law states that “every object emits radiation
at a temperature not equal to 00K”. Stephen –
Boltzmann law states that “at all wavelengths, the total
energy emitted by a black body is proportional to the
fourth power of the absolute temperature”. According
to Wien’s Displacement law, “the radiation curve of a
black body for different temperatures will reach its
peak at a wavelength inversely proportional to the
temperature”.
The basic concept of an Infrared Sensor which is used
as Obstacle detector is to transmit an infrared signal,
this infrared signal bounces from the surface of an
object and the signal is received at the infrared
receiver.
There are five basic elements used in a typical infrared
detection system: an infrared source, a transmission
medium, optical component, infrared detectors or
receivers and signal processing. Infrared lasers and
Infrared LED’s of specific wavelength can be used as
infrared sources. The three main types of media used
for infrared transmission are vacuum, atmosphere and
optical fibers. Optical components are used to focus
the infrared radiation or to limit the spectral response.
Optical lenses made of Quartz, Germanium and
Silicon are used to focus the infrared radiation.
Infrared receivers can be photodiodes, phototransistors
etc. some important specifications of infrared receivers
are photosensitivity, detectivity and noise equivalent
power. Signal processing is done by amplifiers as the
output of infrared detector is very small.
The principle of an IR sensor working as an Object
Detection Sensor can be explained using the following
figure. An IR sensor consists of an IR LED and an IR
Photodiode; together they are called as Photo –
Coupler or Opto – Coupler.
An infrared sensor emits and/or detects infrared
radiation to sense its surroundings.
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The architecture of 8051 has shown below:
Figure – 8: IR sensor
8051 End: 8051 is an 8-bit processor, meaning that the
CPU can work on only 8 bits of data at a time. Data
larger than 8 bits has to be broken into 8-bit pieces to
be processed by the CPU. 8051 is available in different
memory types such as UV-EPROM, Flash and NVRAM.8K Bytes of Re-programmable Flash
Memory.RAM is 256 bytes.4.0V to 5.5V Operating
Range.Fully Static Operation: 0 Hz to 33 MHz’sThreelevel Program Memory Lock.256 x 8-bit Internal
RAM.32 Programmable I/O Lines.Three 16-bit
Timer/Counters.Eight Interrupt Sources.Full Duplex
UART Serial Channel.Low-power Idle and Powerdown Modes.Interrupt recovery from power down
mode.Watchdog timer.Dual data pointer.Power-off
flag.Fast programming time.Flexible ISP programming
(byte and page mode). Pin diagram of 8051 has given
below:
Figure – 9: 8051 Pin Diagram
Figure – 10: 8051 Architecture
PC/Laptop was interfaced at UART0 of LPC2148 as
per Figure – 7. Motor was interfaced to L293D (Motor
Driver) at P0.3 – P0.5 of LPC2148 as per Figure – 8
which enables the locker action. GSM Module was
interfaced to UART1 for SMS communication.
Keypad (4 * 3) was interfaced at P0.16 – P0.23 of
LPC2148. LCD Display (16 * 2) was also interfaced at
P1.6 – P1.22 of LPC2148. Reset Circuit and Clock
Circuits were interfaced at RST, XTAL1, and XTAL2
of LPC2148.
Figure – 11: GSM Module
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Schematic Diagram for this project has shown
below:
Figure – 13: Flow Chart
Figure – 12: Schematic Diagram
SOFTWARE:
Here, to program ARM processor KeiluVision 4 was
used as a cross-compiler and Flash Magic was used as
a programmer.
ALGORITHM & FLOWCHART
ALGORITHM:
Step – 1: Initialize ARM, LCD, RFID and GSM
Module.
Step – 2: Wait until you see READY on LCD.
Step – 3: Show the RFID Tag to the reader, then it
reads the data from tag. The same data is communicate
with the 8051 using bridge
Step – 4: If it is a small vehicle, then increment the
count1 or if it is a large vehicle, then increment the
count2.
Step – 5: Check the speed of that vehicle using IR
Sensors, if it exceeds the fixed speed limit then a fine
will be fined and a feedback will be sent to the
owner/driver.
Step – 6: Repeat Step – 3 to Step – 5 until the power
goes off
FLOWCHART:
The flowchart of this paper is shown below:
IV.RESULTS
Figure – 14: Final Prototype
Figure – 15: RFID Reader
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Figure – 19: RFID Data
Figure – 16: Sensor 1
Figure – 20: RFID Data 1
Figure – 17: Sensor 2
Figure – 21: RFID Tag 2
Figure – 18: GSM Module
Figure – 22: RFID Tag 3
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REFERENCES
[1]http://www.engineersgarage.com/armprojects/introduction-to-arm-microcontroller-lpc2148
[2] https://www.pantechsolutions.net/microcontrollerboards/user-manual-arm7-lpc2148-development-kit
Figure – 23: RFID Tag 4
[3]
http://www.nex-robotics.com/lpc2148development-board/arm7-lpc2148-developmentboard.html
[4]http://www.mikroe.com/chapters/view/65/chapter2-8051-microcontroller-architecture/
[5]https://www.pantechsolutions.net/microcontrollerboards/gsm-interfacing-with-lpc2148-arm7-primer
[6]http://www.zilogic.com/blog/tutorial-nuttx-rfid.html
Figure – 24: SMS Feedback
V.CONCLUSION
A Portable Road Side Communication System is
designed and proposed for better safety in vehicular
connectivity. This system will give you the feedback
of every instant with a simple SMS.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I would like to express my special thanks of gratitude
to Prof. Rollakanti Raju,K. N. BHUSHAN, Assoc.
Prof & HOD ECE, Marri Laxman Reddy Institute of
Technology& Management as well as our Principal
Dr. K. Venkateswara Reddy, M. Tech., Ph.D., MISTE,
who gave me the golden opportunity to do this
wonderful project on the topic (Internet of Things),
which also helped me in doing a lot of Research and i
came to know about so many new things. We are
really thankful to them. And, secondly i would also
like to thank my parents and friends who helped me a
lot in finalizing this project within the limited time
frame.
[7http://www.engineersgarage.com/microcontroller/80
51projects/distance-measure-IR-ADC0804-AT89C51circuit
[8]http://www.nrdcentre.com/index.php?route=product
/product&product_id=78
[9]https://madresearch.wordpress.com/2013/09/03/inte
rfacing-gsm-with-arm7-lpc2148/
[10]
http://www.keil.com/forum/20111/gsminterfacing-with-arm7/s
Author Details
Prof. Rollakanti Raju has completed B.E from
Andhra University and M.Tech from JNTU
Ananthapur in DSCE. He is pursuing Ph.D in the area
of VLSI from JNTUH. He has guided over 50 projects.
Mr.S.Saikrishna had completed B.Tech in ECE from
Aizza College of Engineering and Technology. He is
pursuing M.Tech in Embedded Systems from
MLRITM College.
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