Download Proyecto PI 455 - Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales y

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El uso de la energía solar en sus diferentes modalidades; secado, calefacción,
calentamiento, etc.; reúne la mayoría de las condiciones buscadas en una fuente de energía; es
ecológica, gratuita, inagotable y simple de utilizar; pero presenta la desventaja de ser dispersa
y no siempre barata de implementar.
Actualmente los calefónes solares ya son tecnologías bien desarrolladas y probadas al
punto que, en algunos países su uso es promovido por medio de legislación adecuada pensada
en el ahorro energético y preservación del medio ambiente. Existen además, tanto en el
ámbito nacional como internacional, equipos comerciales para el calentamiento de agua para
uso domestico de calidad técnica variada.
En estos equipos los costos de mantenimiento son muy bajos y con durabilidad típica
superior a los 10 años, sin embargo, el costo de inversión de capital inicial es alto; U$D1000U$D3000 para sistemas típicos de tipo familiar; con retornos de entre cuatro a siete años
dependiendo del tipo de energía reemplazada (electricidad o gas).
Dados estos números y teniendo en cuenta las características socioeconómicas de
nuestro país, si se quiere promover el uso de este tipo de sistemas en el ámbito local,
haciéndolos también accesibles a niveles poblacionales de recursos medios y bajos, se hace
necesario un abaratamiento de los costos de inversión de capital.
A pesar del grado de desarrollo de esta tecnología, nuevas ideas se ponen en práctica
constantemente tendientes a la reducción de costos mediante la utilización de nuevos diseños
y el uso de nuevos materiales.
En este contexto, el GIDER – Grupo de Investigación de Energías Renovables del
Departamento de Termodinámica y Máquinas Térmicas de la Facultad de Ingeniería,
comenzó a incursionar durante el año 1998 en el calentamiento de agua utilizando materiales
plásticos de descarte para la construcción del módulo colector, idea tomada por el director del
grupo durante su visita a la Plataforma Solar de Almería, España.
Así, durante los primeros meses del año 1998, se realizaron ensayos experimentales
preliminares con un sistema compuesto por un colector plástico de un solo ramal y tanque de
acumulación de 10 lts. Posteriormente, basados en los datos relevados, se realizó un análisis
de viabilidad técnico-económica demostrándose la potencialidad de tal configuración para
funcionar como calefón solar de bajo costo (ver Anexo I).
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Los resultados alentadores obtenidos con el calefón plástico ensayado, la búsqueda de
alternativas para adaptar tecnologías no convencionales al medio rural haciéndola simple y de
bajo costo y, la inminente finalización del PI323, promovieron la decisión de encarar un
estudio más exhaustivo acerca de las bondades y defectos del sistema propuesto.
De esta forma, a fines del mismo año se formaliza, ante la Secretaría de Ciencia y
Técnica de la UNNE, la presentación de la propuesta de proyecto “Estudio y Caracterización
de un Colector Solar Plano construido con Materiales de Descarte” con una duración de dos
años a partir del 1/3/1999, propuesta que, luego de haber sido sometida a evaluación interna y
externa, es homologada por dicha Secretaría recibiendo el código interno PI455.
Por todo lo anteriormente expuesto, el presente documento representa el informe final
correspondiente al citado proyecto.
En lo que sigue se transcriben, a modo de referencia, los objetivos planteados al
momento de la formulación del proyecto y el cronograma original acerca de las metas
propuestas. Luego, se exponen los diferentes ensayos llevados a cabo y los ensayos aún
pendientes de realización respecto a lo planteado en el cronograma original. Por último se
presentan las conclusiones obtenidas a partir de todo lo realizado, la producción alcanzada en
sus diferentes formas, difusión, transferencia y formación de recursos humanos
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