Download ELMER Front's User Guide
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ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýþÿ Ë/ÌÍ 47 onq'_1Q_P,b,_ " RhsL,gybh¡¢B`ahjL,g_=k`P6RhjL,gwQ_1xsP6R_=bb'P6RP " P6g]B_i_1g2R_1Q_=bdv´§_/ " P6`a__=P " q&6P6QhsP6]'xj_hsa§aL,xj,_=b]k\OPa_1NP6QP6R_aL,xj,_1Q1c3_=P " qP " Rhs,_M6P6QhsP6]'xj_ P6xsaL " Q_=P6R_=azhjRaL ong_1gkRQ\&hjg&Rq'_{u2L,xj,_1Qpa_1RRhsg'}anonhjgbL ov q'hsaonhjgbL)o " P6g]B_Q_1L,NB_1g'_=b`ahjg'}ÅRq'x _ 1WP6QhsP6]'xj_=a]'`'RRL,gonq'h " qhsa 3hsahj]'xj_ML,g'xj\hjg&Rq'_(P,b,_1RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g&_=2`P6RhjL,g^_1gkRQ\&NP6g'_1x»v 2.10.9 Data checking aRq'_^`a_1QP " RhjP6R_=aP6g_=2`P6RhjL,gc " _1QRP6hsg²b'P6RPhjgkR_1},QhjR;\ " q'_ " aOP6Q_ P6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xsxj\ObL,g'_,vUq'_1\^P6Q_Rq'_SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨ ê _=P6R0_=2`P6RhjL,g¨¤q'_=P6R_=2`P6RhjL,ghsg " xj`b_=a0P6`'RL,ZP6Rh " P6xjxj\q'_=P6R " L,gb` " 3 RhjL,gOP6gb " L,gaRP6gkR " L,gk,_ " RhjL,g " P6gO]B_pP,b'b_=b©g'L,R_,¨ " L,gaRP6g2R " L,g2,_ " RhjL,g 6P6xj`'_=aP6Q_},hs,_1ghjgRq'_ZOP6R_1QhsP6xBNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QaonhjgbL)o ª vWq'_xP6R_1gkRq'_=P6R Q_1xj_=P,a_ " P6g¥]B_a_1xs_ " R_=b²L,g'xj\|h¡SaL,Zi_L6SrRq'_N'qP,a_ " qP6g'},_ZiL3b_1xahsa P " Rhj6P6R_=bdv KP=3hj_1Q u2RL,,_=a§_=k`P6RhsL,g¨9onq'_1g&Rq'hsaU_=k`P6RhsL,ghsa§P " Rhj,_,c3hjRUhaWNBLaahj]'xj_ 3 RLra_1xj_ " R " L,ZON'`'R_=b " L,gk,_ " RhjL,giSL,Q¤Rq'_pq'_=P6R0P6gbRq'_zP,b,_ " RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g _=2`P6RhjL,ga1v 2.10.10 Equation solving order q'_TUk`P6RhjL,gaL,xj3hjg'}L,Qb_1Qzhazb_/g'_=bhsgRq'hsaponhsgbL ovpq'_(L,Qb_1Q " P6g ]B_ " qP6g'},_=b]2\^_1gkR_1Qhjg'}g'_1oÙL,Qb_1Qgk`'Z{]B_1Qa1cBq'_=a_6P6xj`'_=a " P6g]B_P6gk\ gk`'Z{]B_1Qa1cWL,g'xj\Rq'_1hjQ{Q_1xsP6Rhj,_L,Qb_1QhsahjZiNBL,QRP6gkR1vwÃMg'xj\Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\ P " Rhj,__=2`P6RhjL,g^Ry\3NB_=apP6Q_(bhsaN'xP=\,_=b&hjg&Rq'hsanonhsgbL ov q'_(b_/SDP6`'xjRpaL,xj3hjg'}{L,Qb_1QphsaRq'_SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}'¨ « v ê _=P6Rn_=k`P6RhsL,g úûeüú%ýþkÿ 48 Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ ÿ Î v KP=3hj_1Q u2RL,,_=a ¶ W ×3v0u2RQ_=a apP6gP6xj\ahsa µ vW±T`'Q]'`'xj_1g " _ ® v9nb,_ " RhjL,gybh¡¢d`ahjL,g_=2`P6RhjL,gaU©lPpa_1NP6QP6R_U_=k`P6RhjL,gSlL,Q_=P " qP,b,_ " RhjL,g bhj¢B`ahsL,g6P6QhsP6]'xj_ ª 2.11 Model menu zSlR_1QP6xjx0]£Lb\_=k`P6RhsL,gaP6gbL,Rq'_1Q},_1g'_1QP6xN'QL,]'xj_1Z b'P6RPqP=,_&]£_1_1g _1g2R_1Q_=bdcRq'_ZiLb_1xnNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QaOP6Q__1g2R_1Q_=bdvq'hsaihsabL,g'_`ahjg'}Rq'_ ZOL3b_1xdZi_1g2` " L,ZiZOP6gb'a1v º9hj},`'Q_ ¶ v «=¯ aq'L opazRq'_(XfLb_1xZi_1g2`onq'_1Q_(P6xsaLRq'_]BLb\xjhaR§a`']'Zi_1gk` qP,a]B_1_1g&L,N£_1g'_=bdvt0xjh " 3hjg'}Rq'_rbL,RR_=b&xjhjg'_zL,g^Rq'_RL,N^L6S%Rq'ha§a`']'Zi_1gk` L,NB_1gapPa_1NP6QP6R_(]£Lb\xshsaR§onhjgbL o¦L,g^Rq'_b_=a2RL,Nv Figure 2.16: 2.11.1 ü Ë Î6(ÎÌ Model info q'_XfLb_1xWhjgSlL " L,ZiZOP6gbL,NB_1ga(PonhjgbL oÀbhsaN'xsP \2hjg'}&},_1g'_1QP6x0ZiL3b_1x hsgSL,QZOP6RhsL,gvXLaRUL6SRq'_z_1xsb'aUP6Q_Mg'L,g»_=bhjRP6]'xj_zhsgSL,QZOP6RhsL,g_1xsb'aW]'`'R Rq'_SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}{_1xsb'apP6Q__=bhjRP6]'xs_,¨ t§M³[hjg'N'`'Rxj_,¨¤Rq'_gP6ZO_L6S9Rq'_rL,Qhs},hjgP6xt§M³aL,`'Q " _rxj_ 3 Xf_=aq^hsg'N'`'Rxj_,¨¤Rq'_gP6Zi_L6S?Rq'_r_/¼3R_1QgP6x%Zi_=aq^hjg'N'`'Rxj_ 3 XfLb_1x " Q_=P6R_=bd¨WZiLb_1x " Q_=P6RhjL,ghjgSlL 3 Ê"!dÍlÎ ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýþÿ Ë/ÌÍ 49 1WP6xj`'_=apSL,QnRq'_=a_(_1xsb'apP6Q_(a_1RzP6`'RL,ZOP6Rh " P6xjxs\Oonq'_1gPiZiL3b_1xha " Q_=P6R_=bdv q'_1\ " P6gÅ]£_`'Ndb'P6R_=bwRLQ_/Ú_ " RN£Laahj]'xj_ " qP6g'},_=ahsgwRq'__/¼3R_1QgP6x§xj_ gP6Zi_=a1c]'`'RrhjRhsarg'L,Rrg'_ " _=aaP6Q\]B_ " P6`a_iRq'_=a_P6xj`'_=aP6Q_g'L,Rr`a_=bSlL,Q P6gk\^P " R`P6xN'QL " _=aahsg'}{L6S?Rq'_rZiLb_1x»v ÃMRq'_1Q^_1xsb'a^P6Q__1hsRq'_1Q " L,xjxj_ " R_=bSQL,Z L,Rq'_1Q^NP6g'_1xa&SL,Q&Q_/Sl_1Q_1g " _L,Q P6Q_ahjZiN'xj_ZiLb_1xL,,] ) _ " R " L,`'gkR_1Qa=cB]'`'RXfhsg'hjZ`'Z¿_=b},_{ahj½1__1xb^g'_1_=b'a aL,Zi__/¼3N'xP6gP6RhjL,gvɾ;ROhsaORq'_aZP6xjxj_=aR_=b},_ahj½1_onq'h " qhsai`a_=b¥onq'_1g P©xjhjg'_=P6Qhj½1_=b ª t§³é},_1L,Zi_1RQ\hsaRQP6gaZihjRR_=b¥SlL,QRq'_TWV%TWXYéZi_=aq },_1g'_1QP6RL,Q1vq'hsahjgSlL,QZOP6RhjL,g²ZOP \²]B_`a_/Sl`'xzonq'_1ga_1RRhsg'}Rq'_Zi_=aq b_1gahjR;\NP6QP6ZO_1R_1QanSlL,QnRq'_ZiL3b_1xyv KML,R_,¨UKzL6S9hsanP6gfP6]']'Q_13hsP6RhjL,g&SlL, Q ØKz`'Z{]B_1QnL6S v¡ 2.11.2 Body info ´§L3b\hjgSlL " 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P6gb^hjRnha`a_=b&SlL,Qn_1gkR_1Qhjg'}P6gb^Q_1gP6Zihjg'}Rq'_rZO_=aq&gP6Zi_(P,an_/¼N'xsP6hjg'_=b P6]BL ,_ t0`'QQ_1g2R§g'L6Sg'Lb_=a1¨9Rq'_MRL,RP6x£gk`'Z{]£_1Q§L6Sg'Lb_=aUhjgORq'_Ma_1xj_ " R_=bOZi_=aq 3 t `'QQ_1g2R0g'L6S_1xj_1ZO_1gkRa1¨9Rq'_zRL,RP6xBgk`'Z{]£_1Q0L6S_1xj_1Zi_1gkRaUhjgiRq'_a_1xj_ " R_=b 0 Zi_=aq 3 X_=aq ê 6P6xj`'_ e Z »¨ÅRq'_b_/SlP6`'xsRZO_=aq_1xj_1Zi_1gkR^ahs½1_SlL,Q&Rq'_onq'L,xj_ 3 ZiLb_1xnhsab_/g'_=bonhjRqRq'hsa6P6xj`'_,v91WP6xj`'_=aib_/g'_=b¥P6RxjL o0_1Qixj_1,_1xnonhjxjx L ,_1QonQhsR_MRq'hsa06P6xj`'_,v¤³M_/SDP6`'xjRW6P6xj`'_MhsaUb_1Qhj,_=bOSlQL,Z¹Rq'_P=,_1QP6},_bhjZi_1g ahjL,g&L6S?Rq'_rZiLb_1x»v X_=aqa " P6xjhjg'}OSlP " RL,Q1¨P6xjx9Zi_=aqb_1gahsRy\6P6xj`'_=a},hj,_1gcb_1Qhj,_=bL,Qhjg 3 q'_1QhjR_=bwhjgwRq'_ZiL3b_1x0P6Q_OgP6xjxs\Z{`'xjRhjN'xjhs_=bonhjRqRq'hsa(SlP " RL,Q1v³M_/SDP6`'xjR 6P6xj`'_hsa « v · t0`'QQ_1g2R1¨Rq'haM]'`'RRL,ga_1RaMRq'_{_1xsb6P6xj`'_{hjgkRL&Rq'_ " `'QQ_1gkRxj\P " Rhj,_ 3 6P6xj`'_ 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L,gbhjRhsL,g'hjg'}OZOP6RQhj¼BvpºP,aR " L,gaRQ` " RhsL,gc£]'`'R g'L,Rn,_1Q\&_/¢d_ " Rhj,_ 3 ¾;V¨³h¡¢d_1Q_1gkRpxj_1,_1xL6S¤¾;g " L,ZiN'xj_1R_ V%Åb_ " L,ZON£LahsRhjL,ga1v%¾ V · hsaRq'_0Q_ " L,ZOZi_1gb_=b " q'L,h " _ t0L,`'N'xj_=b_=evRL,xj_1QP6g " _M©L,Qu2R_=P,b\ 3 a RP6R_RL,xj_1QP6g " _ ª ¨¤SlL,QpRQP6gahj_1g2RnN'QL,] xs_1ZOa§Rq'hsa_1xsb^a_1RapRq'_rRL,xj_1QP6g " _SlL,Q aRL,N'N'hjg'}Rq'_hjR_1QP6RhsL,g²onq'_1g¥Z{`'xjRh¡ N'xs__=2`P6RhjL,gaP6Q_ " L,`'N'xj_=bÉRL_=P " q L,Rq'_1Q1vrºL,QaR_=P,b\faRP6R_N'QL,]'xj_1ZOaMhjR a_1RaiRq'_fRL,xs_1QP6g " _SlL,QaRL,N'N'hjg'}Rq'_ aR_=P,b\aRP6R_(hjR_1QP6RhjL,g 2.13.2 Processor settings q'ha " L,ZOZOP6gbL,N£_1gaP&onhjgbL)o[SL,Qra_1RRhsg'}Rq'_g2`'Z]B_1QL6S0N'QL " _=aaL,Qa Q_=a_1Q,_=b&SL,QzRq'_rN'QL,]'xj_1ZvUq'hanNP6QP6Zi_1R_1QzqP,apZi_=P6g'hjg'}iL,g'xj\hjgPNP6Q P6xsxj_1xdN'QL " _=aahjg'}_1gk3hjQL,g'Zi_1gkR1v ÿ Figure 2.31: 8 2.14 ËQ§ÎÏ Ï Ë Ï Î/Í;Í Ì ÏK( Ì Ë>( ÿ Run menu q'_Yz`'gZO_1gk` " L,ZiZOP6gb'aP6Q_`a_=bRLaRP6QRL,Rq'_1QrTWVXTWYÇZOL3b`'xj_=a=v ´§_/SlL,Q_(PZiLb`'xj_ " P6gf]B_raRP6QR_=bdcBP6xjxRq'_rg'_ " _=aaP6Q\^b_/g'hjRhsL,gapP6gbfa_1R Rhsg'}aaq'L,`'xb(]B_ " L,ZON'xj_1R_=bdv9¾ySRq'hsag'L,R?Rq'_ " P,a_,cP6g_1QQL,Q?Zi_=aa P6},_U]BL=¼(hsa bhaN'xsP=\,_=bdv0¾»S?Rq'_rZihsa ahjg'}b'P6RPihsa_=aa_1gkRhsP6xSlL,QnRq'_rZiLb`'xj_,c'Rq'_rN'QL " _=aa " P6g'g'L,R " L,gkRhjg2`'_,v Ê"!dÍlÎ ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýþÿ Ë/ÌÍ 73 ý Figure 2.32: K 2.14.1 Ì`(Î Ì Generate mesh: ¸ _1g'_1QP6R_Zi_=aq " L,ZiZP6gbaRP6QRaRq'_TWV%XTWYZi_=aq},_1g'_1QP6RL,Q1vhjR " Q_/ P6R_=apP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxsL,}xs_,v 2.14.2 Calculate View factors: t§P6x " `'xsP6Rx _ 1hj_1oSlP " RL,Qa " L,ZiZP6gbaRP6QRa^TUVXTUY 1Mhs_1oSDP " RL,Qa&N'QL6 },QP6Zv¾yRaRL,Q_=aRq'_(Q_=a`'xjRb'P6RPOhsgfRq'_{1Mhj_1oÉSlP " RL,Qazxj_{b_/g'_=bhsgfRq'_ v Ó âeä=Ó Ô(ñ;âeÔiðò'Ô÷eÓîÓkö>%Ó2öäÕötÛòã5ØUÓ è QL,]'xj_1ZÂ{³P6RPxj_=aonhsgbL o© òä=Õlîwv Ó Ûâ£ãö 9îwÕlã%¥ ÷ 9ÔHâ ÛÓkö=Qö A ¾;R " Q_=P6R_=azP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxsL,}6xj_,v 2.14.3 Calculate Gebhardt factors: t§P6x " `'xsP6R_(¸_1]'qP6QRSDP " RL,Qa " L,ZiZOP6gb&aRP6QRanTUVXTUY[¸_1]'qP6QbRSDP " RL,Qa N'QL,},QP6ZvW¾;R§aRL,Q_=a0Rq'_b'P6RP{hjgRq'_¸_1]'qP6QbR§SDP " RL,Qa§xj_Mb_/g'_=bhjgRq'_ v Ó âeä=Ó Ô(ñ;âeÔiðò'Ô÷eÓîÓkö>%Ó2öäÕötÛòã5ØUÓ è QL,]'xj_1ZÂ{³P6RPxj_=aonhsgbL o© òä=Õlîwv Ó Ûâ£ãö 9îwÕlã%¥ ÷ 9ÔHâ ÛÓkö=Qö A ¾;R " Q_=P6R_=azP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxsL,}6xj_,v 2.14.4 Solver: q'hsa " ,L ZiZP6gb^aRP6QRapTWVXTWYÇu2L,xj,_1Q1vU¾;R " Q_=P6R_=apP]'QL)opaP6]'xj_rxjL,}6xs_,v úûeüú%ýþkÿ 74 2.14.5 Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ ÿ Î Postprocessor: è LaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q " L,ZOZOP6gb^aRP6QRapTWV%XTWY è LaRphjg^Pia_1NP6QP6R_(onhjgbL ov 2.14.6 Select result file q'haponhjgbL)oÙhsazg'_1_=b_=bfonq'_1gZ{`'xjRhjN'xj_ZO_=aq'_=azP6Q_{hjg`a_,v´§_ " P6`a_P6xjx Q_=a`'xjRxj_=aP6Q_§aRL,Q_=bhjgRq'_0aP6ZO_UbhjQ_ " RL,Q\onq'_1Q_URq'_0Zi_=aqSlL,QP6g(_=k`P RhsL,ghsaaRL,Q_=bdc%hjRhag'_ " _=aaP6Q\RLaN£_ " hjS\Rq'_Q_=a`'xjRSlL,QN£LaRN'QL " _=aahsg'} hsg&PiZ`'xjRhsZi_=aq " P,a_,v Mxjx¤NBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,QrL,`'RN'`'R(xj_=arN'QLb` " _=bwb`'Qhjg'}fRq'_a_=aahjL,gP6Q_ixjhsaR_=b hsgRq'_ixjhsaR]BL=¼dviMgk\L6SnRq'_xj_=aZOP \]B_Oa_1xs_ " R_=bP,arRq'_ihjg'N'`'RrSL,QRq'_ NBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,Q1v nb'b¥L,NB_1gaPwxj_]'QL)opa_1QSL,QP,b'bhjg'}Åg'_1oÈxj_=a© " Q_=P6R_=bhjg¥L,Rq'_1Q 3 a_=aahjL,ga ª RLiRq'_rxshsaR Ê"!dÍlÎ ÿPOQ$6ú%û£üú%ýþÿ Ë/ÌÍ 75 ³QL,NQ_1ZiL),_=apPxj_SlQL,ZmRq'hsaxjhaR1v9q'_rxj_hjRa_1x¡Shsag'L,RpP¢B_ " R _=b ÃMNB_1g^hjgTWVXTWY è LaRpL,N£_1gapRq'_(a_1xj_ " R_=bxj_hsg&TUVXTUY è LaR 3 q'_SlL,xjxjL)onhjg'}{_1xsb'anP6Q_rg'L,g»_=bhjRP6]'xj_hsgSL,QZOP6RhsL,g_1xb'a1¨ 3 3 è L aRnxj_,¨¤Rq'_rS`'xjxdNP6Rq^SlL,QnRq'_rNBLaRN'QL " _=aaL,Qxj_ TW2`P6RhjL,ga1¨¤Rq'_(_=k`P6RhjL,gazaL,xj,_=bhjg^Rq'_rQ_=a`'xsR0xs_ 3 XL3bhj_=b&RhjZi_,¨?Rq'_xsP,aRn`'Ndb'P6R_RhjZi_SlL,QnRq'_rQ_=a`'xjRxj_ 3 V P,aRnQ`'gaRP6R`a1¨WaRP6R`aL6S?Rq'_N'QL " _=a aonq'h " q^`'Ndb'P6R_=b&xsP,aRRq'_L,`'R N'`'Rnxj_ 3 t0L,ZiZO_1gkR1¨WRq'hsa " L,ZiZi_1gkR_1xb&hsanL,g'xj\OSL,QpRq'hana_=aahjL,gP6gbhjRhsang'L,R 3 aP ,_=b^hjg^Rq'_ZiLb_1xdxj_ 2.14.7 Process table 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ÀÁ \ ¿ \ ^ ¼B¿ ͽÂÒÄF¿Ò¿F£#·¾¿QÍ?^*~À+Ä ÉD\ ³?^Wp l ^ Ë | ½Ã+¿ËjËÐÄ?^Wp ÀQ¿ \ ^ ¼¿êͽÂÒÄF¿ê¿D£# ¾¿QÍ?^*~ ÀÄ ÉF\ * Ë W~ Ê ½À ¿Q  ½Ã+¿j¾ Â,¿÷Ë QÂÁ Àj¿ Ë QÂÁ Àj¿ ÉÈ ËÒÁ Ê Ä Ä BË ¹ Á ¿ ¼B¿÷Ë Â,½,Ã+¿ËjË Àj¿ ¼B¿ | l,È ³ ¸ } ¥ ³F¿,Ë¿5̽Ì,¿ÂÄÁ+¿,Ëо¿QÍÁ \ ¿½+Î@ÄF¿i?^ÂBÁd^WpÀQ¿Ò½jÍ ÄD,¿Ò¿F£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \ |iÁQË5¾ÁjËÌÀD^ Å,¿Q¾ Á \ ÄF¿ a \ Á>ÄÁ*^ À Q ½ \ ¾Á>ÄÁZ½ \ ^ \ ¾ O ½*~ \ ¾1^QÂjÅ Q ½ \ ¾Á>ÄÁ+½ \ |®Ìr^ \ ¿À,Ëu t ÎD¿Â¿éÁ>Ä ÁjËQ^ ¾j¾¿Q¾^*~Ľ¼z^ÄBÁQÃ*^ÀjÀÅɷͽQÂ@¿ \ Ä,¿ÂÁ \ ` Á \ ÁÄBÁd^À |}?^ À*,~ ¿Ë^ \ ¾ É Á>ÂÁjà Àj¿Äk,p ½W~ \ ¾1^ ÂÅ÷ý \ ¾ÁÄBÁZ½ \ r^ À*,~ ¿,Ëru |}³ ½÷Ë+¿¿ ÄD,¿ ½ÀQ¿Ò½QÍ@¿1,^ à êÌÂ,½+Ì¿ÂjÄÅ^ \ ¾êÄD,¿ê¾¿jÍ1^*~ À+Ä?^ Àd~¿,ËutxË¿j¿ |ÄF,¿êÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾ ̽Ì,¿QÂjÄjÅ ¿FQ ÌÀD^ \ ^ ÄÁ+½ \ ËÏp ¿ÀQ½Î | ] | ,l È ³ ¸ ¥}³F¿i?^ÂBÁd^WpÀQ¿êÍÁZ¿ÀQ¾÷ÁjË ÀF^*p¿ÀÀQ¿Q¾^W~ÄZ¼z^ÄBÁQÃ*^ÀjÀÅip^,Ë¿Q¾@½ \ FÄ ¿ |}?^ ÂBÁd^WpÀQ¿ \ ^¼¿tpD~ÄÒÄD,¿~Ë+¿Q Ã*^ \ ^ÀË+½÷Ë¿ÄÒÄF¿ÒÀD^*p¿À,¿Q¿ | Q ^ \ O ¿ ½Ã+¿j¾W~Â,¿@À Q ^ \ O ¿i³?^*pÀQ¿@À ÁZ¾¿@À a \ ¾¿W³ÅQÌ,¿÷Ë ¹ ^W, p ¿À Ë ¹ ^W, p ¿À¿ Á>¾QÄDÙÁ úûeüú%ýþkÿ 100 Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ ÿ Î ^*p,¿À O Å Q ½½Â¾Á \ ^Ä¿ÒÀ ÁÄBÁd ^ À _ ^À*~,¿ Â Ê ~Dj \ p Ì^ ¿À÷Á ?\ ÁÄ ¹ ^*,p ¿ÀÒË ¿ Á>¾D` ¿ÄkB¿ ÁZ¾QÄD Á ¹ a\ | ^ \ ¿À ÍÁZ¿À¾ê¾¿QÍÁ \ ÁÄÁ+½ \ Ë`Á ,¿ \ ~ \ ¾¿Â^ \ ¿D£W~^ÄÁ+½ \ Ë+¿Ã>ÄBÁZ½ \ | ^Â,¿^,Ã>ÄBÁ ,¿ ½ \ À+Å@ͽÂÒÄF¿ Ë>Ì,¿ÃÁ>ÍÁZ¿j¾Ò¿D£W~^ÄÁ+½ \ |}³F¿Â,¿ ÃW^ \ p,¿9¼r~À+ÄBÁ ÌÀj¿ Ìr^ \ ¿À Ë+¿Ã>ÄBÁZ½ \ Ë@Á \ ^ \ ¿F£F~r^QÄÁZ½ \ Ë¿,ÃZÄÁZ½ \ | ^\ ¿À D\ ¸ D\ ¸ D1 ^\ Ë ¾ ¿À £F~r^QÄÁZ½ \ ¸ ¾ | ^ \ ¿À | N ¾¾ Ìr^ | ¸F\ ¾ ^ | F¸ \ ¾ ¸ \ ^¼B¿ Ë?êÁQË \ ¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾ \ ¿À ¾¿jÍÁ \ ÁÄBÁZ½ \ Ë ,¿Q¿ \ ¿À ¿QÅQν¾ ÁjË \ ¿j¿j¾¿Q¾ £W~^ÄBÁZ½ \ ¿ÅQν¾éÁjË \ ¿j¿j¾¿j¾ 5.4.2 The ÐPx1Í-wPÑ section Áq'_1gP{NP6g'_1xa_ " RhjL,g&hsa§L,`'Rahsb_P6g2\_=2`P6RhjL,ga_ " RhjL,gcRq'__1xsb&b_/g'h¡ RhsL,ganP¢B_ " RzP6xsxB_=2`P6RhjL,ga1vWq'_1Q_ " P6g^]£_Z{`'xjRhjN'xs_MNP6g'_1x%a_ " RhjL,ga1v ^\ ¿À Ë oBÁZ¿ÀQ¾éË | ^\ \ ^¼B¿ Ë?êÁQË \ ¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾ |}oÁ+¿ÀQ¾ \ ^¼B¿ Ë?êÁQË \ ¿j¿Q¾¿Q¾ ¿À | l,È ³ ¸ ¥´³FÁQË@ÁQË^@À,ÁjË>Ä ½QÍ^ÀjÀ5Ì,½ËjËÁ pÀj¿ ÍÁZ¿À¾ ÌÂ,½+Ì,¿Q¿QÄÁZ¿Ë |iÁ \ ÄF¿ÐÌ^ \ ¿À Ë+¿Ã>ÄÁ+½ \ |}³ ½÷Ë+¿¿5ÄD,¿ ½ÀQ¿Ò½QÍ@¿1^,à Ò̽+Ì¿ÂÄjÅ^ \ ¾ ÄD,¿ê¾¿jÍ1^W~À+Är^Àd~¿,ËtvË¿j¿ FÄ ¿ |®ÌÂ,½+Ì,¿QÂjÄÅÒ¿FQ ÌÀD^ \ ^ ÄÁ+½ \ ËÒp¿Àj½+Î | ] N N p˽À*~Ä¿ O ½F÷À Q ^ \ O ¿ Â,½,Ã+¿j¾W~¿ÒÀ Q ^ \ O ¿i³?^Wp ÀQ¿ÒÀ ¾¾ ÁZ¾¿@À a \ ¾¿Fk³ÅQÌ¿@Ë© ¿t ½,ËZÄz a \ ÁÄBÁd^À _ ^Àd~¿ ËÇÂ,Ç,ÁÇjÀR ¹ ^W, p ¿À@Ë ¹ ^W, p ¿À O Å Q ½j½Q¾Á \ Q^ Ä¿@À ¹ ^W, p ¿À¿ Á>¾jÄF Á Ê ~1j p Ì^ \ ¿À@Á ³jÅjÌ,¿÷Ë Ê ÄjÂBÁ \ `to Á+Àj¿t » 1¿ ^Àt a \ Ä,¿F`¿QÂt ¹ ½D`ÁjÃ*^ÀR ÍÁZ¿À¾ Ê"!dÍlÎ ÿ ÇZ$6ú%û£üú%ýÐû ÎÌ Í Ë/Ì2Ï þ 6jÎ©Ë z,Í ÿ 1\ Á>Ä ¹ ^*p¿À Ë _ ^À*~,¿ËÓÀ,ÁjË>Ä ½QÍk?^Àd~¿,ËWÔ ¿ Á>¾1` ¿QÄéË© ¸F\ ÄÂjÅ#t Q ,¿Ã O W½ #t O B ¿ Á>¾1` ¿QÄi¿ Á>¾jÄFÙÁ B | N \ oÁ+¿À¾éË DD ¸F\ ¾iB o ÁZ¿À¾ F\ ¸ ¾ ^\ | F¸ \ ÕWÍuÑFÌzyPw W^*pÀj¿ioÁ+Àj¿t ½ÎË ¾ \ ÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾÷ËZÄ QÂjÄË ^\ ¿À÷ÁQË \ ÁQË ½ÌÄÁ+½ \ ^À| ¿¿Q¾¿j¾ section Mg^hjg " jx `b_ra_ " RhjL,g&Z{`aRn]B_L,`'Rahsb_rP6gk\&_=2`P6RhjL,gP6gb^NP6g'_1x%a_ " RhjL,ga1v a \ ÃÀ*~¾¿÷Ë | ^ÄFË?9ͽQÂêÄD,¿éÁ \ ÃÀ*~¾¿êÍÁ+ÀQ¿ 5.4.4 Panel names q'_NP6g'_1xsaonq'_1Q_fg'_1o¿_1xsb'a " P6g²]B_^P,b'b_=b²P6Q_N'Q_=b_/g'_=b²P6gbRq'_1\ P6Q_{hsb_1gkRh¡_=bhjgRq'_{b_/g'hsRhjL,gxj_{]k\fRq'_gP6Zi_=a`a_=bhjgRq'_{TWV%XTWY º'QL,g2R{ZO_1gk`a1vzg|P6xjR_1QgP6Rhj,_gP6Zi_Ohsa},hj,_1ghjgwNP6Q_1g2Rq'_=ahsa^©hjRrhsaRq'_ gP6Zi_`a_=bhjg&Rq'_(ah¡SDxj_,c3onq'_1gfP6N'N'xjh " P6]'xj_ ª ¨ XL3b_1x è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa{©lXfLb_1x è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Q ª 3 u2hjZ{`'xsP6RhjL,g è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa{©»u2hsZ`'xsP6RhsL,g ª è q2\3ah " P6xt0L,gaRP6gkRa©»t0L,gaRP6g2R ª 3 3 TW2`P6RhjL,ga(©lTUk`P6RhjL,g ª ´§Lb\ è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Qa©l´§Lb\ è P6QP6Zi_1R_1Q ª ´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ è P6QP6ZO_1R_1Qa©l´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ è P6QP6ZO_1R_1Q ª ¾;g'hjRhsP6x%t0L,gbhjRhjL,gar©l¾;g'hjRhsP6x%t0L,gbhjRhsL,g ª 3 3 3 3 ´§Lb\º'L,Q " =_ a{©l´§L3b\&º'L,Q " _ ª XP6R_1QhsP6xsar©lXP6R_1QhsP6x ª 3 3 3 3 ´§L,`'gb'P6Q\ft0L,gbhjRhjL,gar©l´§L,`'gb'P6Q\t0L,gbhjRhjL,g ª u2L,xj,_1QMu2_1RRhsg'}a(©»u2L,xj,_1Q ª P Ê ¿ÀQ¿Ã>ÄÁ+½ @¹ j Á Ë>Ä ?^ ¿+Î | l,È ³ ¸ ¥ F¸ \ k ¾ oÁZ¿À¾ ¿À 5.4.3 The 101 úûeüú%ýþkÿ 102 Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ ÿ Î 5.4.5 Field properties q'_r_1xsbN'QL,N£_1QRhj_=azP6Q_rRq'_SlL,xjxjL onhsg'}'¨ N N pBË+½Àd~Ä,¿ O W½ ÷À ¾j¾ a D~ tÖ^ \ N p [ p W ^ F `W F Í Äj ,¿ ê ËÒà ¿,à ½ ÁQË Q¾¾¿j¾ Ä,½ Ä ,¿ ÂBÁ Ä Ë Á>¾¿ ÍÁZ¿À¾ BÁjË9̽Ì,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁQËG¼B¿ Á Àê½ À+Å@ͽ ½ÎË Àj¿ + Á Àj¿ Å@¾¿jÍ À+Ä Â,½+ÎBË+¿Q¾ÒÍÁ+ÀQ¿ ¼¿éÁjËêËZĽQ¿Q¾ ÎÁÄ Í Àj5 À Ì ÍêÄ ÁQËÒà ¿,à ,½ ÁQË ÁjËÁ ÀQ¿éÁ Ä ,¿ Ì ¿À ¾ ÁÄ ÁQË Ä ,¿êÍÁ+ÀQ¿ >¼¿éÁQËÒËZĽÂ,¿Q¾ É ¿QÍ À+Ä À ,¿÷ÁQË ÀË¿ ³F D^ \ \ `W~ O 1^*~ #t^p a F p F ¦p \^ F [ ?^*~ ?^ d~ ro ^ Q^\ O ¿ ^ O \ \^ ½jÍêÄ ,¿ \ D W^*p io F F~ r^ \ k^ \ ^ F \ # ÍÁZ¿À¾ Ä ½Äéà ,¿Ã ¿Q¾t½ \ À+Å F~ ½,ÿQ¾ ¿ÒÀ a ÍêÄjÂD~,¿tÄF¿ ½Ã+¿j¾W~Â,¿÷à ,¿Ã p,½F Á \ ÄF¿ rÌ ^ \ ¿À÷ÁjËѼz^Q¾¿i^Ã>ÄÁ¿ ÎD¿ \ ÄF,¿÷Ã~Â˽ ÁQË ½ \ ÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿À¾[}³FBÁjË9̽Ì,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁjËѼB¿D^ \ Á \ `W~À ½ \ À+Å@ͽ \ +~ ¼B¿ÂBÁQà ¿ \ ÄjÂjÅÒÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾Ë É ¿QÍ?^* ~ À+Ä?^ Àd,~ ¿÷ÁQ˳ ÂF,~ ¿# Q^\ Oi ¿ ³r^*pÀj¿êÀ ] a ÍêÄjÂD~,¿tÄF¿i³?^*pÀQ¿÷à ¿,à p½W Á \ ÄD,¿ Ì^ \ ¿À÷ÁQËG¼^j¾¿^,ÃZÄÁ , ¿ÐÎ1,¿ \ ÄF,¿÷Ã~Â˽ ÁQË ½ \ ÄD,¿êÍÁ+¿À¾[}³FBÁjË9̽Ì,¿QÂjÄjÅ ÁjËѼB¿D^ \ Á \ `W~À ½ \ À+Å@ͽ \ +~ ¼B¿ÂBÁQà ¿ \ ÄjÂjÅÒÍÁ+¿ÀQ¾Ë É ¿QÍ?^* ~ À+Ä?^ Àd,~ ¿÷ÁQ˳ ÂF,~ ¿# Á>¾¿ÒÀ a D~ t F \ F ?^*~ ?^ d~ \ \ ÄF¿ Ìr^ \ ¿Àt}p1~Ä 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ÍHQ6jÎ©Ë lÍ ÿ ÿ ÿ 111 ZiLb_1x¤q'hj_1QP6Q " q2\£¨Æb_1gahsRy\P6xj`'_ " P6g]B_},hj,_1gSlL,QRq'_onq'L,xj_iZOL3b_1x»c SlL,QP{]BL3b\,c3SlL,QnPxsP=\,_1Q1c3SlL,QP6g^_=b},_L,Q§SlL,QnP,_1QR_/¼dvUq'_b_1gahjR;\O6P6xj`'_=a },hj,_1gÅSlL,Q{P6g_1g2RhjRy\ÅP6xjo0P \3aL),_1QQhsb_=aRq'La_&},hj,_1gÅSL,Q{Rq'_^q'hj},q'_1Q{xj_1,_1x _1gkRhsRhj_=a1v q'_Ob_1gahsRy\ " P6g]£_O},hj,_1gP,a(P6gP6]aL,xs`'R_iP6xs`'_L,Q(P&P6xs`'_Q_1xsP6Rhj,_RL Rq'_},xjL,]P6xb_1gahsRy\O6P6xj`'_,vWq'_rP " R`P6x%b_1gahjRy\P6xj`'_=ahsgRq'_ZOhsb'bxj_L6S9P xsP \,_1QP6Q_hsgkR_1QNBL,xsP6R_=bSlQL,Z Rq'_P6xs`'_=aML,gRq'_]BL,Qb_1Q1vq'Q_1_Ry\3NB_=aML6S ]P " 3},QL,`'gbZO_=aq'_=a " P6g^]B_`a_=b&SlL,QnRq'_rhjgkR_1QNBL,xsP6RhjL,g¨ Mg¥_/¼N'xjh " hsR]P " 3},QL,`'gbZO_=aq " P6g]£_},hj,_1gP,aPwa_1RL6SrN£L,hsgkRa onhsRqP,aaL " hsP6R_=bb_1gahjRy\6P6xj`'_=a1vzg2\Zi_=aqb_1gahjRy\6P6xj`'_=aSlQL,Z Rq'_(ZiL3b_1xP6Q_hs},g'L,Q_=bdv 3 b_1xsP6`'gP=\RQhsP6g'},`'xsP6RhsL,g " P6g&]B_ZP,b_MSlQL,ZRq'_L,Qhj},hjgP6xB},_1L,Zi_/ Ù RQ\&,_1QRh " _=a=v 3 MgL,QRq'L,},L,gP6xW},Qhsb " P6g]£_`a_=bRL " P6x " `'xP6R_Rq'_b_1gahjR;\f6P6xj`'_=a P,aPOaL,xj`'RhjL,g^RLPVP6N'xsP " hsP6gf]£L,`'gb'P6Q\^6P6xj`'_rN'QL,]'xj_1Zfvq'_{},Qhsb b_1gahjRy\ " P6g]B_ " q'La_1g^SlQL,ZmRq'Q_1_r6P6xj`'_=a1v 3 6.3 File structure q'_{xj_ " L,gahsaRaML6S0Pq'hj_1QP6Q " q2\L6S0Q_ " L,Qb'aRqP6R " L,g2RP6hjg,_1\2o0L,Qb'arP6gb b'P6RPvOMxjx¤,_1\3oUL,Qb'ar_1gbonhjRqP " L,xjL,gvOq'_xs_hsabhj3hsb_=bhjgkRL^o0L,Qb'a a_1NP6QP6R_=b¥]k\P6gk\|3hjgb|L6Sonq'hsR_=aNP " _ " qP6QP " R_1Qa=cpaLRq'_^xj_^ZOP \]B_ SlQ_1_1xj\b_ " L,QP6R_=b]2\ihjgb_1g2RP6RhjL,gOL,QP,b'bhjg'}(_1ZON'Ry\xjhjg'_=a=v9q'_zxj_zhsa " P,a_ a_1gahsRhj,_,v XLaRnL6S¤Rq'__1xsb'ahjg^Rq'_rQ_ " L,Qb'aMP6Q_rZOP6gb'P6RL,Q\^P6gb^Z{`aRn]B_r},hj,_1g^hjg P'¼3_=bL,Qb_1Q1viu2_1,_1QP6x¤Q_ " L,Qb'aZOP \ " L,gkRP6hsgP6gL,N'RhjL,gP6x?Zi_=aqb_1gahjRy\ _1xsbRqP6RqP,aML,g'_{L6SUR;oUL^,_1\3oUL,Qb'Ü a 8 ê ¨ 9rL,Ý Q 8;Y(¨ 9vq'_,_1\3oUL,QH b 8 ê ¨ 9rhsa SlL,xjxjL o0_=b]k\P6gP6]aL,xj`'R_b_1gahjRy\P6xs`'_P6gbRq'_,_1\3oUL,Q b 8;Y(¨ 9aNB_ " h¡_=a P6P6xj`'_Q_1xsP6Rhj,_RLiRq'_r},xsL,]P6xb_1gahjRy\6P6xj`'_,v q'_rhjg'N'`'Rxs_hsanbhj3hsb_=bOhsgkRL µ ZOZP ) L,Q_1xsb'a1¨ 3 Ùq'_=P,b_1Q 3 ÙxjhsaR0L6S?,_1QRh " _=a 3 ÙxjhsaR0L6S?_=b},_=a 3 ÙxjhsaR0L6S?]£Lbhj_=a úûeüú%ýþkÿ 112 Ë1ÌÍ Ï£ÏÎ ÿ Î q'_1Q_ " P6gw]£_xjhjg'_=aL6S " L,ZiZi_1g2R]B_1Ryo0_1_1gwRq'_=a__1xb'a1vt0L,ZOZi_1gkRxjhsg'_=a ]B_1},hjgonhjRqP6g8qJ 9OL,QWPÜ8:s9v¤q'_n,_1QR_/¼xjhsaRhsa9L,g'xj\Zi_1gkR?SlL,Q¤Rq'_n,_1QRh " _=a `a_=bSL,Qb_/g'hjg'}^_=b},_=a1vq'_iP,b'bhjRhsL,gP6x9hsg'g'_1Qg'Lb_=arP6Q_xjhaR_=bfhsgRq'_ xP=\,_1QnQ_ " L,Qb'a1v 6.4 The header q'_q'_=P,b_1QaRP6QRa&onhjRqRq'_,_1\3oUL,Qb ì&Ókâ£îÓä=Ô)ïÛxÔ SL,xjxsL oU_=b]2\ ® ZP6gb'P6RL,Q\O_1xsb'a=¨ Þ q'_r},xjL,]P6xZi_=aqb_1gahjRy\6P6xj`'_,v Ô 3 ÞÙÓ2ö¦ÝFÛò'ðÕlã%÷BàòÛ,ä=âeÔÔ q'_Zi_=aqa " P6xjhjg'}iSDP " RL,Q1vrMxjxZO_=aqb_1g ahjR;\O6P6xj`'_=apP6Q_Z{`'xjRhjN'xjhj_=b]k\Rq'hsa6P6xj`'_,v 3 3 âH×9ÓköÔ q'_rg2`'Z]B_1QpL6S?,_1QR_/¼&Q_ " L,Qb'a=v ܬ×9÷eÓ2ö Ô q'_rgk`'Z{]B_1QpL6S9_=b},_(Q_ " L,Qb'a1v 3 ß âH×ÕÓköÔ q'_(gk`'Z{]£_1QnL6S?]£Lb\Q_ " L,Qb'a1v Ó 3 T¤¼P6ZiN'xs_,¨ ¤ g É ¥ ¿j½>¼¿ÄÂjÅ ] ¥»e º ¿,Ë Ê ÃW^ÀÁ \ `Do?^Ã>ĽQÂ[¥Le:¯ l ½Q¾¿,Ë ¥h ¸ ¾D ` ¿,Ë ¥Ög O ½Q¾ÁZ¿,Ë¥be MxjxRq'_b_1gahjR;\P6xs`'_=aWhjgRq'hsa¤xj_Monhjxjx]B_zZ{`'xjRhjN'xshj_=bonhjRq « v ® c3hjg " xj`bhsg'} Rq'_ · v « },hj,_1gOhjgRq'_Mq'_=P,b_1Q1vWq'_Zi_=aqa " P6xjhjg'}rSlP " RL,Q§hsaUP6g_=P,a\o§P=\ORL " qP6g'},_(Rq'_L),_1QP6xjx%b_1gahjR;\L6S?Rq'_r_1g2RhjQ_Zi_=aqv 6.5 The vertices TUP " q,_1QR_/¼^Q_ " L,Qb^qP,azRq'__1xsb'a1¨ 3 â ×9ÓDà×PÔ %oULNBLahjRhj,_¤hjg2R_1},_1Qa1¨Pz`'g'hs2`'_U,_1QR_/¼(hsb(P6gbPz]£L,`'gb3 H P6Q\hbdvi¾»SP^]£L,`'gb'P6Q\_1xj_1Zi_1g2Rhsag'L,RrQ_=2`'hjQ_=bP6RRq'hsa,_1QR_/¼dcP ½1_1QLiL,Qng'_1}P6Rhj,_r]BL,`'gb'P6Q\&hsbZOP=\]B_},hj,_1gv Ó Ê"!dÍlÎ ÿ ÛZ$6ú%û£üú%ýü ÎÏý Î ÌÎ ,ÍlË Ì>! 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