Download Wiley HDR Efex Pro After the Shoot

Index
A
PY
RI
TE
MA
D
TE
RI
GH
00 Default preset, 84
01 Realistic (Subtle) preset, 84–85
02 Realistic (Balanced) preset, 85
03 Realistic (Strong) preset, 85
04 Realistic Gradients 1 preset, 86
05 Realistic Gradients 2 preset, 86
06 Fine Structures preset, 86–87
07 Subdued Contrasts preset, 87
08 Structured Skies preset, 87–88
09 Vibrant Textures preset, 88
10 Vibrant Details & Colors preset, 88–89
11 Monochrome, Contrast preset, 89
12 Monochrome, Soft preset, 89–90
13 The Old Cottage preset, 90
14 Night On Earth preset, 90–91
15 Vintage Colors preset, 91
16 Granny’s Attic preset, 91–92
17 End of the Road preset, 92
18 Bleach Bypass Look preset, 92–93
19 Full Scene Compression preset, 93
20 Vibrant Scenery preset, 93
21 Gradual Contrasts 1 preset, 93–94
22 Gradual Contrasts 2 preset, 94
23 Postcard Paradise preset, 94–95
24 Clean City 1 preset, 95
25 Clean City 2 preset, 95
26 Friendly Scenery preset, 95–96
27 Bright Room 1 preset, 96
28 Bright Room 2 preset, 96
29 Strong Counterlight preset, 96–97
30 Very Low Compression preset, 97
31 Single Exposure 1 preset, 97–98
32 Single Exposure 2 preset, 98
Adams, Ansel (photographer), 11, 108
adding
Control Points, 173–174, 177–184, 190
vignettes, 224–237
adjusting
blacks, 157–160, 204–206
contrast, 147–150, 194–196
custom presets, 102–103
exposure, 143–146, 189–193
Levels and Curves, 237–248
Method Strength, 214–217
preferences
about, 31–32
customizing Alignment and Ghost
Reduction options, 34–36
CO
customizing image output settings, 37–38
customizing interface, 32–34
setting software update interval, 36–37
setting stacking preferences, 38–39
saturation, 150–153, 196–200
sliders, 143, 231
structure, 153–157, 201–203
tone compression, 108–113
vignettes
amount, 231
center, 233–237
edge softness, 231–232
shape, 232–233
size, 231–232
warmth, 162–167, 210–213
whites, 160–162, 206–210
Adobe Bridge
opening HDR images from, 254
opening images from, 53–62
Adobe Lightroom
digital asset management (DAM), 47
opening
HDR images from, 251–252
images from, 46–53
Adobe Photoshop
about, 29
opening images from, 62–68
Adobe Photoshop Lightroom, 29
Adobe RGB (1998), 276
algorithm, 276
Alignment
setting, 35
troubleshooting, 262–263
Alignment & Ghost Reduction
with Aperture export, 75–76
button (Adobe Lightroom), 52–53
customizing options, 34–36
Alignment & Ghost Reduction dialog box, 35–36,
53, 76
Alignment check box (Adobe Bridge), 60
Alignment feature, 77
All category, 21
AMD, 30
amount (vignette), 231
anchor points
defined, 276
removing, 248
aperture, 276
Aperture (Apple)
about, 29
opening HDR images from, 252–254
AL
NUMERICS
Index
Architecture category, 21
artifacts
defined, 276
troubleshooting, 269–270
Artistic category, 21
Artistic HDR Methods, 117
autobracketing, 45, 276
B
background color, 33
banding, 204, 276
bit depth (sensor), 6, 276
blacks, adjusting, 157–160, 204–206
Blacks slider, 157
18 Bleach Bypass Look preset, 92–93
bracketing, 276
Bridge (Adobe)
opening HDR images from, 254
opening images from, 53–62
Bright Soft HDR Method, 132
Bright Textures HDR Method, 135
27 Bright Room 1 preset, 96
28 Bright Room 2 preset, 96
brightness, 276
burning, 276
C
Camera Raw preferences, 53
cameras, choosing for HDR imaging, 42
capture technique, 42–43
center (vignette), 233–237
changing
blacks, 157–160, 204–206
contrast, 147–150, 194–196
custom presets, 102–103
exposure, 143–146, 189–193
Levels and Curves, 237–248
Method Strength, 214–217
preferences
about, 31–32
customizing Alignment and Ghost
Reduction options, 34–36
customizing image output settings, 37–38
customizing interface, 32–34
setting software update interval, 36–37
setting stacking preferences, 38–39
saturation, 150–153, 196–200
sliders, 143, 231
structure, 153–157, 201–203
tone compression, 108–113
vignettes
amount, 231
center, 233–237
edge softness, 231–232
shape, 232–233
size, 231–232
warmth, 162–167, 210–213
whites, 160–162, 206–210
choosing
cameras for HDR imaging, 42
graphics cards, 30
images in Aperture, 68–74
images in Lightroom, 48–51
preset adjustments, 240–246
vignette type, 225–228
workflows to open images, 76–78
Clean HDR Method, 118–120
24 Clean City 1 preset, 95
25 Clean City 2 preset, 95
clipping, 110, 276
collapsing Control Points, 174–175
color (background), 33
color channel, 276
color fringing, 268–269
Color Fringing Reduction feature, 77
color noise, 276
color space
defined, 277
setting in Adobe Bridge, 54
contrast
adjusting, 147–150, 194–196
defined, 277
Contrast slider, 148
Control Palette, 18, 23
Control Points
about, 27–28
adding, 173–174, 177–184, 190
collapsing, 174–175
creating, 178–182
defined, 277
deleting, 184
expanding, 174–175
keyboard shortcuts, 273
previewing, 176–177
synchronizing, 182–184
creating
Control Points, 178–182
custom presets, 99–102
presets, 21
creative effects, with HDR imaging, 13–15
Crisp HDR Method, 120–121
281
282
HDR Efex Pro After the Shoot
curves diagram, 238–240
Custom Preset dialog box, 100, 101
custom presets
creating, 99–102
deleting, 102
exporting, 103
modifying, 102–103
customizing
Alignment & Ghost Reduction options, 34–36
image output settings, 37–38
interface, 32–34
vignettes, 228–231
D
DAM (digital asset management), 47
Dark Soft HDR Method, 133
Dark Textures HDR Method, 134
00 Default preset, 84
deleting
anchor points, 248
Control Points, 184
custom presets, 102
depth of field (DoF), 277
dialog boxes
Alignment & Ghost Reduction, 35–36, 53, 76
Camera Raw, 55, 57
Custom Preset, 100, 101
EV (Exposure Value), 43–46
Exposure Value (EV), 43–46
HDR Efex Pro Settings, 60
HDR Toning, 257, 258
Image Merge, 58–61
Image Size, 55
Merge, 58
Save As, 39, 252, 253
TIFF Options, 256
Workflow Options, 52
Diffused HDR Method, 128
digital artifacts
defined, 276
troubleshooting, 269–270
digital asset management (DAM), 47
digital image sensor, 5
Dingy HDR Method, 125
dodging, 277
DOF (depth of field), 277
double-clicking Levels slider, 246
dynamic range
about, 4–6
defined, 277
E
edge softness (vignette), 231–232
editing, selective, 170–173
EDR (Extended Dynamic Range) images, 123, 277
17 End of the Road preset, 92
enlarging workspace to full screen, 19
EV (Exposure Value)
about, 277
dialog box, 43–46
setting, 43–46
EXIF (Exchangeable Image File Format), 277
expanding Control Points, 174–175
Export button (Adobe Lightroom), 51
exporting
from Aperture, 74–75
custom presets, 103
from Lightroom, 51–52
exposure, adjusting, 143–146, 189–193
Exposure Value (EV)
about, 277
dialog box, 43–46
setting, 43–46
Extended Dynamic Range (EDR) images, 123, 277
Extreme HDR Methods, 117
F
favorites (preset), 98
Favorites category, 21
File menu (Adobe Lightroom), 51
Filter Menu (Adobe Photoshop), 66
finalizing images
about, 28–29
adding vignettes, 224–237
adjusting Levels and Curves, 237–248
checking before saving, 248–251
saving HDR images, 251–258
06 Fine Structures preset, 86–87
Fresco HDR Method, 129
26 Friendly Scenery preset, 95–96
fringing (color), 268–269
full screen, enlarging workspace to, 19
19 Full Scene Compression preset, 93
G
getting started
adjusting preferences, 31–39
installation, 30–31
system requirements, 29–30
workflow, 18–29
Ghost Reduction feature, 77, 263–266
Ghost Reduction Method, 35–36, 60–61
Index
Ghost Reduction Strength, 36, 60–61
ghosting
defined, 277
troubleshooting, 263–266
Global Adjustments section
about, 23–27, 142
adjusting
blacks, 157–160
contrast, 147–150
exposure, 143–146
saturation, 150–153
structure, 153–157
warmth, 162–167
whites, 160–162
golden hour, 11, 277
Gradual Large HDR Method, 137
Gradual Medium HDR Method, 136
21 Gradual Contrasts 1 preset, 93–94
22 Gradual Contrasts 2 preset, 94
Grainy HDR Method, 126
16 Granny’s Attic preset, 91–92
graphics cards, 30
H
Halo Reduction HDR Method, 122
halos
defined, 277
troubleshooting, 270–271
Harsh Details HDR Method, 138–139
HDR Efex Pro. See also specific topics
about, 6
getting started
adjusting preferences, 31–39
installation, 30–31
system requirements, 29–30
workflow, 18–29
setting up Adobe Bridge for, 53–55
setting up Lightroom for, 47–48
as standalone application, 31
using layers and masking with, 66–68
HDR Efex Pro Prebuilt Presets, 274–275
HDR Efex Pro Settings dialog box, 60
HDR images
about, 6–10
defined, 277
HDR imaging. See also specific topics
about, 4–11
choosing cameras for, 42
creative effects with, 13–15
before HDR Software, 8
when to use, 11–15
HDR Labs (website), 6
283
HDR Methods
about, 116–117
Bright Soft HDR Method, 132
Bright Textures HDR Method, 135
Clean HDR Method, 118–120
Crisp HDR Method, 120–121
Dark Soft HDR Method, 133
Dark Textures HDR Method, 134
Diffused HDR Method, 128
Dingy HDR Method, 125
Fresco HDR Method, 129
Gradual Large HDR Method, 137
Gradual Medium HDR Method, 136
Grainy HDR Method, 126
Halo Reduction HDR Method, 122
Harsh Details HDR Method, 138–139
Illuminate HDR Method, 127
Natural HDR Method, 118
Sharp HDR Method, 124
Soft HDR Method, 131
Subtle HDR Method, 123
Textured HDR Method, 130
types, 118–139
HDR Software
capturing full detail with, 12–13
HDR imaging before, 8
HDR Toning dialog box, 257, 258
highlight values, 277
Histogram feature, 77, 250–251, 277
host applications, 77
hue, 277
I
Illuminate HDR Method, 127
image capture technique, 42–43
Image Merge dialog box (Adobe Bridge), 58–61
image series, 277
Image Size dialog box, 55
images
customizing output settings, 37–38
EDR (Extended Dynamic Range), 123, 277
finalizing
about, 28–29
adding vignettes, 224–237
adjusting Levels and Curves, 237–248
checking before saving, 248–251
saving HDR images, 251–258
HDR
about, 6–10
defined, 277
importing in Lightroom, 48–51
Continued
284
HDR Efex Pro After the Shoot
images (continued)
LDR, 278
opening
about, 41
from Adobe Bridge, 53–62
from Adobe Lightroom, 46–53
from Adobe Photoshop, 62–68
from Apple Aperture, 68–76
choosing workflows, 76–78
input requirements, 42–46
previewing, 19
selecting in Lightroom, 48–51
imaging (HDR)
about, 4–11
choosing cameras for, 42
creative effects with, 13–15
before HDR Software, 8
when to use, 11–15
importing
images in Aperture, 68–74
images in Lightroom, 48–51
presets, 104–105
installation, 30–31
interface
customizing, 32–34
keyboard shortcuts, 272
International Organization for Standardization
(ISO), 278
IPTC (International Press Telecommunications
Council), 277
ISO (International Organization for
Standardization), 278
shape, 232–233
size and edge softness, 231–232
customizing, 228–231
defined, 279
selecting type, 225–228
Levels and Curves
about, 237–238
adjusting, 237–248
adjusting manually, 246–248
curves diagram, 238–240
selecting preset adjustments, 240–246
tool, 29
Levels slider, double-clicking, 246
Lightroom (Adobe)
digital asset management (DAM), 47
opening
HDR images from, 251–252
images from, 46–53
local adjustments, 27–28
Local Corrections
about, 188–189
adjusting
blacks, 204–206
contrast, 194–196
exposure, 189–193
Method Strength, 214–217
saturation, 196–200
structure, 201–203
warmth, 210–213
whites, 206–210
Loupe, 249–250
luminance noise, 278
J
M
JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), 278
Macintosh system requirements, 29
masking, 66–68
Masking and Layers feature, 77
Merge dialog box, 58
metadata, 278
Method Strength, adjusting, 214–217
methods (HDR)
about, 116–117
Bright Soft HDR Method, 132
Bright Textures HDR Method, 135
Clean HDR Method, 118–120
Crisp HDR Method, 120–121
Dark Soft HDR Method, 133
Dark Textures HDR Method, 134
Diffused HDR Method, 128
Dingy HDR Method, 125
Fresco HDR Method, 129
Gradual Large HDR Method, 137
Gradual Medium HDR Method, 136
K
keyboard shortcuts
Control Points, 273
for Control Points, 173
interface, 272
L
Landscape category, 21
language, default, 32
layers, using with HDR Efex Pro, 66–68
LDR image, 278
lens vignettes
about, 224–225
adding, 224–237
adjusting
amount, 231
center, 233–237
Index
Grainy HDR Method, 126
Halo Reduction HDR Method, 122
Harsh Details HDR Method, 138–139
Illuminate HDR Method, 127
Natural HDR Method, 118
Sharp HDR Method, 124
Soft HDR Method, 131
Subtle HDR Method, 123
Textured HDR Method, 130
types, 118–139
microcontrast, 116, 123, 125, 278
modifying
blacks, 157–160, 204–206
contrast, 147–150, 194–196
custom presets, 102–103
exposure, 143–146, 189–193
Levels and Curves, 237–248
Method Strength, 214–217
preferences
about, 31–32
customizing Alignment and Ghost
Reduction options, 34–36
customizing image output settings, 37–38
customizing interface, 32–34
setting software update interval, 36–37
setting stacking preferences, 38–39
saturation, 150–153, 196–200
sliders, 143, 231
structure, 153–157, 201–203
tone compression, 108–113
vignettes
amount, 231
center, 233–237
edge softness, 231–232
shape, 232–233
size, 231–232
warmth, 162–167, 210–213
whites, 160–162, 206–210
11 Monochrome, Contrast preset, 89
12 Monochrome, Soft preset, 89–90
N
Natural HDR Method, 118
Naturalistic HDR Methods, 117
14 Night On Earth preset, 90–91
Nik Software
Selective Tool preferences, 64
website, 6
noise
color, 276
defined, 278
luminance, 278
troubleshooting, 266–267
285
Noise Reduction feature, 77
NVIDIA, 30
O
13 The Old Cottage preset, 90
OpenGL, 30
opening
Camera Raw preferences in Adobe Bridge, 53
HDR images
from Aperture (Apple), 252–254
from Bridge, 254
from Photoshop, 254
as Smart Objects, 254–258
image series
in Adobe Bridge, 55–58
in Adobe Photoshop, 62–65
images
from Adobe Bridge, 53–62
from Adobe Lightroom, 46–53
from Adobe Photoshop, 62–68
from Apple Aperture, 68–76
P
photographs
customizing output settings, 37–38
EDR (Extended Dynamic Range), 123, 277
finalizing
about, 28–29
adding vignettes, 224–237
adjusting Levels and Curves, 237–248
checking before saving, 248–251
saving HDR images, 251–258
HDR
about, 6–10
defined, 277
importing in Lightroom, 48–51
LDR, 278
opening
about, 41
from Adobe Bridge, 53–62
from Adobe Lightroom, 46–53
from Adobe Photoshop, 62–68
from Apple Aperture, 68–76
choosing workflows, 76–78
input requirements, 42–46
previewing, 19
selecting in Lightroom, 48–51
Photoshop (Adobe)
about, 29
opening HDR images from, 254
opening images from, 62–68
Photoshop Lightroom (Adobe), 29
Picker, Fred (photographer), 108
286
HDR Efex Pro After the Shoot
pictures
customizing output settings, 37–38
EDR (Extended Dynamic Range), 123, 277
finalizing
about, 28–29
adding vignettes, 224–237
adjusting Levels and Curves, 237–248
checking before saving, 248–251
saving HDR images, 251–258
HDR
about, 6–10
defined, 277
importing in Lightroom, 48–51
LDR, 278
opening
about, 41
from Adobe Bridge, 53–62
from Adobe Lightroom, 46–53
from Adobe Photoshop, 62–68
from Apple Aperture, 68–76
choosing workflows, 76–78
input requirements, 42–46
previewing, 19
selecting in Lightroom, 48–51
23 Postcard Paradise preset, 94–95
prebuilt presets
00 Default preset, 84
01 Realistic (Subtle) preset, 84–85
02 Realistic (Balanced) preset, 85
03 Realistic (Strong) preset, 85
04 Realistic Gradients 1 preset, 86
05 Realistic Gradients 2 preset, 86
06 Fine Structures preset, 86–87
07 Subdued Contrasts preset, 87
08 Structured Skies preset, 87–88
09 Vibrant Textures preset, 88
10 Vibrant Details & Colors preset, 88–89
11 Monochrome, Contrast preset, 89
12 Monochrome, Soft preset, 89–90
13 The Old Cottage preset, 90
14 Night On Earth preset, 90–91
15 Vintage Colors preset, 91
16 Granny’s Attic preset, 91–92
17 End of the Road preset, 92
18 Bleach Bypass Look preset, 92–93
19 Full Scene Compression preset, 93
20 Vibrant Scenery preset, 93
21 Gradual Contrasts 1 preset, 93–94
22 Gradual Contrasts 2 preset, 94
23 Postcard Paradise preset, 94–95
24 Clean City 1 preset, 95
25 Clean City 2 preset, 95
26 Friendly Scenery preset, 95–96
27 Bright Room 1 preset, 96
28 Bright Room 2 preset, 96
29 Strong Counterlight preset, 96–97
30 Very Low Compression preset, 97
31 Single Exposure 1 preset, 97–98
32 Single Exposure 2 preset, 98
preferences
adjusting
about, 31–32
customizing Alignment and Ghost
Reduction options, 34–36
customizing image output settings, 37–38
customizing interface, 32–34
setting software update interval, 36–37
setting stacking preferences, 38–39
Camera Raw, 53
stacking, 38–39
preset adjustment, selecting, 240–246
Preset Browser, 18, 248
presets
about, 19–23, 82–83
creating, 21
favorites, 98
HDR Efex Pro Prebuilt, 274–275
importing, 104–105
prebuilt
00 Default preset, 84
01 Realistic (Subtle) preset, 84–85
02 Realistic (Balanced) preset, 85
03 Realistic (Strong) preset, 85
04 Realistic Gradients 1 preset, 86
05 Realistic Gradients 2 preset, 86
06 Fine Structures preset, 86–87
07 Subdued Contrasts preset, 87
08 Structured Skies preset, 87–88
09 Vibrant Textures preset, 88
10 Vibrant Details & Colors preset, 88–89
11 Monochrome, Contrast preset, 89
12 Monochrome, Soft preset, 89–90
13 The Old Cottage preset, 90
14 Night On Earth preset, 90–91
15 Vintage Colors preset, 91
16 Granny’s Attic preset, 91–92
17 End of the Road preset, 92
18 Bleach Bypass Look preset, 92–93
19 Full Scene Compression preset, 93
20 Vibrant Scenery preset, 93
21 Gradual Contrasts 1 preset, 93–94
22 Gradual Contrasts 2 preset, 94
23 Postcard Paradise preset, 94–95
24 Clean City 1 preset, 95
25 Clean City 2 preset, 95
26 Friendly Scenery preset, 95–96
Index
27 Bright Room 1 preset, 96
28 Bright Room 2 preset, 96
29 Strong Counterlight preset, 96–97
30 Very Low Compression preset, 97
31 Single Exposure 1 preset, 97–98
32 Single Exposure 2 preset, 98
working with
about, 81
custom presets, 98–103
importing, 104–105
prebuilt, 82–98
preview mode, setting, 33
previewing
Control Points, 176–177
images, 19
ProPhoto RGB, 278
R
range (dynamic)
about, 4–6
defined, 277
RAW, 278
Realistic category, 21
01 Realistic (Subtle) preset, 84–85
02 Realistic (Balanced) preset, 85
03 Realistic (Strong) preset, 85
04 Realistic Gradients 1 preset, 86
05 Realistic Gradients 2 preset, 86
removing
anchor points, 248
Control Points, 184
custom presets, 102
RGB, 278
S
saturation
adjusting, 150–153, 196–200
defined, 278
Saturation slider, 150
Save As dialog box, 39, 252, 253
saving
checking images before, 248–251
HDR images, 251–258
selecting
cameras for HDR imaging, 42
graphics cards, 30
images in Aperture, 68–74
images in Lightroom, 48–51
preset adjustments, 240–246
vignette type, 225–228
workflows to open images, 76–78
selective editing, with U Point Tool, 170–173
Selective Tool (Adobe Photoshop), 65
Selective Tool preferences (Nik Software), 64
287
sensor, 6
setting
Alignment, 35
background color, 33
color space in Adobe Bridge, 54
default language, 32
exposure values, 43–46
Ghost Reduction Method, 35–36
Ghost Reduction Strength, 36
preview mode, 33
software update interval, 36–37
stacking preferences, 38–39
tone compression, 111–113
zoom state, 33–34
setting up
Adobe Bridge for HDR Efex Pro, 53–55
Lightroom for HDR Efex Pro, 47–48
Settings palette, 32, 34, 35, 37, 38
shadow values, 278
shape (vignette), 232–233
Sharp HDR Method, 124
shortcuts (keyboard)
Control Points, 273
for Control Points, 173
interface, 272
shutter speed, 278
Single Image to HDR feature, 77
31 Single Exposure 1 preset, 97–98
32 Single Exposure 2 preset, 98
size (vignette), 231–232
sliders
adjusting, 143, 231
Blacks, 157
Contrast, 148
Levels, 246
Method Strength, 116
Saturation, 150
Structure, 153
Tone Compression, 108–111
Warmth, 162
Whites, 160
Smart Objects
check box (Adobe Bridge), 59–60
feature, 30, 77
opening HDR images as, 254–258
Soft HDR Method, 131
software
HDR
capturing full detail with, 12–13
HDR imaging before, 8
Nik Software
Selective Tool preferences, 64
website, 6
software update interval, setting, 36–37
288
HDR Efex Pro After the Shoot
Software Update Settings palette, 36–37
Special category, 21
Speed feature, 77
sRGB, 278
stacking
about, 38
preferences, 38–39
setting preferences, 38–39
29 Strong Counterlight preset, 96–97
structure, adjusting, 153–157, 201–203
Structure slider, 153
08 Structured Skies preset, 87–88
07 Subdued Contrasts preset, 87
Subtle HDR Method, 123
Surreal category, 21
synchronizing Control Points, 182–184
system requirements, 29–30
T
Tagged Image File Format (TIFF), 278
Textured HDR Method, 130
TIFF (Tagged Image File Format), 278
TIFF Options dialog box, 256
tone compression
about, 108
adjusting, 108–113
defined, 107, 278
setting, 111–113
Tone Compression slider, 108–111
tone mapping, 10–11, 278
troubleshooting
Alignment, 262–263
color fringing, 268–269
digital artifacts, 269–270
ghosting, 263–266
halos, 270–271
noise, 266–267
twirler, 21
U
U Point technology, 279
U Point Tool, selective editing with, 170–173
V
versions, 29
30 Very Low Compression preset, 97
09 Vibrant Textures preset, 88
10 Vibrant Details & Colors preset, 88–89
20 Vibrant Scenery preset, 93
View Images While Selecting feature, 77
vignettes
about, 224–225
adding, 224–237
adjusting
amount, 231
center, 233–237
shape, 232–233
size and edge softness, 231–232
customizing, 228–231
defined, 279
selecting type, 225–228
15 Vintage Colors preset, 91
W
warmth, adjusting, 162–167, 210–213
Warmth slider, 162
whites, adjusting, 160–162, 206–210
Whites slider, 160
Windows system requirements, 29
Workflow Customizing Options feature, 77
Workflow Options dialog box, 52
workflows
about, 18–19
choosing to open images, 76–78
finalizing images, 28–29
global adjustments, 23–27
local adjustments, 27–28
presets, 19–23
workspace, enlarging to full screen, 19
Z
Zone System, 108
zoom state, setting, 33–34