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The previous training steps have been applied without the “short pause” model because of the special nature of the model. The “sp” model is supposed to take care of optional silences between words. Since the “sp” model takes care of very short durations of silence, it was created as a single state HMM which has a direct transition from the entry state to the exit state. The Short Pause Model “sp” The single state of “sp” is identical to the middle state of “sil”, therefore a program was created to duplicate the middle state of the “sil” model and append it to the MMF. Then HHEd was used in order to tie the lone state in the “sp” model to the middle state of the silence model, now these two states share the same set of parameters. The Two Models Combined to Create the New Refined Model Seven iterations of embedded re-estimation were applied using the label files that included the “sp” model. 47