Download a digital indicator diagram generation system for the ricardo e6 engine

A DIGITAL INDICATOR DIAGRAM GENERATION SYSTEM
FOR THE RICARDO E6 ENGINE
by
Peggy A. Faber
A Thesis Submitted
In
Partial Fulfillment
of the
Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
Mechanical Engineering
Approved by:
Prof.
Name Illegible
(Thesis Advisor)
Prof.
Robert A. Ellison
Requirements for the Degree of
MASTER OF SCIENCE
In
Mechanical Engineering
Approved by:
Prof.
Name Illegible
(Thesis Advisor)
Prof.
Robert A. Ellison
Prof.
Name Illegible
Prof.
Name Illegible
(Department Head)
Title of Thesis
"A Digital Indicator Diagram Generation
System for the Ricardo E6 Engine"
I,
Peggy A. Faber
, hereby grant
permission to the Wallace Memorial Library, of R.I.T.,
to reproduce my thesis in whole or in part. Any reproduction
will not be for commetcial use or profit.
ABSTRACT
This
paper explains and evaluates an
for
system
is digital
apparatus
charge
amplifier,
printer.
the
a single
system which
to 5.4
apparatus,
used
in the
and
the indicated
evaluation of
those
being 23
of
the
percent
The
paper
The
to
and a computer with
on
the
performance of
produce results accurate
Sample
of
the
and a thorough explanation of
the
results taken while
air standard
those
includes
of
the
varying the
Actual
expected.
Otto cycle,
lower than that
also
data,
work
mean effective pressure.
indicator diagram theory, discussion
the motoring
engine compare well with
with
information
computer software
are an overview of
computer software.
the
digital oscilloscope,
provides valuable
horsepower,
Included
engine.
and consists of a piezo-electric pressure transducer with
data
is
research
generation
Results include the indicator diagram itself, the
percent.
produced, the
cylinder, internal combustion,
a shaft encoder, a
Motoring
indicator diagram
with
the
spark advance of
results are compared
work of
the
actual cycle
air standard.
complete
instructions for operating the
apparatus, providing directions for setting up and running the indicator
diagram
spark
generation equipment and
ignition
results
may be
mode.
Suggestions
compared
instructions for running the
are made
to the fuel- air
cycle.
11
for further
work
so
engine
in
that the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ABSTRACT
ii
LISTOFTABLES
v
LIST OF FIGURES
vi
INTRODUCTION
1
INDICATOR DIAGRAMTHEORY
3
COMPONENTS OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
17
EVALUATION OF MOTORING DATA
30
FIRING RESULTS
38
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
45
REFERENCES
48
BIBLIOGRAPHY
49
APPENDICES
Appendix A:
Derivation
of Thermal
Efficiency of Air
Standard Otto Cycle in Terms
Compression Ratio
of
50
Calculations of Error in Crank Angle
Due to Rise Time of Shaft Encoder Output
51
Appendix C:
Computer Software
53
Appendix D:
Setting Up the Indicator Diagram
Appendix B:
Generation Equipment
Appendix E:
Running the Indicator Diagram
Generation Equipment
Appendix F:
Ill
to Investigate
Pressure/Crank Angle Phasing
120
Motoring Data Used
in
124
Page
Appendix G:
Calculations for Comparison of Air
Standard Otto Cycle and Actual
Results Taken at 20 Degrees Spark Advance
125
Appendix H:
Error Analysis
131
Appendix I:
Sample Results
Appendix J:
Ricardo Engine Operating
Spark Ignition Running
of Actual
Results
139
IV
Instructions-
163
LISTOFTABLES
Page
Technical Data for Kistler
Model 7061 Pressure Transducer
21
Comparison of Actual and
Air Standard Cycle Results
41
Table 3:
Firing Results Varying Spark Advance
43
Table Al:
Volumetric Flowrate
Table A2:
State Values
Table A3:
First Law Chart for Air Standard Cycle
Table 1 :
Table 2:
of Air
of
Fuel
Standard Cycle
125
126
127
LIST OF FIGURES
Page
Control Volume for Engine CycleDefinition of Positive Quantities
4
Fig. 2:
Indicator Diagram for Air Standard Otto Cycle
4
Fig. 3:
Work Areas for Air Standard Otto Cycle
7
Fig. 4:
Non-Flow Model
7
Fig. 5:
Schematic of Actual
Fig. 6:
Comparison
Fig. 1:
Fig. 7:
of Air
Standard Otto Cycle
and
Air Standard Cycles
of Actual and
Fuel-Air Otto Cycles
Schematic of Pumping Loop
8
12
of
Typical Indicator Diagram
14
Fig. 8:
Effect of Spark Advance
Fig. 9:
Cooling Water System for Pressure Transducer
20
Fig. 10:
Schematic of Engine and Indicator Diagram
Generating Equipment (Actual Results)
29
Fig. 11:
Indicator Diagram-Engine Motored
33
Fig. 12:
Compression
Fig. 13:
Variation
on
of Angular
230
rpm
Offset of Peak
36
Comparison
Fig. 15:
Indicator Diagrams Taken
Spark Advance Settings
of Actual and
of Piston
16
35
with rpm
Fig. 14:
Locations
at
Stroke-Motoring Data
Pressure Data
Fig. Al:
Indicator Diagram
Air Standard Power Loops
at
Two
42
Strokes in Phases 1
and
Fig. A2: Work Areas of Indicator Diagram-Firing
Motoring Modes
Fig. A3:
Schematic of Engine
Fig. A4:
Schematic of Ricardo Cell
39
Geometry
2
83
and
102
133
164
vi
Page
Fig. A5:
Dynamometer Control Unit
165
Fig. A6:
Ricardo Carburetor
166
vn
INTRODUCTION
This
describes
report
that has been
system
assembled
compression ratio research engine.
pressure versus volume
for
for
an engine
parameters, the
interfacing,
and
and produce
the final
writing
single cylinder engine
a
variety
of
The
accuracy to
the
computer
assembled.
transducer,
It
will
consists of a
the
involved the
system
to
variable
plot of cylinder
observation
specification
components,
control
the data
run
in
a versatile educational
spark or compression
ratio can
the
level
instrumentation
flush mounted,
a
be
and
the
acquisition
tool.
spark
It is
a
ignition modes,
changed while
was needed
and other college
encoder,
the
engine
timing. An indicator
to
provide engine
data
specified
and
courses.
system
was
water cooled piezo-electric pressure
digital oscilloscope,
and
the
computer.
The
for their accuracy, versatility (the oscilloscope, for
indicator diagrams to be
and
their
ease of use.
generated
in
The
a session and
software
produces,
an analysis of work output.
The theory behind
section,
be
have many applications),
allows multiple
in addition,
is
least two digits
at
components were selected
instance,
can
controlled
a shaft
the
carburetor settings and
in thermodynamics
A
selection of
fuels. Its compression
diagram
use
diagram,
project
of computer software
that
as can
for
the Ricardo E6
with
cycle, is a valuable tool in
research engine
is running,
of
generation
results.
The Ricardo E6
using
use
An indicator
and evaluation of engine performance.
of movement
indicator diagram
and evaluates an
engine evaluation will
beginning with the
air standard
Otto
be discussed in the
cycle.
The
next
air standard cycle
is
a
very
simplified approximation of an actual cycle.
more sophisticated and closer approximation
presented
theoretically,
experimental results after
so
to
that it may be
The fuel-air cycle,
an actual engine
used
further development of the
for
a much
cycle,
comparison
apparatus.
is
also
with
INDICATOR DIAGRAM THEORY
An indicator diagram is
or crank angle of an engine.
engine
richness of
etc.) and the
the mixture,
performance
parameters.
it,
and
operating
the
work output and
with
the
efficiency
the type
to investigate the
are used
effects
of
to
evaluate
the
the volume, pressure,
engine
varying the operating
cycle
(spark
addressed.
For the thermodynamic
shows
of an
of engine cycle
In this discussion the indicator diagram for the Otto
defined. Figure 1
cylinder
parameters such as compression ratio,
As such, they
etc.
ignition, four stroke) will be
are
From
may be determined. These diagrams vary
(Otto, diesel,
T
a plot of pressure versus volume of
analysis of the cycle, a control volume must
for the
control volume
and
temperature
of
the
engine cylinder.
in the
gas
V,
p,
be
and
W, the
cylinder.
0
power
delivered to the driveshaft,
combustion, are
represent
The
an
shown
the velocity
of
air standard
idealized
standard
in the
the
The idealization is based
gas
in the
the
1.
The
2.
All
3.
The Ideal Gas Law is
4.
Heat is
gas
entering
and
Otto
the
power
delievered
is air,
the
constant volume air
cycle can
and
and
for
added and withdrawn
of the cylinder
V2,
be
compared
it behaves
as an
cycle, is
(see Fig. 2).
23):
ideal
gas.
processes are reversible.
valid
fuel
leaving the manifolds.
following assumptions (ref. 1, pg.
cylinder
by
The velocity vectors, Vi
also called
which a real
on
Q,
positive sense.
Otto cycle,
to
and
all processes.
from the
gas
through the walls
during both of the constant volume processes.
Piston
Fig.l
Control Volume for Engine Cycle
Definition
of
Positive Quantities
u
3
m
0)
u
IDC
Volume
ODC
Fig. 2
Indicator Diagram
for Air Standard Otto Cycle
No throttling of gas
5.
the valves, i.e.
at
control volume at ambient
gas enters and exits
the
and velocities can
be
pressure,
ignored.
The
endpoints of the cycle on
in Figure 2
outer
dead
shown
correspond
center
involves
These
strokes.
(ODC),
six
2-3:
kk 3-4:
4- 1 :
kk 1-0:
extreme points of
ideal processes, four
by
Intake
Piston
follows,
inner dead
the
the
center
piston stroke.
take
of which
with
indicator diagram
The
and
cycle
during
piston
involving
piston
place
processes
(IDC)
-kit:
stroke.
the intake
kk 1-2:
the
axis of the
cylinder volume at
processes are as
movement marked
kk 0-1:
to the
the horizontal
Intake
valve opens at
valve closes at
compresses
the
the
0,
piston moves
out,
1.
gas.
Constant volume heat addition.
Power stroke. Gas
expands.
Constant volume heat removal
Exhaust stroke. Exhaust valve
opens at
1
and piston pushes gas
out of cylinders.
The
work associated with
the indicator diagram is
a
for
each process.
The
net work
Here, W
refers
is the integral
to the
around
the
$8W
[1]
pd\/
b
work
done
by
the gas
on
the
piston.
cycle or
=
pd\/
^
The
area under
the
curve
process.
These
that the
negative work
areas and
for
is, thus,
each process
the
net work are shown
done from 1 to 0 is
from 0 to 1. This leaves the
the
done
work
in Figure 3. It
cancelled out
by
the
during
be
can
that
seen
positive work
be
modeled as a
air standard cycle are shown
in Figure 4.
closed cycle
1-2-3-4-1,
which can
control mass.
The ideal
Processes 1-2
and
4-1
are
processes
and
3-4
for the
are constant
constant
entropy (adiabatic
Figure 5
volume.
superimposed on an air-standard cycle.
cycle
is
smaller
than that
of
the
achieved
air standard cycle
in
One
to have
an
the
reversible), and 2-3
actual
loop
power
and area of the
pumping losses.
As
Otto
lower
a
of
cycle
the
loop
than
the
of
result, we
a greater net work output
real
can
can
of
the
quantities
(qt)
power supplied
of an
that
a
designer is
to it. The definition
is the
most concerned with
engine, the efficiency
with which
of efficiency
the
engine uses
(rit) in general is
$8W
benefit
[3]
_
It can be
shown
(ref. 2,
pg.
298) that
\
This
expression
difficult to
be
practice.
thermal efficiency
the
area of
the air-standard,
real cycle represents negative work or
expect
The
shows
and
=
l
~
Ti
Y2
=
l
T4
3
is concise, but the temperature in
measure.
The efficiency
of
the
[4]
~
an engine cylinder
air standard cycle
is very
in terms
of
the
Positive
Work:///
Negative Work".
\W
&w
3
w
4
0
Volume
IDC
w
w
1 '10
V0DC
Fig. 3
Work Areas for Air Standard Otto Cycle
Volume
Fig. 4
Non-Flow Model
of
Air Standard Otto Cycle
(V)
Air
'"
Standard
Actual
j
Cycle
L
Volume. V
Fig. 5
Schematic
Air
(from
Actual
of
Standard
ref
.
2
,
pg
and
Cycles
Otto
.
308)
Cycle
compression
ratio,
a
known quantity for
an engine
is (see Appendix A for
derivation).
t
rY_i
c
The
be
above expression can
experimentally for
an actual
Another quantity that
from
an
Otto
to the thermal efficiency found
cycle.
be
can
calculated with
indicator diagram is the indicated
The IMEP
of the
compared
represents
the
ratio of
indicator diagram to the
the
IMEP
expansion
represents
from IDC to ODC
Comparing
engines
compensate
for the
The
the brake
the theoretical
mechanical
mean effective pressure
the
loop
V
2
pressure at which a constant pressure
differences between
of
power
[6]
-
l
would produce
efficiency
the
by the piston. Thus,
the
using the IMEP instead
size
on
=
V
The IMEP
based
gained
(IMEP).
mean effective pressure
net work output
volume swept
the information
work
indicated in the diagram.
the
only is
of
net work
a
way to
engines.
engine
is determined from the
ratio of
(BMEP) to the IMEP. The BMEP is defined
by
BMEP
=
U]
a
V1~V2
Here,
the work,
Ws, is
by a dynamometer.
the
work output
to the
engine
shaft, usually measured
The mechanical efficiency (iim) is then
calculated
by
10
BMEP
[g]
_
11(11
A theoretical
cycle
standard cycle
comparison
used
is
engine.
the
that resembles
is the fuel-air
between
In the fuel-air
added at constant
coming from the
IMEP
an actual engine more
cycle.
This
a real cycle and an
a mixture of gases
gases change as
~
ideal one,
used as a
since
the
they do in
ratio of specific
reality.
Like the
volume, but unlike the
air
fuel in the
combustion of
heats
and
would
the
air-
direct basis
the working
closely resembling those that
cycle
idealized, however. The
is
cycle
closely than the
medium
be in
specific
air standard
a real
heats
assumptions that the process
This
of
cycle, heat is
standard, heat is taken
cylinder.
of
combustion
is based
on
as
is
are as
follows (ref. l,pg. 68):
1.
There is
no
chemical
in the fuel
change
or
air
before
combustion.
2.
There is chemical equilibrium
3.
The
gases go
through
after combustion.
adiabatic processes
during compression
and expansion strokes.
4.
Velocities of gases
When leaded
the
gasoline
variable mixture
is
are negligible
used as
fuel,
in the
octene
that actually makes up
cylinder.
(CsHis) is
gasoline.
used
to approximate
The heat of combustion
11
is taken to be 19,035 Btu/lbm (see
of octene
complete explanation and gas
The
Otto
actual
The fuel-air
cycle.
approached
by
to
assumed
be
cycle will now
cycle represents
discussed,
the
spark-ignition engines.
coincide as
in the
such as point x
to
cycle.
temperature,
Figure 6
Ignition
of
pressure,
and
a,
starts
the
continues
completely burned. Points
process
since
The line
and
shows
pressure, and
limit
how
a
be
which
can
typical
engine
cycles
are
composition at a point
The
a and
the
a,
with
the
of heat
in Fig. 6
actual
correspond
is nearly isentropic.
the accompanying increase in
b
are at
is that, in the
curves
until point
y-z represents an
pressure
cycles
to burn
drops below this line because
to open,
comparing it to the fuel-air
actual compression
occurs at point
the fuel
adjusted engine.
a more
approximate center of the compression stroke.
point
the fuel
4 for
For the comparison, the
no process occurs at constant volume.
very closely up to
and
cycle).
performance
A fundamental difference between the two
cycle,
1, Chs. 3
tables for the fuel-air
differs from the fuel-air
cycle
ref.
b
where
the
charge
same piston position
isentrope through b.
loss. At
loss between
point c
c and
the
in
is
a well
The true
exhaust valve
1 is due to
exhaust
blowdown.
Probable
cycles
causes
include the
for the differences between the
actual and
following (ref. 1, pg 108):
1.
Leakage
2.
Incomplete
3.
Progressive burning
4.
Time losses (piston moving during combustion)
combustion
the
air-fuel
12
v \^_s~
Fuel-Air Cycle
u
3
Actual Cycle
01
CO
<D
u
a.
Volume
Fig.
Comparison
of
Actual
(from
and
6
Fuel-Air Otto Cycles
ref.l.pg.108)
13
The
5.
Heat losses
6.
Blowdown
contribution
except at
of
does
mixture
opens,
pumping losses
from leakage
every low
quenching
and
engine speeds.
the flame
at
the
thus, the heat
Progressive
b in Fig. 6. The
and
the
the
by
combustion
combustion
is moving
conduction
shows a
and
detailed
momentum of
time
tends to
b.
manifold
pressure,
from the
this
point
shape of
the
b does
not change.
the
curve
and
in the
spark
between
a and
occurs
because
so
that the
the
crank angle
piston speed
Time loss
occurs
varies,
because
the
pressure
to
the
curve
region of
The
to fall below ambient
from Vi to V2
differential
a new charge
IDC depends
on
the
exit
push
the
over
needed
from Vi to V2. The
bring
Figure 7
valves are open.
typical indicator diagram.
pressure
piston moves
Pe,
from the
the heat loss is due primarily to
occur when
the
data is
on calorimeter
during expansion, as stated earlier.
gas causes
represents
cylinder as
109),
pg.
portion of a
than that in the inlet manifold,
The
(ref. 1,
The increase in
Pe,
exhaust valve
with engine speed
remain constant as
pumping losses
the escaping
to
inversely
varies
cylinder wall
of
known that the
the time the
above, this
mentioned
with speed
view of
pressure
gas
by
also
because
by the charge in the cylinder.
during combustion,
through the
Blowdown
It is
burning is the time for the travel of the flame
relative position of a and
piston
combustion occurs
the fuel based
of combustion of
increased turbulence
occupied
Incomplete
supplied
is usually insignificant
piston rings
cool cylinder walls.
through the cylinder. As
position
the
not reach chemical equilibrium
higher than the heat actually
of
around
to
pressure
into the
the
is lower
chamber.
timing
of
the
14
Fig. 7
of
Schematic of Pumping Loop
Typical Indicator Diagram
(from
ref
.l.pg.159)
15
closing
that
the
on
of
the
exhaust valve and
As mentioned above, the low
area.
throttling
Fig. 7
the opening
the
effect of
by the
Figure 8
area of the
shows
the
valves.
The
fires in
with
work
peak pressure
advance also effects
Other
engine
operating
diagrams
for the
pg.
128).
Spark
center
general shape of
advance
127-133).
the diagrams change,
advance
decreases. The
pressures, both BMEP
degrees
In the Results
and
spark
IMEP.
ratio, fuel-air ratio,
section
of spark advance
project are compared.
is the
that the sparkplug
manipulated with characteristic effects on
produced at various
assembled
spark advance on an actual
variables such as compression
pgs.
1,
The
mean effective
diagrams (see
result of
the
decreasing as the spark
be
is the
in
lose due to pumping is indicated
effect of variation of
engine speed can also
ref.
during intake
degrees before inner dead
the
valve which occur
lower loop.
a sparkignition engine.
the
the inlet
pressure
indicator diagram taken from Taylor (ref. 1,
number of crank angle
of
of
using the
and
indicator
this paper,
equipment
16
Measured
SA
Curve degrees
Comb
e
bmep
0
40
72
13
26
40
82
84
38
39
39
CFR
engine.
psia;
7*(
=
r
rpm.
%
v/im
imep
ii
0.252
0.73
103
0.261
109
0.278
0.82
113
0.287
109
0.278
0.253
0.82
115
0.293
0.74
103
0.263
99.0
72
3V4x4 in;
130F. 1200
imep
Motoring
99.5
6; F R = 1.13; i0 = 034; p, = 143 psia; v,
(Sloan Automotive Laboratories, 11/13/47.)
=
=
H-"5
Fig. 8
Effect
of
Spark
Advance
(ref
on
Indicator
.l.pg.128)
Diagram
17
COMPONENTS OF THE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
In
must
be
Piston
be
to
order
indicator
create an
position can
then be
converted
presented graphically.
variety
detect
to simultaneously
able
of ways
in the past,
The
considerably.
diagram,
the instrumentation
cylinder pressure and piston position.
to
The data
cylinder volume.
Indicator diagrams have been
and
the
systems used
imposed
constraints
system
by the
then
must
in
generated
a
to generate diagrams vary
the
system and
determine the accuracy, reliability, and, therefore, the
skill of
the
usefulness
user
the
of
diagram.
Historically,
diagram
(ref.
the first apparatus
of sufficient
accuracy to be
capable of
generating
the MTT Performance Analyzer
useful was
3, pg 81-82). The MTT Performance Analyzer (similar to
Apparatus
used
up to
now at
RIT) is
a mechanical
pressure, that
causes a stylus
to
The diagram
produced
actually
was
apparatus of limited value when
problems
due to temperature
maintenance.
components
were
could calculate
dedicated
The
transducer
used.
acquisition
devices (multiple
generation of
accurate.
effects on
to
and
advent of
the hardware
had to be
the digital
channeled
Interactive
software allows
the
rotating
changed
user
required
came
for
into
to input
frequent
use
the
each
in the
circuit
different
and attendant
data
has
allowed
the
simple,
flexible,
and
converters)
much more
cylinder.
and mechanical
directly, but
computer
A/D
indicator diagrams to become
a
many engines,
horsepower
by
time, making the
vs.
Electronic cylinder performance indicators
These
early 1960's.
of pressure
with
the Farnborough
mechanism, activated
mark a card attached
working
indicator
an
parameters specific
to
18
a
such as
run,
the
digital system is
In
used
to
order
compression ratio
present
produce
components are used.
The
in the
an
These
indicator
are as
the
output
desired. A
indicator diagram generation.
diagram, four basic
functional
follows:
1.
Pressure measuring device
2.
Means
3.
Data
4.
Data manipulation
of
and to select
used,
tracking the cylinder volume
acquisition
components will
device
and control
device
be discussed separately in the
following sections.
Pressure Measurement
The device
the desired
variations
to
measure engine pressure must
pressure range and
in the
sensitivity.
mounted,
used
The
withstand severe
engine cylinder while
transducer
pressure
giving
used
be the
most
engine
(ref. 3).
pressure
of piezo-electric
satisfactory for measuring
measured
in the
in the
pressure
is
in the transducer
opening to the
the
cylinder
engine cylinder.
fitting
no
in
an
operate
made
connecting
engine cylinder and
by
flush
a
flush-
Kistler
considered
to
combustion
passage
between
the transducer
transducer used a connecting
between the transducer itself
new generation
in
and pressure
internal
to isolate the transducer from the
The
to
here is
system
transducer
diaphragm. Previous designs for mounting the
passage
temperature
transducer design is
Being flush-mounted, there
to be
able
reliable output with acceptable
water cooled piezo-electric pressure
Instrument Co. This type
the
to
be
and
the
severe conditions
mounted pressure
in
transducers
19
by
are cooled
the
configuration avoids
ringing and
flowing
water
strain of
Thermal drift is kept to
the
shows
water
lower reservoir,
through the
in
via
Tuthill
order
the transducer diaphragm
8
in the Kistler
called
and other
model
7061
by
interfere
which
upper reservoir
to
at
does
the
The
monitored once
The
The
not
upper
from the
reservoir,
and
a
water
it is gravity fed
Two
reservoir.
has
which
overflow
so
reservoirs are
that any pump
readings.
The pump is
low flowrate
of
the intake to the
maintain
overflow
constant pressure
line. The ball
self-regulating, and
of
that the
so
from draining, causing the lower
is, thus,
system
to
a
18
of about
line is, therefore, necessary
and also
overflow,
does
valve
is
reservoir
not need
to be
it is set up and running.
specifications of
compared
instance the
distilled
the transducer
with
upper reservoir
Table 1. The 7061 has
is high
pressure
is higher than the flowrate through the transducer
the level
prevent
overflow.
designed for the
to isolate the pump from the transducer
gallons/hour.
head level,
system
transducer to the lower
pump (model B9421)
gear
gallons/hour,
to
(refs. 4,
passage
connecting
system circulates
the pump, to the
pressure
vibration will not
used
and possible
shift,
in the transducer output,
a minimum
cooling
transducer in this application. The
about
a
phase
This
crystals.
cooling it.
Fig. 9
used
input due to
variation causes changes
"thermal drift", due to thermal
components.
the piezo-electric
damping,
problems of
attenuation of pressure
5, 6,). Temperature
water
around
a
the Kistler 7061
sensitivity
to many
piezoelectric
such
of
5.27
pressure transducer are given
pC/psi
transducers
in the 0-20 bar
which
transducer previously
in
range.
This
is very desirable.
For
used with
the Ricardo
engine
20
Upper
Reservoir
Overflow
Line
Pressure
Transducer
Lower
Reservoir
Fig. 9
Cooling
Water
System
for
Pressure
Transducer
21
Table
1
Technical
for
Kistler
Model
7061
Range
Data
Pressure Transducer
bar
Calibrated
partial range
bar
0
0
bar
0
Overload
bar
Sensitivity
Natural frequency
pC/bar
.
200
20
2
250
80
kHz
>45
*tFSO
<08
%FSO
$0.5
without
bar/o
<0
with
bar/g
< 0.004
"C
-196
Linearity
(lor
all
ranges)
Hysteresis (for all ranges)
Acceleration sensitivity
cooling
cooling
002
Operating temperature range
(without cooling)
Thermal sensitivity shift
20... 100C
20 350'C
20050'C
".
Transient temperature
(Propane flame
onlront. 10
error
S1
c.
<r3.5
c;
--1
bar
-0
n
>10':
..
350
4
intermittent
Hz)
Insulation
20 *C
Shock resistance
at
9
2n0C
Tightening torque
Cooling water pressure
Nm
25
bar
<6
Capacitance
pF
10
Mass
g
Type
30
Plug,
ceramic
insulator
UN"
10-32
22
had
which
a
sensitivity
transducer must be
considered
relating the instrument's
that, the
natural
This typically
The 7061 has
natural
of
and
at
withstand
temperatures
interference from
acceleration
The
system.
pressure
The
sensitivity
which converts
the
current output
range
system can
storage
be
set
controlled
by
using the
constant
in
well above
the
freqeuncy
ignition
can
handle
varying
the high
even
ignition running is
of
tpyically
pressures
either mode while
necessary.
the transducer that
prevents
the Kistler 7061 transducer
configuration and
part of
must
the
the
was
because it is
pressure measurement
be input to
a charge amplifier
piezo-electric crystals
constant of
the
into
(pC/psi)
voltage.
and
the
pressure measurement
charge amplifier storage
is actually the RC time
charge amplifier.
input.
and output.
maximum
to the transducer sensitivity
The time
(Volts/psi).
time
in the
is
for
engines.
from the transducer
charge amplifier
circuit
Thus,
transducer itself is only
signal
the
and
transducer that
engine vibration.
used
the input is
of
spark and compression
run
of comparison
designed specifically for service in
The
be
the
The Kistler 7061 is specifically
rpm.
for its high sensitivity, flush-mounted
chosen
since
of
frequency of the
kHz. This is
the temperatures
so a
thumb
relationship between input
engine can
parameters,
the low
3,000
rule of
frequency
least twice the
testing in both
engine
The
to the
frequency of more than 45
The Ricardo
pressures and
note
in
can
other operation
desired
at
guarantees a constant
use
encountered.
The
frequency
frequency
natural
application.
frequency required by this application,
designed for
Also,
for the
frequency should be
a natural
The
pC/psi.
natural
the input is only 25 Hz
modes,
1.03
of
time
constant of
The TIME CONSTANT
constant.
the feedback
switch selects
the
23
feedback resistance,
important to
output of
the
and
the RANGE
selects
the feedback
select an appropriate pressure system
the
system
tracks the input
correctly.
time
The
It is
capacitance.
that the
constant so
electrical
leads
make
up
remainder of the pressure measurement system.
The
from the
signal
from the
must
entire system must
be
charge
considered when
out
according to
a
evaluating the
time constant,
to be
adjusted
As
as
without
run as explained
appendix on
dying
as possible so
but it
out,
above, the time
mentioned
amplifier,
large
and should
in the
be
be
must not
constant can
accompanying the
The
which results
constant
output signal stays with
large that
so
be
checked and adjusted at
manual
setting up the
that the
output.
The time
effective resistance and capacitance of the circuit.
the input level
occurs.
dies
system
be
regulated
the
drifting
using the
beginning of each
charge amplifier and
the
system.
Volume Measurement
Cylinder
which
the
tracks the
crank angle of
cylinder and rod
calculated
from the
In many
encoder
the
volume measurement
massive
is
at
be
the
use of a shaft encoder
If the dimensions
engine power shaft.
known,
then the
cylinder volume
can
indicator diagram generating systems, the
a pulse at each
degree
IDC (zero degrees
flywheel
shaft can
are
with
of
be
crank angle.
modern
delivers
piston
linkage
the
is done
on
assumed
to be
of crank angle and a zero pulse when
crank angle).
the drive shaft,
so
shaft
that the
constant when
the
The Ricardo
angular
engine
engine
velocity
is
of
has
a
the drive
operated at
steady
24
Thus,
state.
a shaft encoder signal at zero
for calculating piston
The
model
25GN) delivers
The
cylinder
for two
The
and
speed of
3,000
engine.
The
about
5
of
can
the
be
shaft.
The
captured
construction of
time
of
the
by
0.86 degrees
3,000
rpm and
be
with rpm should
designed for
for
use
use
in
compensated
in
the
by
the
of
a maximum output of
degrees
zero
0.34 degrees
would
1,200
at
of
rpm
It
The
since
it has
to
was set at
consistently trigger
was
found that lower
variation of
computer software.
applications and subjected
an engine.
time
the Ricardo
The trigger level
that
scope reliably.
for
rise
engine
a maximum slew
trigger lags
encoder signal.
dirty environments,
in industrial
when mounted
trigger the
by
shaft encoder.
from the rising
not
place
lag results from the oscilloscope trigger
the
edge of
for
a shaft encoder
is 0.15 msec, for
by empirically trying various levels
trigger levels did
the
in the
pressure
(maximum rpm), the
this level
scope
takes
which
maximum recommended rpm of
1.6 Volts for the
at
cycle,
recording the
in choosing
(see Appendix B for calculations). The
being set
once
rate of rotation of
the device. The 25GN has
signal
at
5 Volts
triggering off the shaft encoder signal.
considered
is the
by
entire
Volts, was measured. This means that the
crank angle
level
to determine the
maximum slew speed
rpm which
rise
used
the drive
then
factors
the
applications are
the signal,
is first
wave
revolutions after
critical
sufficient
here (Sequential Information Systems, Inc.
a square wave with an amplitude of about
(revolutions per second)
in two revolutions,
is
of crank angle
position.
shaft encoder used
per revolution.
degrees
trigger
lag
The 25GN is
a sealed shaft.
vibration as
it
It is
made
would
be
25
The
where
is fed
shaft encoder signal
it is
to trigger the
used
to Channel 1
directly
of
the oscilloscope,
scope and measure engine rpm.
Data Acquisition Device
A Tektronix Digital Oscilloscope (model 2430) is
digitize the data in this
programmed
settings
a computer
sampling
The data
(number
rate
important
acquire one
can
scope acquires
be downloaded to
to be
considered.
point per crank angle
1024 data
points of
rate of
100 MHz.
adequate
for the
application and
is important in
between
screen,
the
This
oscilloscope can average
which
cycles
which
engine
useful
progress of the
data
during
means
to
acquire and
oscilloscope
and all
can
a computer
be
the front
controlled
for
by
the
The
oscilloscope
is
18 kHz
at
3,000
rpm.
The
each per waveform at a maximum
that the sampling
the data is
good
to three
rate
is
more
significant
over a preset number of
waveform can also
initial setup
of
the
be
viewed on
system and
than
digits.
waveforms,
applications, since there is pressure
acquisition.
panel
processing.
the
be
can
The sampling rate, necessary to
degree, is
8 bits
the data
(ref. 7, pg 3). The
is
bus,
trigger settings, etc.)
sampling
The
channel
of readings acquired per second) of
parameter
data
The two
through the interface
(sec/div., Volts/div.,
computer.
an
by
system.
used
variation
the scope
for monitoring
26
Computer
The data
9826
Desktop
manipulation and control
computer and
computer
is designed to
bus. The
program contains
the
"OUTPUT"
and
mathematically
communicate with other
As
statements
mentioned
it
Highlights
data,
perform
of
the
the oscilloscope, the
and present
these tasks in
program will
commands
the
and store
results of
the
program
the
be
data,
The
run.
an efficient and user
now
in
Besides controlling the
contains.
computer and
the
manipulate
above, the
devices through its interface
information from the user, handle
to
Hewlett-Packard
these communications in high level
"ENTER"
program was written
manner.
consists of a
the program, "IND".
information flow between the
must also acquire
device
friendly
a
brief
print some
basic
presented
with
overview of its structure.
When the
equipment
program
setup
messages on
transducers to the
the
shaft
the
goes
used
more
high
to
etc.
respectively.
result,
The
is
center).
pressure, determine
and
to
correct
scope settings are
a single output statement so
that
for
user
connect
to be
the
averaged
over,
are
known
quantitites are
an averaged
at
encoder
the
to
and
shaft encoder output
and,
then
therefore,
misalignment,
then initialized to their power-up
they
the
to input the change
These
shaft
to
an excitation voltage
prompted
crank angle at which
degrees (inner dead
calculate cylinder
the
remind
channels, apply
user
is to
performs
number of engine cycles
between the
and zero
accurate
the screen, to
Then the
setting, the
angular offset
first task it
correct oscilloscope
encoder,
amplifier range
runs, the
state
by
beginning of each run.
27
Since the
and
maximum resolution of
1024 increments
be
must
adjusted so
horizontally,
that
of
the
adjusted so
the
that three
complete engine cycle
possible.
The
manner, but
is
now
of
running
shaft
these
is thus
ready to
off
the
and seconds/div.
The
is the
scope
are captured on
at
the input from the
acquire
data, averaging
available
the
setting is
screen.
the
over
similar
transducer. The
the desired
One
screen as
then adjusted in a
pressure
the
positive slope
scope
captured and occupies as much of
(Volts/div.) is
the
settings
program adjusts
the horizontal
and
leading edges
scale.
for the
source
encoder,
vertical settings
by looking
is 256 increments vertically
the volts/div.
follows. The trigger
zero pulse of
scope
an engine cycle occupies as much of
resolution as possible without
scope settings as
the
scope
number
of
waveforms.
After the
converts
the
waveform
phasing between
based
(see
on
the
units of
acquired and
averaged, the
pressure, volume, and
(and volume)
pressure and crank angle
shaft encoder alignment
input
by
the
integration to determine the
run appear on
results
the
computer screen and
The
is
made
adjustment
copies can
be
The
Listing of modified data:
vs. volume
pressure, volume,
List of analytical results, including:
Gross
work output
results
produced
include the following:
Plot of cylinder pressure
motoring
the trapezoid
engine work.
hard
computer
crank angle.
user and
Motoring section for explanation). Calculations use
of numerical
The
data to
raw
has been
crank angle
results
method
for the
if desired.
28
Valve losses
Net work
output
Indicated horsepower
Indicated mean
For
of
a
detailed description
the
shows
up
rationale
of
behind it,
the basic setup
and
effective pressure
the
see
computer program and a
Computer
and
E,
Appendix C.
of the equipment schematically.
running the indicator diagram
Appendices D
Software,
respectively.
thorough discussion
Figure 10
Instructions for setting
generation system are contained
in
29
H
Flywheel
Pressure
Transducer
Charge
Amplifier
Shaft Encoder
Power
Digital
Oscilloscope
I
Computer
Printer
Fig. 10
Schematic
of
Engine
and
Generating
Indicator
Equipment
Diagram
Supply
30
EVALUATION OF MOTORING DATA
Before generating data
while
taken while the dynamometer is
to
check some
of
and so
the test
introduced
transfer.
this data
setup.
there is little
First,
can yield
phenomena
such
The motoring data
7
as
firing,
engine
pp.
5-7).
variation
information
Motoring data is
is
engine
turning the
key system variables (ref.
several reasons.
data
the
about
over,
between
used
to
cycles
the accuracy
by
also not affected
be
should
be
data,
evaluated
Motoring data is useful
inhomogeneities
can
the motoring
and
check
high
the
in motoring
and
various
for
reliability
combustion-
rates
following
heat
of
system
variables:
Qualitative
check of pumping
Phasing, scaling
and
loop pressure
transducer
performance
from logarithmic
p-V
diagram
Phasing of pressure with respect to volume
Some
quantities
methods
of
investigating
the motoring data to
is discussed below (see Lancaster
information).
et
al.,
ref.
check
these
7, for further
31
Qualitative Check
The pumping
loop
of
in the
to the
pressure
The
in the
reference
engine
cylinder at a specific point
pumping
loop
If the
pressures
in the
take
should
loop
p-V
the intake
process,
The
The
equal
place
do
to the
portion of the
valve and just prior
value
pressure
exhaust stroke of
mainly
above
the
below the
not meet
p-V
the
reference
reference
these criteria, the
Diagram
insight into the validity
of
the
compression
system variable
indicator diagram data between the closing
to the DDC
can
be
approximated
by
of
a polytropic
where:
=
The
is
diagram from motoring data for the
stroke can yield a wealth of
assignments.
is usually the
is incorrect.
Checks from the Logarithmic
The logarithmic
and
are
the
serve as a check of
pressure
cycle.
that
in the pumping
reference pressure assignment
can
manifolds,
should contain pressures
pressure, and the intake stroke
pressure.
Pumping Loop Pressure
the motoring data
reference pressure value.
assigned
of
above
function,
reference pressure
curvature,
and
when plotted on a
Lancaster
with a slope of -n.
logP-logV
(ref. 7,
pg.
is assigned, the initial
the latter
clearance volume
et al.
is
portion of
assigned.
The
[9]
constant
the
6)
diagram, is
state
portion of
plot
becomes
that,
the
a straight
when an erroneous
log-log
plot shows a
curved when an
central portion of
the
line
log
incorrect
p-V compression
32
stroke plot can
allowing decay
The
be
curved
constant of the pressure system
is too low,
of the response.
value of n
from the
1.35, depending
and
if the time
Deviations from this
on
the
slope of
the
log-log plot should
engine speed and other
be
range can
calibration or performance of the
by
caused
transducer
fall between 1.24
factors (ref. 7,
in scaling
an error
7).
pg.
or
in the
system.
Phasing of Pressure With Respect to Volume
The phasing
of pressure
looking at the data points taken near the
data
DDC because
after
of
before IDC. The
peak pressure more
The
maximum would occur
is
pressure
than two
maximum pressure
before
retarded with respect
degrees before DDC
results obtained
while
criteria above.
means
reference pressure of
14.7
reference pressure
crank
pressure would
angle
psia.
(at ODC
rather
than at
pressure
to volume, and
that the
pressure
after
psia
engine
loop pressure
were
is
is
evaluated
considered
consistently higher than the
The intake
(see Fig. 11).
fall below 14.7
motoring the
The pumping
exhaust stroke pressure was
degrees
When these
advanced.
according to the
the
angle, the
by
checked
irreversibilities due primarily to heat transfer. Peak
DDC indicates that the
probably
be
can
region of peak pressure.
points are plotted on pressure vs. crank
should occur just
The
to volume
with respect
stroke pressures were
the intake stroke) only
It
would
be
expected
first.
assigned
lower than
after about
90
that the intake
before 90, but the determination
of
the
33
(psia)
100
vs
V
(in**3)
-
50
i
10
20
15
25
Fig. 11
Indicator
Engine
Diagram
Motored
(Actual
at
230
Results)
rpm
30
35
34
actual manifold pressure will
be left for further
value of the reference pressure
does
not affect
the
this
work on
The
system.
values, IMEP and
principal
Ihp determined from an indicator diagram.
Investigation
that there is
shows
again
1.02,
of
the logP-logV
a curvature
indicates that the
which
this
is lower than
indicator
the
thought to be
difficulty in
well as
the
presence of a
proportionally
data
An
a
operating
and
shaft of
rubber
since
engine
358 degrees
engine speed was
being
The
of
it has
a
data.
angle
profound
shaft encoder and
which
effect
is
-
the
crank
most
likely
shaft encoder
in
The
the
on
because
shaft,
of
as
flexible
two shafts. The
would
the
motoring the
2,703 rpm,
and
vertical axis represents
between
relation
engine
9.0,
as measured on
and
increased
correct angle of maximum
plot
compress
data to
lag
rpm.
speed while
between 202
the
slope of
and crank
speed, causing
investigation
at
This,
stroke.
was given particular attention
conditions were compression ratio of
going high
The
the
problems were anticipated
the
spider
speed was varied
results.
suspect.
pressure
Phasing
increasingly with
engine
part of
flexible coupling between the
the
with
empirical
pressure
output
aligning the
contains
coupling
pressure
crucial
program produced.
compression stroke
engine speed.
is the phasing between
was
phasing
is
the
This may be due to the relatively low
expected.
the low
of
the initial
the motoring data that
aspect of
project
during
reference pressure
compression ratio used and
The
(Fig. 12)
plot
and
angle
was
the
Figure 13
the difference between the
degrees
or
The
data taken
then decreased.
pressure, 359
made.
The
shaft encoder
the flywheel.
with
of peak
engine
while
the
shows
the
theoretically
1 degree before
IDC,
and
35
Fig. 12
4.4-
Compression
Motoring
Stroke
Data
4.2
4.0
3.8-
~
3.6
3.4
3.2
Q
Comp.
220.2
q
3.0
Ratio:
9
rpm
a
2.8>
2
.
6 f
0
J
i
i
i
i
|
-0.5
ii
i|
'
'
i
i
-1
>
-1.5
ln(V/V
max
)
i
^Y
36
o
o
ID
CM
O
D
o
z
in
a.
CN
oc
CM
si
4_>
E
a
E
a.
a.
i*
u
00
e
CM
00
00
c
r-t
H
a
-o
c
<u
u
n
c
a>
u
CO
a;
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o
CP
o
o
o
o
P-
a
3
CO
i-l
CO
Q
c
ft
a.
Q.
o
in
01
u
CD
3
iH
co
U
CO
<U
<u
>
u
O
a.
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o
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y-^
to
.*
4-1
m
ca
co
t-H
CD
a.
a
c
oo
a
o
CM
a
u-i
c
o
H
U
4-1
o
cn
o
s:
U-l
Cl_l
3
3
0
o
u
i~
3
co
U-i
o
3
oo
c
3
m
<
<4-l
3
3
m
u
co
a
3
CN
s
i
l
I
VZ
I
l
I
I
i
i
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(sSap)
i
i
r
i
01
issjjo
t
r-
r
T
JBinSuy
1
i
i
r
o
E
3
37
the
It
measured angle of maximum pressure.
output
lags the
shaft encoder output
increasing
while
the
rpm, and the plot is
yields an equation
increasingly
is interspersed
rpm
fairly linear.
A least
crank angle
relating
can
with
square
to
that the
seen
pressure
The data taken
with rpm.
that taken
decreasing
while
fitted line through the
to
rpm
be
correct
the
results
change, as
phase
follows:
A8
where
the
contained
error
is based
on
three
standard
in Appendix F. It should be
were responsible
expected
0.001 (rpm) + 0.761
=
for
to lead the
results are opposite
lag between
noted
to this
linear relationship between
Compression
net affect of
raw
data is
of
However,
to
a constant
the coupling
relation would also
these two
phase shift and engine
which
is
the
time
spider
be linear
phenomena would
speed,
be
output would
with rpm.
results point
this effect, but the
The
within a certain range.
The
that, if the flexible coupling alone
The
pressure and encoder output.
with rpm would counteract
deviations.
increasingly
expectation.
[10]
rpm, the pressure
phase change with
encoder output
2.727
be
reflected
a
in
the data-
in conclusion, the
an
important
result of
phase offset and rpm
software
to
correct
proper
the
phasing
analysis of
motoring data.
resulting from the data
for the
phenomenon.
data
of pressure and crank angle
The
was used
relation
in the
was
between
computer
38
FIRING RESULTS
The
firing results are presented here in two contexts so that they may be
to
considered with respect
compared
to those
degrees, are
held
temperature
9
and
was about
Appendices G
and
Figure 14
data
the
that,
cycle, the
50C,
were
taken
real cycle
when
compression stroke
heats
is
Secondly, firing
the
1.4. In the
lower than
much
expected.
voltage at
40 V. The
jacket cooling
53C.
See
loops.
The
20 degrees. The
peak
temperature
a
the
of
for this section.
and occurs
later than that
Comparing
Fig. 14
with
of
the
Fig. 5
whereas
line actually falls below the
Fig. 5 indicates that the
air standard.
The
experimental
air standard compression stroke
while
engine oil
experimental cycle with an air standard
line,
lies below the
real
fixed. The dynamometer
and outlet engine
at
variables
compression ratio was
spark advance set at
comparing the
entropy
operating
measured and air standard power
This is to be
theory because
on constant
of
the field
and calculations
air standard compression stroke
based
results, the
the inlet
and
with
is
with
maintained
the
compares
was
all
measured compression stroke process
agree with
set of results
from 20 degrees to 45
main engine
carburetor settings were
H for data
air standard cycle.
reveals
the
held constant,
temperatures
pressure of
advance was varied
While obtaining
constant.
settings were also
measured
typical
an air standard cycle.
that data gathering runs, the
maintained at
water
spark
a
presented.
During
were
for
calculated
results, taken while the
First,
expected results.
compressing air, that has
cycle, there is
a mixture of air and
is
real
results
computed
a ratio of specific
fuel (say,
octene)
39
en
CD
u
to
a.
o
a
o
o
CD
u
CO
u
t-i
0)
a
e
CO
o
PL,
4-1
CO
CO
3
T3
4->
U
CO
I
I
C
e
o
o
CM
CO
^,
4-1
CO
i
3
r-l
-
K
o
00
H
'/
'
// r
T3
C
CO
in
CO
3
4-1
u
<
O
c
o
co
H
?^
J3
in
-I-
8
o
o
o
o
o
o
vO
m
*
(Bisd) ajnssajj
s
en
U
CO
Cu
E
O
40
where octene
would serve
has
a ratio of specific
to lower the
to between 1.05 and
of
the
the
the
entropy
of
the
charge
thus causing the
in the
compression curves
is the
cylinder of a real cycle
real process curve
Another factor that
real compression curve would
curves
of
the
a cylinder charge
relative
the
work outputs.
lower than that
work
entropy in
the
of
output,
the
The
operating
degrees
spark
result.
The
increases,
it has
and
advance angle
is
not
constant
of air.
measured and air standard
is 23%
real work output
Many factors
contribute
cycle, assumptions
to this
of constant
and complete combustion of
strokes,
and
thermal efficiency
presents results obtained while
a
very
that
condition
varying
was varied was
noticeable effect on
b,
the indicator diagrams
advance, respectively,
the
course,
values
the
an engine
the
shape of the
spark
indicator
the IMEP (refer to Fig. 8).
maximum
and
of
to fall below the
that the
air-standard
The operating
a and
This,
real cycle.
condition.
Figure 15
relative
actual and air-standard results
As expected, the IMEP
following portion
diagram, the ihp,
the
the
shows
compression and expansion
advance angle since
of
to the
air-standard cycle
consisting entirely
analyze
Table 2
including the
lower for the
expected
air standard cycle.
at constant volume.
are also
be
to fall below that
contributes
assumption of
displacement
in Fig. 14, it is necessary to
compare
lower
for
curve even
Because
fuel
y
1.05 (Ref. 1, pg 46). This
of about
compression and expansion are constant entropy.
so and
to
1.4,
air standard curve.
position of
that
value of
heats
power
pressure
loop
is
show
produced at
the
"squat"
(20 degrees). Table 3
presents
and
general shape changes
occurs closer
more
20 degrees
in
the
to IDC as
shape at
results of
spark
the
40
that
advance
smaller spark
varying the
spark
41
Table
Comparison
of :Actual
Cycle
Work
and
Output
(ft. lb)
Actual
Air
Standard
Air
172
223
*
2
Standard
Cycle
Thermal
imep
(psia)
Results
Efficiency
66.6
44.8 *
86.8
58.5
*power
loop
only
(yt'
42
25B
P
200
150
Cpaia)
vs
V
c;n"3}
-
-
IOC
53
15
3
a.
300
TS
20
f5
Degree
Spark
25
25
30
Advance
-
250
-
200
-
150
100
50
-
-
t
CI
b.
is
40 Degree
rr
Spark
20
25
Advance
Fig. 15
Indicator
Two Spark
Diagrams Taken at
Advance Settings
(Actual Results)
33
35
43
Table
Firing
Results
3
Varying
Spark
Spark
Advance
rpm
(deg.)
imep
(psia)
Advance
Max
ihp
7-
Pressure
Angle of
Max Pres.
(psia)
(deg.)
20
1360
66.6
3.22
64.0
245
25.4
25
1380
66.2
3.23
64.1
260
21.6
30
1410
66.4
3.27
63.9
268
18.7
35
1400
63.0
3.05
66.9
292
17.8
40
1400
60.8
2.91
66.3
306
16.9
45
1380
64.7.
3.15
69.2
341
15.0
44
advance.
The indicated results, IMEP
5.4% respectively (see Appendix
degrees, in line
highest at 20
to Taylor's
with
degrees,
from Table 2
speed at which
greater spark
the
was
and
taken.
the
those
the
about
for the
and
30
The
spark
by
degrees, due
results at
etc.).
to be
45
ihp
engine
is higher
is
at
smaller
at
spark advance are
in
expected.
varying the
Taylor.
The
to the higher
maximum pressure
advance at
and
compatible, considering the
angle of maximum pressure
obtained
5.7%
26 degrees according
(compression ratio, rpm,
which are also results
engine with
Appendix I.
conditions
are
results obtained with
good agreement with
firing
results
to
From Table 3, the IMEP is
it is highest between 13
that data
the
except
while
advance,
Generally,
are,
in Fig. 8.
show a maximum at
larger spark advance,
are good
presented
differences in operating
results
which
ihp,
those
The two
results.
H),
and
The
complete results
20 degrees
are
from
contained
in
45
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
As
diagram
the
a result of
this project, it is
and generate related
ignition
spark
transducer
piezoelectric pressure
desktop
oscilloscope, and a
system
is interactive
resolution of
the
Preliminary
phasing
problem
linearly
corrected
software.
between
it produces
degree
the pumping
since
it does
not affect
of crank angle
of
motoring
loop, indicates
power, etc.).
future
project work on
The
expected
the
Obtaining
(work,
this
varied while
of
holding
indicator diagrams
in the literature.
the
This
by
water
the
to
about
is
5.4%.
that there
The
phase
was
a
changed
problem
was
computer
log-log plot of p-V data,
that there may be
aspect
cooled
achieve maximum
correcting it in the
data,
in
encoder, digital
a problem with
not considered
important
from the indicator diagram
correct reference pressure
is
suggested
for
system.
running the
air-standard cycle.
23% less than that
data.
a
run
developed for this
software
revealed
results obtained
the
results obtained while
from the
a shaft
work results accurate
motoring data
assignment of a reference pressure.
here,
Computer
is
to the engine speed, and the
Further investigation
and analysis of
peripherals,
pressure and volume
proportion
within one
equipment used
friendly. It is designed to
evaluation of
in direct
to
and
and
computer.
and user
data,
indicator
an
data for the Recardo E6 Research Engine
The basic
mode.
to produce
now possible
The
air standard.
other
operating
engine compare well with
real cycle
is
spark advance angle
is
work output
When the
variables
produced are as expected and
from the
those
constant, the results and
in line
with
those
presented
46
Further
Ricardo
work with
engine
enabling
itself
for further work
Determination
ODC,
the
at
the
of
end of
is moving slowly
in the
cylinder
can,
pumping
engine performance.
therefore, be
as
Some
follows:
the inlet
the intake
and
as well
the
port when
piston
is
at
would enable a correct reference
is
valve
this
at
fully open.
point
The
the
pressure
taken as that in the intake manifold.
of
ratio
the
mass
checked
fuel-air
a much closer
standard cycle.
The
by
also
the
diagram for
the fuel flow
cycle
the
log-log
in the
provide
software
compression
to
into the
rate
p-V plot and
the
a
engine would make
is presently
measurable.
indicator diagram to be generated,
model of
the
real cycle
indicator diagram
thermodynamics than does the
Adapting
rate of air
theoretical
actual
analyzed as explained
would
flow
known, since
would enable a
is
be
loop of motoring data.
the fuel-air
cycle
diagram
As previously mentioned,
which would
Determination
which
the
the
system and
reference pressure assignment allows accurate absolute pressure
determination
This
are as
the intake stroke,
piston
Correct
3.
a more accurate
pressure at
to be assigned.
pressure
2.
in
could result
a more sophisticated analysis of
recommendations
1.
the indicator diagram generation
Theory
much
section.
more
could
than is the air
be further
then
Analysis
of
sophisticated
the fuel-air
exercise
in
air-standard cycle.
allow
for the
production
ignition (diesel) running
accomplished with a modest effort.
Changes
of
would
of an
the
indicator
engine could
have to be
made
be
to
47
subroutines
that deal
different piston
The
however,
including
from
are
a
the
hoped that the
Ricardo
Ricardo
sufficient
determination
evaluation of
of the
geometries used
suggestions above would
analysis possible
results,
with cylinder volume
of
of
the
for the two types of operation.
increase the accuracy
engine
for many
purposes
effects of variation of engine
in this
and
indicator diagram.
thermal efficiency,
work represented
assignment, because
in
tool.
of
the
present
analysis
efficiency, and
conditions.
It is
to increase the
value
operating
engine as a research and educational
The
engine
mechanical
report will serve
depth
48
REFERENCES
1.
Taylor, C.F., The Internal Combustion Engine
Vol. I, The MTT Press, Second Edition, 1985.
2.
Karlekar, B.V., Thermodynamics for Engineers, Prentice-Hall, 1983.
3.
Pish, R.H., "A New Generation Cylinder Performance Indicator",
Mechanical Engineering, Dec, 1984.
4.
Nagao, F., M. Ike garni, "Errors of an Indicator Due to a Connecting
Passage", Bulletin ofJSME, Vol. 8, No. 29, 1965, pp. 98-108.
5.
Iberall, D.S., "Attentuation of Oscillatory Pressures in Instrument
Lines", Trans. ofASME, Vol. 2, 1970.
6.
Benedict, R.P., Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow
Measurements, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1977.
7.
Lancaster, D.R., R.B. Kreiger, J.H. Liensch, "Measurement and
Analysis of Engine Pressure Data", SAE Publication 750026, Feb., 1975.
8.
in
Theory and Practice,
Furgeson, C.R., Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences,
and Sons, 1986.
John Wiley
9.
Beckwith, T.G., N.L. Buck, R.D. Marangoni, Mechanical Measurements,
Third Edition, Addison-Wesley, 1982.
49
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1.
Benedict, R.P., 'The Response of a Pressure-Sensing System", Trans,
ASME, June, 1960, pp. 482-488.
2.
Benedict, R.P., Fundamentals of Temperature, Pressure, and Flow
Measurements, 2nd Edition, John Wiley and Sons, 1977.
3.
Brown, W.L., "Methods for Evaluating Requirements and Errors in
Cylinder Pressure Measurement, SAE Publication 670008.
4.
Doeblin, E.O., Measurement Systems: Application and Design,
Hill, 1983.
5.
of
McGraw-
Furgeson, C.R., Internal Combustion Engines: Applied Thermosciences,
and Sons, 1986.
John Wiley
6.
Holman, J.P., Experimental Methods for Engineers, McGraw-Hill, 1971.
7.
Iberall, A.S., "Attenuation of Oscillatory Pressures in Instrument
Lines", Trans, ofASME, Vol. 2, 1970.
8.
James, M.L., G.M., Smith, J.C. Wolford, Applied Numerical Methods for
Digital Computation, 2nd Edition, Harper and Row, 1977.
9.
Karlekar, B.V., Thermodynamics for Engineers, Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1983.
10.
Lancaster, D.R., R.B. Krieger, J.H. Lienesch, "Measurement and
Analysis of Engine Pressure Data", SAE Publication 750026, Feb., 1975.
11.
Nagao, F., M. Ikegami, "Errors of an Indicator Due to a Connecting
Passage", Bulletin ofJSME, Vol. 8, No. 29, 1965, pp. 98-108.
12.
Nagao, F., Y. Shimamoto, H. Nagano, Y. Ueno, 'Influence of the
Connecting Passage of a Low Pressure Indicator on Recording", Bulletin
ofJSME, Vol. 6, No. 21, 1963, pp. 78-85.
13.
Pish, R.H., "A New Generation Cylinder Performance Indicator",
Mechanical Engineering, Dec, 1984.
14.
Taylor, C.F., The Internal Combustion Engine
Vol. I, The MTT Press, Second Edition, 1985.
in
Theory and Practice,
50
APPENDIX A
DERIVATION OF THERMAL EFFICIENCY
OF AIR STANDARD OTTO CYCLE
IN TERMS OF COMRPESSION RATIO
The
compression
cylinder volume
ratio
(volume
at
(rc) is defined
v
ratio
of
the
maximum
v
_i
-
_
v3
constant
the
ODC) to the minimum volume (volume at IDC), or
-
The
as
entropy, ideal gas
processes can
2
be
related
by
S^P^p^v
where
y is the
ratio of specific
heats
From the Ideal Gas Law,
of the gas.
pV
=
mRT
mRT
mRT^V^mRT^VV
T2
The
result
\WJ
rY-i
is that, from substituting above into
equation
[4]
51
APPENDIX B
CALCULATIONS OF ERROR IN CRANK ANGLE
DUE TO RISE TIME OF SHAFT ENCODER OUTPUT
The
output
time
of
from
0
0.150
In
The
the
encoder
software
ouput
downloaded
it
the
to
output
goes
to
In
the
value
screen
is
is
increments
software
20
per
sets
256
to
point
the
chosen.
encoder
and
compares
the
encoder
The
that
the
crank
angle
the
where
it
where
of
vertical
is
the
when
course,
discussed
vertical
vertical
detect
determine
point
increments
to
oscilloscope
software
148
rpm.
value
rise
measured
2500
digitized
the
increases,
computer
contains
148
the
and
assigned
the
to
software
"high".
between
value
the
value
called
rise
threshold
that
be
through
starts
from
250
was
a
increases
voltage
time
rise
threshold
a
through
threshold
can
The
has
encoder
the
which
computer
output,
sorts
shaft
from
constant
for
order
in
rise
(5) Volts.
be
to
the
of
during
msec.,
five
to
found
and
voltage
encoder
reaches
with
here,
increments.
increments
above
division
Volts/division
0
Volts.
on
the
setting
output
the
rpm.
the
The
threshold
oscilloscope
fullscale,
There
are
scope.
The
of
the
so
25
scope
to
52
2
Volts/division
output.
The
encoder
output
5
the
on
crank
angle
now
will
channel
be
total
62.5
=
rise
I
increments
0.048
angle
error
7200
degrees/sec
angle
18000
20
at
rpm
=
error
rpm
=
to
msec,
1200
3000
at
1200
and
of
the
3000
rpm
total
rise
,
,._
.,
0.150
msec,
total
risetime
rise
=
Crank
risetime
Volts/div.
.20
Crank
the
calculated
increments to threshold.
:
z
)
\Tn
k.
^
Z Z i
t>2.o
increments
total
,
to
encoder
increments/div
(25
Volts
due
error
the
monitoring
50
1200
rev.
at
.
rpm:
/sec.
(0 048
.
3000
rev.
degrees/sec
threshold
.
=
7200
msec.)
degrees/sec.
0.346
=
degrees
error
rpm:
/sec.
(0-048
=
degrees/sec.
18,000
msec.)
=
0.864
degrees
error
53
APPENDIX C
COMPUTER SOFTWARE
The
software package
for the Ricardo
specifically tailored to the
programming
oscilloscope
incorporate
directions,
aim of
language,
these
with
Tektronix
the
make
Basic, Version 1.0, is
The
commands sent
software
including flexibility,
hardcopies of results,
features is to
HP
interfacing
statements.
desirable features,
optional
indicator diagram is original
engine geometry.
in the OUTPUT
some
engine
was
software as easy,
flexible,
the
to the
written
straight
and confirmation of user
and
to
forward
input. The
and efficient
to
use as possible.
The input demanded from the
compression
user
ratio, the range setting
of engine cycles
to be
averaged.
The
of
by
the
the
software
charge
includes the
amplifier,
results consist of the
and
the
engine
number
following:
Plot of indicator diagram itself
Analysis of data, including
Gross and
net
indicated
Work lost to pumping,
Indicated mean
work output of cycle
or
valve,
losses
effective pressure
Indicated horsepower
(IMEP)
output
List of user input (compression ratio,
number of cycles
Listing of modified data: Pressure, Volume, Crank angle
averaged)
54
The
subroutines and
is to be
the
into
nature of
a
functions. The
returned and where
the oscilloscope,
of
the
software consists of
file, but
therefore, do
program
convention of
the
subprogram
the HP 9826
must
be
not appear
computer
appended
in
a
logical
does
follows:
program
Start-up
Get-offset
New
Get-comp-ratio
Get-ca-range
Get-num-avg
Init-setup
Read-avg4-chl
Period
Scale-hor
Turn-on-ch2
Scale-ch2-v
Max-ch2
Acq-ch2
Conv-degs
Adj-angle
Calc-rpm
Conv-volume
Press
Graph-ind
An
Calc-rpm
Work
Trap
Horsepower
Ind-mep
Prnt
Print-data
not
interact
order
both
when one value
with
the
user or
followed. Note that, because
editor, subprograms
to the
under
and subprograms,
using functions
and subroutines otherwise, was
The subprograms, listed
MAIN
main
end of
the file.
cannot
be inserted
The subprograms,
in the file listing.
the
segments
that
call
them,
are
as
55
A brief explanation
in the
order given above.
of
the
main program and each subprogram
follows,
56
MAIN Program
10
20
"IND"
Program Name:
Ricardo engine
diagram
indicator
30
40
By:
Peggy A.
Faber
50
60
Written:
Summer,
Purpose:
Generate
1986
70
80
90
Ricardo
E6
100
This
1 10
conjunction
120
Diagram User's
to
is
program
compression
be
used
engine.
in
"Ricardo
the
with
for
diagram
indicator
variable
Indicator
Manual".
130
140
MAIN PROGRAM:
150
160
170
Variables
Dat
180
constants:
and
Array holding data
:
Column
1
190
Column
2:
Volume
200
Column
3-'
Crank
angle
210
Idcl, Idc2
Idc3:
First,
220
third
230
goes
240
Cr
250
Per:
260
Ph:
270
points
high,
Period
Phase
of
N:
300
Th:
of
running
output
cycle
ratio
cycle
engine
waveform,
of
Crank
320
in
le.
,
stroke
if
IDC1
or
end
at
of
stroke
Number
output
and
encoder
IDC's
three
compression
310
second,
shaft
where
or
of
exhaust
290
,
Compression
:
end
280
Pressure
:
waveforms
at
angle
goes
to
high
be
averaged
shaft
which
engine
when
encoder
not
330
340
Subprograms
350
Start_up:
360
370
380
390
400
410
used:
Prints
instructions
Get_offset:
shaft
New:
Acquires
diagram
and
420
diagram
430
Print_data:
440
modified
crank
output
data
for
modifies
Produces
Produces
data
equipment
setup
screen
Inputs
encoder
Graph_ind:
brief
on
at
which
high
indicator
new
it
plot
hard
points
angle
goes
of
indicator
copy
of
57
450
!
460
DIM
470
CALL
Start_up
480
CALL
Get_of fset(Th)
490
Dat( 1024,3)
ILabel
GET
510
ON
KEY
1
LABEL
PLOT
520
ON
KEY
2
LABEL
530
ON KEY
540
560
LABEL
DISP
"Press
GOTO
Spin
580
GOTO
,1
1
,12
run"
for
,13
hc_data
The_end
GOTO
key k0
Plot_pv
new
a
,Cr
,
Per
,Ph
,N
,Th
i
*
)
,1
1
,
13 )
Spin
610 Al:
CALL An( Dat <
620
GOTO
*
)
,1
1
,
12
,
13
,Per
,Cr ,Ph
,N
)
Spin
Prmt_data( Dat (
CALL
*
)
,
1 1
,
13 )
GOTO Spin
The_end:
main program
which prints a set of
The
computer soft
the
computer
END
first
keys
are
are
which
subroutine called
The
the
keys
the
are
the GOTO's appearing at the
and
subroutine
to the
the softkey
section
set of
(New, Graph-ind, An,
end of
on
are
the ON
after each
activated so
or
keys
When they
line labeled Spin
display is
below),
computer screen.
labeled kO through k9.
program returns
is completed,
soft
(see
the
messages on
then labeled. The
program executes
statements.
Start-up
calls subroutine
brief equipment setup
keyboard
user can select
GOTO
Graph_ind( Dat (
GOTO
650
GOTO
GOTO Al
Spin
CALL
600
640
called.
END"
CALL New( Dat (*>
630 Hc_data:
DATA"
HC
570 Dat:
590 Plot_pv:
KEY
4
GOTO Oat
P-V"
ANALYZE"
3 LABEL
KEY
ON
550 Spin:
pressed, the
DATA"
ON
LABEL
500
The
keys
soft
KEY 0
that the
Print-data) to be
58
Subroutine
6830
SUB
6840
! This
!This
6850
!
6860
set
su
subroutine
"
"
"
PRINT
6890
6900
PRINT
6910
PRINT
6920
PRINT
6930
PRINT
6940
PRINT
6950
PRINT
6960
PRINT
6970
PRINT
"
6990
PRINT
7000
PRINT
7010
PRINT
7020
PRINT
7030
PRINT
7040
PAUSE
7050
FOR
equipment
ENCODER:"
SHAFT
excitatio
Apply 5 Volts DC
"
to
shaft
Attach
TEK
encoder.
to Chi
leads
output
of"
oscilloscope"
2530
"
"
"
PRESSURE TRANSDUCER:
Attach
to Ch2
amplifier
"
TEK
from
output
"
2430
"
charge"
of"
oscilloscope"
"
"
"
PRINT
6980
"
"
MAKE
SURE
OUTPUT
THAT
AS
IN USER'S MANUAL:
ADDRESS:
TERMINATOR:
TO
DESCRIBED"
"
12"
MODE:
??Press
OSCILLOSCOPE'
T/L"
"
"
THE
IS
SETUP
"
1=1
LF/EOI"
CONTINUE
key to
procede'
18
PRINT
7060
I
7070
NEXT
7080
SUBEND
Subroutine
"
PRINT
basic
prints
messages
up
PRINT
6880
the
Star
PRINT
6870
Start-up
Start-up
computer screen.
prints out some
basic
equipment
setup
message on
59
Subroutine Get-offset
10900
SUB
Get_offset< Theta )
10910
This
10920
the
10930
output
subroutine
crank
at
high
goes
the
prompts
angle
which
and
to
user
the
shaft
that
returns
enter
encoder
value.
10940
10950
10960
Variables
Theta:
10970
and
constants
Angle
output
at
goes
used:
the
which
high
shaft
encoder
(degrees)
10980
10990
Subprograms
None
used:
1 1000
1 1010
PRINT
"Enter
1 1020
PRINT
"
1 1030
PRINT
This
at
which
"
1 1040
PRINT
PRINT
1 1060
INPUT Theta
1 1070
FOR
"If
NEXT
1 1 100
SUBEND
"
shaft
then
preferred,
TO
1=1
1 1090
high
goes
PRINT
flywheel"
on
output"
1 1050
1 1080
(degrees)
angle
encoder
CONTINUE
input
0
(
then
"
ey
.
CONTINUE
key
18
"
I
subroutine acquires
the
crank angle
degree,
read
from the
engine
flywheel, at which the shaft encoder output goes high. This value is later used
for correction
of pressure-volume phasing.
60
Subroutine New
8480
SUB
New(Dat(*),I1
8490
This
8500
and
8510
with
subroutine
calls
the
,12
,
13
,Cr
the
runs
,Per
that
subroutines
,Ph
data
,N
)
,Th
gathering
communicate
oscilloscope
8520
8530
Variables
and
8540
Dat:
8550
11,12,13:
8560
Array holding
IDC
8570
or
shaft
8580
Cr:
8590
Per:
8600
Ph:
8610
N:
8620
Th:
8630
constants
Data
points
points
encoder
of
high
goes
ratio
engine
of
data
Number
of
cycles
output
the
output
Phase
Crank
to
corresponding
where
Compression
Period
used:
data
angle
at
cycle
averaged
shaft
which
encoder
high
goes
8640
8650
Chi:
8660
8670
of
Array holding
(shaft
scope
for
value
Time
S_div:
8700
V_ch1,V_ch2:
8710
8720
R:
scale
for
scope
Range
of
abortion
8690
Chi
String holding boolean
Abort_prog$:
8680
from
waveform
encoder)
Volts/div
Chi
Ch2
&
on
setting
data
acqui
on
scope
setting
,
setting
.
on
respetively
charge
amplifier
8730
8740
8750
8760
8770
8780
8790
8800
Subprograms
used:
Get_comp_rat
rat
Get_ca_range
charge
compression
Inputs
Get_num_avg:
to
forms
be
Read_avg4_ch1
Chi
8840
Period:
,
range
:
averaged
number
initial
Acquires
wave
of
state
of
waveform
period
of
engine
cycle
Scale_hor:
8870
screen
Fits
one
engine
cycle
to
scope
screen
horizontally
8880
Turn_on_ch2:
Displ.
Ch2
on
8890
Scale_ch2_v:
Scales
Ch2
Volts/div
8910
scope
from
4
over
Calculates
8860
8900
of
setting
averaged
Sets
Init_setup:
8820
8830
Inputs
:
amplifier
8810
8850
Inputs
io:
io
scope
Acq_ch2:
to
screen
Acquires
averaged
waveform
from
61
8920
Ch2
8930
Conv_degs
8940
Adj_angle:
Calculates
:
Adjusts
for
8950
account
8960
pressure
8970
Conv_volume:
8980
from
8990
Press:
phase
and
crank
crank
crank
data
angle
Calculates
to
between
error
crank
( degs )
angle
angle
cylinder
volume
angle
Calculates
cylinder
pressure
9000
9010
DIM ChK 1024)
9020
OFF KEY 0
9030
OFF
KEY
1
9040
OFF
KEY
2
9050
OFF
KEY
3
9060
OFF
KEY
4
9070
9080
9090
Abort_prog$="FALSE"
FOR
1=1
TO
"
PRINT
I
9100
NEXT
! Init ial ize
FOR
Dat( I
9140
Dat(I
9150
Dat(I
array
TO
1=1
9130
9160
18
"
91 10
9120
,Abort_prog$[5]
,1
1024
)=0
,2>=0
,3)=0
I
NEXT
9170
CALL Get_comp_ratio( Or )
9180
CALL 6et_ca_range( R )
CALL Get_num_avg(N >
9190
9200
9210
FOR
TO
1=1
"
PRINT
18
"
I
9220
NEXT
9230
PRINT
9240
CALL
9250
CALL Read_avg4_ch1 (Chi <
9260
CALL Period(Ch1
9270
CALL Scale_hor(Per
9280
CALL
9290
CALL Scale_ch2_v(V_ch2
DATA"
"GATHERING
(*
)
+
9300
,V_ch2
,S_div)
,13)
)
,3_div
Turn_on_ch2
)
,S_div
,Abort_prog
THEN
IF
CALL Read_avg4_ch1 (Chi (
Period(ChK*
)
9320
CALL
9330
CALL Acq_ch2(Dat(*>
,11
9340
CALL Conv_degs(Dat(*>
CALL
Adj_angle(Dat(*
9360
CALL
Conv_volume(Dat(
9370
CALL Press(Dat(*),I1
9380
FOR
TO
1=1
PRINT
9400
NEXT
9410
PRINT
9420
SUBEND
"
*
)
SUBEXIT
)
,S_div
,11
,S_div
,Per
9350
9390
>
,11
,12
,S_div,Per
Abort_prog$="TRUE"
9310
)
Init_setup(S_div.,V_ch1
)
,
12
,11
)
)
,12
,13)
,Cr
,11
,12
.13)
,13)
)
,Ph
,R
,I2,I3,V_c
18
"
I
COMPLETE"
"DATA
.13)
,Ph
,N
,S_div
,11
,Th,Per
*
,12
GATHERING
62
Subroutine New
converts
the
important to
the
raw
data to
understand
significance of
obtain
performs
the
the final data
explained, except
the
units of
the
entire
data
pressure, volume
sequence of events
results obtained.
mentioned above.
for those that
are
acquisition
sufficiently
subroutine
utilizes
These
each
run,
and crank angle.
in this
New
for
13
by
It is
evaluate
subprograms
subprograms
explained
to
and
will
their
now
to
be
comments.
63
Subroutines Get-comp-ratio, Get-ca-range, Get-num-avg
4250
SUB
Get_comp_rat io( Cr )
4260
This
4270
ratio
4280
to
subroutine
for
this
by
through
it
enter
the
acquires
run
compression
the
prompting
the
user
keyboard
4290
4300
Variables
and
4310
Cr:
4320
Confirm*:
used:
constants
Compression
ratio
Allows
to
user
confirm
response
4330
4340
Subprograms
used:
None
4350
4360
DIM
4370
Resp:
Conf
irm$[
PRINT
1 ]
"Enter
the
4380
PRINT
"for
4390
PRINT
"Then
4400
INPUT
Cr
4410
PRINT
4420
PRINT
"Are
INPUT
Confirm*
4430
4440
4450
FOR
4470
4480
4490
4500
4510
TO
1=1
"
PRINT
NEXT
RATIO"
"
this
run.
key"
CONTINUE
press
"
you
Confirm$="Y"
IF
4460
"
COMPRESSION
OR
sure?
(Y/N)
Conf irm$="y
CONTINUE'
then
"
THEN
18
"
I
ELSE
PRINT
"
"
GOTO Resp
IF
END
4520
SUBEND
5280
SUB
5290
IThis
5300
!the
Get_ca_range(
subroutine
Range )
prompts
amplifier
charge
the
user
to
enter
range
5310
5320
5330
5340
5350
5360
Variables
Range:
and
constants
Charge
ampl.
used:
range
setting
(psi/Volt )
Confirm*:
Allows
user
to
confirm
entry
64
5370
5380
DIM
Resp:
Confirm$C 1 ]
PRINT
"Enter
5390
PRINT
5400
PRINT
"Then
PRINT
"
5410
INPUT
Range
5430
PRINT
"are
5450
5460
5470
5480
5490
5500
5510
5520
5530
10500
1051(3
10520
10530
charge
amplifier
RANGE
'
press
CONTINUE
key"
"
5420
5440
the
"selected"
you
( Y/N >
sure?
then
CONTINUE'
INPUT Confirms
Confirm$="Y"
IF
FOR
TO
1=1
"
PRINT
NEXT
OR
Conf irm$="y
"
THEN
18
"
I
ELSE
"
PRINT
GOTO
END
"
Resp
IF
SUBEND
SUB Get_num_avg(N )
This subroutine prompts
the
of
number
over
the
to
user
to
cycles
engine
returns
and
the
be
enter
averaged
number-
10540
10550
Variables
N:
10570
Confirms:
10580
Number
used:
constants
and
10560
of
waveforms
String to
confirm
input
Subprograms
used:
to
allow
be
averaged
user
to
10590
10600
None
10610
10620
DIM Conf irmSC 1 ]
over'
the
"Enter
10630 Resp:PRINT
10640
PRINT
"which
10650
INPUT
N
10660
PRINT
10670
PRINT
"Are
INPUT
Confirms
10680
10690
10700
10710
10720
10730
10740
10750
10760
10770
"
FOR
TO
1=1
NEXT
"
"
PRINT
I
ELSE
PRINT
GOTO
END
IF
SUBEND
"
would
of
like
cycles
to
average"
"
you
Confirm$="Y"
IF
you
number
"
Resp
18
sure?
OR
Conf
Y/N
then
irm$="y"
CONTINUE"
THEN
65
Get-comp-ratio, Get-ca-range,
prompting the
and
the
user
enter
number of cycles
keyboard. These
to
to
confirm
the
the
input.
Get-num-avg
compression
ratio,
are
interactive,
charge amplifier range,
to be averaged, respectively, from the
parameters must
value
and
be
set
for
each
run,
and
the
user
computer
is
required
66
Subroutine Init-setup
680
SUB
Init_setup(Sec_div,Volts_ch1
690
This
700
settings
for
each
Variables
and
constants
new
,Volts_ch2
the
initializes
subroutine
)
scope
run
710
720
730
Sec_div:
740
Vol ts_ch1
750
setting
Horizontal
,Vol
t
for
setting
Volts/div
s_ch2 :
Chi
used:
scope
Ch2
and
scope
respectively
,
760
770
Subprograms
used:
None
780
790
OUTPUT
800
! Set
810
OUTPUT 712; "INIT
the
to
scope
ON"
power-up
820
WAIT
! Set
840
OUTPUT 712;"VM0DE CH1
850
OUTPUT 712! "CH1
3
1&2:
Channels
up
860
Volts_ch1=2
870
OUTPUT 712; "CH2
880
Volts_ch2=2
890
OUTPUT 712; "HOR
900
Sec_div=
910
(Trigger
920
slope
930
OUTPUT
.
Volts/div
:0N
VOLTS
,CH2
VOLTS:
sec/div
2"
"
ASEC:
.1
1
from
of
Channel
square
1
on
712;"ATRIG
MOD: NOR
C0U:DC
OUTPUT
712;"ATRIG
OUTPUT
712;"ATRIG SLO : PLU
OUTPUT 712; "RUN
positive
wave
940
Init-setup
and
OFF"
:
:2"
950
960
state
PANEL-
830
970
:
,S0U
2
CH 1
"
"
,LEV:
,P0S
:
1
"
ACQUIRE"
SUBEND
initializes the
start of each run.
settings
71 2; "DEBUG
scope settings so
The 'TNIT
to the powerup
state
PANEL"
that
OUTPUT
(see 2430 Instrument
they
are
the
same at
statement sets all
Interfacing Guide,
the
scope
pgs. 24-
67
"VMODE"
25). The
statement
display.
scope
VOLTS
The
and
the horizontal
(HOR ASEC). This horizontal setting
displayed
as
60
rpm
(Chi)
for
(2
an entire engine cycle
must
(MOD) is
be
set
to
specified as well as
from the LEV:2 command),
command).
This
means
and
that the
position possible on
the
slope
number of data points occurs after
off
the screen,
divisions
use
since at
out of the
20 divisions
scope
The last
causes
the
scope
conditions set.
waveform
output statement
to begin
This
the
in
on
so
waveform acquisition
downloading to the computer.
the
source
Volts,
shaft encoder goes
point at
the
that
a maximum
point
is, therefore,
observe
10 horizontal
the trigger point,
of the scope.
"RUN ACQUIRE",
from Channel 1
scope
The
the SLO:PLU
central
the front panel
Init-setup is
subroutine prepares
the level (2
the trigger
displays the
To
scope.
that the trigger
captured,
of data captured.
the HORIZONTAL POSITION knob
the
(positive, from
places
few
at as
captured.
settings of
"1"
(CHI
msec/div.
be running
to be
when
the
off on
Channel 1 data to be
the trigger. The trigger
powerup, the
to 100
set
(COU:DC),
triggers
waveform
Channel 2
engine can
the coupling
scope
the
sees, of
which means
high. The trigger position, "POS", setting of
leftmost
2
the trigger
NORMAL,
is
scale
encoder cycles)
commands control
mode
allows
that the
which means
"ATRIG"
The
trigger
the screen,
on
on and
then set at 2 Volts/div.
scope scale settings are
CH2 VOLTS),
and
turns Channel 1
for the
which
under
actual
the
initial
68
Subroutine Read-avg4-chl
1000 SUB
Read_avg4_ch1
(AC*
1010
[Acquire binary
data
1020
! averaging
4
over
)
,S_div)
from
Channel
waves
1030
1040
Variables
1050
A:
1060
S_div:
1
-D
and
constants
array
to
Scope
time
hold
used:
waveform
scale
setting
1070
1080
1090
OUTPUT 712; "DATA ENC :RPB
OUTPUT 712; "ACQUIRE MODE : AVG
1 100
WAIT
1110
1 Get
1 120
OUTPUT 71 2,
1130
ENTER
1140
OUTPUT 712; "ACQ
1 150
,S0U
can
be
-"CURVE?"
712
were
for
by
4
and
subroutine
edge of
waveform
downloads it to the
waveforms produces a
the Period
the
the
from Channel 1,
computer.
sufficiently
It
smooth result
(below). If less than 4
resultant curve
is
was
found
that it
waveforms
sometimes
too
rough
in Period.
The DATA
source
"t,B";A(*>
M0DE:N0RMAL"
subroutine acquires
averaged, the rising
use
USING
SUBEND
over
analyzed
4'
.NUMAV:
40*S_div*4
4 acquisitions,
that averaging
CHI"
waveform
The Read-avg4-chl
averaged over
:
for the
specified
in the first OUTPUT
acquisition
to be Channel
the
shaft encoder.
to Right Justified Positive
encoding (ENC:RPR) is
set
that the data is
in 256
encoded
1,
statement specifies
vertical
Binary,
increments, from 0
to
the data
The data
which means
255,
with
0
volts
69
corresponding to the integer 127. "ACQUIRE
the
scope
to
acquire
The WAIT
The
averaged.
in the AVERAGE
statement allows
is
and
specifying
binary
entered
maximum speed of
returns
the
into the
encoding
is then
to
NUMAVG:4"
waveforms
requested
to be
the
acquired and
using the
"CURVE?"
the ENTER statement,
a column
The last OUTPUT
NORMAL,
sets
waveforms.
computer with
data downloading.
follow.
4
(B), into array A. Array A is
acquisition mode
subprograms which
mode over
time for the
resultant waveform
command
MODE:AVG,
array for
statement
mode assumed
then
initially by
the
70
Subroutine Period
1250
SUB Period(A<
*
)
,Sec_div
finds
,Per
1260
This
1270
cycles
of
the
square
1280
1290
Variables
and
constants
subroutine
the
,Idc1
(one
wave
A:
Array
containing
waveform
1310
Sec_dlv:
Horizontal
scope
1320
Per:
1330
Idc 1
1340
,Idc2
shaft
1350
Level:
1360
must
,
of
Idc3
engine
:
encoder
Vertical
to
cross
,Idc3)
two
engine
cycle)
setting
(sees.)
cycle
Points
in
signal
goes
cycle
that
value
be
of
used:
1300
Period
,Idc2
period
where
high
waveform
"high"
considered
1370
1380
Subprograms
used:
None
1390
1400
1410
1420
Level=148
Find_idc1
IF
:
FOR
1=1
(A(I)>=Level
1430
Idc 1
1440
GOTO Find_idc2
END
NEXT
1480
I
Idc2=I
1500
GOTO
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
I=Idc1+1
AND
TO
1024
A( 1-1 KLevel )
THEN
Find_idc3
IF
END
NEXT
I
Find_idc3:
IF
FOR
(A(I)>Level
1490
1510
THEN
=1
Find_idc2:
IF
1024
A( 1-1 ) '.Level )
IF
1450
1460
1470
TO
AND
FOR
(A(I)>Level
I=Idc2+1
AND
TO
1024
A< 1-1 KLevel)
Idc3=I
GOTO Perio
1570
END
1580
NEXT
1590
Perio:
IF
I
Per=( Idc3-Idc 1 )*Sec_div/50
1600
Idc2=INT( (Idc1+Idc3)/2)
1610
SUBEND
THEN
71
Period determines the
and records
the data
does this
by looking
first
third
and
vertically.
the
DDC
The
point
These
IDC's,
IDC's
period
is
points at which
at
the
binary
the
points where
assigned
to
data
since constant angular
are returned
or
the first
using the
point
shaft rotations)
the threshold
last
value of
of
the
(see Scale-hor). This is done
minimal effect
scope
so
in the diagram.
that
148
the
engine
sec/div. value, and
the
second
The
period and
Subroutine Period is
has been
the
third times
and
and
scaled
for
third
the three
called
by New, the first time to get an initial value of the cycle period and again
the horizontal setting
It
points of
and
assumed.
program.
high.
finding
waveforms and
midway between the first
velocity is
to the calling
the
approximately to the first
calculated
a
(two
shaft encoder output goes
curve crosses
inner dead center,
is then
the
values of
points correspond
piston reaches
cycle.
period of one engine cycle
twice
after
maximum resolution
slight variations of rpm with
time have
a
72
Subroutine Scale-hor
1640
Scale_hor( Per
SUB
1650
Adjusts
1660
that
the
two
,Time_div
horizontal
periods
1670
in
as
1680
as
possible
much
the
of
the
of
20
)
(time)
scale
square
time
wave
scale
so
are
divisions
1690
1700
Variables
and
1710
Per:
1720
Time_div:
1730
(
sec
.
of
engine
Horizontal
/div
used:
constants
Period
.
cycle
scale
)
1740
1750
Subprograms
None
used:
1760
1770
IF
Per< =19 AND
Per
1780
OUTPUT 712; "HOR
1790
Time_d iv=1
1800
SUBEXI T
1810
END
1820
IF
THEN
AND Per>3.8
712; "HOR ASEC:
1840
Time_d iv=.5
SUBEXI T
1860
END
1870
IF
IF
Per< =3.8
AND
712; "HOR
1880
OUTPUT
1890
Time_d iv=.2
Per>1
THEN
.9
ASEC:
SUBEXI T
1910
END
1920
IF
1930
1.0"
IF
Per< =9.5
OUTPUT
1900
9. 5 THEN
.0
1830
1850
>
ASEC:
IF
Per< =1
OUTPUT
.9
1940
Time_d iv=.1
1950
SUBEXI T
1960
END
1970
IF
AND
712;"H0R
OUTPUT
1990
Time_d iv=.05
2000
SUBEXI T
END
2020
IF
ASEC:
.
1
"
IF
Per< =.95
1980
2010
THEN
AND Per>.95
712; "HOR
Per>.38
THEN
ASEC:
IF
Per< =.38
AND Per>.19
71 2; "HOR
2030
OUTPUT
2040
Time_d iv=.02
2050
SUBEXI T
ASEC:
THEN
(sees.)
scope
setting
73
2060
END
2070
IF Per<=.19 AND Per>.095 THEN
OUTPUT 712; "HOR ASEC:
2080
2090
Time_div=.01
2100
SUBEXIT
21 10
END
2120
IF
2130
2140
Time_div=.005
SUBEXIT
2160
END
2170
IF Per<=.038
2180
END
2210
waveform
sets
The
is
the
horizontal
much of
resolution of
set
the
returned
subroutine
"
horizontal, seconds/division,
the
or
one
scale so
scale
It does this
by
according to the
cycle.
to the oscilloscope,
and
by the SUBEXIT statement.
the
cycles of
to
provide
a series of
period
The HOR ASEC:
rest of the subprograms through
exited
that two
scope screen as possible
waveform.
engine
sec/div. value
to the
is then
the
the horizontal
periods,
statements sends
variable
002
IF
takes up as
output
:.
SUBEND
statements which
encoder
THEN
712; "HOR ASEC
Time_div=.002
2200
Scale-hor
IF
OUTPUT
2190
maximum
IF
Per<=.095 AND Per>. 038 THEN
OUTPUT 712; "HOR ASEC:
2150
the
IF
the
of
IF
two
output
"Time-div"
parameter
list.
74
Subroutine Turn-on-ch2
1180
1190
SUB
Turn_on_ch2
!This
subroutine
turns
on
Ch2
CH2:QN"
This
1200
OUTPUT
1210
WAIT
1220
SUBEND
subroutine
oscilloscope screen
program
screen,
by
simply
Channel 1.
it
will
causes
Channel 2 to be displayed
outputting the "VMODE
then waits for 1
since
712;"VM0DE
1
not
second
to
allow
be displayed
CH2:ON"
statement.
the Channel 2 trace to
unless
the
scope
the
on
The
appear on
the
is triggered form
75
Subroutine Scale-ch2-v
2240
Scale_ch2_v( Volt
SUB
2250
This
2260
Ch2
2270
subroutine
thew
so
the Volts/div
fits
waveform
as
vertically
s_ch2',Fatal_error$
scales
as
closely
the
,S
)
on
screen
possible
2280
2290
Variables
2310
the
Volts/div
setting
Ch2
of
scope
String to hold boolean
Fatai_error:
2320
2330
used:
constants
and
Volts_ch2:
2300
value
for
2340
S:
2350
Max:
2360
Interval:
2370
scope
Horizontal
Maximum
scale
data
setting
of
value
digitize
acqui.
of
scope
waveform
(in'sec.)
Time
to
of
abortion
to
wait
for
input
2380
2390
Subprograms
used:
Returns
FNMax_ch2:
2400
2410
value
20
of
maximum
vertical
waveforms
2420
2430
2440
Interval=20*S+1
Reduce:
iReduce
!runs
2450
height
off
2460
Max=FNMax_ch2(S)
2470
IF
Max>=125
OUTPUT
2490
WAIT
2500
Volts_ch2=5
2510
2520
GOTO
END
2540
IF
Enlarge
FNMax_ch2(S)>=125
OUTPUT
712; "CH2
2570
10"
ELSE
SUBEXIT
END IF
IF FNMax_ch2(S )>=125
712; "CH2
2620
OUTPUT
2630
WAIT
2640
Volts_ch2=20
2650
THEN
VOLTS:
Interval
WAIT
2600
2610
5"
IF
Volts_ch2=10
2580
VOLTS:
Interval
2560
2590
waveform
ELSE
2530
2550
of
screen
THEN
712; "CH2
2480
the
ELSE
Interval
I
HEN
VOLTS:
20"
if
it
on
76
2660
SUBEXIT
2670
END
2680
IF
IF
FNMax_ch2(S )>=125
2690
OUTPUT 712; "CH2
2700
WAIT
2710
Volts_ch2=50
2720
2730
Interval
ELSE
SUBEXIT
2740
END
2750
IF
IF
FNMax_ch2(S )>=125
2760
!The
2770
(amplitude to
2780
PRINT
"FATAL
PRINT
"
2790
2800
PRINT
2810
PRINT
input
"
"
Ch2
amplitude
Ch2
too
is
handle.
Adjust
!
IF
Max<63
vertical
cove rs
possible
VOLTS: 1
2960
IF
IF
FNMax_ch2(SK63
2970
OUTPUT
2980
WAIT
2990
Volts_ch2=.5
712;"CH2
THEN
VOLTS:
Interval
ELSE
SUBEXIT
3020
END
3030
IF
IF
FNMax_ch2(3 K50
3040
OUTPUT
3050
WAIT
712; "CH2
THEN
VOLTS:
Interval
Volts_ch2=.2
ELSE
SUBEXIT
IF
3090
END
3100
IF FNMax_ch2(SK63 THEN
712; "CH2
31 10
OUTPUT
3120
WAIT
3130
Volts_ch2=.1
3150
"
SUBEXIT
END
3140
the
from"
program"
"
ELSE
2950
3080
again
Interval
WAIT
3070
begin
THEN
Volts_ch2=1
3060
for
the
as
OUTPUT 712; "CH2
2910
3010
great
waveform
scale
2920
3000
and
'Enlarge
2980
2930
input
IF
Enlarge:
!the
2940
the
of
SUBEXIT
END
2870
2890
in
"
2830
2900
great
PROBLEM"
PRINT
2860
too
handle
Fatal_error$="TRUE"
2840
THEN
is
The
to
"
to
2820
2850
THEN
VOLTS:50'
Interval
ELSE
SUBEXIT
VOLTS:
.
1
'
scale
as
much
so
of
that
the
77
3160
END
3170
IF
3180
OUTPUT
3190
WAIT
3200
END
3240
IF
3250
OUTPUT
WAIT
see
scale
expanded
if further
the
adjustment
Here,
checked
may have
Max-ch2
was
the
(if the
further),
is
vertically
differently
vertical scale
the
and then
needed.
all on
the
be
sufficient
is
so
that the
screen.
the
if the
is
that the
the
done in Scale-hor. Now this subprogram
must
subroutine
if the
waveform must
be
was
the
waveform
to
vertical scale
scaled and
be expanded, it
1/126
returned
by
directly
as
correct vertical scale
will
scale
checked again
obviously be
resolution of
data
conditions of
screen or
maximum value
If the
select
pressure
This
as possible.
changed
the screen, it
to
2
the data. Scale-
It is done this way for the
a maximum value so small
would not
resolution of
than the horizontal
waveform runs off
waveform runs off
that it is
the
scale of channel
scope screen
adjustment
because, if the
then
maximizes
the vertical, volts/div.,
statement are met
be
, .02
IF
Scale-hor, Scale-ch2-v
the
VOLTS:
SUBEND
adjusted, however.
could
712; "CH2
Interval
Volts_ch2=.02
END
occupies as much of
IE
IF
FNMax_ch2(S K50 THEN
3260
3270
performs
.05
Interval
SUBEXIT
3230
3280
ch2-v sets
THEN
VOLTS:
ELSE
3220
3290
712;"CH2
Volts_ch2=.05
3210
Like
IF
FNMax_ch2<5 K63
explained step-by-step.
78
First,
the
to
scope
before the
(see
(Interval) is
the time
adjust
the
below).
section
Function Max-ch2
ch2.
Channel 2 (read the
126. If the
labeled
set
50
to
'TRUE"
Volts/div,
labeled
The
if,
the
waveform
check
the
after
the
the Reduce line
the fit
the
waveform
has been
the
value
Volts/div setting for Channel 2 it
in
sent
program
by
twenty
waveforms on
is between
screen.
to its
The
Max-
-127
and
to the line
Fatal-error is
maximum value of
segment after
a minimum of
back through the
20
the line
mV/div.
parameter
variable.
The time taken to
execute
this
a maximum vertical resolution of
exploited as
screen.
the
program goes
to the
set
label,
Max-ch2
value returned
which
to be reduced, the
decrease the Volts/div.
list in the Volts-ch2
the
on
not need
waveform still goes off
by function
at
maximum value of
vertical scale
for
and acquire a new waveform
FNMax-ch2 now),
of
program must pause
is looked
if needed, based
returns
does
after
"Enlarge"
new
to
value
section on
waveform
"Enlarge"
the
In the lines
increases the Volts/div.
Channel 2
volts/div. of
maximum value of
that the
calculated
fully as possible.
subprogram
the
is worthwhile,
waveform of
only
1/256,
since
there is
which must
be
79
Function FNMax-ch2
3320
DEF FNMax_ch2(S )
3330
This
3340
waveform
3350
Twenty
function
finds
Ch2
on
on
waveforms
the
a
maximum
scale
are
of
value
to
-127
of
126,
sampled.
3360
3370
Variables
3380
S:
3390
Max:
3400
and
Maximum
waveforms
Greatest:
3410
3420
constants
Horizontal
Interval:
3440
acquire
used:
value
scope
of
far
so
Max
of
setting
vertical
individual
3430
scale
vertical
value
for
waveform
Time
to
for
wait
to
scope
curve
3450
3460
OUTPUT 712
3470
OUTPUT
712
"VMODE
3480
OUTPUT
712
"DATA
3490
Interval=20*S+1
3500
Max=-500
3510
FOR
3520
TO
3530
WAIT
3540
OUTPUT
3550
ENTER
3560
IF
1i
14"
S0U:CH2"
20
712; "ACQ
712;
MOD:
NOR"
"MAXIMUM?"
712;Greatest
6reatest>Max
END
NEXT
3600
RETURN
THEN
IF
I
Max
FNEND
returns
the
maximum vertical
Channel 2. This
range of
;ST0P
Max=Greatest
3590
Max-ch2
1
CH2:0N"
Interval
3580
3610
full-scale
1=1
OUTPUT
3570
sampled on
"START
the
maximum value
scope screen.
value
of
twenty
lies between
The datapoints
of
the
-127
waveforms
and
waveform
126,
the
from the
80
START (1) to STOP (1024), the
turned
(VMODE statement),
on
(DATA SOU
the
while
statement).
program
is
value
in
twenty
entered
the data
and
"Greatest"
to
the
curve
loop,
specified as
the
waveform
statement.
the
and
The
Channel 2
is
acquired
the
scope sends
to the MAXIMUM? request,
response
if it is the highest
acquisitions,
is
"Greatest". The IF
variable
"Max"
in
Channel 2 is
considered.
source
is pausing due to the WATT
into the
waveform
curve, are
In the FOR/NEXT
maximum vertical value of
which
entire
so
the
statement assigns
far. This is
"Max"
value of
is
repeated
by
returned
for
the
function.
Twenty waveforms are
running roughly, there is
If part of the
points are
curve acquired
digitized to
course, plays havoc
situation
by
a
this function
large fluctuation in
does
a value of
with
by
checked
not
0
fit on the
peak pressure
scope screen
Volts, instead
the results,
and
scaling vertically based
on
the
the
because,
of
if the
engine
between
is
cycles.
vertically, the data
their true
values.
program attempts
to
maximum pressure
This,
avoid
of
of
this
twenty
cycles.
Now that the horizontal time
have been adjusted, the
can
be
acquired.
waveforms
scale and
that
will
the
be
vertical scale of
used
Channel 2
for the indicator diagram
81
Subroutine Acq-ch2
SUB
Acq_ch2(B< O
3650
This
3660
based
,11
subroutine
the
on
,12
,S_div
average
N
of
,
Phase
the
acquires
,N
)
output
curve
cycles
3670
3680
Variables
3690
B:
3700
II
3710
and
constants
,12:
output
high
goes
3720
S_div:
Horizontal
3730
Phase:
Indicates
3740
compression
3750
end
N:
Number
3770
A:
Temporary
3790
loaded
Id1
3800
3810
of
scope
at
(Phase=1)
to
end
or
Arrays
to
be
averaged
receive
down
to
collect
waveform
Counters
for
number
Id1
and
Id2
,Count2:
waveforms
3830
respect
i vely
3840
Interval:
Time
3850
acquire
kept
in
to
for
wait
,
scope
to
waveform
3860
Subprograms
used:
None
3880
( 1024 )
3890
DIM A( 1024 )
3900
Interval=20*S_div+1
3910
OUTPUT
3920
3930
OUTPUT
R_ch2:
,Id1
71 2; "VMODE
WAIT
OUTPUT 712;
3960
ENTER
3970
IF A(I1 )>A(I2)
FOR
1=1
IdK I )
NEXT
Count 1
ELSE
4030
FOR
4040
4050
,B";A(
THEN
1024
IdK I )+A( I )
=Count
1=1
Id2(I)
NEXT
"t
USING
TO
=
"CURVE?"
I
4000
4010
4020
CH2:0N"
Interval
3940
3980
1024 )
CH2"
,S0U
3950
3990
,Id2(
712; "DATA ENC :RPB
OUTPUT 712; "ACQUIRE
712
I
TO
=
data
phase
3820
3870
of
at
(Phase=2)
stroke
waveforms
array
setting
occurs
waveform
each
Count 1
II
stroke
,Id2:
for
scale
if
exhaust
of
3760
3780
used:
2-D array to store data
Points where shaft encoder
1 +1
1024
Id2(I ) + A( I >
*)
:
M0D:N0RMAL'
of
82
4060
Count2=Count2+1
4070
END
4080
IF
4090
4100
END
4110
IF
FOR
4140
NEXT
4150
Phase=1
4160
ELSE
4170
FOR
the
engine
These
(or
TO
=
I
IF
N
curve
types
that it
must
Thus,
the
captures
be kept
arrays are used
curve
in this
from the
data for
phase
1
engine cycle occurs
from the
shaft encoder goes
be triggered
of curves
result
(see
based
subroutine.
oscilloscope.
and
from Channel
resultant curve must also
phase
The first two OUTPUT
two
at
Fig
on
subroutine will now
waveform
after sorting.
the
with
the
Since the
signal
two types
sorted,
the
scope can
With this understood, this
cumulative
respectively,
phase of
the drive shaft, the
downloading of the
the
The
acquire
parameter statement.
per engine cycle.
so
Acq-ch2 is to
waveforms.
through the
cycle,
1024
Id2( I >/N
SUBEND
Three internal
store
)
NEXT
one phase).
fast
,1
Phase=2
rotations of
high twice
1024
Id1 ( I )/N
purpose of subroutine
returned
two
=
THEN
I
4190
and average over
over
)
,t
4200
END
TO
1=1
B< I
4210
be
1=1
B( I
4180
2,
IF
Count 1=N
4130
4220
Count2<N THEN
GOTO R_ch2
4120
The
IF
Count 1<N AND
points
Al below).
only
be
in
one
type
explained.
Array A
allows
Arrays Idl
and
the
Id2
2 type waveforms,
statements
turn
on
the
83
IDC1
0DC1
IDC2
a. Phase
0DC2
(time)
IDC3
1
(time)
Encoder Output
Output
"Pressure
Fig.Al
Locations
of
Piston Strokes in Phases 1 & 2
84
Channel 2 display,
acquisition.
set
the data encoding,
The interval ("Interval") to be
downloading of data is then calculated, and the
The line label Rch2 (for "read
program segment
been
the
acquired.
waveform
waveforms
checks
the
acquired,
The
to be
The
acquire mode
is
N
set
waited
for
source of
acquisition
phase counters are set
2")
marks
the
Normal,
the
curve
phase,
loads the arrays,
to determine if N
program.
increments the
parameter
list
zero.
of
sorts
counters.
counters are
averaged waveform
and
the
requested, and
waveforms of either phase
to line Rch2 if both
IP/THEN/ELSE loads the
through the
and
the
type have
waveforms of either phase
to
to
beginning
downloaded into array A. The first IF/THEN/ELSE
counters
passed
later in the
channel
repeated until
and returns control
second
B to be
by
specify the data
and
the
The LF
have been
less than N.
into the data array
and assigns a value
to Phase for
use
85
Subroutine Conv-degs
4550
Conv_degs(B(
SUB
4560
This
4570
index
4580
in
4590
Constant
subroutine
3
column
,Idc1
,Idc2,Idc3)
from
converts
degrees
to
points
)
*
and
horizontal
stores
these
array B(*).
of
angular
is
velocity
assumed.
4600
4610
Variables
4620
B:
4630
Idcl
4640
and
Points
where
,Idc2,Idc3:
output
Increment:
4660
data
Array holding
encoder
4650
used:
constants
data
Increment
shaft
high
goes
in
degrees
between
points
4670
4680
Subprograms
used:
None
4690
4700
Increment=720/( Idc3-Idc 1 )
4710
Bddcl
4720
B( Idc2
4730
B( Idc3
4740
J=1
4750
FOR
4760
B( I
J
4780
NEXT
FOR
with
the
B< I
4810
NEXT
4820
FOR
angular
,3
,3
STEP
-1
)=360-Increment*J
TO
)=B< 1-1
,3
Idc2-1
) + Increment
I
TO
1-1
,3
,3)=B(
4840
NEXT
SUBEND
of the
1
I
4850
velocity
TO
I=Idc2+1
B( I
crank angle
0
I=Idc1+1
4800
Conv-degs fills the
=
,3)
J+1
4790
4830
,3)=0
I=Idc1-1
4770
=
,3)=0
1024
^Increment
I
second column of
in degrees.
drive
shaft
The
is
the data array, here
critical
constant.
called
assumption used
array
R,
is that the
The formula for calculating the
86
increment is, therefore, simply 2x360 (two
shaft
by the number of data points in one engine cycle.
rotations, in
degrees) divided
87
Subroutine Adj-angle
1 1 130
1 1 140
SUB
Adj_angle(Dat(
*
)
,Th,Per
,Idc1
,Idc2
This
subroutine
adjusts
the
1 1 150
data
to
for
phase
1 1 160
pressure
account
and
the
encoder
flexible coupling
and
1 1 180
of
encoder
1 1 190
calibration
1 1200
motoring
crankshaft
and
equation
,Idc3)
angle
error
due
input
1 1 170
crank
in
the
to
misalignment
The
shaft.
based
is
on
data.
1 1210
1 1220
Variables
11230
Dat:
1 1240
Th:
and
1 1250
encoder
1 1260
engine
1 1270
Per:
1 1280
Idc 1
1 1290
Idc2
Offset:
of
engine
Angular
offset
1 1350
in
data
the
which
1 1380
shifted
Angle:
of
to
Adjusted
data
data
IDC
due
shaft
crank
error
Number
1 1370
1 1390
error,1
angle
of
proportion
revolution
Adj_idc:
1 1360
at
degrees )
Frac_angle:
1 1 340
(phase
crank
and
pressure
( in
1 1330
piston
where
center
Rev/min
1 1310
cycle
Points
:
shaft
when
degrees)
(in
engine
of
dead
inner
Rpm:
of
running
,Idc3
high
goes
output
not
the
which
at
angle
Period
,
1 1300
1 1320
data
Array holding
Crank
used:
constants
phase
crank
points
points
by
be
must
error
angle
(degrees)
1 1400
1 1410
Subprograms
1 1420
Calc_rpm:
used:
Calculates
rev/min
of
engine
1 1430
1 1440
Rpm=FNCalc_rpm( Per )
1 1450
IF
1 1460
Th>180
THEN
Th=Th-360
IF
1 1470
END
1 1480
Offset=.009S680*Rpm-1
1 1490
Frac_angle=Of fset/360
1 1500
Adj_idc=INT(Frac_angle*( Idc2-Idc1
1 1510
1 1520
1 1530
IF
Frac_angle<0.
Adj_idc=-Adj_idc
END
IF
THEN
.23877-Th
) )
88
1 1540
Idc1=Idc1+Adj_i.dc
1 1550
Idc2=Idc2+Adj_idc
1 1560
Idc3=Idc3+Adj_idc
1 1570
FOR
1 1590
IF
1 1620
IF Angle>360
THEN
Angle=Angle-360
END
1 1650
Dat( I
NEXT
1 1670
SUBEND
error
=
,3)
Angle
I
subroutine makes use of motoring
pressure and crank angle
engine rpm and
the
alignment
as expressed
subroutine
("Offset") is
IF
1 1660
adjusting the data
set
IF
1 1640
the drive shaft,
>-Of f
THEN
Angle=360+Angle
the phasing between
The
Angle<0.
END
The Adj-angle
and
Idc3
,3
1 1610
1 1630
the
TO
Angle=Dat( I
1 1600
on
I=Idc1
1 1580
performs
in
two
points assigned
calculated
from the
to
correction
the
correct
is based
shaft encoder
[10].
tasks, adjusting the
relation obtained
are
analysis
shaft of
to be IDC's. The
from motoring data. The IDC's
angle values are adjusted
data. The
between the
equation
data
then
angle
value of
between
the
value
phase error
rpm and phase
adjusted accordingly.
in the FOR-NEXT loop.
and
Then the
89
Subroutine Conv-volume
4860
i
4870
4880
Conv_volume(B(
SUB
4890
This
4900
values
4910
in
subroutine
from
*
)
,R
,
I dc 1
to
radians
,Idc3)
the
converts
crankangle
cylinder
volume
in.**3.
4920
4930
Variables
and
B:
Array holding
4950
R:
Compression
4960
Idc1,Idc3:
4970
4980
S,D,L:
4990
Vo
5000
Epsi
5010
X:
,Epsi_5q
Crank
and
pooints
end
below
Defined
volume
,A
,C
.Const
to
Used
:
save
time
computation
5020
ratio
waveform
Clearance
:
data
Beginning
cycle
of
used:
constants
4940
for
angle
data
point
5030
5040
Subprograms
None
used:
5050
5060
DEG
5070
The
5080
following
.'geometry
ars
the
of
parameters
Ricardo
5090
S=4.375
(Piston
5100
D=3.000
(Cylinder
51 10
L=9.500
!Rod
5120
5130
5140
5150
(Further
bore
length
to
values
)
save
computation
time
Epsi=S/(2*L)
Epsi=Epsi*Epsi
A=Vo*(R-1 )/2
5180
C=A/Epsi
5210
the
!
5170
5200
by
(inches)
stroke
Vo=.25*PI*D*D*S/(R-1
5160
5190
set
engine
Const=Vo+A+C
(Compute
FOR
5220
X=B(I
5230
B( I
5240
NEXT
5250
SUBEND
volumes
I=Idc1
,2
I
TO
Idc3
,3)
.......
_
)
=
Const-A*COS(X
)-C*SQR( 1
-tpsi_5q*(
S1N( X ) r
90
Conv- volume converts the values
from degrees
the
of crank angle
to
in
column
cylinder volume.
2
the data array
of
The
subroutine
(array B)
implements
following formula (ref. 8, pg 172) for cylinder volume:
v
where:
V
=
Vo
r
0
=
v0
{1
1 +
-
cos6
+
2
clearance volume
compression ratio
crank angle
and
2L
where:
length
S
=
stroke
L
=
connecting rod length
-
e
cylinder volume
=
=
=
[1
-
(1
-
E2sin26)*]}
[11]
91
Subroutine Press
5560
SUB
Press*
5570
This
5580
the
5590
(psia).
5600
piston
5610
suction
C(*
)
subroutine
in
5630
that
It
is
the
,
takes
,
13
the
ODC
at
stroke
intake
to be
12
,V_div
to
>
from
pressure
end
when
units
the
the
of
the
equaling
manifold,
14.7
,Ph
input
pressure
the
at
as
,R
the
converts
transducer
pressure
5620
,11
pressure
approximating
psia.
5640
5650
Variables
5660
C:
5670
II
5680
V_div:
5690
R:
5700
Points
Volts/div
Range
Ph:
used:
constants
data
at
,12,13:
in
5710
and
Array holding
setting
of
dead
inner
setting
of
center
Ch2
amplifier
charge
psi/Volt
Phase
of
pressure
5720
Ph=1
if
11
at
end
of
compression
5730
Ph=2
if
11
at
end
of
exhaust
5740
Odd
5750
Point
waveform
ODC
at
,0dc2:
after
suction
stroke
Ref:
5760
Reference
5770
suction
5780
Conv_f actor
5790
in
cycle,
end
Conversion
factor
from
point
stroke
:
value
vertical
to
psi
5800
5810
Subprograms
used:
None
5820
5830
(Determine
5840
IF
5850
5860
5880
IF
5900
stroke
suction
THEN
Ref=C(0dc2
END
5910
after
0dc2=INT( ( 13+12 )/2 )
5870
5890
Ph=1
ODC
,1
)
IF
Ph=2
THEN
0dc1=INT((I1+I2)/2)
Ref=C(0dc1
END
,1
)
IF
5920
Conv_factor=R*V_div/25
5930
FOR
1=11
5940
C( I
5950
NEXT
5960
SUBEND
,1
I
TO
13
)=l4.7+Conv_factor*(C(
I
,1
>-Ref >
of
92
Subroutine Press
and substitutes
the
increments) in
subroutine
the
1
column
the
as
(about 14.7
be
for many
psia).
engines
been moving very slowly
Because
the
of
data
based
on
the
and
phase of
the
with
value
to
conversion
the
averaged waveform.
psi as
factor (Conv-factor)
R
V
=
-
25
atmospheric
piston
has
pressure
units must
end
The
converted
determines
the
of
be
transducer,
value of
suction
to
which
stroke,
this data
point
as explained above.
converts
from
vertical
increment
follows:
Con-factor
where:
in
approximation can
subroutine
("Ref), is assigned the known reference pressure
The
that this
is fully open.
(RPB) from the
section of
vertical
pressure
in the cycle, the
256. These
approximately
the
that this
point
valve
the data
and
(in
assumption
is approximately
states
this
at
the intake
of
in the cycle,
point
in the comment, is that the
suction stroke
because,
data
previous value
The
array.
Taylor (ref. 1)
The IF/THEN/ELSE
the
(in psia) for the
the data
lie between 0
point corresponds
pressure of each
mentioned
the encoding
vertical values
pressure.
of
is
end of
pressure
made
the
pressure value
is based on,
cylinder at
calculates
the
div
=
=
charge amplifier range
=
the
the Ch 2
vertical
setting in
setting
number of vertical
^
R*V-div/25
psi/Volt
of the scope
increments
in Volts/div
per scope
division
'
93
The resulting
loop does the
and
the
units of Conv-factor are psi/vertical
actual conversion
reference point value.
for
each
data
increment. The FOR/NEXT
point
using the
conversion
factor
94
Subroutine Graph-ind
5990
Graph_ind(C(*
SUB
6000
This
6010
diagram
6020
desired.
subprogram
and
)
,Idc1
produces
,Idc3)
the
plots
indicator
hard copy
a
if
6030
6040
Variables
6050
C:
6060
Idcl
Array holding
Beginning
6080
Resp$:
String holding
hard
whether
6100
Maxp
61 10
Maxv
6120
Top_axis:
6130
Right_axis:
6150
used:
ax
and
,Idc3:
data
6140
constants
data
6070
6090
and
Maximum
:
,Minv
Max
and
response
volume
of
value
values
vertical
of
is
Left_axis:
Min
value
of
horizontal
Subprograms
used:
6180
RespSE 1 ]
6190
DIM
6200
OFF KEY 0
6210
OFF
KEY
1
6220
OFF
KEY
2
6230
OFF
KEY
3
6240
OFF
KEY
4
6250
GINIT
6260
GRAPHICS
6270
FOR
6280
ON
TO
1=1
"
PRINT
18
"
6290
NEXT
6300
(Find
6310
LET Maxp=-500
6320
LET
6330
LET Minv=500
6340
FOR
6350
axis
horizontal
6160
6170
to
value
min
value
Max
of
desired
plot
pressure
Max
:
points
user's
of
copy
end
I
extrema
of
data
for
scaling
Maxv=-500
I=Idc1
IF C( I
,1
TO
Idc3
)>Maxp THEN
Maxp=C( 1,1)
Maxv=C(I,2)
Minv=C( I
6360
IF
C(I,2)>Maxv
THEN
6370
IF
C(I,2XMinv
THEN
6380
NEXT
6390
(Scale
I
axes
6400
Top_axis=INT(Maxp+.5)+10
6410
Right_axis=INT(Maxv+.5 )+1
,2
)
a, -.is
95
6420
Lef t_axis=-5
6430
WINDOW
6440
AXES 5,10,0,0,2,5
6450
Lef t_axis
(Label
,Right_axis
LORG
6470
MOVE Right_axis-2
6480
LABEL
6490
LORG
6500
FOR
9
"P
V
I=Left_axis
TO
Right_axis
6
I
LABEL
NEXT
6540
LORG 8
6550
FOR
6580
I
1=50 TO Top_axis
LABEL
NEXT
I
I
(Plot
6610
FOR
6620
6680
6690
curve
DRAW C(I
(Prompt
for
PRINT
5700
GCLEAR
6720
FOR
1
IF
to
"
OR Resp$="q
then
CONTINUE"
THEN
18
I
IF
Resp$="P"
OR
Resp$="p"
DUMP GRAPHICS #701
GOTO
END
copy"
"
6770
6790
hard
proceed
6780
6800
a
OFF
TO
=
PRINT
NEXT
for
Resp$
INPUT
6710
6760
)
"
GRAPHICS
END
,1
)
,1
'P'
Resp$="Q"
6750
Idc1
Idc3
hardcopy
'Q'
'or
"
Choice:
IF
,C(
,C(I
"Press
PRINT
6740
)
,2
)
TO
I
PRINT
6730
,2
I=Idc1+1
NEXT
6640
6670
STEP 50
MOVE 0,1
MOVE C( Idcl
6660
5
I
6590
6650
STEP
,0
6600
6630
<in**3>"
vs
6530
6560
6570
,Top_axis-10
(psia)
MOVE
6520
,Top_a,-,is
axes
6460
6510
,-20
Choice
(Can
make
THEN
multiple
copies
IF
SUBEND
Subroutine Graph-ind
screen and produces a
plots
the indicator diagram itself on the
hard copy if desired
by
the
user.
The
computer
axes are scaled
to
96
the data for
and
logic
maximum resolution of
of this subroutine will now
GINIT establishes
more
for the
display
data,
statement.
The AXES
LORG
LABEL
and
the
and
The
on.
extrema of
statement sets
the
the
the
axes are set
locations
axis
is then
next section
maximum pressure
in the WINDOW
the tic
and
to label the axis increments
are used
screen
the first FOR/NEXT loop. The
by
commands
graphics operations, and
maximum and minimum volume values and
in the
important
explained.
computer graphics
cleared of all printed messages
value
be
The
plot.
a set of default values
GRAPHICS ON turns the
finds the
the
spacing.
the diagram
and
itself (see BASIC Language Reference for HP Series 200 Computers for details
on
these
drawing
a
pen path.
line
on
made
path
plot
is
moved,
of
smoothness of
resolution of
the
the
desired,
by responding with
The
the
the
The last 12 lines
hard copy of the
be
The MOVE
and other commands).
while
DRAW
and produces
more
plot
causes a
subroutine prompt
"P"
this
statement moves
the
the
printout.
the
pen without
line to be left in the
to
whether a
Multiple
copies can
user as
than once at the prompt.
is limited
by
the
computer screen and printer.
resolution of
the
data
However, increasing
number of waveforms averaged produces a smoother plot.
and
the
97
Subroutine An
9450
SUB
9460
An(A(*),I1
This
,
12,13, Per, Cr,Ph,N)
subroutine
calls
9470
analyze
9480
horsepower,
results,
and
IMEP.
9490
The
are
9500
with
the
results
the
option
determining
then
printed
of
hardcopy.
a
that
subroutines
work,
the
on
screen
9510
9520
Variables
and
constants
9530
A:
9540
II
9550
Per:
9560
Cr:
Compression
9570
Ph:
Specifies
9580
N:
Array holding
Points
where
,12,13:
Period
Number
of
of
engine
piston
at
IDC
cycle
ratio
phase
data
of
waveforms
9590
Rpm:
9600
Pw:
Work
9610
Nw:
Pumping losses
9620
Ntw:
9630
Hp
9640
Imep:
:
used:
data
averaged
Rev. /min.
Net
of
loop
power
of
work
cycle
Horsepower
Indicated
mean
effective
pressure
9650
9660
Subprograms
used:
9670
FNCalc_rpm:
9680
Work:
9690
FNHorsepower
9700
9710
!
FNInd_mep:
Prnt
9720
:
Returns
Calculates
:
Returns
Returns
Prints
rev.
/min.
Pw,Nw,Ntw
(in
ft. Ids.)
horsepower
IMEP
results
with
optional
hardcopy
9730
9740
OFF
KEY
9750
OFF
KEY
0
1
9760
OFF
KEY
2
9770
OFF
KEY
3
9780
OFF
KEY
4
9790
Rpm=FNCalc_rpm( Per )
9800
CALL Work(A(
9810
Hp=FNHorsepower( Ntw
*
)
,11
,
9820
Imep=FNInd_mep(A(*
9830
CALL Prnt(Cr
9840
SUBEND
,N
12
,
13
,Per
,Pw
),Pw,I1
,Rpm
,Pw
,Nui
,Ntw
,Ph
)
)
,Nw
,12)
,Ntw
,Hp
,Imep
>
98
Subroutine An is
determine the
then
calls
work
Print to
copy if desired
a
done
print
calling
by
the
by the user.
subprogram
that
the cycle, indicated
results on
the
analyses
horsepower,
the data to
and
IMEP.
computer screen and produce a
It
hard
99
Function FNCalc-rpm
10800
DEF
FNCalc_rpm(Period
10810
(Calculates
1 0820
I
10830
(Variables
10840
(
10850
I
RETURN
10860
10870
Period:
and
of
constants
Period
of
used:
engine
cycle
(sees.)
S0*2/Period
FNEND
Function FNCalc-rpm
period, in
rpm
)
engine
seconds per
cycle,
calculates
the
of the engine.
rpm of
the engine, based
on
the
100
Subroutine Work
71 10
7120
7130
SUB Work (A(*>, 11
This subroutine
done
by the
,
12
,
13
,Pw
,Nw
engine
,Ntw
the
calculates
(in
cycle
,P
)
work
ft. lbs.)
7140
7150
Variables
7160
A:
7170
II
7180
Pw:
7190
constants
Array holding
Points
Work
7200
Nw:
7210
Ntw:
done
the
used:
data
,12,13:
of
7220
and
in
where
piston
upper
or
IDC
at
loop
power
diagram
Pumping losses
Net
indicated
done by
work
entire
cycle
7230
P:
7240
Phase
7250
of
cycle
compression
of
end
of
exhaust
7260
0DC1
7270
Power_s troke
stroke
7290
during these
II
at
II
if
piston
where
Exhaust
7280
if
P=2
end
at
stroke
Points
,0DC2:
,
(P=1
used
stroke,
,
Work
:
,Compr_stroke
ODC
at
Intak e_
done
(ft. lbs.)
strokes
7300
7310
Subprograms
7320
FNTrap
:
used:
Returns
two
7330
between
7340
Trapezoid
7350
integrat
integral
points
method
under
of
curve
the
using
numerical
ion
7360
ODC
7370
(Find
7380
0dc1=INT( ( 11+12 )/2 )
7390
0dc2
7400
(Use
7410
(
7420
IF
=
points
at
INT( ( 12 + 13 )/2 )
the
done
P=1
trapezoid
during
four
to
rule
work
calculate
strokes
engine
THEN
)/'
>
7430
Power_stroke=FNTrap(A(*
7440
Exhaust_stroke=FNTrap( A(
7450
Intake_stroke=FNTrap( A(
7460
Compr_s1;roke=FNTrap( A<
,11
*
>
9
,0dc1
,0dc1
,12
),
>/12
)/'
7470
END
7480
IF
7490
*
*
)
*
)
)
,12
,0dc'2
,0dc2
,13
)/\\
IF
P=2
THEN
Power_stroke=f NTrap(A(
7500
Exhaust_stroke=FNTrap(A(
7510
Intake_stroke=FNTrap(A(*
,12
*
>
,0dc2
)/1i
>/12
,0dc2,I3)/
)/'
)
,11
,0dc1
101
Compr_stroke = FNTrap( A( *),0dc1
7520
(Find
7540
,12
)/12
IF
END
7530
works
net
Pw=Power_stroke+Compr_stroke
7550
7560
Nw=Intake_stroke+Exhau5t_stroke
7570
Ntw=Pw+Nw
SUBEND
7580
Subroutine Work
calculates
from the indicator diagram.
three types
These
that
of work
defined
works are
can
as
be determined
follows (refer
to
Fig.A2).
1.
Positive Work: Area
2.
Negative Work: Area
of
the
of
upper
loop of the indicator diagram.
the lower
loop
the indicator diagram (valve
of
losses).
3.
Net Work: The
It should be
noted
have
the
when
when
the
engine
is
"Negative
be
is firing,
above
two.
works are named
and
(driven
"Positive
the "Net
by
the
a negative number, and
Work"
(valve losses) is
area under
the
integration
uses
according to the
Work"
will
Work"
will
be
be
signs
they
a positive number
positive.
dynamometer), however,
the "Net
that
Work"
will
be
When the
the "Positive
The
negative.
always a negative quantity.
curve must
Subroutine Work
numerical
the
is firing.
being motored
will
strokes.
that these
engine
engine
Work"
The
sum of
be determined for
function
FNTrap
under each stroke process
each of
the four
(see below) to
line.
engine
return
Processes that
the
occur
102
u
3
w
m
<u
u
u
3
03
W
01
P-i
Volume
Volume
a.
Engine
b.
Firing
s/// positive
work
negative
work
v\\\\
Engine
Fig.A2
Work
Areas
Firing
of
and
Indicator
Motoring
Diagram
Modes
Motored
103
while
in
the
sign
piston
those that
and
negative.
is traveling toward ODC in
This
process, since
occur when
according to the
The first two lines
waveform
data
done
by
then
of code
which
approximately ODC.
strokes must
returns values of
sign convention used
The
understood
of
the
is moving toward IDC
the
sign of
the
correct sign
in Work find the two data
segments of
to
points
data
be determined, based
section
by referring to Fig. Al.
are positive
work
for
are
each
automatically
here.
correspond
the IF/THEN/ELSE
indicator diagram
piston
the determination
simplifies
FNTrap
the
an
on
the
which correspond
the
of
where
phase of
the
piston
to the
waveform.
the subroutine,
in the
points
which
is
at
various
This is
can
be
104
Function FNTrap
7610
DEF
FNTrap(A(* )
7620
This
function
7630
area
under
"START"
7640
the
to
7650
method
7660
numerical
is
.Start',
the
)
value
data points,
to
used
the
of
from
"FINISH".
point
ly
Finish
returns
point
The TRAPEZIOD
th
evaluate
area
.
7670
7680
Variables
76 90
A:
7700
and
Array holding
vertical
7710
constants
coord,
horizontal
7720
Start
7730
and
,
data
Finish:
last
in
data
points, with
first column and
in
coord,
Row
used:
in
point
7740
Integral:
Value
of
7750
between
Start
and
second
first
of
area
column.
data
point
interval
under
curve
Finish
7760
7770
lntegral=0
7780
FOR
7790
7800
NEXT
7810
integration
Finish. It
on
would
be
one at
IDC,
when
the
TO
Fimsh-1
( A< 1,1 )+A( 1+1
,1
) )*( A( 1+1
-A(
I
,2
) )/
2 + Integral
I
FNEND
FNTrap
the data
should
=
RETURN Integral
7820
Function
I=Start
Integral
be
the
uses
passed
noted
piston
value of
the trapezoid
method
in array A between
that, if Start is
is traveling from
the integral
a
higher
a
large
returned will
to do
point
number
volume at
be
a
numerical
Start
than
and point
Finish,
ODC to
negative.
as
it
a smaller
105
Function FN Horsepower
7850
DEF FNHorsepower( Work Per )
,
7860
This
7870
the
function returns the horsepower for
cycle, based on the work entered.
7880
The
work
must
be
entered
in
ft. lbs.
7890
7900
Variables
7910
Work:
7920
Per:
7930
Hp
and
Work
Period
constants
output
of
of
engine
used:
cycle
(ft. lbs.)
cycle
Horsepower
:
7940
7950
7960
7970
This function
Hp=Work/(550*Per )
RETURN
Hp
FNEND
returns
the indicated horsepower delivered
by the engine.
106
Function
9870
FNInd-mep
DEF FNInd_mep(C(* )
,Work
,11
9880
Calculates the indicated
9890
pressure
9900
and
9910
IMEP
and
(IMEP).
volumes
returned
Work
is
)
effective
input
input
are
in
,12
mean
in
in
ft. lbs,
in.*+3.
psi
9920
9930
Variables
9940
C:
9950
Work:
9960
11,12:
9970
and
constants
Array holding
Work
of
First
piston
at
power
two
used:
data
loop
data
points
where
IDC
9980
9990
Subprograms
used:
None
10000
10010
Imep=Work*1 2/(C((I1+I2)/2,2)-C(I1
10020
RETURN
10030
Function
(IMEP), in
,2))
Imep
FNEND
FNInd-mep
psi, using
returns
equation
[6].
the indicated
mean
effective
pressure
107
Subroutine Prnt
10060
SUB
Prnt(Cr,N, Rpm, Pw,Nw,Netw
10070
Prints
10080
the
the
out
data.
A
results
hardcopy
of
is
,Hp
the
,
Imep )
analysis
of
optional.
10090
10100
Variables
and
10110
Cr:
10120
N:
10130
Rpm:
10140
Pw:
Work
10150
Nw:
Valve
Compression
Number
Rev
10160
Netw:
10170
Hp
10180
Imep:
10190
Resp$:
.
/min
of
ratio
cycles
of
averaged
.
loop
power
losses
Net
of
work
Indicated
:
used:
constants
Indicated
Input
cycle
horsepower
by
output
mean
effective
user
for
pressure
hardcopy
10200
10210
Subprograms
None
used:
10220
10230
DIM Resp$[ 1 ]
10240
FOR
10250
TO
1=1
"
PRINT
18
"
I
10260
NEXT
10270
PRINT
10280
PRINT
10290
PRINT
RESULTS"
"
"
"
"
"Engine
speed :
,
INT(
Rpm*
I 00+
"rpm"
5 )/ 1 00
.
,
ratio:"
10300
PRINT
10310
PRINT
10320
PRINT
10330
"Compression
"
PRINT
10350
PRINT
Gross
"
PRINT
10340
7Cr
"Work:"
"
,
INT( Pw* 1 00+
,
INT(
"
loss:
Valve
"
output :
work
"
Net
work:
"Indicated
,
INT(
Nw*
Netw*
10370
PRINT
10380
PRINT
10390
10400
10410
10420
"IMEP:
PRINT
"
YOU
Resp$="Y"
DUMP ALPHA
10430
END
IF
FOR
1=1
PRINT
10460
NEXT
10470
SUBEND
I
Imep*
1 00+. 5
1 00
,
f t-i
5
,
f t
1 00+
.
)!
.
TO
"
"
,N
WANT
OR
#701
18
A
is
,
"psi"
,
"cycles
desired
HARDCOPY?
Resp$="y"
THEN
5
1 00
)/ 1
00
5 )/ 1 00
''
over"
hardcopy
a
if
10440
10450
,INT(
"
5 )/ 1 00
"
"DO
INPUT
IF
"
"Averaged
(Check
.
horsepower :", INT( Hp* 1 00+
)/'
10360
1 00+
.
(Y/N)",Resp$
"
,
"
?
"
-lb
f t-lb
hp
"
108
Subroutine Prnt (Printout)
computer
screen.
subroutine
is
called.
causes
One copy
of
the analyzed results to be
the
results
is
available
printed on
each
the
time this
109
Subroutine Print-data
8000
SUB
Prmt_data<
8010
This
8020
the
A(*
subroutine
pressure,
)
,First_pt
prints
volume,
,Last_pt
hard
a
and
copy
crank
)
of
angle
data
8030
8040
Variables
and
8050
A:
8060
First_pt
8070
constants
used:
Array holding data
to be
,Last_pt
:
First
alst
and
points
printed
8080
ResponS:
8090
copy
User
response
data
of
to
whether
hard
desired
8100
81 10
DIM
Respon$l 1 ]
8120
OFF
KEY
8130
OFF
KEY
1
8140
OFF
KEY
->
3
8150
OFF
KEY
8160
OFF
KEY
8170
FOR
1
8220
4
TO
1
1
"
"
PRINT
8180
8190
=
0
I
NEXT
data
PRINT
"To
stop
PRINT
"To
resume
FOR
"
PRINT
8230
TO
1=1
8240
NEXT
I
8250
WAIT
10
8260
PRINT
8270
FOR
scroll,
scroll,
use
PAUSE
key.
CONTINUE
key.
use
5
"
Angleldeg.)'
8280
A( I
82 90
A( I
8300
A( I
"
TO
I=First_pt
,1
,2
)
=
INT(A( I
>
=
INT(A(I
=
INT(A< I
,3)
I
PRINT
8310
P(psia)
Pt
,A(I
,1
V(in**3)
Last_pt
J >*100+.5 )/
00
2 >*100+.5 )/100
,3)*100+.5)/1
),A(I
,2)
,3)
,A(I
I
8320
NEXT
8330
PRINT
"HARD
8340
INPUT
Respon$
8350
IF
COPY?"
Respon$="Y"
8360
PRINTER
8370
PRINT
"
IS
Pt
Respon$="y"
OR
THEN
701
P(psia)
V(in**.3>
Angle(
deg
.
)
"
110
FOR
8380
8390
I
8400
NEXT
8410
PRINTER
8420
ELSE
,A(
I
END
8440
,A(
I
,2)
,A(
I
,3)
I
IS
1
IF
produces a
hard copy
Datapoint:
Pt
Pressure:
P (psia)
Volume:
V(in3)
Crank
Angle (deg.)
angle:
points
)
SUBEND
8450
All data
,1
SUBEXIT
8430
Print-data
TO Last_pt
I=First_pt
PRINT
in
of the modified
one engine cycle are
listed.
data
as
follows:
Ill
APPENDIX D
SETTING UP THE INDICATOR
DIAGRAM GENERATION EQUIPMENT
The
following instructions deal
generating indicator diagrams.
setting up the three
major
with
the setting up
The instructions
sub-systems, digital
of
the
equipment
consist of selections
(computer,
oscilloscope, etc.), pressure measurement, volume
measurement
DIGITAL SYSTEM
components of
the
system are as
follows:
2430
Digitizing oscilloscope:
Tektronix,
Desktop computer:
Hewlett-Packard, model 982G
Thermal
Hewlett-Packard, model 2671G
printer:
model
for
oscilloscope, etc.),
encoder).
The digital
for
HPD3
cable:
Hewlett-Packard HP10833 (A
or
B)
HPD3
cable:
Hewlett-Packard HP10631 (A
or
B)
2 10X
oscilloscope probes:
Tektronix, model TEK PG133
(shaft
112
Setting up the components of the digital system is simple.
The
steps are
listed below.
1.
Connect the
the
2.
printer
computer
Connect the
3.
at
Attach the
the
port on
Make
hook
probe
that the
tip
the
as
to the CHI
sure
the back
and
by
printer
CH2
probes are
the
of
Use the HP10833
computer port.
7"
on
the back
of
cable.
(SELECT CODE 7)
scope probes
retractable
labeled "SELECT CODE
GPD3
oscilloscope
oscilloscope.
port
using the HP10631
computer port
terminals
to the
to the
same
stacking the
cable
scope
for this.
cable
ports on
the front
properly
and an alligator ground
tip
set
up
on each
to
of
the
with
a
assure
proper contact.
With the
oscilloscope probes set
can
be
the
excitation voltage
It is
used as a voltmeter.
for the
up
as
convenient
described above, the
to
use
the
scope
shaft encoder when you get
to
scope
measure
to that
section
below.
4.
The last thing that must be done is to
so
that it
will
accomplish
sequence.
be
able
this, turn
Then
Press the
to
communicate
effectively
with
it to
scope and allow
perform
the
following three steps:
"OUTPUT"
button
button
the
the
oscilloscope output
the
be displayed
on
up the
on
menu will
on
set
screen
screen.
terminator) to
on
on
the front
the bottom
bevel
under
to the
computer.
the
scope.
The
of the scope screen.
next menu
under
level.
To
through its startup
output
Press the
SETUP. Now the setup
Press the button
get
of
go
the
GPD3
menu
is
TERM (stands for
Now
press
the button
113
LF/EOI
under
set
the
terminators in
menu
commands
"OUTPUT"
button
under
SETUP,
is
You have
underlined.
"OUTPUT"
again on
the
of
and then
button
the front
of
the
output menu.
the button
once
ADDR (address) from the setup
with respect
to the
screen, to 12
by
the button
computer.
under
more, then
menu
the
arrow
number, and pressing the
to
set
the
Now
press
MODE
the
address of
the
arrows.
arrow
the
and select
scope
on
the
Pressing
pointing up increases the
arrow under
on
the
menu.
SETUP,
the
under
This
scope.
Set the address, displayed
pressing the buttons
under
line
computer.
display. Select T/L (Talk/Listen) from the MODE
Press the
now
and end-of-line characters as
from the
to the first level
returns you
button
selection
to look for linefeed
scope
Press the
that this
so
address
pointing down
decreases it.
The
scope can
just made
be turned
until
off
now, if desired, since it
will store
the
settings
they are changed by the user.
PRESSURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEM
The
pressure measurement system consists of
Piezo-electric
Charge
pressure
amplifier:
transducer: Kistler
the
model
Kistler model 504A/36
Cooling water apparatus for pressure transducer
following components:
7061
114
Output lead for pressure transducer: Buel
Output lead for charge
Torque
wrench
The first
part of
this
This
water
water
to
allow
for
Check the
until
distilled
water should
pressure
transducer.
that the
Check the
levels
be
used so
that
water
water
become hot. Also,
touch
surfaces of
check
parts of the engine such as
more than
as shown
half full
of
reservoir
dirty
is low,
or
by
mineral
the
either
reservoir.
running the
reassemble
the
reservoirs while
the
in both
deposits do
reservoir
If
of
the lids have been left
to the lower
are reached
distilled
increase
to the lower
water
in Fig. 9,
lids
ONLY
reservoirs.
not
develop
are always
in the
firmly
in
transducer cooling carefully, making sure
the engine,
that the lines
the flywheel
transducer cooling
checked as explained
up
distilled
that the
lines for the
will
Once the
set
water
is not contaminated.
they do
not
sure
deep socket
reservoirs.
water
proper
Make
be
from the apparatus, rinse,
the
that
be
water
type RG58 A/U
level in both
water appears
then add fresh distilled
pump is running
place so
add more
If the cooling
the reservoirs, empty the
and
water
9/16 in
without significant
to the upper, if that
water
circulation pump.
system,
heat transfer
is less than half full,
Then pump the
be
reservoirs must
with
cable
is the transducer cooling
check
apparatus should
maximum
temperature.
reservoir
off
Both
section.
to
system
Kjaer No. A00038
RNC to alligator,
amplifier:
(Micro-torque recommended)
circulation apparatus.
Components
and
above, the
assembled as outlined
below.
or
the
water
rest of
the
such as
the
exhaust
pipe, that
are not positioned near
moving
magnito coupling.
apparatus
has been
set
up
and
pressure measurement system can
115
Use the torque wrench,
torque the
the
pressure
set
to 221
transducer into the
amplifier
to 5.27
psi/Volt and
Attach
port on
noise
any
the B
port opposite
of
the
deep
socket
to
the sparkplug in
live
the front
amplifier
charge
of
the
charge
sensitivity to
to LONG.
cable
other end of
charge amplifier.
in the transducer output,
other
set on
K No. A00038
and
transducer. Attach the
the back
be
Set the
constant
make sure
In
the
order
to the
cable
to
that this
output of
to the
the
'TNPUT"
minimize electrical
cable
does
not rest on
electrical wires.
Connect up the cooling
attaching the 1/8 in.
lines to the
water
sections of
pressure
transducer
by
Tygon tubing to the two barbed fittings
the transducer.
Attach the BNC
of
should
pC/psi.
the time
one end of
pressure
on
the 9/16 in.
with
engine cylinder.
The transducer sensitivity
50
in.-lb.,
the
end of the
charge amplifier.
should
be
connected
that the polarity is
RG58 A/U
The
cable
to the
alligator clips at
to the Ch2
probe of
output port on
the
other end of
correct.
shaft encoder and peripherals are
the
cable
the oscilloscope, making
SHAFT ENCODER SYSTEM
The
the back
listed below.
sure
116
Optical Incremental Encoder
Sequential Information
and connector:
Systems, Inc. model 25GN-2IZ-5V-H1-D1-B3-T1
Power Supply: HP
model
Banana-to- Alligator
The basic setup
by instructions
the
of
leads (2)
the
If the
the
alignment of
alignment
correcting the alignment
after
shaft encoder system will now
for checking the
crank angle.
alignment of
6236B
are
included.
shaft
Following is
a
description
involves applying the
output
1.
leads from the
COMMON
of
encoder
ports of
the
then turn the VOLTAGE
encoder with
of use when
installing
the
encoder
reason.
Shaft Encoder System
the setup
to the
ends of
the
These directions for correcting the
excitation voltage
Insert the banana
and
be
for any
Setup of Basic
output of
is found to be incorrect, the directions for
encoder would also
removing it from the
the
be given, followed
the
of
to the
shaft encoder system.
It
connecting the
encoder and
oscilloscope.
the banana-to-alligator leads into the +6V
power supply.
+6V
knob
Set the METER knob to
under
+
6V,
the METER knob to its
extreme counter-clockwise position.
2.
Five (5.25V) Volts
excitation must
The level
supply
of the power
of sufficient
accuracy
or
be
output can
by using the
applied
be
to the
checked
horizontal
shaft encoder.
by using a voltmeter
scale of
the
oscilloscope.
117
to
the oscilloscope,
use
positioned
3.
Now turn
knob
4.
on
Turn the
the
on
Volts/div,
mode
on
power
the Sec/Div to 5
pressing the trigger MODE
by
the face
screen.
and
supply to the Chi
of
the
The MODE
scope.
Press the button
under
AUTO
display to select that trigger mode from the menu.
the
the
until
source
5.
screen
toward the left
be displayed
menu will now
the
to 2
Select the AUDIO trigger
ns/div.
on
the leads from the
Set Chi Volts/Div.
scope probe.
button
attach
power
supply
its
and adjust
output
display on the scope shows
vertical
power source off and
by using the
+ 5 Volts
then detach the scope
(
+ 6 Volt
.25
probe
V).
from the
leads.
Attach the
scope and power source
leads to the
shaft encoder
leads
as
follows:
+6 V lead from
(labeled
"
power
source
to
red
wire
from
shaft encoder
+ EXCITATION").
Common lead from
power source
to black
wire
from
shaft encoder
(labeled "GROUND (EXCITATION AND INDEX)").
Main
probe
lead
shaft encoder
Reference
wire,
6.
Now turn
that the
scope probe
the
of
the
scope
to
white wire
from
(labeled "ZERO INDEX OUTPUT").
mentioned
on
(grey ) from Chi)
lead (black) from Chi
above, from
power source.
encoder output
of
the
scope
to black
shaft encoder.
The
shaft encoder system
is displayed
on
the
scope
is
now set
up
so
screen, and you are
118
ready to
the
go
to the
next section
to
check
the alignment
of
the
on
to determine the alignment
order
engine
above.
The
shaft, the system must
encoder output
the large flywheel
are referenced
engine,
the
so
by
on
the
that the
pointer.
is
Check the
at
first be
set
up
shaft.
metal pointer
is
encoder with
compared with
the drive
piston
the
that is
looking at the
wheel
encoder signal goes
should
If the
take
encoder
necessary
as
is
place
of
properly
described in the
the flywheel
wheel on
the
positioned under
increasing degrees
end of
as observed on
with
marked
section above.
less than 3 deg. from 0 deg.
not aligned
the
section
follows:
from the dynamometer
from low to high
crank angle
that is
marked on
mounted above
described in the
Rotate the flywheel in the direction
This
crank angle
alignment of the encoder as
encoder system as
the
described in the
top dead center when 0 deg. is
2.
when
the
as
The degrees
Set up the
3.
encoder with
Shaft Encoder
of
1.
the
the
engine crank angle.
Checking the Alignment of the
In
of
the
on
crank
(clockwise
the shaft)
the
until
scope screen.
the flywheel.
angle, adjustment is
next section.
Adjusting Shaft Encoder Alignment
This
properly
section
with
the
details the
crank angle.
procedure
used
to
Before proceeding,
align
the
shaft
you should
keep
encoder
in
mind
119
that the
encoder
1.
or
the inner
fitting
screws on
the flexible
encoder shaft
setscrews
to
aligned output.
Test the
5.
Repeat the
well
35 lbs.
below these
of
the
encoder.
Loosen
Gently withdraw the encoder shaft
coupling.
in the
being
careful not
to lose the
key
fitting,
encoder
above
it
and rotate
would
likely
shaft,
fitting
and
the four mounting flange
four
using the
steps until
limits. When
the
fitting
produce a
on
the
correctly
setscrews until snug.
encoder alignment again
acceptable
be
and
be damaged.
the mounting flange
Tighten the
and replace
4.
40 lbs. axially
encoder shaft should
a position where
insert the
coupling,
of
fitting and the coupling.
Loosen the two
Gently
to the
loadings
from the flexible coupling,
between the
3.
maximum
mechanism of the encoder will
setscrew on
and
for
applied
Remove the four
the
2.
rated
Any forces
radially.
values,
is
alignment
the flexible coupling until just snug.
the
key
into the flexible
screws.
scope
display.
encoder
alignment
is attained, tighten the
is
within
setscrew on
120
APPENDIX E
RUNNING THE INDICATOR DIAGRAM
GENERATION EQUIPMENT
After the indicator diagram
described in the
are
ready to
run
section
the
running the system,
1.
Turn
on
"Setting
while
is
since
running.
system will
2.
language, B
spark
or
be
The
careful
cooled
to turn
open
the
constantly
H, is desired.
Do
not
on
printer,
charge
the cooling
valve
while
a message will appear on
Engine"
Spark Ignition
running
for
the
the
in that
engine
computer
respond, and the
default to Basic (B).
the
angle until
as
you
procedure
(computer,
Start the Ricardo engine, following the "Starting the
"Running
up
Equipment",
transducer,
pressure
transducer and
must
set
ignition mode, follows.
Be especially
When turned on,
which
diagrams.
generation equipment
pressure
the transducer
is in
pump for
water
and power supply).
pump for the
asking
engine
the indicator diagram
amplifier,
system,
the
has been
up the Indicator Diagram
equipment and generate
oscilloscope, cooling
water
generation system
the
sections of
running".
engine
"Ricardo
Adjust the
is running
at an almost constant rpm.
Engine"
Operating Instructions:
carburetor valves and
smoothly.
and
The
engine
the
spark
should
be
121
3.
"IND"
Insert the disc containing the
computer.
will
Type GET
be loaded,
program
"TND"
and
and while
in the disc drive
then the EXECUTE key. The
this is
the LED
happening
next
of
the
program
to the drive
door will flash.
4.
When the LED
of
basic
screen.
stops
equipment set
up instructions
Enter the
encoder output goes
high
from the degrees
bottom
of
located
above
the
as
instructed in the
the
keys causes the
character
A
computer
with, press the
at which
next prompt.
the
Value
flywheel. The blocks
shaft
can
to the "soft keys", labeled kO through
k9,
engine
keyboard
Data is
pressure, volume, and
ratio,
compression
number of cycles
on
PLOT P-V:
acquired
the
computer.
modified
and
crank angle.
Pressing
the
units
by
of
user of
Range setting,
and
averaged.
User inputs
Plots indicator diagram.
"Q"
keyboard for
to
Requires input
amplifier
charge
to be
hardcopy
of plot
and
to
exit
"P"
from
program
segment.
ANALYZE:
Calculates
and
displays indicated work,
IMEP.
User inputs
indicated horsepower,
and
keyboard for
of results and
"N"
segment.
hardcopy
be
the
the
following to be performed by the program:
GET DATA:
set
at
marked on
screen correspond
complied
degree
crank angle
the
appear on
will
After checking that these have been
CONTINUE key.
read
flashing, press the RUN key on the computer.
to
"Y"
from
exit program
soft
122
HC DATA:
Produces
volume, and
crank
hardcopy
angle)
data (pressure,
of -modified
for one
engine cycle.
END: Causes program exit.
5.
The GET DATA
taken before it
6.
soft
can
values needed
charge amplified
You
averaged.
After
value
You may
be
of
obviously data
the
and
be
will now
prompted
engine compression
printed on
from any
the
of
key
with
program or just
turn
press
be
to input
ratio, the
to be
after each
response.
If your input
CONTINUE.
acquisition and
displays "GATHERING
finished, "DATA GATHERING
screen.
the
soft
entered again.
When finished
keys
at
this
point.
the program,
If GET DATA is
number of cycles
to be
Remember that the CONTINUE
input by the
user
press
in
key
all program segments.
the END
soft
key
to
exit
the
off the computer.
the Ricardo engine,
Engine"
then
ratio, range setting, and
pressed after each
off
"y",
When
screen.
be
must
number of engine cycles
the CONTINUE
begins data
compression
averaged must
the
the program, the
enter
is
select
selected, the
Turn
by
must press
the
COMPLETE"
10.
key (kO). You
soft
Range setting,
program
on
9.
since
plotted or analyzed.
"Y"
is correct,
Now the
must
first,
used
inputting values, the program requests confirmation.
DATA"
8.
be
Press the GET DATA
three
7.
key must be
section of
following
"Ricardo
the instructions in the
Operating
"Stopping
Instructions: Spark Ignition
Running".
11.
Disassemble the diagram
should
be
allowed
to
generation
circulate
equipment.
through the
The cooling
pressure
water
transducer for as
123
long
as
for this
possible,
transducer
unplug the
last. The
system
sparkplug hole
so
be
has
a
runs
finite lifetime,
the
and
engine with
system off.
be
The
it is best to
however, it is best to
provided.
remove
the transducer in
shaft encoder can
be left in
it
The
remove
the
pressure transducer
after use so
place and
place.
valve
If the
system will
the plug
be left in
the
used again soon.
if the
with
off
in the
can
soon,
turn
place
transducer
used again
transducer and replace
and
pump
pressure
of the engine
will not
circulation
that
its cooling
no one
water
124
APPENDIX F
MOTORING DATA USED TO INVESTIGATE
PRESSURE/CRANK ANGLE PHASING
Ascending
Angle
rpm
Descending
rpm
Angle
of
Max Press.
rpm
rpm
of
Max Press.
(deg.)
(deg.)
202.02
2.42
199.67
2.40
303.03
300.75
3.61
394.74
0.00
3.32
406.50
500.00
4.80
510.20
603.62
705.05
5.07
6.77
601.20
705.88
811.91
8.77
797.87
900.90
8.65
904.98
1015.23
3.90
4.90
5.05
6.78
7.66
8.69
8.53
996.68
7.18
1102.94
9.26
1117.32
1156.07
9.71
1212.12
1310.04
12.18
1315.79
1398.60
13.84
1405.15
1515.15
1518.99
1587.30
14.10
15.72
1694.92
16.27
1719.20
13.49
13.67
15.59
16.50
1826.48
17.53
1804.51
17.32
18.46
1916.93
18.98
17.91
1993.36
17.94
20.28
2097.90
2247.19
20.22
2189.78
2312.14
22.84
2303.26
2489.63
22.41
2464.07
19.50
21.70
21.40
25.13
2702.70
24.32
1923.08
1990.05
2112.68
1623.82
9.39
13.09
13.42
125
APPENDIX G
CALCULATIONS FOR COMPARISON OF
AIR STANDARD OTTO CYCLE AND ACTUAL
RESULTS TAKEN AT 20 DEGREES SPARK ADVANCE
Determination
of
Energy Ideally
Table
Volumetric
Fuel
Data
by Fuel
Cycle
per
Al
Flowrate
Level
Added
Fuel
of
Flowrate
(c c / s e c)
Time
(ml)
Final
Point
Initial
1
102
55
4/0.0
0.1958
2
80
11
5/53.8
0.1950
3
97
10
7/33.2
0.1920
4
96
28
5/41.5
0.1991
5
96
10
6/23.6
0.2242
6
85
2
7/13.2
0.1916
7
100
7
8/60.0
0.1726
8
99
4
11/45.0
0.1348
9
92
2
7/49.2
0.1918
.0
40
6
2/55.8
min/sec
|
mean:
(Above
20
degrees,
after
in
data
taken
etc.,
generating
Appendix
F)
at
1360
spark
rpm,
under
same
results
at
0.189
advance
conditions
20
0.1934
degrees
and
spark
cc/sec
of
directly
advance
126
Heat
Combustion
of
Specific
Gravity
flowrate
0.1890
of
of
of
19,035
octene:
Btu/lbm
0.702
octene:
octene:
cc/sec
(
-flfe)
10%
(
k? ) (0 702) (
.
1
lbm
g-
4536
kg
2.925xl0"4
lbm/sec
=
19,035
Btu/lbm
,
1
min
(1360
=
Determination
for
Air
(
2
.
.
sec
w60
rev)(l
4,588.4
of
925xl0"4lbm/sec ) (
1
min
,
>
2
(1
State
Values
)
}aI\m}\ntr
Btu
285x10
w12
in.
cycle)(TTT)
in. lb/cycle
(Q from
1st
and
Law
octene)
Chart
Standard Cycle
Table
State
Point
rev
.
P
Values
(psia)
T
of
Air
A2
Standard
(R)
V
Cycle
(in1)
U
(in. lb)
1
14.7
530.0
34.791
1276.6
2
318.6
1276.3
3.866
3074.4
3
794.0
3181.1
3.866
7662.8
4
36.6
1321.0
34.791
3182.0
)
127
Table
First Law Chart
Points
JSQ
Process
1-2
s
-
2-3
v
=
3-4
s
-
4-1
v
,
Properties
Cv"
R=
of
Air
(in. lb)
Standard Cycle
5dU (in. lb)
J3W
(in. lb)
0.0
1797.7
-1797.7
4588.4
4588.4
0.0
0.0
-4480.7
4480.7
-1905.4
-1905.4
0.0
sx
v2
s3
v4
for
A3
air:
1597'8lTmT^
640.08
in lb
lbm.uR
.
Pt.l:
P
14.7
V
34.791
in3
T
70F
530R
=
mRT,
PlVl
Uj
psia
P_lLl
m
=
=
CvTim
rt^
Pt.2:
PlVl
=
P2V2
=
(14.7)(34.791)
(64O.08)(530)
.
_
"
5076xl0'3
lbm
l'
(1597. 8)(530)(1. 5076x10
-3
J
)
=
1276.6
in. lb
128
1.4
$f--te)
T
P2V2T1
=
318.57
=
(318.-57)(3.866)(530)
_
"
'
'
(14./)(34.791)
Cym(T2-T1)
=
XU2
-
1Q2
0.0
=
1797.7
=
-1797.7
+
Ul
.
=
2.4088(1276.3-530)
_,c
0,OT>
1276. 31R
=
1797.7
in. lb
1W2
=
jW2
U2
+
1U2
-
psia
=
1U2
V
+
in. lb
1276.7
1797.7
+
=
3074.4
in. lb
Pt.3:
=
=
2Q3
2U3
4588.4
in. lb
(from
combustion
octene
U3
*
U,3
=
C
v
T
L3
+
U2
=
2U3
3074-4
4588.4
+
=
7662.8
of
)
in. lb
mT,
3
~
H3
"
C^m
7662.76
2.4088
-..
.
3181.1
0_
R
-3,
mRT-
Pi
=
"
2W3
-T7
J
0'
=
(1.50756xl0"J)(640.08)(3181.5)
-.
7T-T?
3.866
=
794.0
psia
129
Pt.4:
I
.1.1
P3(v"y
P/V
=
=
R"
4
(l.508xlO-5)(640.08)
m
U4
CymT4
=
0U,
=
4
U,4
3U4
0.0
=
=
3W4
pts.4
-
,U,
4
,Q,
U03
+
=3182.02
-
=
7662.76
P sia
1321. 0R
=
3182.0
=
in. lb
-4480.74
in. lb
3W4
-4480.74
4480.74
+
3W4
in. lb
1
=
1
4X1
(2.4088)(1321.0)
=
-
-
3Q4
36'639
(36. 639) (34. 791)
4'4
T,
3
794-02(3T^l)=
-
"
P4
C
v
=
4
1
/U,
4
-
m(T,-T/)
1
+
,W.
4
1
=
2.4088(530-1321)
-1905.4
+
0.0
=
=
-1905.4
-1905.4
in. lb
in. lb
130
Calculations for Comparison
Cycle Results
Actual
*
_
iw
_
~
Wl
from
=
MEP
imep
from
Air
Actual
and
Shown in Table
III:
171.59
3^.47
4A'8%
Air
Standard
Cycle:
(+
7
/m
of
ft.
[3],
eq'n
_
-
ft. lb
bh
iht
lb"
based
2.06
=
,,
=
rrn
on
,_
m
n9
power
loop
onl:
,
63-1%
[12]
eq'n
Standard Cycle:
7*
=
x
77^7
from
$SW=
jW2
+
2W3
+
-$SW
=
=
^T17!
from
eq 'n
-
^4Tl=
58-5%
[5]
eq'n
4480.7
tmpp
x
"
+
0.0
3W4
=
+
=
4H1
2683.0
2683.0
34.791-3.866
[6j
-1797.7
in. lb
Q,
=
=
+
223.6
,,
86'76
0.0
psia
+
ft. lb
131
APPENDIX H
ERROR ANALYSIS OF ACTUAL
RESULTS
The
percent
following
in
error
X,
with
a
relation
the
of
form:
A
X
Bm
=
Cn
where
A,B,
C
and
independent
are
variables,
be
can
written
as
4X
|=|
,m&B
X
where
4A,AB.
AC
and
are
errors
[13]
in
A,B,and
C
(see
ref.
9,
pg.270).
Work
is
Trapezoid
in
calculated
V.
is
computer
software
using
the
or
rule,
W
where
the
the
1
=
width
t
2
of
[14]
P V.
int
the
volume
interval.
In
order
mt
to
calculate
percent
must
in
be
the
the
errors
in
percent
pressure
determined.
following
error
These
sections.
and
in
work,
volume
therefore,
the
measurements
determinations
will
be
shown
132
Error
Cylinder
tions
of
volume
be
can
as
(see
Fig. A3
for
defini
variables)
?
=
D'h
that
AV
2ADI
V
Measurements
0.001
The
Volume
written
V
so
in
in.
and
are
quantities
value
of
following
the
D.L,
crank
T
and
are
Ah
Lis]
h
be
to
assumed
accurate
to
follows:
as
above
|
l+l
D
D
=
3.000
0.001
in.
L
=
9.500
0.001
in.
T
=
2.188
0.001
in.
value
of
effect
angle,
the
9.
The
h
0
in
error
does
as
the
from
arises
the
sources:
0.5
degrees:
2.901
from
degrees:
from
of
the
angle
in
the
Evaluation
0.5
degrees:
behind
the
reading
three
from
deviations
standard
formula
correction
of
flywheel
Data
Motoring
possible
error
above
mentioned
angle
0
therefore
be
discussed
in
section.
the
theory
correction
formula
The
total
error
in
can
taken
as
3.901
deg.
133
V:
Cylinder
volume
D:
Cylinder
inner
h:
Cleared
hj
Hieght
L:
Rod
T:
Throw
Z:
Length
0:
Crank
oi,/9 :
height
of
clearance
length
length
as
shown
angle
Angles
as
Fig. A3
Schematic
of
Engine
diameter
Geometry
shown
volume
134
In
be
known.
9.00,
this
the
Here,
The
report.
hn0
The
here,
(less
small
The
be
the
since
=
h
due
at
three
h
=
Ricardo
now
be
(4.375)=
error
taken
9
T
as
data
in
is
engine
0.547
in
must
calculated.
in
will
L
and
and
T
compared
different
ratio, r,
gathering
in
error
L
be
will
when
the
can
the
for
.001
ratio
of
ttt
9-1
to
compression
used
hQ
of
S
-
percent
h
in
error
S,
r-1
than
the
,
ratio
value
=
in
error
the
stroke,
The
inches.
h0
compression
is
this
since
4.375
determine
to
order
is
evaluated
relatively
to
of
values
be
9
.011
for
9).
now
will
determined.
9
0:
=
9
h
0
=
+
=
A9
Using
0.547
0
=
T
3.901
+
Law
the
in.
of
3.901
=
Sines,
L
=
sin
sin *
that
so
<*=
sin-'(
B
180
=
-
sin
0
-
=
si^ftffl
180
-
3.901
sin
-
3-901)
0.898
0.898
=
175.201
=
sin
that
so
Z
=
sin9)
=
L
sin
=
sin
9.500
sin
175.201
-
sin
3.901
=
11.682
in
135
h=h0+L+T-Z=
0.553
=
Ah
Therefore,
Ah
_
"
h
Similarly
=
9
=
0. 148
2.990
Ah
tt-
on
the
This
is
to
seen
be
in
at
than
9
at
equation
in
the
in
270
9
=
0
is
=
effect
greatest
piston
for
each
the
of
error
9
at
90.
=
travels
increment
value
of
9.
therefore,
be
used
other
any
will,
The
in
percent
below.
[l5j,
23ooq1^
error
is
the
since
90
=
the
h
in
error
+
Error
limits
0
at
0.0005
above,
and
=
error
=
from
90
9
rotation
The
in.
0.049
=
expected,
shaft
h
=
percent
at
=
4.922
be
can
T"
error
0.002
Ah
180:
Using
11.682
-
0.011
=
-
farther
2.188
+
,
9
in
0.006
=
percent
h
As
0.547
-
the
0.006
0.547
90
9
9.500
+
in.
0.553
=
0.547
the
0-049
in
0.001
+
0.049
=
0.050
or
Pressure
pressure
digitizing
=
of
measurement
the
is
due
oscilloscope,
to
since
the
5.0%
136
the
small
very
=
p
Now,
^
It
^
is
In
start
with
A,
B,
C,
to
the
is
a
function
etc..
the
also
since
C13J
be
the
IMEP
therefore,
the
the
[_6~],
Vl
in
(
ref
the
9
,
pg
14cttI
independent
engine
system.
IMEP,
.
work
the
of
the
in
.
V
2
must
we
269 )
:
^
?
variables
determining IMEP,
-
[l4J
5.4%
or
in
error
error
=
V
0.054
error
by
equation
that
period
relation
of
=
the
iiB-H-l+
Equation
resolution.
is,
in,
so
percent
accurately
following
+
256
in
error
0.004 + 0.050
very
The
cooled.
measurement
equation
that
1
a
percent
determine
K-H-l
or
water
is
0.4%
the
would
above
order
f
noted
or
of
=
measured
-
where
"Y"
bits,
pressure
horsepower,
indicated
cycle
+
be
calculated
0.004
form
the
should
in
determine
to
=
=
is
transducer
8
itself
transducer
pressure
using
error
^r
256
in
put
the
the
when
percent
^P-
is
to
digitizes
scope
The
due
error
is
137
If
V.
V~
and
IMEP
in
error
are
independent
considered
can
be
written,
variables,
to
according
equation
the
[l6j
,
as
aimep
-
|av
|*w
=
W
been
has
iI{pP|
both
equation
for
lAvi
vpr2l+
in
substituted
Dividing
|aVi ^p|
+
by
sides
the
the
error
I Ay,
AIMEP
_|AW|
"I
IMEP
We
now
must
find
V,1
V
I +l
W
V0
'2
and
|
=
I
V1-V2 I
a"u
we
,
IMEP,
in
as
AV2
relation
above
6
*IMEP
+IAv2Ty^v^1
(v^^l
equation
percent
\av 2
+
I
for
obtain
JdW.
an
or
AVZ
IV1-V2I
[17]
follows
D'h
and
4
*h
*v
FD
The
error
AM
=
in
V,
D*Ah
=
2
*
4
n
D
h
h
equation
using
+
9
2
u
J
DhD
=
[16]
J
D
is
(D4h
+
2hD)
[l8]
138
Vj
and
V2
the
are
Therefore
respectively.
of
4 h
AVX
=
=
=
be
can
volumes
the
By
used.
0.037
J
+
2(4
+
2(0
180
=
9
and
determined
fl 8]
equation
=
,
.
922) (0 001
)]
.
547) ( 0 001
)]
.
.
in.
also
*
V1
By
-
V2
=
[l 7]
equation
AIMEP
=
n
D*S
(3.000)Z
=
j
(4.375)
=
30.925
in
,
ft-.
'05A
^
+
0.037
30.925
^
+
0.045
=
30.925
n
n_,
'056
.
=
180,
values
in.
(3.000)[3.000(0.006)
0.045
8
at
previously
(3.000)[3.000(0.002)
=
AV2
h
and
cylinder
5
1<7
'
7%
139
APPENDIX I
SAMPLE RESULTS
Complete
Results
250
at
20
Degrees
200
100
50
Advance
-
P
158
Spark
(psia)
V
vs
( m*3)
-
-
-
-
ti
5
ib
15
25
20
3&
35
RESULTS
1360.54
Engine speed:
Compression ratio:
9
Work :
Gross work output: 171.59
-15.4
Valve loss:
156. 19
Net work:.
Indicated horsepower:
IMEP:
r>si
66.59
Averaaed
over
!0
ron-!
ft-
lb
ft-lb
f + Ih
-
-i
no
O.Li
cycles
he
140
Pt.
P(psia)
84
169.9
;>C
173.3
OC
(J 'J
37
O O
oo
39
9(1
176.9
130.9
1 83 7
! 36 5
190.1
V(in**3)
3.37
::.37
3.87
3.87
n n
->
i
> o
.
J
.
":.89
.
Angle(deg.)
')
:; C q
<
,
I
7 "-!
"'
c< 5
_>
") L
'.
96
97
98
99
100
1 96 9
201 1
203.5
206.9
210.3
214. i
216.3
220. !
222 7
3.91
3.92
3.95
3.97
4
4 n3
4.06
4. 1
4.14
4 18
4.22
101
224.5
4.27
13.16
91
92
33
94
95
102
i D3
104
1 05
106
'07
103
I 09
110
! 1 1
1 12
1 13
1 14
1 15
116
1 17
118
119
120
121
122
I 23
124
i 25
126
\27
128
129
130
131
132
193.7
.
,
.
.
.
4
1 H
L"
6.31
6
63
7.45
9
.
9
'.08
9
"'K
38
10.71
.
c,;,'
i t
12.34
3.':<
8
4.32
1
7
4.38
!". 79
231
234.5
235.7
15.61
242.7
24 3,:!
244.7
4.44
4.6
4.56
4.63
4.7
4.77
4.85
4.92
6.01
244.9
5.(19
244.9
244.9
245.3
5 1 8
5.27
5.36
5.46
5.56
5 66
5.76
5.37
5.98
6.09
6.21
6.32
6.44
6.57
6.69
6.82
6.95
7.09
7.22
227.9
'">
?Q
.9
n o
q
lOO
->
.
^)
239.9
240.9
243.1
243.1
242. 1
241
.1
240. 1
238 3
237. 1
234.1
.
c.ji
.
f
229 5
.
T17
C
224.9
221.7
219.1
215.7
213.5
.
.
16.48
17.24
19. '16
18.87
19,59
20.51
? 1 :: ?
22.14
?2
23.7 7
24.59
.
.96
25.^
'''
y ^>
p,
27.04
3 7.35
28.67
?9./|9
30.3
'-'
'
31
.
1 2
'.9 A
~\:'
.76
33.5 7
/
/J
Ml
35.2
86,02
36.83
87.66
38.47
141
133
134
135
136
137
138
'39
140
141
142
143
144
145
146
147
148
'49
150
151
152
!53
154
155
156
157
158
159
160
161
162
I 63
164
165
166
167
168
169
170
171
172
173
174
175
176
177
178
179
180
181
182
183
208.9
205.9
202.3
1 99 9
1 95 7
192.3
1 38 1
185.1
181. 3
173.7
.
.
.
174.9
171
167.3
164.5
160.9
157.9
155.3
152.3
148.3
1 45 3
142.1
140.3
137.5
134.5
131
128.3
125.7
123.5
120.9
118.7
.5
.
.7
1 15.7
114.1
111.5
109.3
107.5
105.5
103.3
102.5
99.9
98.9
96.9
95.1
92.7
90.1
89.7
87.7
86.1
84.7
84.3
83.5
82. 1
7.36
7.5
7.64
7.79
7.94
3.09
39
.
29
40.1
4(1.91
41
42
.73
6
43.36
-5
3.24
8.39
3.55
8.71
8.87
9.03
9.2
9.37
44, 19
45
45.91
46.63
47.45
43.26
9.54
9.71
9.83
50.71
10.06
10.23
10.41
10.59
10.78
10.96
11.15
11
11
11.72
.34
.52
11
.91
12.1
12.3
12.49
12.69
12.89
13.09
13.3
13.5
13.7
13.91
14.12
14.32
14.53
14.74
14.95
15.17
15.38
15.59
15.81
16.02
16.24
16.45
16.67
49,np,
49.39
51
52 34
53.16
.53
.
63.99
54.79
55
.
61
56 43
57.24
53.06
58.87
59.69
.
60.51
61
62. 14
.32
62.96
63.77
64.59
65.4
66.22
67.04
67.35
68.67
69.49
70.9
71
71
72.75
.12
.94
73.57
74.38
75,2
76.02
76.93
77.65
78.47
79.23
80.1
142
134
185
136
187
183
189
19(1
191
192
193
194
'95
196
197
198
199
200
201
202
203
204
205
206
207
208
209
210
21 1
212
213
214
215
216
217
218
219
220
221
222
223
224
225
226
227
228
229
230
231
232
233
234
81
80.
73.
78.
77.
7
7
7
1
"7
5
1
9
.
_>
-'
75. 5
73. 7
73. 5
72. 9
72. 1
71 7
70. 7
69. 7
68. 3
67. 7
68. 1
66. 8
65. 5
65. 5
64. 3
64. 3
63. 5
62. 7
62.
61 3
60,
50.
58,
59,
58
58, 1
57
56,
57
55
56
56 1
56
.
,1
.
,3
,1
.7
,1
.7
.
.7
.9
.1
.5
.1
.
.1
cc
Owl
54
54
54
52
52
52
52
51
50
51
49
i
i
.3
.1
.1
.9
.3
.9
.5
.1
.7
.1
.9
16.89
17. 1
17.32
17.54
17.76
17.98
13.2
18.42
18.64
18.86
19.08
19.3
19.52
19.74
19.96
20.13
20.4
20.62
20.84
21
21
21
21
21
80.91
31
32.55
.73
83, 36
34.18
86
35.31
86.63
37.45
88 36
.
89.08
99
,
99
90.71
91
.53
92.34
93. 16
93.98
94.79
96.61
.06
96 43
.23
97.24
.5
98.06
.
.71
93.37
.93
99.69
22.15
22.36
22.53
22.79
23.01
23.22
23.44
23.65
23.86
24.07
24.28
24.49
24.69
24.9
25.1
25.31
25.51
25.71
25.91
26.11
26.31
26.5
26.7
26.89
27.08
27.27
27.46
100.51
101
.32
102.14
102.96
103.77
104.59
105.4
106.22
107.04
107.85
103.67
109.49
110.3
111.12
111
112 75
.94
113.57
114.38
115.2
116.02
116.33
1 17. 5
118.47
1 19.29
120.1
120.91
121
.73
143
235
236
237
238
239
240
241
242
243
244
245
246
247
248
249
250
251
252
253
254
255
256
257
258
259
260
261
262
263
264
265
266
267
268
269
270
271
272
273
274
275
276
277
273
279
280
281
282
283
284
285
49.3
49.5
49.5
47.7
47.7
47.7
46.7
47.1
46.5
46.1
45.5
45.7
45.5
45.5
44.7
45.5
45.5
45.1
44.7
44.9
43.9
44.1
44,3
43.5
43.5
43.1
42.7
43.1
43.3
42.3
42.5
42.3
42.3
42.5
41.7
40.9
41.7
41
40.7
40.7
40.3
41
40.5
40.1
39.1
39.3
38.9
38.9
38.5
38.5
37.7
.7
.3
27.65
27.83
28.01
28.2
28.38
28.55
28.73
28.9
29.08
29.25
29.41
29.53
29.74
29.91
30.06
30.22
30.38
30.53
30.63
30.83
30.98
31
31
31
1
22 66
.
123! 36
124. 18
126
126. 91
126.68
127.46
128.26
1 29. 08
129.89
130.71
131
.53
132.34
133.1 6
133.98
134.79
136.61
136.43
137.24
138.06
133.87
.12
199.69
.26
140.51
.4
31.54
31.67
31.8
31
32.06
32.18
32.3
32 42
32.54
32.65
32.76
32.87
32.97
33.07
33.17
33.27
33.36
33.46
33.54
33.63
33.71
33.79
33.87
33 94
34.01
34.08
34.14
.93
.
.
141
142. 14
142.96
143.77
144.59
145.4
146.22
147.04
147.95
149,67
149.49
.32
160.3
151
151
.12
.94
152.75
'
59
.67
154138
155.2
156.02
156.33
157.65
153.47
169.28
160. 1
160.91
161.73
162.55
36
1 63
.
144
286
287
238
290
291
292
293
294
295
296
297
298
299
300
301
302
303
304
305
306
307
308
309
310
31 1
312
313
314
315
316
317
318
319
320
321
322
323
324
325
326
327
328
329
330
331
332
333
334
335
336
33.5
37.7
36.9
36.9
36.5
oo
9
.
36.3
36.1
36.1
34.5
34.9
34.1
34.1
33.5
33.1
31
32.3
32.3
.9
31
30.9
30.9
29.7
30.1
29.9
29.5
28.7
29.3
28 3.
28.3
.5
.
23.1
27.7
26.9
26.9
25.7
26.7
25.7
24.9
24.5
24.3
24.7
24.1
24.1
22.9
22.9
22.9
21
22.9
.7
22.7
22.5
22.5
21
.5
34.21
34.26
34.32
34.37
34.42
34.47
34.51
34.55
34.59
34.62
34.65
34.68
34.71
34.73
34.75
34.76
34.77
34.78
34.79
34.79
34.79
34.79
34.78
34.77
34.76
34.74
34.72
34.7
34.67
34.65
34.61
34.58
34.54
34.5
34.46
34.41
34.36
34.31
34.25
34.19
34.13
34.06
33.99
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699
700
701
702
703
704
705
706
707
708
709
710
711
712
713
714
715
716
717
713
719
720
721
722
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724
725
726
727
728
729
730
731
732
733
734
735
736
737
738
739
740
741
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14.3
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13.9
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13.7
14.3
13.3
14.3
13.9
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14.3
13.5
13.3
13.9
13.9
13.5
13.9
13.5
13.9
13.7
13.9
14.3
14.1
13.1
14.3
14.1
14.5
13.7
13.9
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14.7
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13.7
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13.9
14.9
14.7
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14.5
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30.68
30.83
30.93
31.12
31.26
31.4
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32.06
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32.3
32.42
32.54
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33.63
33.71
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34.01
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34.14
34.21
34.26
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34.37
34.42
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34.62
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175.61
176.43
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178.06
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750
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764
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766
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780
781
782
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14.9
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14.9
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15.3
14.7
15.9
15.1
15.3
14.5
15.5
15.1
15.5
15.1
14.7
15.5
15.3
15.3
15.3
15.3
15.3
15.3
15.5
16.1
16.3
15.5
16.3
15.3
16.1
15.9
16.3
16.3
16.3
15.7
16.5
16.5
16.1
15.7
34.79
34.79
34.79
34.79
34.78
34.77
34.76
34.74
34.72
34.7
34.67
34.65
34 6 1
34.58
34.54
34.5
34.46
34.41
34.36
34.31
34.25
34.19
34.13
34.06
33 99
33.92
33.85
.
.
33.77
33.69
33.61
33 52
33.43
33.34
33.25
33.15
33.05
32.35
32.84
32.73
32 62
32.51
32 39
32.27
32.15
32.03
31
31.77
31
31
31.37
31.23
.
.
.
.9
.64
.5
173.87
179.69
180.51
181
1 32. '4
.32
132.96
133.77
184.59
185.4
186.22
187.04
187.85
139.67
189.49
190.3
191.12
191
.94
192.75
193.57
194.38
195.2
196.02
196.83
197.65
198.47
199.28
200. 1
200.91
201.73
202.55
203.86
204.18
205
205.81
206.63
207.45
208.26
209.03
209.39
210.71
21 1
212.34
.53
213.16
213.98
214.79
215.61
216.43
217.24
213.06
218.87
219.69
154
796
797
798
799
300
301
302
803
804
805
806
307
308
309
810
311
812
813
314
315
816
317
818
319
820
321
822
323
824
325
326
827
828
829
830
831
832
833
334
835
336
837
838
839
840
841
842
843
844
845
846
16.1
15.9
16.5
16.1
16.3
16.5
16.9
15.9
15.9
15.9
16.9
16.5
16.3
16.7
15.9
16.9
16.5
16.9
16.7
16.7
16.9
16.3
16.7
16.5
16.9
17.1
16.3
17. 1
16.7
17.1
16.9
17.5
16.9
17.3
17.9
17.3
17.9
17.9
17.5
18.5
17.7
18.7
18.5
19.3
19.5
13.5
18.7
19.9
19.5
19.9
19.3
31
30.94
30.79
30.64
30.49
30.34
30.13
30.03
.08
29.87
29.7
29.54
29.37
29.2
29.03
28.86
28.69
28.51
23.33
28.15
27.97
27.79
27.6
27.42
27.23
27.04
26.84
26.65
26.46
26.26
26.06
25.86
25.66
25.46
25.26
25.05
24.85
24.64
24.44
24 23
24.02
23.81
.
23.6
23.38
23.17
22.96
22.74
22.53
22.31
22.1
21.88
21
.66
220.51
221
222.14
.32
222.96
223.77
224. c;9
225 4
.
226. 9?
227.04
227.86
228.67
229.49
230.3
231 12
231
232. 7R
.
.94
233.57
234.99
235.2
296.02
236.83
237.65
238.47
239,29
240.1
240 91
241
242 65
243.36
244 1 9
245
.73
.
.
245.31
246.63
247.45
248.26
249.08
249.89
250.71
251
252.34
253 1 6
.53
.
253.98
254.79
255.61
256.43
257.24
253.06
258.87
259.69
260.51
261.32
155
347
848
349
850
351
352
353
854
855
356
357
858
859
360
361
862
363
864
365
866
867
868
869
870
871
872
373
874
875
376
377
378
879
380
381
882
883
884
885
886
387
888
889
390
391
892
393
894
895
896
897
19.7
21
.44
20.1
21.22
19.7
19.9
20. 1
21
20.1
20. 1
20.7
20.5
21.1
20.7
21.3
21.9
21.5
21.7
21.7
22.5
22.1
21.9
23.1
22.7
23.5
23.9
23.9
23.9
25.1
24.9
25.1
26.1
26.3
26.7
27.1
27.3
28.3
23.9
28.5
29.3
29.5
30.3
30.7
31.1
31.7
32.9
33.3
33.5
33.9
34.3
35.3
35.9
37.3
37.5
.01
20.79
20.57
20.35
20. 13
19.91
19.69
19.47
19.25
19.03
18.81
18.59
18.37
13.15
17.93
17.71
17.49
17.27
17.05
16.83
16.62
16.4
16.18
15.97
15.75
15.54
15.33
15.11
14.9
14.69
14.48
14.27
14.07
13.86
13.65
13.45
13.25
13.04
12.84
12.64
12.45
12.25
12.06
11
11.67
11
11.29
11
10.92
.86
.48
.1
262
1 4
262.95
263.77
.
264.59
266
4
.
266 22
.
267.04
267.85
263.67
269.49
270.3
271
271
.12
.94
272.75
273.57
274.38
276.2
276.02
276.83
277.65
278.47
279.28
280. 1
280.91
281
282.55
989.95
284.18
.73
286
235.81
286.63
287.45
288.26
289.08
289.89
290.71
291
.53
292.34
299
.
1
R
293.98
294.79
295.61
296.43
297.24
299.06
293.37
299.69
300.51
301
.32
302.14
302.96
156
398
399
900
901
902
903
904
905
906
907
908
909
910
911
912
913
914
915
916
917
913
919
920
921
922
923
924
925
926
927
928
929
930
931
932
933
934
935
936
937
938
939
940
941
942
943
944
945
946
947
948
38.5
39.3
39.3
39.9
40.9
41
42.9
43.3
44.3
45.5
46.7
47.1
48.9
49.5
50.5
51.5
51
53.9
54.9
55.9
57.1
58.5
60.5
62.1
62.9
64.3
66.1
67.9
69.3
69.9
72.1
73.3
.3
.7
75.5
77.3
78.9
80.1
82.5
83.9
85.5
88.1
90.9
92.1
93.7
96.1
98.5
100.9
103.1
105.1
107.7
109.5
111
.9
10.73
10.55
10.37
I 0 19
10.01
9.84
9.67
9.5
9.33
9.16
8.99
3.33
8.67
8.51
8.36
8.2
8.05
7.9
7.75
.
7.61
7.47
7.33
7.19
7.05
6.92
6.79
6.66
6.54
6.41
6.3
6.18
6.06
5.95
5.84
5.74
5.63
5.53
5.43
5.34
5.25
5.16
5.07
4.99
4.9
4.83
4.75
4.68
4.61
4.54
4.48
4.42
303.77
304.69
305.4
306.29
307.04
307.86
308.67
309.49
310.2
311.12
311
.94
312.76
313.57
314.38
315.2
316.02
316.83
317.65
313.47,
9
i
oq
q
320.1
320.91
321
322.55
323.36
924 1 9
325
325.31
326.63
327.45
323.26
.73
.
329.08
329.39
330.71
331
.53
332.34
333
.
i
6
933,99
334.79
335.61
336.43
337.24
333.06
339.9 7
339.69
340,51
341
.32
342.14
342.96
343.77
344.59
157
949
950
951
952
953
954
955
956
957
953
959
960
961
962
963
964
965
966
113.7
116.3
119.1
121.5
123.1
125.5
127.9
130.5
133.1
135.3
137.5
140.3
143.1
144.7
148.1
150.7
153.5
155.9
4.36
4.31
4.26
4.21
4.17
4.13
4.09
4.05
4.02
3.99
3.96
3.94
3 92
3.9
3.89
3.88
3.87
3.87
.
345.4
346.22
347.04
34 7.35
349.67
349.49
350.8
351
35 1 94
.12
.
352.75
353.67
354.38
355.2
356.02
356.83
357.65
363.47
359.28
158
Results Taken
250
25
at
Degrees
p
-
200
Spark
i. psi a )
Advance
V
vs
,
i n**
3 J
-
150
-
100
-
50
-
"
i
G1
5
ib
15
2b
C.^1
-tr
-.V
o y
o o
RESULTS
tngine
Indicated
IMEP:
Averaged
115
116
117
rpm
170.68
ft-
9
ratio.*
Pt.
580.9
speed:
Compression
Work:
Gross work output:
Valve loss:
Net work:
-16.46
154.21
horsepower:
66.24
over
P(psia)
259.5
259.9
259.3
lb
lb
ft1 h
3 23
ft-
.
psi
!0
4.96
5.04
eve Le^
21.65
22.49
he
159
Taken
Results
at
30
degrees
Spark
Advance
'50
200
150
108
50
--
--
--
-
El
10
15
ir
-='
r-"t-
-T=
RESULTS
Engine speed:
Compression ratio:
Work:
Gross work output:
Valve loss:
Net work:
Indicated
IMEP:
Averaged
Olj.
L.
.
117
118
119
120
121
1406.8
9
mm
171.02
f
-17.5
153.52
horsepower:
66.37
over
(psia)
257.3
268.5
268.1
268.3
268.5
r-lb
ft-lb
ft-lb
3.27
hp
psi
eye 1p<
20
V(in**
4.61
4.68
4.76
4.33
4.81
3)
Angle(deg.
1 7
.
86
18.7
19.54
20.39
21
.99
)
160
Results Taken
250
200
at
35
Degrees
Spark
Advance
--
--
150 :-
100
50
+
u
5
1
r
15
20
dD
JD
J0
RESULTS
Engine speed:
1398.6
Compression ratio:
9
Work:
Gross work output: 162.36
Valve loss:
-18.48
143.38
Net work:
Indicated horsepower:
63.01
psi
IMEP:
Averaged
Pt.
20
over
P(psia)
V(in**3)
29'
507
508
509
1 \"T
292.5
292 3
.
4.53
4.6
4.67
rpm
ft-lb
ft-lb
ft-lb
3.06
eve
I e t.
Angle(de
16.91
17.75
18.58
ho
161
Results
Taken
at
40
Degrees
Spark Advan ce
300 +
250
:.Q0
150
--
-.
-
100
50
--
~25~"
V\
Tb
15
2^
30
RESULTS
Engine speed:
1395.35
Compression ratio:
9
Work:
Gross work output: 156.69
Valve loss:
-18.99
137.71
Net work:
Indicated horsepower:
60.31
psi
IMEP:
Averaged
over
Pt.
P(psia)
507
508
509
305.9
306.3
305.1
20
mm
ft-lb
ft-lb
ft-lb
2.91
cyc
1 <? '.
V(in**3) Angle(deg.)
4.47
4.53
4.6
16.03
16.86
17.7
hp
162
Resfllts
Taken
45 Degrees
at
Spark
Advance
o jo
p
'. fj s i a )
V
v >
<-
i n**3 )
300 :
250
200
150
-
-
100 ;
50
-
<,
1
i
IT"
G1
>
5
IT"
15
25
35
30
RESULTS
Engine
Compression
Work:
Gross
Valve
Net
Averaged
613
-15.38
151.3
work:
IMEP:
511
512
166.67
output:
loss:
over
P(psia)
340.3
340.7
339.3
ft-lb
ft-lb
ft-!b
3.15
horsepower:
64.68
rpm
9
ratio:
work
Indicated
Pt.
1376.15
speed:
psi
20
eye
les
V(in**3) Angle(deg.)
,KA'.33'J'
14.15
4.39
4.45
14.97
15.3
hp
163
APPENDIX J
RICARDO ENGINE OPERATING INSTRUCTIONS
Spark Ignition
The
following instructions lead the user through the steps in running the
Ricardo Research
referred
(Fig.
Running
to
when
engine
in the
using these
spark
ignition
instructions,
mode.
the
Schematic
the Dynamometer Control Unit (Fig.
A4),
Three figures
of
A5),
should
be
the Ricardo Cell
and
the Ricardo
Carburetor (Fig. A6). Do NOT smoke in the test cell.
STARTING THE ENGINE
1.
Turn
on
the
exhaust
unit) and the
control
door). These
been
fan (switch
lights, fan
on
the
wall
Keep
of
(switches
and vents
the
should remain on whenever
run recently.
in front
the testcell doors
the dynamometer
outside
engine
the testcell
is running
wide open while
or
has
running the
engine.
2.
Check the cooling
should
this,
the
3.
be
add
within
Open the
level in the Coolant Water Column. The level
8 inches
distilled
water
water
water
pump to the
Cooling
of
the
to the
top
of
the
column.
level before
proper
continuing.
Plug
in
extension cord.
Water Valve
and
the
Cooling
exchanger) valves-these valves are open when the
to the
If it has fallen below
lines. Close the Engine Oil H.E.
valve.
Water H.E. (heat
handles
are parallel
Fig.
SCHEMATIC
Line
water
valve
Oil H.E.
bypass
valve
Oil
thermometer
Carburetor.
and
and
filter
heater
air
Alligator
clip
Dynamometer
Dynamometer
control
unit
Exhaust fan
switch
Resistor
bank
OF
THE
A4
RICARDO
CELL
165
Power
Switch #1
k
Armature
Armature
Supply
k
k
n;
Air Heater Control
Field
Field Control
Field
Control
Knob
Motor
Master
Switch
Arm Sutmlv Volts
Water
Pump
Armature
o
Supply
o
Volts
Knob
Power Switch #2
Fig.
DYNAMOMETER
A5
CONTROL
UNIT
166
Air Heater
Main Throttle
Valve
tarting
Carburetor
Valve
Fuel Flow
Screw
Idle
Adjustment
Screw
Fig.
A6
RICARDO CARBURETOR
167
4.
Open the Line Water Valve
open, but
fully
Next,
be
that it
which
does
valve
not need
runs quietly.
is located
You
the
under
to be
should
air-filter and
Close the Main Fuel Valve fully, seating it
heating
unit.
gently.
Set the Main Throttle Valve
between the
This
wall.
adjusted so
to the carburetor,
go
the
running down the Waste Water Drain.
now see water
5.
should
at
"1"
"0"
and
its
marks of
Carburetor Valve is closed, the knob
firmly but
at a position about
scale.
Make
being fully
half way
that the
sure
Starting
away from you,
or
in its
right-most position.
6.
Close the Fuel Line Valve,
two
small needle valves at
cylinder:
the
horizontally
vertically oriented,
directly
lines
7.
shown
under
and
the
in Fig. 1,
"X"
near
intersection
oriented valve should
valve should
the fuel tank. You
the
be
under
be
Check the
engine.
the Calibrated
open and
the
Open the fuel line
closed.
lower,
valve
fuel entering the fuel
should now see
the Calibrated Cylinder.
Fully open
the Oil H.E. Bypass Valve. This
bypass the
oil
H.E.
that it
so
can
allows
heat up faster
the
when
lubricating oil
the
engine
to
is first
running.
8.
Check the
The idle
backed
out
the
out
H
turns.
Fully
Make
in the
sure
to
is
control
position.
the
of
carburetor as
fully
running, the
that the Master Switch
"off'
be
tighten the fuel flow
engine
carburetor valve used
the
control screws on
adjustment screw should now
1 turn. While the
only
9.
settings of
tightened and then
screw and
main
follows.
then back it
throttle valve is the
engine speed.
the Dynamometer Control Unit is
The Air Heater Control
should
be
off
(this
can
be
168
turned
to
on
but it is
not
shorten
the time it takes the
necessary to
use
it). Turn
on
engine
to
reach
Power Switches 1
Dynamometer Control Unit. Turn the Oil Heater Switch
Unit to the
10.
Supply
Make
You
that the
sure
dynamometer will
are now
its
on
clip is
the
Supply
the
the Control
on
Volts (the left
13.
Disconnect the Alligator
the Control
motor
grounded
interfere
the
with
to turn the
Unit)
to the
the
screw
the flywheel.
Now
engine.
(clipped
the Control Unit to the
now act as a motor
Open the Fuel Line Valve.
Put the lever
ready to
wire will not
12.
touch any
set
right-most gage on
alligator
turn the Master Switch
14.
Volts Knob to
the Field Volts (the
provided) and that
not
of
the Control Unit) to 60 Volts. Use the Field Control Knob
maximum possible.
11.
2
position.
most gage on
set
and
"ON"
Use the Armature
to
equilibrium,
onto
"Motor"
position.
The
engine over.
Clip
from the screw, making
Starting
Carburetor Valve to the
sure
that it does
other parts.
on
the
"OPEN"
position
(towards you).
15.
Now
comes
fire. When
Switch
the
the
tricky
you
part.
the Dynamometer to the
of
fuel
the
valve open about
engine will run
begins to
a short
hear it begin to fire
carburetor and close
main
After
die,
for
open
position.
Quickly
Carburetor Valve
revolution
begin to
engine will
regularly, turn the Master
"OFF"
a while and then
the
fairly
Starting
1
while, the
(to the 4:00
and
until
back to
turn the
position).
probably begin to die
Starting Carburetor Valve
go
it
out.
The
When it
catches again.
169
This may have to be doneTepeatedly,
run
smoothly
**NOTE:
begins to
the
on
the
engine
is
warm enough
to
main carburetor alone.
If, during this
rev over
until
1,500
the starting procedure, the
part of
rpm
by the
tachometer
on
the
engine
wall and seems
to
be getting away form you, just SHORT OUT THE IGNITION BY
CLDPPING THE ALLIGATOR CLIP TO THE SCREW.
the
engine
length
16.
of time at
When the
load
this
engine
should
be
Do
soon.
very
has
and
run
about
until
the
a
1,500
stop
for any
rpm
few minutes,
engine
abruptly.
the
temperature
Supply Volts
position.
to
zero
a moderate
(fully
reaches at
off).
smoothly
of about
are
you
Reduce the Field Volts
load
reduce
Turn
Now slowly increase the Field
begins to die,
engine runs
run with a moderate
oil
smoothly for
"load"
If the
30 V.
main carburetor until
be
fairly
the Armature
applying the load too
should
engine rev over
Go to the Dynamometer Control Unit and
the Master Switch to the
Volts to
let the
will
stage.
applied.
the Field Volts
not
This
probably
the
and adjust
again.
50 Field Volts
The
at
engine
1,500
rpm
least 60C.
RUNNING THE ENGINE
This
section consists of a
monitored while
made
to
engine
regulate
the
engine
list
of engine
is running
the running
of
the
operating
variables
and some adjustments
engine.
by Ricardo and Co., Engineers, Ltd.
Also
refer
to the
that
must
that
can
manual on
be
be
the
170
Operating Variables to Monitor
Oil Temperature: The
running the
temperature
oil
than
engine under more
temperature is reached, the
load. To
(control
the Dynamometer Control
heat exchanger bypass valve
To
the flow
using
maintain
of the oil
oil
heat
regulating the
the
shorten
the
should
exchanger
be full
least 60C before
at
load.
run at about
Unit)
can
the
Until this
1500
oil
rpm with
electric oil
be turned on,
heater
and
the
open.
operating temperature, say
oil/water
bypass
be
heating time,
oil at a suitable
through the
water
oil
be
a moderate
engine should
a moderate
on
should
heat exchanger
It
valve.
flow through the heat
can
also
can
be
be
60C,
controlled
controlled
exchanger with
by
the Engine
Oil Heat Exchanger Valve.
Cooling
Water Outlet Temperature:
water
circulating through the
about
70C. This temperature
the
water outlet
H.E. Valve (the
the flow
of
line. To
middle
the line
water circulated
valve),
water
can
be partially
closed
the
jacket, but,
as a
temperature
should
monitored
by
be
of
the
maintained at
the thermometer in
this temperature, the Engine Coolant
be kept partially
through the
heat
through the jacket to heat
can
cylinder
regulate
be
outlet
jacket
engine
can
The
fair flowrate is
of
The
reduces
to
the
Cooling Water Valve
the cooling
required
temperature, this valve should be
This
exchanger and allows
up.
to throttle the flow
closed.
water
maintain
through
a uniform
used with moderation.
171
3.
The Armature Volts
However,
a minimum.
exceed
should
be kept high to
keep the Armature
the armature Volts should
not
be
Amps
allowed
at
to
400 Volts.
Regulating the Engine Running
The Main Throttle
of
the engine.
on
Advancing
screw
may have to be
spark
time may
also
the
carburetor should
be
used
the throttle increases the rpm,
adjusted to accommodate the new
have to be
Turn up the Field
to regulate the
adjusted when
voltage
and
throttle
the fuel flow
setting.
the throttle setting is
to increase the load
dynamometer. Increasing the load decreases the
rpm of
the
rpm
The
changed.
applied
by
the
engine.
STOPPING THE ENGINE
1.
Turn the Fuel Line Valve to the
2.
Short out the
3.
When the
of the
4.
2
engine
and
of the
the
the
can
by clipping the Alligator Clip to the screw.
flywheel is completely
"X"
air
heater, if they
at rest,
turn the Master Switch
"OFF"
were used.
position.
Turn
off
Turn
off
the
oil
Power Switches 1
Control Unit.
Close the fuel
at
ignition
position.
Dynamometer Control Unit to the
heater
and
engine
"OFF"
valve under
intersection
to receive the
the fuel tank. Put the
under
excess
open end of
the Calibrated Cylinder in
fuel. Open the bottom
fuel drain from the Calibrated Cylinder.
the
tubing
an appropriate
and side valves
to let the
172
5.
If the
exit
Water Pump
6.
When
near
The
and
you are
turn the
from
the
hoped that the
of the
a
Ricardo
Ricardo
sufficient
determination
evaluation of
unplug the
off
and
the Exhaust Fan (switch
the
lights, fan
and vents
the testcell door).
suggestions above would
diagram, however, is
Unit),
less,
or
the Line Water Valve.
water off with
ready to leave the room, turn
outside
analysis possible
including
line
the Dynamometer Control
(switches
is 70F
temperature of the cooling water
of
increase the accuracy
engine
indicator diagram.
for many
purposes
thermal efficiency,
effects of variation of engine
work represented
in this
and
in
tool.
of
the
present
analysis,
efficiency,
and
conditions.
It is
to increase the
value
operating
engine as a research and educational
The
engine
mechanical
report will serve
depth