Download Digital Radiation Monitor
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O O W. WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW O WW 00Y.CO .TW W WW 00Y.CO .TW C . W W W Y W W M .1 .T 00 the Radiation W.1 Y.COMUsing .CO .TW WWMonitor W.1 Y.COM W Y W W 0 W W 0 W .T is the general procedure 00 W Here when M using the Digital Radiation Monitor: O W.1to follow M.T .100 Digital Radiation Monitor W.1 Y.COM W C . O W W Y W C . 0 W 1. .Connect the Digital Radiation interface. .TW W T WW .100Y .10 MonitorOtoMthe .TW 100 M . W M O W C . O W W C 2. Start the data-collection software. (Order Code DRM-BTD) . Y W C . 0 W .TW W .TW 10Digital 00Y 3. M WW .100Y M . .TW 1 . O W M The software will identify the Radiation Monitor and load a default dataThe Digital Radiation Monitor is used to monitor alpha, beta, W Y.C WW 00Y.CO collection W setup1. You .CO .TW 0 WW T WW . 0 Y W T . are now ready to collect data. and gamma radiation. It can be usedW with a number of 1 0 M . 1 0 M . O 1 W M . O W C O W per specified interfaces to measure the total number ofW counts Y. with the WW is compatible Radiation Monitor following data-collection .TW WW .100Y.CThe Digital .TW 100 0Y.C W it can M . .TW 0also M timing interval. Since it has its own display, be used O 1 W M . O interfaces: W C . O W W C W Y W .C W W radiation independent of interfaces in the field toW measure W WW .100Y.• Vernier M.T .100 00Y M.T LabPro® O W M.T O W C levels. The Radiation Monitor allows students W to .1 . O ® W WW .100Y .TW WW .100Y•.C Vernier .TLabQuest WW .100Y.C M.TW M • Detect the presence of a source of radiation. M O W O W .C ® Mini W O W LabQuest W W .TW W type of WW .100•Y.CVernier 00Y Y.C T • Monitor counts/interval (rate) as different of a particular . 1 0 WW thicknesses T M . . 0 M ™ O 1 W CBL 2 W W • Texas .C OM shielding are placed between the Geiger-Mueller Radiation Monitor W. tube of the CO Instruments W W 00Y WW .10•0Y.Vernier ® .TW 1 WW .100Y.C M.TW M.T SensorDAQ . and a beta or gamma source. M O W O W C O .C WW .100Y. WW to0shield .TW • Compare the effect of different types ofW materials or .gamma WW .Specifications .TW 00Y 0Y.CbetaM TW M 1 M O 1 W . W radiation. O W W .CO 712 .(or WW .100Y.CGM tube W 0YLND Y.C how initial WW Sensor: TW equivalent) halogen-quenched 0 0 WW T M.Twith a mica end . 1 0 M . • Set up a histogram with a very long run time to show students O 1 W M . 2 O W C O counts 1.5 .C to 2.0 .mg/cm Y. per minute WWat 1000 WW 00curve. .TWusing a Cesiumrandomness of data develops into a Gaussian Y.C WW window, TW thick. Rated 100 00Y Wdistribution M . .TW 1 M . 137 laboratory standard. O 1 W M . O W .C O mantels or Wsuch as lantern • Measure radiation of common radioactive materials, W WW a battery 00Ylife of 2000 0Y.C WWPower: 9-voltM alkaline .TW battery provides 1 0One WW .100Y.C M.TW M.Thours at normal . 1 . old Fiestaware. O W O W C . W backgroundYradiation levels. .C .CO .TW WW .100Y .TW WW • Monitor variation in background radiation at different .TW 00±10% typical, WW elevations. M 1 00Y M . O 1 Accuracy: ±15% max. (mR/hr and µSv/hr modes) W M . O .C O W of time. WW 00Y.C • Monitor radioactivity in the environment over longW periods WW .TW W 00Y Y.C WDimensions: TW 1 0 150 x 80M x .30 mm (5.9" x 3.2" x 1.2") W T M . . 1 0 . O 1 W . O • Monitor counts per interval (rate) from a beta or gammaWradiation source .C OMas a W W WW 22500gY Weight: (8.C oz) with.battery W W 00Y Y.C W TW installedW 1 0 function of the distance between the source and the Monitor. WRadiation T M.T . . 1 0 M . O 1 W M . O W Energy Sensitivity: referenced W Y.C .CO .TW Y.C1000 CPM/mR/hr WW to Cs-137 .TW WW .100Chirps .TW 100mode only–can WWthat allows M . The Digital Radiation Monitor includes a cable (RCD-BTD) 00Ythe monitor M Audio Output: for each count (operational in audio be muted) O 1 W M . O O W W W .C–20°C Y.C WW Range: C to be connected to a data-collection interface. W . 0 Y W T W . W 0 0 Y W T Temperature to 50°C . W M .1 .T .10 100 3.5 mm OM W The cable that accompanies the DRM-BTD Radiation Monitor hasW a.small OM WW 00Y.CO C . W Operating Range: C W . Y W W W 0 Y W 0 0 W digital (micro-miniature) stereo jack on one end and a white rectangular .1 .T 0British M.T mR/hr: toO110 W.1 0.001 WW W.1 theY.COM W C . W Telecom (BT) plug on the other end. This cable is used to directly connect W Y W W W CPM: .100 0to 350,000M.T W®, or SensorDAQ DRM-BTD to the Vernier LabQuest®, LabQuest® Mini, LabPro .100 ®, OM.T O W WW 1 0to09,999,000 TM C Y.C W WTotal: or to the Texas Instruments CBL 2 . .TW WW .100Y. T . 1 Mcounts . M O W O W C µSv/hr: . W 0.0100toY1100 W WW .100Y.C M.TW 1to 3,500 . CPS: 1 W O W Extended User Manual WW WW .100Y.C M.TW O W A more extensive user manual can be viewed from the Digital Radiation Monitor WW .100Y.C M.TWHow the Radiation Monitor Works page of the Vernier web site, www.vernier.com/probes/drm-btd.html. O W The Radiation Monitor senses ionizing radiation by means of a Geiger-Mueller WW .100Y.C (GM) tube. The tube is fully enclosed inside the instrument. When ionizing radiation W W NOTE: This product is to be used for educational purposes only. It is not appropriate or a particle strikes the tube, it is sensed electronically and monitored by its own W for industrial, medical, research, or commercial applications. display, a computer, or by a flashing count light. When the switch is in the AUDIO position, the instrument will also beep with each ionizing event. It is calibrated for 1 If you are using a LabPro or CBL 2 for data collection, the sensor will not auto-ID. Open an experiment file in Logger Pro or manually set up the sensor. 2 O O W. WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW O O of relative intensities W WW 00Y.CO .TW W C Cesium-137, but also serves as an excellent indicator forW other 0Y.C W . W W W Y W T . 0 .1 .T the Radiation Your Classes OM sources of ionizing radiation.W GammaW radiation per .100 is measured W.1 Y.COMUsing .Cin OM in milli-Roentgens WWMonitor W Y W C W . 0 W W .TMonitor W 0 0 Y W T hour. Alpha and beta are measured (CPM). About 5 to 25 counts at Here are some examples of how the Radiation can be used in a science . 1 0 0 W in counts/minute T M . . 1 0 M . O 1 W M . O class. W C . O W W random intervals (depending on location and altitude) can be expected every minute C W . Y W C W . 0 Y W T . W 0 Y W WWradiation. from naturally occurring background M.T .100 OM W.1Studies vs. Distance M.T .100 OCounts/Interval W C . O W W C . Y W C . mica window 0 collected W below W window. .TbyWmonitoring gamma radiation at The end of the GM tube has a thinW mica This W by .100Y The .TWin the two graphs 10were data M . .TW is protected 00Y M O 1 W M . O W O to reach the GM tube and the screen at the end of the sensor. It allows particles W W collected with the run fromW a Radiation were W 0Y.C Data WWalpha W and gamma 0Monitor. Y.C beta.particles WW .100Y.C various Tdistances . 1 0 T M.Tinterval, the source was moved . be detected. The mica window will W also sense.low energy 0 M O 1 intervals set at 100 seconds. After each 100 second W M O W C W or the Y Y. distance .CO radiation that cannot penetrate the plastic side of the tube. WW .TW WW .100Y.Cone centimeter the source. is proportional to time .TW further from 100 Since O WWcasethrough M . .TWNote: Some M W M .100 the mica very low energy radiation cannot be detectedW window. O W C . O (300 seconds in the first graph corresponds to 3 cm in the W C Wsecond graph; 400 seconds . W .Ttime 00Ymade using WW .100Yto .TWa new distance 1 WW .100Y.C M.TW M . 4 cm, etc.), column was divided by 100. The M O W .C to the .–2 O Further Tips for Monitoring Radiation Wdistance W W .CO fit shown Y WW 00Y C W . curved corresponds to raised power (inverse squared). 0 W T W W 0 Y W T 0 M. .1 To measure gamma and X-rays, hold theW back ofW the Monitor W.1 Y.COM W M.T toward the .10Radiation O W O W C . .C cannot Y W W source of radiation. Low-energy gamma radiation KeV) the WW .TW WW (10–40 M.T .100 .Tpenetrate 100 00Y M . O 1 W M . O W C . O side of the GM tube, but may be detected through the end window. W W W Y .C W WW .100Y.C M.TW WW TW M.T .100 .of 00Y source To detect alpha radiation, position the monitor so the suspected radiation is O 1 W M . O W C O W WW .100Y. .TW next to the GM window. Alpha radiation willW notW travel far00through W the Y.C air, so WW .100Y.C M.TW M .Tput O 1 W M . O W source as close as possible (within 1/4 inch) to the screen without it. Even a O .Ctouching WW .100Y.C M.TW WWparticle W Ycan WW .100Y.C M.TW 0 Walpha T . humid day can limit the already short distance an travel. 0 O W O W OM W.1 Yof .Cradiation. WW .100Y.C M.TW To detect beta radiation, point the end window toward Beta W WW .100Y.C M.TW 0 WW the source T . 0 radiation has a longer range through air than alpha particles, usually OM be WW 00Y.CO .TW W.1but can WW 00Y.CO .TW C . W W W Y W 0 W T shielded (e.g., by a few millimeters of aluminum). High energy .1 W.1 Y.COM W M.may be .10beta particles OM W O W W C . W C monitored through the back of the case. W Y W .T W 00 W WW .100Y. M.T .100 W.1 Y.COM W M.T O W To determine whether radiation is alpha, beta, or gamma, hold the backC ofOthe W W C . . W WW .100Y .TW monitor toward the specimen. If there is an indicationW ofW radioactivity, M.T .100 .TW 00Yit is most M O 1 W M . O W C Counts/interval vs. time and distance . O W W likely gamma or high energy beta. Place a piece of aluminum about 3 mm (1/8") WW .100Y WW .100Y.C M.TW 0Y.C isM WW M.T .TW 0radiation O 1 thick between the case and the specimen. If the indication stops, the most W . O W .C O W W .C Shielding likely beta. (To some degree, most common radioactive isotopes WW .100Yvs. Counts/Interval .TWStudies W W.100Y OM.TW 0Y.Cbeta and WW emit .TW 0both M 1 M . O W O the gamma radiation.) If there is no indication through the back ofWthe Wcase, position The data Y.Cwere .TW WW .100Y.C M.TW 0here Y.Cit is .TW WW shown 0 0 W is an indication, 1 end window close to, but not touching, the specimen. If there 0 collected by monitoring gamma M . O W M O W W.1 and Wwith W .C probably alpha or beta. If a sheet of paper is placed betweenW theW window, theO Y.C WW .100Y.C radiation an0increasing W 0 Y W T . 0 T . M .10 particles indication stops, the radiation is most likely alpha. (Note: In order toWavoid W.1 of silver number of OM WW .COfoil .TW Wpieces C . Y W W W 0 Y W falling into the instrument, do not hold the specimen directly above the end 0 0 W placed between .the source andMa .T 0 O W 1 Data W.1 Y.COM W Radiation W window.) Monitor. was W Y.C W 0 W 0 0 W T . 1 0 M.atT collected with W the. run interval set .1 (RF), OM The Radiation Monitor does not detect neutron, microwave, radio frequency O W C Y. WWAfter.each laser, infrared, or ultraviolet radiation. It is calibrated for Cesium-137, 0Y.C M.TW 100 seconds. WW and .is10most 100 W 100 second interval, Wdetect Y.CO accurate for it and other isotopes of similar energies. Some isotopes itW will W another piece Wwas .TW of silver foil 00 placed between relatively well are cobalt-60, technicium-99m, phosphorus-32, andW strontium-90. 1 M . O W C . the source and the W Some types of radiation are very difficult or impossible for this GMW tube to detect. .TWMonitor. Since theRadiation 00Y Counts/interval vs. thickness of filter 1 M . number of O W Beta emissions from tritium are too weak to detect using the Radiation Monitor. C . W Y pieces is proportional to time Wtube and.1give 00 Americium-241, used in some smoke detectors, can overexcite the GM W (300 seconds corresponds to 3 pieces of foil, 400 seconds to 4 pieces of foil, etc.), a W an indication of a higher level of radiation than is actually there. W new column, pieces of silver foil, was made using time divided by 100. 3 4 O O W. WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW O WW 00Y.CO .TW W WW 00Y.CO .Background C W . W W Half-life Determination (counts/interval vs. time) Radiation W Y W T W .T 00 W.1 Yin.COM W W.1 Y.COMHereW Using a daughter isotope generator, is an experiment Wperformed W.1 Y.COM W W W W W .Tdays before airlines insisted W M.T .100 it is possible to generate isotopes the M .100 O W M.T .100 O W C . O W W W Wturn off your .C with a relatively short half-life. AWW Wpersonal.100Y WW .100Y.C that .Tyou M.T .TW 00Y M O 1 W M . O solution that selectively dissolves a computer before takeoff. It shows W C W Y. .CO .TW WW takeoff .TW WW .100Y.C theMcounts/interval .TW short half-life daughter isotope is WW between 100 M . 00Y O 1 W M . O the time the plane reached W passed through the generator. The W WW its.100Y.C M.TW WW 00Y.CO .TW WW .100Y.C and Taltitude . M linear plot of natural log of decay W cruising of 39,000 ft. W O W W.1 Y.COM W Y.C WW 00Y.CO .TW 0 W W .TW rate vs. time can be used to 0 W 1 0 W M . .T 1 0 M . O 1 W M . O Curricular Materials W W determine the half-life of the .C W .C W WW 00Y.CO .TW 00Y WW .100YNuclear TW with Vernier . 1 M.Tduring an airline flight . daughter isotope, using the formula W Radiation by M O 1 Radiation W M . O W C . O W .C Gastineau ln 2 = k•t1/2 John WW .100Y .TW WW .100Y .TW WW .100Y.C M.TW M M O W where k is the decay rate constant O Half-life determination W This has six O W WexperimentsWW .100Y.C M.TW Y.Cbook WW .100written .TDigital and t1/2 is the half-life of the WW .100Y.C M.TW for the Radiation Monitor. Each of the M O six experiments has a O WW or00LabQuest W daughter isotope (in minutes). W calculator version .COversion Y.C Mini), WW computer C (for LabPro, LabQuest, W . Y W W W 0 Y W T . 0 LabProM W M.Tas aastandalone .1 (for LabQuest .Tk, is equal to 1(for . O W In the plot of natural log of decay rate vs. time, the W decay M .100rate constant, or CBL 2), a LabQuest version device), O W C W W Y. W W .CO 0Radiation Y.C version WThe Tincluded W . W 0 0 Y W T –m. Using the slope value of m = –0.217 in the here, the half-life was . and Palm® (for LabPro). Nuclear CD with the book 1 0 0 Wexample T M . . 1 0 M W W.contains .CO .TW W.1 Y.COM W calculated to be 3.19 minutes. C theOword-processing filesW forW all student0Y experiments. . W W Y W 0 W .T W .100 W.1 Y.COM W M.T .100 OM W O W W C . W C W Y W .T W W Radioactive Histogram Data Analysis WW .100Y. .100 Sources M.T .100 OM W M.T O W C . O W W C For an easy in-class experiment, set W may be.1able .TW Coleman 00Yto obtainMpre-1990 0Y. have radiation WWIf you .TW sources, you WW .100Y.C M.TW 10don’t M . O W up a histogram with a very long run O W C lantern mantles or other brands of lantern mantles (for a weak source of Thorium). . O W W W pottery, watches, 0Yor minerals Y.Cbe able to WW clocks, Tthat . 0 0 WW T . time and start data collection. 1 0 WW .100Y.C M.TW You may also find are M . 1 W OM W. .CO .TW O W W C Whenever the graph “overflows” . Y W moderately radioactive. C W . 0 Y W W W 0 Y W 00 W M.T order radioactiveW the top of the graph, it will OM W.1 from M.T .100 Oactive, For something minerals any of theseW scientific W.1 Ymore C . O W C . Y W C W . W .T automatically be rescaled. This W 00 0 W T . 1 0 WW .100Y T supply houses: M . . 1 M . O W O W data collection shows students how OM W WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW initial randomness of data develops FlinnW Scientific Inc..CO W O WW 00Y.CO .TW W C into a Gaussian distribution. A W . Y W W W 0 Y W T . P.O. Box 219.10 W M .1 .T 00 gamma radiation source was used. W60510 Y.COM W WW 00Y.CO W.1 Y.COM W A distribution graph Batavia, IL W W W 0 W .T W .T 00 .10 Phone (800)W 452-1261 W.1 OM W W.1 Y.COM W C . W W Y W W Lantern Mantels www.flinnsci.com W .T W .100 M.T .100 OM W O This graph shows a study of old W C . W C W Y W Spectrum W Techniques WW .100Y. and new Coleman mantle lanterns. M.T .100 M.T O W O W C W Road These mantles formerly contained Y. WValley WW .100Y.C M.TW 106 Union 100 . thorium and were often used for W Oak Ridge, TN 37830 O W W W482-9937 radiation demonstrations. In the WW .100Y.C M.TW Phone (865) O W early 1990s, Coleman changed the WW .100Y.C M.TWwww.spectrumtechniques.com production methods and now the O W mantles are not radioactive. WW .100Y.C Canberra Industries W 800 Research Parkway W W New and old lantern mantles Meriden, CT 06450 Phone (203) 235-1347 www.canberra.com 5 6 O .CO .TW W Y WW .100Y.C M.TW W 0 Y.C W 0 T . 1 M . OM WW 00Y.CO .TW WW 00Y.CO .TW W W Y.C Warranty W T M .1 .1 M.Vernier OM WMonitor O The Digital Radiation isCmanufactured by a thirdW party, WWand is00Y.CO .TW . W C W . Y W W .T 00 0Y subject .Tto their warranty. W.1 Y.COM W W.1 Y.COM W OM W W C . W be Wis warranted Y This product Wto the original .Tfree from defects in materials 00 owner to M.T .100 1 M . O 100 andOworkmanship W M.T O W C for one year from the date . .Cof purchase Wwith the exception WW ofof.the .TW 00Y Y.C WW .Tand 1the 00Yfor 90 days, M .TW tube, which is warranted with the exception 1 M . O W M .100 Geiger-Mueller O W C W is not included in this warranty. will,W at W its own 00Y. W .CO which W 0Y.C Vernier Ybattery, WW TSoftware. . 1 0 0 T M.T . . 1 0 M . O 1 W M . discretion, repair or replace this instrument if it fails to operate properly within this O W C O W .C by.T Wof the following WW .100Y. .TW Y.C period WW has.1been unless the warranty any 00YvoidedM M .TW 00warranty O 1 W M . O W of this O W circumstances: C misuse, abuse, or W W this warranty; WW .100Y.C M.TW W of this instrument 0Y.instrument Y.C W neglect.by Tvoids . 0 0 T . 1 0 M modification or repair anyone other than Vernier Software 1 M . W Owarranty; WW 00Y.CO .TW .COwith .radioactive W C W . Y W WW voids this contamination of this instrument materials W 0 Y W T 0 M .T Contaminated instruments 00 this warranty. Maccepted for servicingWatW.1 Obe W.1 will not .CO .TW OM W.1voids Y C . Y W C W . 0 Y W W W 0 W .T 00 0 facility. W our W.1 Y.COM W M.T .10repair W.1 Y.COM W O W W W C . userYis responsible for his orW her .T Wfor determining 00 W the suitability .T 00 of thisMproduct WW The .1and W.1 Y.COM W M.TThe user assumes W .100 application. O intended all risk liability connected with such use. W O W W C . W 0 W .T 0Yconsequential Y.C is not Wincidental WW Vernier responsible for .TW M.T damages arising WW.10 .10or OM 100Software M . O W C . O W C W Y from the use of this instrument. W WW .100Y. .TW WW .100Y.C M.TW M.T .100 M O W O W C O W WW .100Y. .TW WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW M O W O W O W WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW O WW 00Y.CO .TW W WW 00Y.CO .TW C . W W W Y W W M .1 .T 00 W.1 Y.COM W WW 00Y.CO .TW W.1 Y.COM W W W W W .T 00 W W.1 Y.COM W M.T .100 W.1 Y.COM W O W W W C . W .T W 00 W WW .100Y M.T .100 W.1 Y.COM W M.T O W O W W C . W W WW .100Y WW .100Y.C M.TW M.T .100 M.T O W O W C . O W W W Y W WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW M.T .100 O W O W C O W WW .100Y. WW .100Y.C M.TW WW .100Y.C M.TW O WW W WW 00Y.CO .TW C . W W W Y W 0 W .T 0 M .1 W.1 Y.COM W WW 00Y.CO .TW W W W .T 00 W.1 Y.COM W.1 Y.COM W W W W W .100 M.T .100 Vernier Software & Technology W O W W C W W 13979 S.W. Millikan Way • Beaverton, OR 97005-2886 WW .100Y. T . Toll Free (888) 837-6437 • (503) 277-2299 • FAX (503) 277-2440 OM W WW .100Y.C M.TW [email protected] • www.vernier.com O W C . WW .100Y Rev. 2/17/10 W Logger Pro, Vernier LabQuest, Vernier LabQuest Mini, Vernier LabPro, and other marks shown are our trademarks or WW registered trademarks in the United States. CBL 2, TI-GRAPH LINK, and TI Connect are trademarks of Texas Instruments. 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