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UK Data Archive Study Number 1463 - Inequality in the American City: Census Data for Atlanta, Georgia, USA, 1960-1970 1 INTRODUCTION Marked 1nequal~ty the Amer1can C1ty. 1n 11V1ng standards 15 a repet1t1ve feature of The most obViou3 5pat1al man1festat10n is to be found In the low levels of 11Ving In the 1nner c1ty, compared w1th the affluent suburbs. Inner-c1ty poverty or soc1al 1S depr1v~t10n traditlOnally associated w1th the so-called black ghetto, the pers1stence of "hlCh 1S Wldely recoglllzed as an affront to soclal Justlce a general reduct10n of 1nequality does not fl~>re lfuile promlnently 1n Amer1can poli t1cal rhetorlc, the e11mlnat10n of ,,,hetto poverty and the lmprovement of the quallty of 11fe for blacks asplratlon Slnce the C1Vil ho.~ been a w1dely espoused national r~ghts Move~ent of the 1950s. Indeed, dur1ng the 19606 the problems of the black Fhetto emerged as a leading domestic prlorlty espoused by the pollt1cal and academic estab11shmcnt. The rcmoval of the ghetto and the integrat10n of the black ponulat1on 1nto t~e "ma1n~tream" of Amer1can llfe could be expected to change the spatlal expression of lnequality 1n the runerlcan Clty respects. 111 s1gnlficant Ih th the areas of worst houslng and 30ciel depr1vat10n gOOle, lntra-clty d1fferences In levels of 11v1ng would obviously be reduced. TWo features of the 1960s might lend support to such an expectat10n the urban renewal programmes responslble for the physical e11m1nat10n of poor houslng, and the capac1ty of a prosperous economy to provlde opportunlties for upward mob1l1ty to 1ncreasing numbers of blacks plaus1ble set of hypotheses mi~~t therefore b~ A that lnequa11ty between the races has been reduced and that th1S is reflected 1n a reductlon 1n inequality among res1dent1al areas wlthin the C1ty - themselves BubJect to greater rac1~1 1ntegrat10n. However, what has actually happened could be rather more complicated with some perverse distribut1ve outcomes. The physical destruction of the ghetto may not have been accompanled by the rehous1ng of all those d1splaced, the1r poverty may s1mply have been relocated. The whites may have enJoyed econOmlC advancement, in aggregate, to the same extent as ~lacks, or even at a more rap1d rate, thus perpetuating or exacerbat1ng 1nter-rac1al inequal1ty. have been b1ghly select1ve Upward mob111ty w1thin the black groups may And there 1S no guarantee that, whatever else has occurred, deep-seated rac1al preJudice w1ll have been overcome to the extent that res1dential integration "111 have increased. Thus an alternative Bet of hypotheses mlght be that inequ&llty between the races has not been reduced, that the predOmlnantly black areas mlght display the same or even greater ineqUality than before, that overall 2 inequality among residential areas might have increased rather than decrel).sed, and that racial residential !loJ.ariz~.tion re",o.ins much as before. The purpose of this paper is to explore tren~s in race and space ineqU31ity in one American city, during the decade 1960 to 1970. ci ty in 'l.uestion is Atlanta, Georgia. some i~ortant The The time perioc. chosen covers changes in the social geography of the city, arising from major urban renewal projects and some expansion of black residential space. The intention is to describe these chanfl:es, as a Y.>relildnar:r to testing some of the hypotheses outlined above. These findings .,Till then be related to an interpretation of the process of change in A~lanta, over the period under review. The data base is derived frol'l the Census of Population and Housinz., for 1960 and 1970. The analysis presented here is the first stage of a project that it is hoped will subsequently use the results of the 1980 Census to extend the examination of trends in inequality it: Atlanta over a further ten-year period. The choice of the city of Atlanta is explained fully in the bo,:Y of the paper. HO'7ever, it is worth mentioninp: at the outset that Atlanta has achieved a special identity in recent yeexs - as boom city of the "new" prosperous South, as home of Ha.rtin Luther King and other prominent black leaders, as the first major southern city to elect a black mayor, and as the political power base from which Jimmy Carter projected himself into the Presidency of the United States. What is perhaps more important to the specific focus of this paper is that, 1.lll1ike northern cities with their more recent influx of blacks, Atlant" h9.s a long-established bl"ck population with its own institutions and a "middle-class" that goes back three or four generations. With the importance of. Atlanta in the civil rights movement and black political e~~ncipation, these conditions might be regarded as particularly favourable for black economic and social advancement, once the rigid segregation and overt discrimination of the old South had b€en overcome. In other words, if blacks cannot "make out" in Atlanta, they are not likely to do so anywhere else in America. And if the prosperity and urban reconstruction of the 1960s did not create a more equal city in Atlanta, then the prospects of this happening elsewhere are rather remote. lihile no scientific claim can be made that this case study is representative of broader experience" whe.t has been observed in Atlanta might well provide a pointer towards likelY trends in intra-city differentiation elsewhere as the American metropolis emerges from a quarter of a century of change in the economic status and residential arrangement of its black population. 3 BACKGROUND Atlanta lS the maJor crmmerclal centre for the of the Um. ted States. corner Devastated In the Cl vl1 \Tar. tl:e Cl ty was gUlckly ln a splrlt ef reb~lt, south-e~~tern ~ro1~h-orlented C1V1C enterprlse that stl11 characterlzes Atlanta todp.y, and WhlCh 16 pcpularly newec. as symbollc of thp econOITQC rlse O! the South reglonal serV2ce centre tnan ~n Atlanta has always been more of ~ lndustrIal Clty, wlth offJces 0f banks, utlll tles and other cornerat'.ons "a.ded to those of olc.-establlshed Atlanta !h th the central concerns - the most notable beln!," the Coca Cola Company buslness dlstrlct domlnated b'r expensl ve Pew hotels and conventlon facl11tles, ltS monoral1 ranld translt system nearlng completl0n ltS suburban off1.ce !larks and vell-to-c.o resl.dentl.nl areA.s, AtJa.nto. presents the physlcal exprE:ss"l"n of tha prosperJ. ty ane. modernl ty crmnonly assoclated 'Wl. th th8 "new" Bsunbelt I Sou1...~ end 'tn th the f:rO',71.n~ "prom ~:enC2 of the southern 1.ll the spa.tl.f-'l !)"].ttern of AmerlCaig econo::--..:...c gro'Yrth. But there JS another slde to ~tlanta, Its most of course consplcuoUS physlcal expreSSlon 15 the lnner-clty area of houslns dl1apldatl0n and poverty largely surroundlng the C.B.D , partlally cleared and patchl1y reconstructed durlng two decades of "1lrban renewal" but stl11 toc.ay a stark contrast wlth the concrete-and-elass glltter of the nearby offlce blocks and luxury hotels 'Hhl1e by no ~eans all the poverty areas are occunled by blacks, 1 twas Wl thln the bl !lock cornmunl ty that the most serlOUS soclal deprl vatlon W'lS to be found dur~ng the 1960s. Atlanta was an early centre of the clnl rlghts M0vement. under the leaders hlP of the Rev Leadersh~p Conference Martln Luther Klng and the Southern The Clty also threw up lts own Chrlstla~ embod~ment of ,,'!nte backlash In Lester ,Io.ddox, whose refusal to lllteFr'lte hlS frled crocken restaurant attracted enough e.ttentlon alld sy-:nnathy to Wln hlm elect) on as Go'rernor of GeOr[;la response of the wh~ te The c~ vl1 rlghts strugl'le and. the 9upreme.cl.sts In the form of the Ku IG.ux Klan, vra~ed aG'l1nst the background of unprecedented lf hlghly selectl ve prosperl ty, C1V1C boosterlsm, personal ereed, sharP buslness chlcanery, lS ~~ pract~ce and pollt~cal essentlal part of the context of soclal and spatlal change ln Atlanta durlng the 19605 All this lS vlvldly descrlbed in e recent novel by Machlln (1979) At the tlme of the C1Vl1 War the I\ po~ulatl0n of fttlanta wes 15,000 century later, the 1970 .Q.~ recorded 1,387,600 people in the Atlanta Standard Metropolltan Statistlcal Area, composed of the countles of Clayton, Cobb, Dekalb, Fulton and Gwlnnett (Figure l) The DOJulatl0n 4 cof the Central City, with ""hich this sturJy is conC2rnec., wry,s 1,97,000, or 35.13 of the total for the S.M.S.j~. ~e area shmm as the Urban Frini;e in Figure 1 hart a po:)ul9.ticn of h76 ~OOO., most -:.f this l::'ein~!, in suburl~8.n areas immedi~. tely l:e~,rond the city limits. An irr.portnnt ccntritutor t.; Atl.anta's recent Growth has been inward migre.tion, no"t only of highly mobile professional and skilled ;rorkers but "lso of I,oor :oeo"le displaced by the mechanization of e_?ricul ture '3.nd by economic decline in the Southern Appalachians. Since 1970 the S .H. S.f... !1cpulation has risen by an 3.ver:".ge of 31 }j~oo a year, to give a 1978 figure of almost 1,650.000 accor·:'.inf, to the Atlant'1 Resional P1annin~ Cc~issiGn. However, the population at the:: re,te of about 1 per cent 11. Centr~l City has been losinG yeftr since it rel3,ched its 10eak towards the end of the 1.960s - 1ar!1,el:r the result of wl',i te moves to the outer suburbs. Atlant9~ reveals most of the economic .c:I,nd social ::?rGbleI'1.s usually identi fi ~d with the contem1Jore.ry Am.ericccl'l metropolis. own special features, including extremely high crime for homicide. But it he.s its r~tes - especially Some of the broader background to this is described hy Hartshorn et 901 (1976, 53) ~s follows: Most of these murders occur outside the o::owntc'm in a bend of lower income black neighborhoc(ds bor(lerin~ the C.B .1'., and are predominantly the result of domestic sque.bbles and friction among aco.uaintances. The southern t;!":J.rii tion af takintj the le>~w into one I s own hands, the mystique of r-rotecting one 7 s !lhonorlf , the everrresent distrust of the pc·lice :unong blacks, the abundance of handguns, the use or' alcoh'll" ,,::d. under- employment a.re other factors associated with violent crine in Atlanta. Low paying menial blue col13.r service ,j'Jbs, offering Ii ttle advancement potential or satisfnction, are the onl~r Occupp.tions "pen to unskilled blacks. HiEd, job'l.bsenteeism and turnover rates are commcnpla.ce and run (:~ep in inner city neighborhoods. Poverty, overcrotfded. hon,es, the high freq.uency of female-headed households. an (1. the lack of child supervision frequently pervade these hifh crime areas. In short., social disorg~niz.'J.tion prevails. The raci!'tl (lii!lension of c.erri v:"lticn is ur..derlinec of Census estimate of 1~8. 8 per cent 0 b~r aU. S. Bure9.u f black fa:!1ilics in the central ci ty Ii vin~ below the pcverty level in 197(), cOI'J!iarcd 'vi th onl:'r 2- per cent fer ,,-hi tes (Cl9.rke, 1971, 1.). of inner-city residents in 1965 ~ ii1 Con(li tio!1s rGve3.1erl. by a survey the middle cf the nericrl under review in this !lacer, 3.re summari3e1 as follo',s (Clarke. 197L 2.5); The bl'l.ck f'lID..; ly is more lik21y the.n the whi te f"",iIi es of the same incor.:;.; level to be hea.ded. by a 110I!lan, les s likely to be on w01fare'-- . ~lore likely to be in debt, r:!.ore likely to live in a neighborhood with dirty streets, 1,i th substandard housing, with noisy surrounriings, with rats, with lack of recrec.tion~~ fe,cili ties) wi th cvercro,~ded. hom0S ~ 5 1 and wlth feneral squalor In splte of these poor surroundlngs,there was no dlfference as regards concern about helllth, or chJ ldren retar(lc:d In school, or chlldren In trouble wlth the polIce between the varlOUS raclal-lncome groups. Anathy ~bout health, educatIonal retardatlon, and dellnquency, do not qeen partIcularly related to any partlcul~.r race and Income group In other lTords, the relatl ve deprJ_ vatlon 0 f :poor blac!("s could not be attrlbuted to thelr B.ttl tudes Experlence ln tne C1V11 rlghts movowent In fact mane poor blacks more llkely than poor whltes to organl ze and artlculate concern, thouf.h there ".re Impecilments to cohesl ve soclal movements A.IIlonE blacks - as wlll "e shown later In thlS pa:::er Atlanta also has problems To quote '!(u:tshorn et al arlsln~ from ItS spat~al and bUllt fom. a~alll lfuny presslng problems In AtlF-nta are due to tne ranld ra-ce of ~rcvth e!'!d the stralns of adJustl.ng te-· 1. t. ft~on~ these are exceSSl.ve gove-n~~ntal fra~entatlon~ spot zonl.ng, the lack of cornprehens 1. ve pl~..rillln€, e..nd aberratl.ons 10 th,= houslng m~,rket Tr..~ l'3.re;e number of governmental Jurlsdlctlcns 1n tile e.rea ha.s led to extremely var1.F!.ble tax re.t~s The Cl ty of r.....tlanta prov1.des many serVlces to unlncornorated b2droom communl tles. o.rees Wh1Cl1 :nany feel arC' not 'paYlng thelr way" and hence belng Subsldlzed by poorer CIty reslnents Such problems are shered by most maJor Amerlcan cltles, but they are exacerbated In the Sl tuatlon of substant,al populetlon growth and spatlal rearrangement WhlCh has been Atlanta's recent experlence. ~,o aspects nf populet~on change are of =alyslS of trends In 1!\equallty. ~artlcul~r relevance to the These are the redlstrlbut10n of populatlon wlthln the Clty, und the shlftlng raclo.l resldent~al pattern. The most Important features mAlI' be descrlbcd onefly, "nth the asslstance of ma:?s lllustrat"tng changes from 1960 to 1970 reveo.l:·l by Census data, and also the subsequent trends U]1 to 1978 ,nc',cr.i.3cl by the j10pulatlon estlmates of the Atlanta Reglonal Comnus~lon The terrltcrlBl unlts of observatlon arc the 1(l2 census tr'l.cts (or conal natlons thereof) that form the framework for the ex~.lnlnatlon of 1nequall ty later In th, s pa'Ocr Between 1960 and 1970 the total populatlon of the Clty of Atlanta. Increased slIghtly - from !,1l8, 350 to !'9~, 975 'I'he pattern of populatlon Cha.\·lge "J thln the Clty (Fl(,:ure 2) sho ..s rl1lrlfcd contrp..sts, however. relatlvely rapld opectacular the C.B.D ~rowth ~rowth Tne of the western suburhs shows uD, wlth less In the north. The Inner parts of the Cl ty. ar01md (somewhat off-centre In an easterly dlrectlon) reveal almost 6 unrelieved pa";ulaticn clec!"eas-e with SGme very high rates locally where urr.:;an renewa.l or slum clear~nce hs.']. its greatest ir.1pnct. 1970-78 periocl, in which there has been po:[)ulation., increases have IM~_r:l~i" ~Jeen l~rp'ely t1Jl During the overall net loss of ~i ty confine'::' to ,g, few suburba~ tr3.cts, in the yTest ~d south, l.·ri t:r~ the nost r9.p:"1 f?rcw':h noW' tran8fe!'r(~d across 7-he city limits into t~1e newer subur:"s. Ln.rce propcrtione.l decreases are still reeisterec. in sone inner-c"i ty trac-:.3 ~ :ll thcup-.,h the "pace of slum clearance h3.s slacl{.ened. ~e ~ust ch&'1@:ing racial geo.gro:phy of Atlanta. te describe']' in S0I!le c.etail, as this is fund~.mental to the c~~mtral issue of inco.u!J.lity. other southern ci ties ser:ret;atio!:. ~ Atlanta has a lonr; hi story of racial r0si(1entie.l Fa.r from oeing red.uced by t:le up'i·rard ~i,.~hts SJ1d the integra.tion rhetoric of the ci vil se~:;reGn_ticn LikE.: ~obili ty cf blacks stru;:;c1e, the level .')f was ~ in the 19605 ~ as Gren.,t if not grea.ter than eVt~r. ':f:n.euber and T:l.eucer (1965, 1'0) show ir.creases in their ind,;x of resiclential segregation 'in Atlanta between 19 1.0 and 1950. and tet'.;een 195C1 end 1960. This was due in part to the elimination of scat.tered pockets of black residences, incluc~in~~ rJr'my ·'ree.r '! and occupied by servents workinr Hartshorn et aI, 1976, 1'7-8). of raci~l '~.'1.11ey!· i~ nearby ho~es ::wellings ~ cyic;ina.ll:r of whites (Stone, 1976, 4~· But it :llso reflected. the preservation homogeneity on a neighbourhood b~sis 1 even p...reor..~ the relatively w'211-to-do. The degree of racial residential polarity in 1960, 1970 and 1918 i,] illustrated gr'=..phically in Figure 3. The vast majority of census tract3 in Atlanta have continued to be occu'9iec. preclominSJ11-,ly by or:c race. only obvious difference between the three histo~rans The is the r8ductior. i~ the number of tre.cts with over 90 per cent of the popule.tion ,;),i te and a corres,cnding increase in those ':.ri th eyer 90 per cent 1)1~.cl:., -which simDly represents the rising sha.re of blacks in the overall city population. The shiftinr: re.ci'l.l ileo,7raph:,' of this ;:>erioc1 maJ:es comparison with the Taeubers' index hazardous. However, the number of tre.cts (out of 102) with 90 rer cent or less of their population accounten. fo!' by one re.c~ (i .e. tlrnixed" tracts, thou.~~ not necessarily integrated on a street-bystreet basis) was virtually the sa!lle in 1960 and 1970: 2P against 2'(. By 1978 it had risen to 37, r'oflecting the "aCE of change in n.cie.l geography, especially in the southern half of the city (see ~lelow), where e. number of "trixed" tracts were in an activ:= ::!rocess of tr2.l1sition fror:J. white to black. The llrocess of race-residential chenf~e in Atlanta is of v8ry;rre?t interest in its own right, reflecting important features of the 7 contemporarJ dyn~~lcs of t~e '!'he events of the pP.st thlrty American C2ty yea", have been descrlbed_ ln detal1 else'"h~re (Gla"er 'lnd Ilci':ntlre, 1960, 14-51, ODeLs~av, 1973 Bedermqn, 1973, Stone, 1976), Hartshorn pt ~l. 1976, h6-50, a sum.---,aI"'J lS all that lS retJ.u1red here, ,n tn the latest ,\val1allle flgures to brlnr; ~he story ul) to date In 1920 there were a).ready 60.000 blacks 11 V1Pr. ,,1 ~tlanta, ".nc. thlS durlnc the lnter-war per1.od. By l~)50 the Cl ty 1::; , PO!,ule.tlon W'J.S 41 :per cent black .. but they"were conflnecl to \.;hA,t T-Tartshorn fJ.[ure gre~ ste~. .iJ.ly et 801 (1976, )'6) descnbe as 'e,refully ,rescnbed so-called Fhetto :lrp.e.s" around the "estern, eastern a.nd southern frlnges of the C B D ln Taeuber and Taeuber, 1966, 270). (see =1' dlstrlbut1.~nal There had been few ehaJ1("es SlJ1Ce 1930, aLd the exp'lnSl0n of the black ])o?ulatl0n was crep.tlng lncreased l?ressure for outvard extens1.on of the '.;lack rcsldentlal are.!lS, espeele.lly on the r~rt of blacks Wlt~ effectlve demand fo- better 'VTrn teE were monnc out of the Cl ty, ane. 1. t took. :3. rr.C housln~ Jor '3..nnt2X"'l.tlon of predoIlnnantly Whl te suburbs (wInch trl:?le1 th" area of the C1 ty ln 1952) to mel.ntain whl. te- numerlc9.1 supreco.cy The l.ncorporetl0n of 1art£C areas to the north, west and south of the orlglnal (pre-1952) Clty 11nuts ralsed the lssue of where the extenGl0Tl of black reslitentlal space 1~ Jearlnp, In mlnd that thlS w0uld be stron.ly res,sted suburbs ill' ght be penn tted, eXlstlnF wnlte Some black houslng had already been l'llllt In the 1930s and 19408 beyond the orlglnal western Clty l1rruts, and It was In thls d2rectlon tnat Llack expansl0n took place At the end of the 1940s blacks )ccu~led the 1-1C'zley Park are" Just 1nslde the C1 ty hml ts _ 85 nar'. of e" 'rentlem"n' s ag!"£e!!lent" worked out W1.th Clty offlclals ",hsrE'b:r "blacks "ould not mOVG l~tO whlte r8s,-dent~Bl areas south of a certA'-1l 11ne (l'est"lew Drlve). In the 1950s blacks moved stll1 further west, OCCUPY11lg the ·"hl te "m:dcilecl'l.ss" nelghbourhood of Colller Helgnts ',:11ch ;ras Dart C'f the 1952 anllexatl0n. The pattern of vestward eXU~Slon 15 eVl.nent In cer-sus tract populatlons ln 1960 (F1Fure In 1960 the act of one funda~ental ch~nGe 1.0 become a A blacK. 1.::1(l1. V1 IlnyslC1f.U1 of Ps.yton Fdrest~ t~e com~osltlon ~f recla1 3) d.ual ,!,recl.;1. tated !/.J."ts subsequently whB;t the raclal resldentl.ol ~eo~rp~hy moved l.nte the whl. te Junner ml.ddle cla.ss south of the Festvl.ew Drlve Gl.v1.de I of ~tlanta. suedJ. V1.Sl0n The Cl.ty -:;:overn.'I'lent trled a numbGr of measures to prevent furthsr black penetratlC'D, lncludln~ the syt!lbohc cons"Lructl0n of a barrlcade across the street (Peyton Roa,:) leadl.ng southwards from 'I-iestVJ..ew Drl. ve But the Clty orClncr-ce enected to legallze the closlnG of the street was cha11en[ed In court, the barrlcade waS removed ln 1963, and well-to-do blacks moveQ In substantlal numbers l.nto prevl.ously exclusl. vely affluent whl. -:'("Jo aelghbC'urhoods The vhlte 8 exodus, provoked by the first black incursions and practices of rer.l-estate sr.lesmen (b)Jtck as well ~r!cnur~t.:eQ 6.S . . .y the du~ious ;rhite), '.as se r~.pid. as to enable extensi Ye e.rellS to be tr:'lnsfcrre(' from solie: vrhi te ~0 ~rirtue~ly selid blact in less than dec3.de. B. The im"?B,ct is evident in the :ll3.p for- 1970 (Figure 3), which shows the consolidatio,; of th" \;",stw9.rd Iled"e of blacl, residential spac". side of the city. A less proI!linen~ ",.;edE'e \·. . as F~SO e!'1err:"lTlt; en the e~_,st2rn The celebrated llsector Ul0nel)' of 'J.rba.n residential 3T.ructure associated. wi t~ Homer Hoyt accurs.tel;{ ":8scri bes the pp,ttern of racial differcr.tiation in Atlanta 1n 1970. Subsequent changes have been no less dramatic than thos." of the 19605. Th" map for 1978 (FiC:Ur'e 3) shows that the western black "ed;:oe is extending southwards, and that a n1lI!lbcr of previously "hi te tracts old inner-city I';hetto ar'e now in e. state of tra.nsi tion. ';0 the south of the Given the speed with which the transfer of residential space from "rhites to blacks can take place, the l)rOSpect for the 19808 is of the consoli':1aticn of black occupation ~a~t of the southern par-t of the city, leavinc the northern in the hands of whites. still exclusively This r(;T)resents the final stage of the orealc··out of blacks from the old r,hetto into sul;urbia, "i thin the constraints imposed by the preservation of some pattern of r:lce residenti';l,J. segref,ution. The significance of recent shifts in popul:ltion is stlrm.arized in a consultants' report as follows: "The resl:..l t of these trends is the increasinc division of Atlanta society into black a.nd ~.,rhite, rich and pODr cmmntmi ties more seGregated physically J socially ana. econor'.ically the.n i!l the previous 25 years" (Policy Desir,n Cor'Poration, 1975, 56). The rer-."inder of this stuCy seeks to examine this assertion and its implications for inequtii ty in Atl9.nta, by establishing some basic facts an interpretation of the process involved. and "t.llen offt2rinE 9 SELECTIon OF INDICATOHS :I'o establlsh the facts wlth respect to lnequalltv In Atlanta requlres a selectlon of soclal indlcators. These must be caryable of ~easurlnf- the level of lnequallty at the chosen datum pClnts of 1960 ~nu 1970, so as to t>rovlde a readlng on hOI; far lnequall ty ha,s decreasE,d or lncreased Ideally, the lndlcators should be numer0us enough to reflect a varlety of attrlbutes assoc]ated vlth the broad concepts of 11V1Ue standards or soclal well-be1ng. been a focus of '!'he developl'lent of 1ntra-c1ty secl'll lndlcators has con~lderable research In human geography rver the past decade (see Smlth, 1973, Chapters 3, 8, Sm1th, 1977, CharT-er ln, Smlth, 1979, Chapte:r 4), but such studles are almost lnvari",bly statlc r"ther than dymulll c . constr~lnt The em;>hasls on change In thlS present study acts as a on the cholce of ludlcators The "tartlng pOlnt for thlS exerC1SC 1S a peece of research by Bederman (1974), '<hich "[,rondes a dlffe1'entlatl0n of "quahty of life" In Atlant~ at the lev~l of the Census tract "factors' or gener'll headlnF'B, under WhlCh "leve:n vere selected (Table 1). lndlvld~al lndlcators Data for these varlables wer€ used to L'enerate a compos 1 te "Quall ty of Llfe Index'; 1:::.- a method slm11ar to the SlllllI'lat1on of standard devlates commonly used ln soclal lnd1cators research (see Bederman, 1974, 30-31) The lndex was ce.lcuJe.ted for e.ll but three of the 115 census tracts wholly Wlthln the C1ty of' Atlantc. 1n 1970. Bederman's map (1'eproduced as F1gure 4) reveals ~ d1otlr.ct pattern '!'hlS ccrresponds closely ,nth the pattern of racl8,l resldence (see Flgure 1) the predom1nantly black areas generally have relc.t1vely low llfe quallty, as Lleasured. by Bederms.n I S l.ndex The 1n1t1al 1ntentlon of the present research vas to reul1cate Bederman's work for 1960 (and, subsequently, for 1980), at least to the extent of eXam1nlnG changes revealed by each of Bederman's lndlcators. As Table 1 shows, Bede~~~ went beyona the nbVleus census measures, to Hc'Wever., It lnclude lnfant mortal1ty ana rates of crlmlnal actlvlty proved lmposs1ble to compl1e 1960 d".ta fer th8 non-census var1ables, because of the absence: of the reoU1red records 1l? th'" County Health Department and the C1ty Pollce Department Attempts to obta1n l0hO and 1970 data for other non-census cendltl0ns (~.g also f~11ed for s1m11ar reasons of Incomplete or study 1S thus conflned to census date. as the the tub~rculosls rate) ldentlflc~tlon dJ.s9.greeatJ.o~ of chan~e th~ lnRd~~uate records only source thot permlts at the reQu1red level of terrltorJal The 10 In the final selection of indic:ltors, median rent, families 1,;ith 1), female hE.:8.d, pO';7ulation 15 ,qnd ll..l1der or 65 and ~ver, 8.nr:!. --:,cpul..qtio!l densi ty were dropped from Bederrlan' s list. The first "'~.d enouGh tr'l.cts in 1960 wi t;1 nco ve.lue3 to render the measurement of c\:ane:·2 dutious (in any event, rent9.1s are housing units: r = hi~hly correle.ted with the \ralu.e of o~mer-occupied .691 in 1970), the sec"nd was !:l0t avcib.ble for 1960, whi".e the third and fourth are difficult to interpret. used by Bederman was added: median school ye~"rs Or:2 vnriable net complete::;. The five chosen indicators are listed in Ta.ble 2 ~ alone with their extrClf\8 values to give some impressio:1 of the ra.nges 9.1on,~ which th,:: individual tracts are distributed. While census tracts are not ideal. terri tcrip~l uni ts of observaticn there is no n.lternative ir- this type af analysis. fclthough they diffe!' consider?:.bly in size and shape, e.s the mal?S reveal, they are desiGned 'So be relati vel:! homogeneous with reci'ect to the econc1:'ic and socio.l char9.cteristics of their pcpulations. large discrepancies of total po:?ul!l.tion: T!'"~~cts are also definef1. to e.void. in 1960 the tr'l.Ct 'o-.o',)ulaticns as used in this study ranged from 1308 to 10,071, with a standard deviation of 1816 about the mean of 4717; for 1970 the statistics werG a minimum of 754. maximUJ:l of 19.580. a standard deviation of 30·3"?omd a mean of 4806. workin~ with such population aggregates do arise, includinG the !,rcblem of the so-calle,~. Nevertheless, most of the well-known difficulties of ecological f!lllacy, which limits what the de.ta may legi tircatdy yield.. Four tracts have teen omitted because of incomplete or otheM;ise misleading data. A few tracts have been amalgamated to facilitate the comparison bet"een 1960 anc. 19 7 0. Fortunately, tract o_efini tions chan-c,l very little from thG one census to the other (and have also been little altered for the 1980 census), which, alonp: with the stability of definition of the variables themselves, makes tempore_l ccol'lpa.rison much easier than would otherwise be the case. Table 1. V"-rl.ables used 1n Bederrna,n' s Qual 1 ty (1f L1fe Inde", Health Factor Infant 110rtah ty (1968, 1969, 1970 avero."e) Pub11c Order Fact(1r Ag~ravated Assaults p~r 1000 Peo?le rlur5lar1es ?er 1000 Hous1ng Un1ts Hous1ng Qual1ty Factor r. of Hous1ne Un1ts Leck1n~ Allor Some Plumb1nc Med1an Value of Sl,ec1f1ed Owner Occu,ned Hous1ne; Un1 ts l1ed1an Rent of Spec1f1eel Renter Occup1ed Un1 ts SOC10eCOnOmlC Factor Med1an Ferraly Income %of FaID1l1cS w1th Female as Head % of Total Pc1,ul8t1on 15 Years and Uneler and 65 Years ane:. Older Dens1ty Factor Po?ulat1on Dens1ty Der Acre % of Occup1.ed UnJ. ts In ~vrnch Greater than 1 0 Source Beelerman (1974, 30) the Average Room Occupance 15 .50 UNITS, <<<<<1~()0 .. ... .. "w. w... " "" " " "." " " ••• •" ••• •• .. " ..."• .. " " "" • " .,," ".. .,," "" "** "" *"" " " """ .. .. """ . .. .. SySTEI: DIES 0" 30TH JUNE 1980»>>> ON 30T~ JUN~ ~ 880 >>>>> JUN 80>>>>> BIE~ C,N 30T SVST~f' «<<<~~88 ««< / SVST I . .".. " .. "." "w. *" .. """ • .. • PLEASE , () TE ; THESe ARE " • " " w,," """ '" '" STREA~I THE . .". " LI~ITS • " *". " ".. " w** .. • " " (MAXIfWM) .. ••• " '" FOR ...." . ..•.. ••••.. •••..• ......•.. .-LL GEORGE If'JPuT. LONG STREAn; SHORT lolA IT 300 I, ILL T I lie (SECONDS) 1000 100 ell RE SHe (HOROS) 40 K 100K 40 K "lJt1~ER OF EDS 30 PACKS 0 0 z f· U~'BER (;F IlI\GNETIC TAPES 1 3+ 2 LINES OF [,UTPUT 10000 5000 10000 YES YES CARD I PA peR TAPE PUNCH 110 Ij 0 ON~LINE PERIPHERALS NO YE S AIlYTtiING ExCEEDING THE lolA IT STREAM LIMITS SHOULD IE .-UTHORISED OY D TREANOR OR R 111 LLER (BEFORE SUBMITTING)EXT,582 ROOM 556 IJARNING : FAILIIRE TO ADHERE TO THESE STREAM LIMITS WILL CAUS! DE LAY IN THE RUNNING OF YOUR PROGRAM ANo 01 LETION ON SUBSEQUENT OCCASIONS, .. ""''' .• • • "• " ..* '" "** ••• ••• • "*" ••• •. • • " • . " " " **. '" "*. **. .. " " ."... • MASTER TIDY D ,p,sION A<32,102), 10(102) ~EAB ~'~1061°~D(J), (A(M,J> ,M~' ,32) FORIJAT (l0,3Z~O.O) 6 ..".." . ••• ."..". • • .". . .." • • *••• * ••• *". • " """ ••• " """ .. . .. . • • " " " • **" THIS JOt! \.lAS RUN ON IlACHINE 649 COMPILATION ~Y (;XFAT I'K 4C 5 100 , ••• "" ""''' "" ,,"'* "• """ " " "". • " ••• " " """ • " ",," • • .,,* " " •" ~Xii l. ()(J15 l' 0 1 £ \;0 1 7 \018 G019 CO.:c' eO':1 201 10 2C2 eoa G3 , ,; 4 88 UOGS (0,6 0027 GOGS 0029 b2H 00.53 0034 U035 0036 (1037 003& 0039 u04[ 0041 ~8t~ 0045 004t C04 20 203 25 C 3(1 2(,5 35 C COl. ' 0049 OS[ gOS1 88s~ 0054 41' 2 (,(:> 45 ~gH c 0059 SC 0056 88g~ 20 7 C0 6 2 88~~ 0(,5 80(>£. 88g~ CO/)9 0070 0071 88~~ 0074 C07S 0076 55 C 60 20 8 65 49:5, NAME 0077 FInlst. EtW CF COflPILATIOti ~ NU LRRORS SIC SUBFILE: CONSU~IDATED 13 BUCKETS USED BY XPCK 12F DATE PROGRAf1 TIDY ~~~5~g,op~alQA~i~§;~) ~ORE TIDY 10048 SEG TIDY 19/06/80 TII~E 19/31/22 UsTiNG OF ArLAllTA Dt.TPo FOR SSRC 1 2 ~~p,O ~ 3,0 ~ . ZH: 8 ~ r; ~~~6: 6 H 11 12 H 15 ~9 ,8 19 .11 22 23 H ~~ ~6 31 H ~g ~~ 40 41 33{"~ I t649,C 41(,6,0 §66 4 , (. 050,0 ~9r' H ~~ 1:6 ~Bj. 0 416. C 1V071.g 13gB. 7.0 370.0 50 f.6f,6.C ~aH:8 >5~!I.n 46 6. (, ~o~~:8 3334.0 ~if,g:8 Ug~:p 59r.g:g.n ~2 3H 7. (i 45 H~~:g 6 49 H~'9: ~ 37011.(' H H H . C' p4 3gs·r i~g~·~ no, 0 ,1r6,~ ~~: 0 ., 4 ,0 Hst8 70~, TH f ~ 09,0 H'8 :;9:0 ~4~.O 1 4~ :~ , B81o. 0 U '~ ~I:, ~ T ~ ~i:8 ;1:8 10~ ,0 ~~H:~ 36P,o ~~:8 ~fig~:8 3 3,0 1°f2:8 4.0 ~ 6.0 68 4.0 99~g.O 1 . C' 36 (' 5369:0 66}~.O ~3 3:8 8 9,0 ~i~~:~ 3 4 ~~', 2~ 5.0 1 47'8 1~36, ha:8 3~99,O ~3U:8 3582.0 ,~ft~:8 3~~3:o ~8U:8 1!1t! , r'& O. (, 1 , • [\:;',0 1~~ ~: 8 r~B. 0 631 .0 8 ,H~~: zh: (\ faTAl.. loTAL Q 7365,& 6~60, 5~ 7. 8 iSiJ· 1(11 :8 2241.0 HU:~ L'" ~~:8 fa,o ,l~~5,O 9,0 5047: ~ Pof'v 29,0 l870,a ~ H ouSt"" Vri"S (I) 5~g~:~ nn:8 ~q ~:8 1774.0 4246 (' ~g~~:8 1 2,0 ~~:~ lo,lk l.LJkI( fofL N @ n~t~ 19~~:o ~H4'O 4 ~: 8 ~t~~:~ ~ H: ~~!1:8 ~~ 6J ~~8::~ 416 , fVI£iMN H"" S040 L Jl IN~o"'l< (4) 1 8rO, 14 0O, & H 88:8 790~'1 ~i8 ':- ~ 6 00, 14100, ~~~g8:8 ~ H88: ~ 113 88 : 11 00,0 1(100S'8 9' 8900:8 9000,0 15988:~ 1 PSg:~ ~Oo' o , 8000,0 g98 8:8 10200:8 9300,~ 1~988: QrO'~ 9 go'8, 9 9' 8foa:! ~2~~: U~~:~ Mt.1)I~ "A1-u£ OtJN~ O<cvflf j) y ... &... ,"'<..S (f) \9GO LISTING (IF AHAhTII I,AT'" FOR SSRC 5501 5502 56 57 58 59 6(1 61 ~~ ~~ '(21C,O ngl:f. _HI~1,O t4 9.0 1422.C' ;~f.1:f p.C' f,G.6.C t!. 'Q2~'0 ~b _ (. 66 67 6" 5300.(' 1:1805'8 4173, 73 74 75 76 ~77i'C ,20 .0 g04 103: ' 50 96 .( H 72 H 7r; 80 U 84 85 86 87 88 8t; 90 91 92 93 ~~ 9/i 97 98 9t; ~8~ 202 ~8~ cOS cOli 20 20 h co9 7~43.~ ~ B19,O 16. 8 ~ 4,0 .5f,4 ~1.r 2. 44~8.0 47 4.0 ~i~~:8 5 23.0 f (1~3 tlg II (> (' (I •( rt, : (-42 .0 E8 . n ~6 g 5149,(1 t3g~·P 1S39S:C t!.970. C 4966. ( ~~U:~ jTI~.O S ~i:5..g II H8.e "OI\~.O .8 ~~, 7851l:r 8 HI94,O ,15;?~'8 66 , r8 'gfi~:8 6 ,O ', ,.4, 29, , C;r\~'8 61 , ,~~~:8 , 8r ' (I ,~~ 6,G ,r l6~t ~ , 632, (; 7!l~'8 1 ~~S' , 84:8 1, g4~, B .00 ~8~2;8 aS~:8 ~H~:8 '82. ,(I 11,145,0 '9~86: b '4 20 9.0 H~~: ~ t!.0(,3.0 HH:8 ~~' .0 9 Z, 0 1f~g·~ t!B ~: ~ 88~,0 ,H~9:~ 79:5, ,~~~.o F,6 4:~ <'4 0, ® 551)9,0 8 ,O 6447 R ,9,0 36(>7.0 1 .0 130.0 6,,~;8 575b~'0 ,r; 35 ~:8 • (' 3769,0 12,0 215;:8 1 50 ,0 138,0 1 0 1U: 7 .o 8 F l~'O 1 1: lt 8 ff g:8 ~~~i:~ 45 .0 fl2lt~.0 3. .0 85 ,0 ~.o , ~2; 15.0 1 ~'g: 21>7.0 210.0 2?2.0 1 g~; ~ 8 8 ,n~8 1040.0 5640.0 2684,0 ~gF; 8 n6*:8 "400,0 H8S;8 31 8,0 '0900,0 4 ,O 24H 5,0 7 88:8 ° 5t~9,O 6 3, ag~:~ 5167, U88:8 ~~~g8;8 '~i88:~ 54r~' 2 ,0 1 ~ 88: 10 0 ,0 6~ 12300,0 10 6 00,0 F3~:8 1UOO'~ 00, t47¢4,O U:8 8'8 ~6 60:8 t~' '&6h:8 HH:8 4 ~s~ :8 5pg,0 4 4i'0 U7 :8 46g2,0 , g777, ~ 7~~~: 708~,0 1 ~H :~ 66~9 119 8:0 '6082,0 ~ n~~: ~ 2° ~lg8g:g H~88:8 2~*08' '4 0 , H~88:8 ~~188:~ .,ggg, ;g88:8 ,oro,o n 88:8 16400,0 H 88: ~ ~9 S00 5000: 25000,0 n~~~:~ ~~~9: 8 20tOO,0 4~63'~ 54 , 28 8 00,0 4 31. 1~~88:8 ~UO' 0 S'8 2;0 h~to H ~:~ 6) @ (9 ,qGO ~ISTING OF AHA' TA 1 2 ~,O 3 6 ~ 9 10 11 ~~ 14 15 16 H 19 B 24 25 ~~ 2'1 30 31 H H ;Hi z~ , (J I\B,O ~g:8 (.6,0 R:f ;4,0 7~:g f\4,~ H:r, (,I\~,O ,n g3:e 47,e B:8 70,0 74, (, 49,~ 47 ' 48:0 52,C ~~:8 1 ,0 45,0 ~~,p Z~ ~~ r,3 ~:4 ~:~ SO. 5 3 6, 1 7. '1 ~o,r 0,0 49: (' f>3,O ?'f:8 ~a:8 !I:!e.7 ~:~ HJ 3~,~ 4'2 4'4 8:4 3.2 ~:~ ~~:9 19, f. 7:5 HJ 48.7 r'i:~~ 3~'~ 17' 0 ~~:~ ~*:~ S'•1 r,1 ~,~ 0:0 31 ,6 B~·3 I~,g 1 ~: HJ ~ i~:~ n'~ 71:(1 ~l:~ 4.~ 19, ~tN" 0/0 uNI'S \..ACJ<' '" l., (J) CD JIIOIAN ~:1 18,0 ~. 30.2 I 0,6 1 , (' 1.~ (10 ~9,(' 6 (- ~~ 0,6 ~5,O 42 47 FOR SSRC 3Z:¢ 20.9 51 : c r18P Zi 1>/\"" fLu ,...t,,,, C, z:t> 19,~ U: H'¢ 40:~ H:~ 1~:• 4~ 2:~ I~'~ t:A 1 1<'.1 1 .3 1g. 9 33.4 1~ • 5 J 2 ::1 .4 6'~ 39.7 j!'9 • ~6,4 ~!J ~~:~ HJ 38,8 1~ : ~ 0.8 d:g 1,,3 1~8:~ 100,0 ~OO,~ 00, 6.6 r:! 3a: 95. 99'! I:~ ~g.~ 31 : 5 26.5 6:$ ~:s 6.7 9.8 H:b 8.7 8'1 6. ~:~ 6. 5 ~.9 :~ /l'\t;i) , /I N ® r' ~:~ 4,7 2.~ 1• 1,3 H'~ ~~:6 UN'.) f..oom §8'l9 0,6 O,Z H:~ 7.0 18:~ '>, f~or¥ 31t,5 31.4 ;:~ h:~ 8't 11 , ~ 12,6 12,6 41 .4 n:a 43.8 H:~ H'~ lO • 94,5 18S:g 116'2 II~: 3,9 ~~:~ p.6 0.1 44;' 113.7 H:~ ~,4 H:~ ,/£Al-S r.<..15"fofuJ.Or: &:.\1001.-'" t; '>65 ftl.S ® 6~: (9 4~'f 0: ,4 ;4 bLA('I( cV \q bO ~I STING OF AHA/ITA r'/ITIl FOR SSRC §501 5g~ 57 58 59 6n 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 60 70 71 H 75 76 ,8 ~~:r , ,f ~8:8 r.O,O 76,0 H:~ 9,~ 9 ~: I 7~,O 37,~ 37, 45.4 ;~.5 36, 4~:4 !i:~ 3' 3:3 12.4 2 '2.3:~ f~~l 3.3 9, 0 5.6 U 87 ~p' 90 Q1 B 94 95 U 9'J ~8~ ~02 ~O3 t!0~ 20 206 20); 20 201i 1.3 104,(' ~:8 9,r Hq, 8 BZ:L HJ p,o (,0, ( 9:f 2, ~3,3 o~ , Cj" :B 1.3 2,3 !:0,Z'~5 6'~ 3' 4 9' 1~:& 23:~ 4·8 8$'~ , , 1:7 © G) ~J ~~:, 9. , jI·4:2 9.4 d:i 10.5 9'1 ,0. 10.6 ~ ~ ~I 1i:~ ~12.6 :~ , 4,6 1 , ,7 t: g 23,9 2r:~ 45,~ F, f:, O,B H:~ 8.6 't~ 8,3 14:~'~ , 4. O'I r· liJ ~J~~ 6,~ I., U:i H~j H:~ ~~:~ 36. 3~:8 39,g 40.9 ~6.4 8:g 54.4 U:~ 35.4 13. ,4. ~ Z' it~ 3.4 ,4,7 Z'~ ~, 36.3 ,4, ~ ~J ~: 35.~ 24.6 H: ,3. 0,5 p.~ 4~'~ 44: 1.7 1~ : 3 17,9 o6:~ • ,1(19,0 11,0 ~k'~ ~6: 7,~ ~, , ~~'8 18~: R :& 1 24:~ 9:0 99,0 '13 ~:~ HJ /.5,0 9:4 4.6 8, 72, P 7.~ ~.~ 4:0 ~' .6 H:~ 83 j 1~ : 6,5 H 7', , 9~: g %~: 2'~ 10 • ( 7 ~.~ , 9,r ~~ , 56,0 44 (\3, 54.0 7' , () 7 , ~'~ :9 p.3 5. 0: ~ ® 6) U:i H:~ 36.3 ~~:~ ! 3*.5 .6 r:4·8 44'~ 3 4. ~ F:& 6~'i 96. O· ,,:8'~ 20.0 94.~ O. 0, 6.7 4S·8 •3 0.' 76.~ 2~. :~ 3.8 J:~ O.S d:~ 1qGo 84,~ 84, I g:~ 913. ij: o• ,a:~. 2,7 ~:I 4. 3,0 ~:~ ~t~ O.~ O. o. G *''" ( I"t J. , 0 - '\ ~ f.a..-\-) yV\,~Sltol<; VALuE" LISTING 1 t 5 ~ II H h l~ 18 H g ATLANTA OF ~~04,P 1~ ~5,~ 8, J 3190,0 HH:~ 1259.0 ~!¢i:~ 4 ~ : aH:~ 1 79.' Sg09, ' 3 33, C' i!IB: ~ ;5 9~,C t>11 ,0 26 &Hg: ~ 3905. 3, ~35', (l ~~ ~8 ~~ 3 5 h 39 i~ 42 43 H 47 46 4D 50 H ~~&~:8 H~9:f. :~HJ ~iH: 8 ~ 1/j.(, ~64~'O H:8 1684,0 1 19*6,n ~~ 7,G , 31, 0 4464,0 51.34,( Q ~ATA FOR SSRC 22,0 7,0 1~H : 1587B.~ f46, 267,0 r! 3~ i:~ 134 6 2 ,0 1~~~'~ ¢R: l$~:~ ~6g: UU~~ ~P*:~ ~ RR:o 1951,0 n,~: 8 1 ~ 4.0 B,~ ~ :Iil:l ~4'O 1 ~:~ ~ ~ ~~: ~ ~OG~:8 140~,O , gn: 8 ' ~ ~~: 8 ~ Bltl 1 69.0 ~ H:8 r ,° ' ~f~° s 771,0 :~~'~ 3~:0 1 U .0 1 1 ,0 8) 219, 0 ~!:o :~ 46 35 A7.0 4~7:8 36Sfi.o 6079,0 ~op:8 39 4,0 ~~B: 8 3~U: 8 743.0 3~b;:8 ~~UJ ~ U2~:8 ~gg, 5552:0 1 H~~:8 ~~~6:8 Uf~:8 ~8*~:8 51, ,0 a 2,0 ~: 0 Q] H~~~:~ 'ro,88:8 140, ~J 1 0 00'8 11 00. Hi88:~ /I 00, 13700.0 ~~ .8 3406,0 2 9600:0 5581,0 aH~~ ~~: ~ 2 4, 8 1 4r' 1610,0 ~un:~ ~uu~~ 4887,0 ~gg~:8 .3 66:0 1 lU88:8 '8288'8 He88:O8 1335,0 ~r9,C 2HOO,O nlt~ F7~, ~ 6r ,° ~2 8~:~ " 0 • B~88:8 2~ 00,0 ~UU~~ isr:o 6~l9: 8 84,0 H~81~1 c±) © 66 0,0 \9,0 LISTING OF §501 5~~ 57 58 59 60 61 ~~ 64 65 ~~70 71 H 74 75 76 H 79 8n 8, ~~ 84 85 ~~ 88 89 90 ~~ ~g ~~ 98 99 100 ~g1 ~03 04 ,05 ~g9 ,08 209 ATLA~TA ~r7 .r 5 89,a /ti(l" 253 .0 Zt~6.0 5 • ~. g ,. 58(11.0 ~4r~.c 47~ .0 l.~,~:b 4f' 8. (i 7 ~~.c tg :~ 40 F 4. ~8~ij'g .1342: ~~ 02.0 9561.(, ~~~ft8:8 4641. (J1l~~.O 1:11 L .0 ~HB:8 721l c ,O s .(1 H ~£:8 I:Ir 424(l,C' 9876. n .I7l\3,(\ 1 .r 7r~ ~~:~ 5~~~:f ~Hfi: 8 (129. tfi4~:8 16~c!,g i2(l:5., Ff,4.0 :5 ,0.8 t.4~3 4 4 ~6, t 'S:8 '~~.4·R 20, 0 bATA FOR SSRC '637.0 UH:8 Il .0 6 ~o.' 8 1 . 0.0 r , 2'.0 ~34.Q , ~5.0 ~:8 , H~' (\ ,$ ~~(\loS 0.0 :8 ,0gLe ,,04~: p0 ,,~ 0 5U 4 • 54 , ~.,00 23{, .0 ~t~·o:8 41 38 6. 948.0 457~.O '~6:8 5~ilj 2964.0 23('t'g H~~:~ ~r ~. R ~ 2R:8 §Ui:g 846g 0 123~ :0 '11 2,0 528,0 443.0 Itr9.0 l ~g:8 ~~~~:I /t~~l-: , 81 , • ~~~~:8 1087.8 ,~~,r'~J(. ~~~~:g ,~ ~. G) ,~UJ:B 8 84f'0 ~o 8. '810~:~ 7 ~4.0 37f'O ~~ 7:8 ~ 7236,0 H6~: 8 p:8f:8 Bg:8 H}:8 , 4 .0 ~~:8 24:R 4f,4'8 62~~:0 ,g~88:~ 9800. H~8~:~ 16 80: 1~ROO.0 00 0 I ~ U8~: ~a88:8 p7 S0: '0'~6,O ' ~~~ :~ 142. ~94~~: ~:8 '8533.~ 4~4. '9~~&:8 7566.0 0 8ir' Z 3: 8 834~.0 2HOO'~ '9tOO.~ ~hU~o ,a3r88:O,~ , ~ 0O. '~6~ .0 ' Z 3. 1 400.0 ,F ~a8 8 134l9' 'p 6 '8 • ~~~8~'~ : ~~i~8:1 H ~~: 30r3. z~ i8'8 l4 g: s1P8~'~: ~~s8 00 • ~~Q~:~ Hl~~:~ '0079.8 1 !Ht~ ~~45i :88 CD 9900.0 '5~0~.~ '6 0 • 15g0 '6 00: 0 "98~.0 :8 '448.0 4:8 7585.0 8 33~,O '6~~ ~ ~ 7. 1~42.0 ~ 74.0 ini:8 '86 ~: 0 ~21!6.0 H~~:~ ,S ' 1, ;5697,0 3898.0 50000. ~gi88:8 ~~,88:8 ' ~ 300: 00 ~ 8 2'. ~ ~88: @ @ \Q70 LISTING OF ATLANTA ['ATA FOR SSRC , ~ 5 ~9 97,0 3 ,0 '6 6,0 .,,~ 0 (, : 0 t~:8 56,0 H ,H: ~ '0 1\1):0 H 16 17 B:8 Il4 , 0 (-6 0 a 71 ,~t~ ~i ~i'8 b :0 22 25 26 ~~ 30 31 32 u 38 3P 54,0 p.g 8' 0 (, fO •0 ~7:0 ~~,o 8 b;,O II : ~~ "~ • 0 0 ,0 z~ 46 (.1)' 42 43 46 47 48 50 52 4f S3 44:0 b6' (.1 8 • (.I ~~:g (, ~' 0 71 ' u 91 ' 0 7~:O ® 1O.~ • 0. 1::\.• 4. i 1• 2' .3 ~~~ ~:~ 1. ~ 4 1 : 1• ~ ' .~ 2.4 6. 1, 1$ • 4 8:~ \. ~' . 4.6 ~:~ ~: I.. o. 1• ! J ~:~ 10: 7.4 8.0 2.~ 4. 1• 3.4 (j) ;: "i 1~:~ ~ ,~ ~f:~7 .0 ~ ~:~ . ,4 9,3 19.7 , 4,6 11.6 2::1, 1 ,~~:g .5 12*,8 •3 1 ,3 2 ~.. ~ 24,6 , 5. 9 , 'a·s 10: 3 1 ~' 1 : 10 1 .2 2 H:~ 22:8 , 8,9 18,7 , ~, 1 •1 '9. 2 ~ HJ ,~,6 ~J ~ ~ ~; 11. H:~ , A'.84 H'; 3, : 7 3~.8 4 ,8 ~f~ 1 ., ~ti ~~:~ ~ ,4 9.4 1 ~J H:~ ~~J r,9 9.~ B.4 7,8 , ~..66 8:5 7,0 I'J 10. ~ ~t~ s·8.~ 8' 8:0 7,1 ~,9 10j 9,0 6) r 4 o :b 46.~ ~~:5 ~f:$ U~~ 33.8 %~.7 •g ;0:5 U:i • 0, 5 ~:~ *t! 'i: 9 1 : ~ 8:g 3.0 92'f 99: ~~.~ g :~ 99:9 '00.0 98~,7 ., 9~:~ n~t 98.9 HJ U:i 5~.9 • 95,6 44:('> 1~'8 ,8 h:~ 52,S (0 72.5 53:8 G \970 LISTING OF ATLAIITA DATA FOR SSRC ~5g~ ~~ 58 59 60 61 ~7,O :> 1 , 0 ~t8 r9 0 O rr 1u ' ° 1l0'O 71 : 0 ~~:8 110'0 U 66 67 63:0 ~ ~ ~ g ~~ 1 7 f I ~7 ~g 71 104,0 o H 146:8 1 2'0 11+5:0 " 3 76 ~e 80 1lb: 8 89 0 1 H~,~ 1g : "Z 0 1~r8 7 '0 U U U:S 84 88 89 90 9, ~s ~4 ~J98 99 ~8~ ~O2 II!gf 09 60'0 iro 1, ,' 00 146' 0 1106' 0 1.34:0 , ~ 0 "1~S,O :0 1l6,O ,'~i ,°0 h, 0 ;8 ,0 Jg ,8:8 :8 " :0 ~ R ~~ o~ 85 ~I 1 0 ~~ ?~,4 hJ ~,9 11f~ :1 9'~ g: 9,; 9, 54,5 61,6 S6:~ 44~'9 ,9 4 ,4 5 ,1 98,~ 96 98'2 93: ~~:~,~ 17 , !I H:9,0 16, 0 n: ~ g,~ 9,4 H,g h:'i 54,5 :8 75, , t! 9:9 10,4 54'9 ~~ '1 2fJ e,Z 1,8 H:~ 12,6 f6 '4' 8 14: 3 1q,,: 1~:~ 1 :E U:g H:~ 10' 'g'B'9 5i'Z 4 H: ~ 48,9 Z~'~ 34: 31 6 §8:0 ~,6 ft 8:~ ~i~ ,g t~:~ U:i t3'~ 4S'S ~99:'~ 48:4 itJ :3 , 5 4f8 99'3 U:J ~~ ~ ~ ' r l 'fl 'h~$rrl if~ 8) 2, , 8:1.~ ~ ~ ~ ~'9 :2 ~g ~~ g fi o, 2 ~ 1 6 ~~ 1 1 6) 9'8 4'i 0' r~ S'7 '6 :8'$ ~3'4 fZ,' 6 cf) S'S ~r; ~ , i~,8 ~ ''6Z 3 ,~ i Uj ~t ~ 6: 13,0 ~$:~ 8'4 HJ 6) ~ , 2~,Z 0' ~: 0'4 ~ : :5 1: ~ 4,7 2, 4 ~':j o. ~~:i J:f 99f• ~ , 89' 48:0 ® C0 ~3. ,qrO LISTING OF 1 2 ~ 6 ~ I) 10 ATLA~TA 4277. r 5~()e.O , 79. (, Fl9.~ p. 2, ) h58.G B&tE DATA FnR SSRC H:55,O ~6/l;,O '3~ ,0 7 :0 '!6~'8 ' H: 8 '5 :3942.C ~Ui~~ ~(J~: g 1 fl Ip9.g go. '272'8 642, , H 14 ~~ H H ~; d 30 :51 32 33 35 ~e t~ 42 43 44 45 ~845.0 SF, (l ~1,2:F 1429.0 H~8: b UH:~ 4~4~.O ~,6£~r:)~ ~2!11.1) ~~p' ~ 8 8' 2~H: 8 ~r3.C 62.(, ~ 46.0 28.0 ~~ , o· 0 , ,,': 0 H 4H2.0 49 50 ~~r8 ~6~~:~ -10, foPuJ Iq7~ @ ,~04'8 ~ ~f: r· o 6,0 0 223 ,C ~: , 74,0 ~ s: , er'o g 8 F6'~ ~~g: . 579,0 '~g$:8 •0 4~4~'O ~ 2 :8 2H~: 8 316 ,0 sf'o H g. 8 3038:(\ B2X:8 ~~4~'O sg5:8 J~f:8 '6~':0 117,0 6;~'8 ,4 25 5:0 101 Hous .rlC, vN,.rS -roT" 1"1,'( @ l.LAcj( PoPuli' 191'1 G) .... ,'~ : 37 97,7 ' 4, 1 l~nJ U:! 1 "3*' o,~ 9~:~ 3,~i:S 22/16.0 "36:1 :H:~ 8' 0, .>4.0 "", ·4 8'7 ~6:i l~~~ H~J 13. ,67,0 ',I!nH: 88 ~:~ 4f 2~~$:R ,'~g4.0 5'8 ,~gl:o , ,0 9~t~ 4047.0 g ,~~J: 8 .I~19:C '0 ~~.G .C 421 .0 30(,5.0 ~ ,~~o:8 0.4 19,0 8~: ' 97, g: H~ n~~ ~s:~ e~'~ 99:6 ~IJ 6§:~ , , ~ f. lLAcK IQ7'l @ :~rf =H: s .. 6~ 9 .. , : 7 :n:~ :I~J6 .. 1: "21, 2 :~~:5 ~U~~ :H: ~ :~:'¢ .. 2' ~ :,~: :tg'4 "3 '4 "!f~, fOrLrI CHAH;( II:\£,O - "70 (r.) ill) LISTING OF ATLANTA DATA FOR SSRC 5501 5502 56 57 58 59 3691, Ci ~~ 'H9 0 ~ 373, 1: ' ~~g5.C' 60 61 64 65 U 70 7' H 74 7S ~H6 C ~ fV ~(10!l,C' ;~~~: ~, g i36 ~2'8 b:t, 6942.0 493~.G (,0(, .0 1>819.( ~915.0 36g7,o H~'~'8 n h:n g~ g~ g~~5:f, 84 85 ~~ ~~ 90 91 ~~ 94 95 4341.0 '9,~i~:~ ~O g,p ' '0 6' ~, 'pr ;s r' 'O~1 :R 9, 3F c' "9 () (J 3~93:8 46, ' 1+ ~655,(i ~~ H"§'C 61 • b j8~ \'~3'P to 9'0 98 99 ~02 203 ~04 8~ '"07 ~8~ 5745'C 37tr(l 3330:0 ~n~: 8 ~820,O 'g8 6,g 4 t,2. ' @ 3646,0 H~~: g 7~Z:0 1760,0 1 ;9~: ~ 1 '6. 813,0 3~.~:~ 190 ,0 H 78 79 1;389,0 1~59'8 808.0 7~2,O 51 ~ ~,o • 16 3~ ,0 1 ,C 1 3f ,0 'k~0'8 '1",)6, 1844,0 HU:~ 9 ,O ~ ~t~ , 55,0 ?r ,ff' ~tl1 0:0 ~'80 14 11,0 ~ ~:8 h:8 ~ 9.0 ~ 8.0 , ~~' 8 h~ :8 '476,0 4U~'O ~ o,g ,itln: 1 (i ~iH: ~ 12 : 0 1533,(i 'a65,~ C~' ~~3 1 :0 ~~~~;8 @ 4~J:8 35r .0 U'J:~ 10! .0 4 6.0 ,~~~J:8 204~8,(I 371'4,0 ~H~: 8 1 e~~~: 8 6~ 1 ,0 h~~: 8 iH:8 7.0 26§,O , 7: 8 ~ I~: ~ 1i~3' 0 ~i~8 h"O 5 9,0 98.8 "1!6.8 r' .. 3:4 U:~ 9Z. :~~'2 ~.~ .. "l ~ :~6 3.~ ~4. " :4 "12.5 .. ~, .7 .. '.4 O ~ :4 ~~:J ~: , ~9.6 68:1 60, 6 29, 'r'~:61 .. , ~,3 :b :~ Z8, , ~t! i~f:; :;, , , , ;3 r,4 19,2 9 ,2 8~~:~ 7,6 ,U:* ~:g ~~:S 1 1: ~ 0,2 3.* ~: 4 8~:~ 46'S 86'i .. ~Z'~: "2 7 H:g 4' iJ 17: 4 35,~ ,8' .. g: f 2,1 1, , 17: ~ "g, 23'4 23'i .. 3' -8'4 9' 37,'.0 ~i~~ . h:~ 6) @ @ n~t: ~ 'HH:8 H:~ ~~J LISTING OF ATLA~TA 7•, DATA FOR r SS~C ~ ~a:g ;H~i ~~ ~:~ ~ r; ~n:0.7~ ~i~7:7 :~ :B~: ~ 6 10 H '3 14 H 18 19 B ~~ 26 28 29 ~~ ~ ~~8.8 ~~g:~ ~p. 4 ~'t~~ J5.6 ~ 1 2.7 6.~ ~~2. ~c!1,O : 4~ 1~ :11 ~ ~ . 9' ~ 20, ~ 32 ~~~:a ~ 1. 8 H ·~tf 3D t~1 42 Z~ t~ 47 t9 50 ~~ ~H:~ 1 •1 ~19·6 • (; 0'6 .43, ~2 ~53.3 :~~:~ 1 • ~ ~1S·8 .2 • (l fofLrJ [H/tf'IC,t 1'110 - f« (oj. ) @ ~S~'~ ~~~ :~ :ij: ~ 105 : ~76,8 ~~~:i "2 : 7 :~~,~ "58'S :~r~ "~ : ~ :/,5:6 :~¢:a :U:4 ~3~,8 :~ :8 ~38,4 ~UJ "83,6 :~t~ :H: ~ fofL,J CHANe,{" I%D-7)" ( ;I.) ® ,0 ~~~8'~ ~2ge,(\ ~~t:8 "'H, 8 F' ~4~$:8 ~3 4,0 ~1835,O :~nJ .. ~~~:8 0 0 ~ :~~~:8 ~3~~,~ ~, 31 : nHJ .1~'8 "3~ : ~34B,O ·338,0 :U~: ~ ~~r :~ "'1~'O .z8:8 AV1. (IiAfl'<;{ IN HOVSua, VN'TS \9QO-IO @ ~'6,O 65.0 ~~t~ ~B:~ ~~i:~ ~§O: ~UIJ ~85'8 ·,8 ~328,O ~~5:8 2~}·8 .8 ~66. ~ln: ~ ~ 7' .4~~:8 .HZ: 6~. ·5 '.0 "2087.0 0.0 l!A • "'O~: 1 :H~:~ ~4Z4 .2*~:~ "20. .3H:8 :U~:8 '55 : ~ ·'08 •!aX: ~ ~63, .~p:~ 4. :UJ ~!UJ ~, ~i5.~ ~: : "3 "74.0 -72 ~ -42Z.0 .;,-~irr,J :~:r 0 ~3r ~ 9.'~ -rZ .0 :., ~~:8 :5,0 .... g: ·;¢~;8 ~\lS "u·.8 O -2~g:8 ~ CW\Nc,t .,.. .,., US'''''1 Vt"TS' IQlo-"7f (to) C.H~c,[ "es IN f-joVSJ/Vc, v"" ,TS I'Iro- I~ CO LISTING of 5501 ~5n 56 57 58 ~6 61 ~~ 64 ATLA~Tft 30, 1 .19,§ ·44, ·25,0 ·10,2 ~ S ... 1 2 • ·H',3' ~~ 17, 1 ·5,3 H 7r; 80 n gg 84 ~~ 89 90 91 ~~ 94 95 96 97 ~q 100 ,O~ 20 20 05 1°4 28~ ~O9 ~ 'g "6,~ 2" ~t4,7 0,0 F'~ 12: -6,5 "4,4 ' 0,4 0,5 .. 2 1 ,2 .. , , , 5 "~r·r "~I)' I) "24:7 :~~'§ J : , 5, 2 '5a:~ . H: [\ ~H:~ 33,7 J,8 41,6 ~ .. ~ :$ "'B.~ ~10,O 5,6 "4, .1~,6 ~, ,0 :~o:~ ~ 1¢, ~ ·1 , ~" ,1 6J .. 3,0 ~H:~ 307,0 f~t~ -, 6,0 11 ",0 , 0 ~,6 ,~ ~;:¢ 3 ,1 .. 14, ~H:~ 14, 2,8 ,. ~ : 45 ·4,3 . !':~t :~UJ ~ ,n,9 .. ~ , 2 "3,9 -~6~:~ ..,3. -24~,O H~~:~,0 .. 18, ~ "6. ,. .1 ~,, ~ .1 ~;~:f ~e ~ ""8: ·!~-:R "I : 0 "~1,9 ~ 1, -~~S:8 ,0 -5~ 1 ~10,7 ~6.5 ·505,0 32.0 ·701,0 -2S7,O 8 0 ,0 "48 8 -Sr.,6 "\tS 7. , "f8:~ Nj!48,O ~57'8 ·452, "34:0 "'3,0 .14, 65 66 67 69 70 71 H Oft Tf, FOR SSRC ~4,O 0,[\ iii 14, , 4,4 ,po,a:, ~ "gA:~ ",s" "24,S 2~ ~ ~,o ~ ~~: ~ 97~, 8 ,H ': 0 8~g:8 :~~:8 - 5, "27;0 ·~H:~ e r Hi~:j ,-~J~~r' ,2~Z: ~i:, ~ ' j .. 4 , 13 i;H: 23~, ·~~~:8 :Ui:g ·82 0 :Ht8 ,f'11:8 t~ 6,0 i4a6:~ 9:s, , 418,0 ~Ut~ 984'8 , ~U: '0!S:8 ,to , h4,O H~~:~ , z, 3,31'8 gio:~ , 5,0 Hi:1 ~d: ~~JJ '8A~:~ ~~~:8 Hts ?g~:8 ,0 po . ;S'* 3f~ -iif! , :8 @ @ 44 ,0 1 50 '~ ' ~ ~: 5 " , 3~; ·362', "CJ~ : .. 23 8 7 "6 ,4 g':0 cB ~ ~:8 ~HJ 3U:8 ., or 3,0 0 -4h: 8 ~67'8 591, ° (f) 19/3[ /1.9 '''/3[1/30 '<./3[ 1 30 '9/3(.143 19/3( /44 ,r/I3(/~' 1~'!.I('/52 1~/3['/52 1~,n'f19 1~131/22 19131/22 19/31/22 1913 1 / 3 0 1Y/31/32 19/31/32 19/3Z/19 1Q/32/'9 19132/19 OIfGEOl oflQJoa O/l(.JoP Ofl!lJOP OIfIlJOB OIlCIJ ()~ OliXFAT Of/XFAT Ol/XFAT OIlXFAT OIlXPCf( OI/XpO, Ol/TIDY OIiT I DY OIfTIDY Ol/TIDY OIiTiDY O/lTIr>Y Z36!\ /lr.FOl 730/' DIS P PLTD ~ISTERB : ~ GEO?JOB FOR UGFA037 ,1\24U /I (, J (J[l 1817& !'LH 11456 /rXFAT FI IIXPCK 1139~ /tXPCK 1r.04!l 11 A LT LD OK 00 11 PISP DLTr> nK[l I'GFAr 37 ACCOUNT COD~ LISTERh ... "" f'-I JOB NAME GO(1DHA~ USER NAIIE FERIPHERALS USED; P" ~~~II DATE START TII1E frlD TlilF 19/0,,/80 19130/23 19/32/19 TOTAL MILL TIME INpUT RECORDS OUTPUT RECORDS MAX. CORE SIZE H 388 825 18240 0.00 UNITS RI: Ph RRRRRRR1\ RPR1< RI I' n PF: I Id k RRRRPHRRRI~ RRRI RPRPRr. P~ RRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR RKPRPRRRRRRRRRR ur r,Noq: IN=QIIC1 RUr~.Qr'C1 OUT"Q~1C1 NID"HG1Q563 F~O PDT=19/0611941 RRRRRRRRRRRRRRR l R~RR~RRRRRRRPRPP~PRRPkRPrpFRRRRRPI,PRRRRRPRRRFFPRFRRRRRPRRRRRRRRRRRRRPPRRRbRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRRR