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consistent relationship between ellipsoid and map distances, resulting in a scale factor of 0.9996 for the
conformal coordinates in the plane. (See Hofmann-Wellenhof et al. (2001), Hager et al. (1992).)
The grid zones are defined uniform over the globe, however as shown in Figure D.2 there are exceptions
to this rule in the Scandinavian region: the south-west coast of Norway and the area of Svalbard. Around
Svalbard there are four grid zones 31X, 33X, 35X and 37X are extended to widths of 9◦ , 12◦ , 12◦ and 9◦
respectively, reducing the number of zones from seven to four, resulting in the fact that the grid zones 32X,
34X and 36X are not in use.
Figure D.2: UTM grid zones in Scandinavia. Figure from Bernhardsen (1992).
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