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Contents
The Level
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Preparing to Measure Setting up the Level Levelling-up the Instrument Preparing the Instrument for
Parallax-free Measurements Inspecting the Line of Sight (two-peg test) 5
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Measuring with the Level Height Difference between two Points Measuring Distances Optically
with the Level Line Levelling Staking out Point Heights Longitudinal and Transverse Profiles 8
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Digital level and Rotating Laser The Digital Level The Rotating Laser 13
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The Total Station 14
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Overview15
Reflectorless Distance Measurement 15
Automatic Target Aiming 15
Coordinates16
Measuring Angles 17
Instrument Errors Instrument Errors of a Total Station
Checking the EDM of a Total Station 18
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Setup to Measure Setup over a Known Point
(enter station coordinates and orientation) Resection
(calculate station coordinates and orientation) 21
Simple Surveying Tasks Extrapolating a Straight Line Polar Stake-out of a Point Measuring Slopes Plumbing Up or Down 23
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Application Programs Surveys (polar method) Staking Out Reference Line Volume Valculation Area Calculation Remote Heights Tie Distances Staking out Profile Boards
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Surveying with GNSS (GPS & Glonass) GNSS Reference Stations 33
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