Download Network Troubleshooting

Network
Troubleshooting
by Othmar Kyas
K Index
An Agilent Technologies Publication
Agilent Technologies
Index
10 Mbit/s Ethernet Networks 173
100Base-T Full-Duplex Connections 177
100Base-T Switch Links 179
100Base-T Uplinks 179
10Base-T 174
2B1Q (two binary, one quaternary) 97
2B1Q coding 441
2B1Q lines 442
4B3T lines 442
4B5B encoding 123
55555555 197
802.2 LLC XID Test Packet 191
8B6T encoding 123
A
A/C Error (Isolating) 247
AAAAAAAA 197
AAL Type 0 347
AAL Type 1 347
AAL Type 2 349
AAL Type 3/4 353
AAL Type 5 353
AAL2 error messages 351
Abort error (isolating) 247
Abstract Test Suite (ATS) 118, 119
Acceptance testing 37
Accounting management 46
Active Line State (ALS) 267
Active Monitor Present (AMP) 235
Active optical stars 199
Address recognized error 255
Address table (forwarding table) 207
Adjusted Ring Length (ARL) 240
ADSL (Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) 97
Aging 118
Aging algorithm 207
Aging of materials 49
Air gap 163
Alarm Indication Signal (AIS) 316
Alexander Graham Bell 102
Alignment errors 189
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) 442
Alternate Mark Inversion (AMI) codes 93
Alternate Space Inversion (ASI) 440
Analog and digital data communications 85
Analog data communications 87
Analyzing physical layer OAM information flows 397
Annual Failure Rate (AFR) 30
Application classes for structured cabling 146
Application looping 622
Application slow 623
Asymmetrical load distribution 426
Asynchronous data communication 101
K
Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) 297, 301
Asynchronous transmission 277
ATM Adaptation Layer (AAL) 346
ATM addressing 367
ATM and DXI interfaces 323
ATM cell 328
ATM cell streams at 25.6 Mbit/s 323
ATM cell streams over FDDI infrastructures (TAXI) 322
ATM cell streams over V.35, EIA/TIA 449/530, HSSI, 322
ATM cell types 335
ATM data rates 307
ATM forum signaling: UNI 3.0 372
ATM forum signaling: UNI 4.0 373
ATM forum UNI signaling: UNI 3.0, 3.1, 4.0 369
ATM in heterogeneous LAN environments 299
ATM in homogeneous private networks 298
ATM in PDH networks 307
ATM in public wide-area networks 301
ATM in SDH and SONET networks 314
ATM interface cards 417
ATM interworking 375
ATM layer 328
ATM layer model 303
ATM layer OAM functions 341
ATM over 100 Ohm copper cable 320, 321
ATM over 150 Ohm Shielded Twisted Pair (STP) 321
ATM over 6.312 Mbit/s and 97.728 Mbit/s 311
ATM over 75 Ohm coaxial cable 319
ATM over DS3: 44.736 Mbit/s 309
ATM over E1: 2.048 Mbit/s 308
ATM over E3 34.368 Mbit/s 308
ATM over E4: 139.264 Mbit/s 311
ATM over multimode fiber 318
ATM over Plastic Optical Fiber (POF) 318
ATM over single-mode fiber 316
ATM performance parameters 401
ATM physical layer 305
ATM routing label field (VPI-VCI) 329
ATM signaling 359
ATM: symptoms and causes 418
Attachment Universal Interface (AUI) 173
Attenuation 99, 136
Attenuation budget 164
Attenuation-to-Crosstalk Ratio (ACR) 136
AU AIS 527
AU alarm indication signal 527
AU LOP 527
AU NDF 527
AU pointer–New data flag 527
Automatic error reaction systems 37
Availability 32
Availability levels and downtime 36
Available time 110
SECTION V
APPENDIX
988
B
B-channel 440
B-ISUP signaling 373
B1 526
B2 526
B3 527
Backup browse servers 621
Backward Explicit Congestion Notification (BECN) 470
Baseband principle 86
Basic rate access 435
Baud rate 86
Bayonet Neil-Concelman (BNC) 443
Beacon (BCN) 235
Beacon error (Token-Ring Protocol) 247
Beacon frame 236
Beacon process 278
Bias distortion 112
BIP 2/B3 527
Bipolar codes 93
Bipolar with Eight-Zero Substitution (B8ZS) 442
Bit rate 86
Bit rates in the Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 487
Bit-error-rate measurement 107
Bit-error-rate test setup 112
Bit-error-rate testers 70
Bit-oriented control 102
Block-error rate 108
BNC connectors 148
BPDU transmission delay 202
Bridge filters 203
Bridge latency 202
Bridge loops 429
Bridge problems 204
Bridges 200
Bridging amplifier 104
Bridging protocol 201
British Naval Connector (BNC) 443
Broadband principle 85
Broadband signal level meters 72
Broadband systems 87
Broadcast addresses 561
Broadcast and Unknown Server (BUS) 377
Broadcast principle 124
Broadcast storms 430
Burst error (isolating) 247
Burst errors 255
Business processes 21
C
Cable audits in Local-Area Networks 50
Cable audits in Wide-Area Networks 50
Cable documentation 45
Cable length 137
Cable testers 62
Cable testing 135
Calculating the costs of network downtime 35
Call reference 451
Campus backbone 145
CAP (Carrierless Amplitude/Phase) 97
CAP-64 encoding 123
Capacity of data lines 86
INDEX
K
Carrier sense failures 191
Carrierless Amplitude Modulation (CAM) 320
Catastrophe theory 25
Category 7 cabling 155
Cause-effect diagram 57
Causes of network failure 27
Causes of system failures 29
Cell Delay Variation (CDV) 405
Cell Error Ratio (CER) 402
Cell Loss Priority (CLP) 331, 340
Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) 404
Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR) 405
Cell switching 127
Cell Transfer Delay (CTD) 405
Cell-based physical layer 305, 321
Change management 54
Channel Associated Signaling (CAS) 491
Character-oriented control systems 102
Cheapernet 147
Checklist for cable testers 65
Checklist for hardware-based protocol analyzers 75
Checklist for oscilloscopes 68
Checklist for portable OTDRs 65
CIFS (Common Internet File System) 616
CIR (Committed Information Rate) 483
Claim initiator identification 288
Claim token (Token-Ring protocol) 247
Claim token (FDDI protocol) 278
Clamp-on probe 104
Class 1 repeaters 179
Class 2 repeaters 179
Classical IP and ARP over ATM (RFC 2225) 376
Clock synchronization 102
Clustering 37
Coaxial cable 147
Codeset extensions (message sets) 453
Cold backups 47
Collision domains 196
Collisions 187
Color coding 159
Committed Burst Size (BC) 471
Committed Information Rate (CIR) 471
Committed Rate Measurement Interval (TC) 471
Common Channel Signaling (CCS) 491
Common Management Information Protocol (CMIP) 48
Computer hardware problems 29
Concatenation of VC-4 containers 508
Configuration Element Management (CEM) 280
Configuration management 46
Conformance testing 118
Congested frame relay 483
Connecting LAN protocol analyzer systems 133
Connecting test instruments 105
Connection rules for SAS and DAS nodes 283
Connectionless Network Access Protocol (CLNAP) 301
Connectionless Network Interface Protocol (CLNIP) 301
Consequential costs 34
Continuity Checks (CC) 343
Control connection 606
Corporate guidelines for data processing systems 41
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
989
Corrected header ratio 398
Correlation diagram 58
Costs incurred due to network failures 32
Costs of availability 36
Costs of network failure 22
Critical cable lengths for X.21 541
Crossed wires (in BRI) 464
Crosstalk 116
Crosstalk and Near-End Crosstalk (NEXT) 136
CSMA/CD 125, 169
Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) 29
Cusp graph 25
Cut-through 423
D
D channel 443
Data Communication Equipment (DCE) 531
Data communications by modem 88
Data Encryption Standard (DES) 599
Data field scrambling 332
Data Link Connection Identifier (DLCI) 469
Data link layer audit 52
Data storage management 47
Data Terminal Equipment (DTE) 531
Data transmission technologies 24
dBm 103
Dead zone 165
Decibel 102
Default gateway 213
Defective concentrators 252
Demux error ratio 399
Design guidelines for FDDI networks 283
Design guidelines for ISDN 456
Design guidelines for switched LANs 425
Design rules for ATM networks 385
Diagnostic tools 48, 61
Differential manchester encoding 123, 225
Digital data communications (baseband systems) 90
Discard Eligibility (DE) 470
Discarded cell ratio 399
Discrete Multi-Tone (DMT) modulation 97
Diskless stations unable to boot 586
Distance limitations for IEEE 802.3z gigabit ethernet 180
Distributed Feed Back (DFB) laser 101
Distributed Sample Scrambling (DSS) 332
Distribution of data network problems 31
DMT (Discrete Multi-Tone modulation) 97
Documentation of network problems 59
DS1 (Digital Signal level 1) 487
DS3 frame format 496
DS3 signal 495
DSL technology 97
Dual homing 264
Dual port measurements 76
Dual-Attachment Stations (DAS) 264
DUP (Data User Part) 439
Duplicate Address Test (DAT) 234
Duplicate FDDI address 292
Duplicate TEI assignment 464
Duplicate Token-Ring address 251, 254
Dynamic Host Control Protocol (DHCP) 574
E
E-Mail 591
E1 interface 490
E3 interface 492
E4 interface 497
Echo Frame (ECF) 282
EIA/TIA 568A 145
Elasticity buffer 268
Electromagnetic interference (EMI) 139, 158
Employment patterns 22
Emulated LANs (ELANs) 299
EN 50173 145
Encryption in IPv6 570
Entity Coordination Management (ECM) 279
Error management 39, 46
Error symptoms in Ethernet 187
Error symptoms in FDDI 288
Error symptoms in IP Networks 580
Error symptoms in ISDN 461
Error symptoms in PDH 520
Error symptoms in SDH/SONET 528
Errored Second (ES) 109
Errored Second Ratio (ESR) 109
Ethernet 169
Ethernet Configuration Test Packets (CTPs) 191
Ethernet frame format 170
Ethernet interface cards 190
Ethernet network topologies 172
Ethernet standards 181
Ethernet v2.0 AUI cabling 193
Excessive TCP retransmissions 586
Exchange Termination (ET) 436
Executable Test Suite (ETS) 119
Expert systems 76
Extended Service Frame (ESF) 283
Extended Superframe (ESF) 307
F
F4 and F5 OAM cell format 342
Failed insertion 256
Failure of a segment 152
Far End Receive Failure (FERF) 316
Far-End Crosstalk (FECT) 116
Fault tolerance 35
Fault tolerance in FDDI 263
Faulty MAUs 192
Faulty subnet masks 213
FCS errors 189
FDDI (Fiber Distributed Data Interface) 263
FDDI data format 269
FDDI frame 270
FDDI frames with the error bit set 294
FDDI interface cards 291
FDDI MAC layer 269
FDDI protocol 265
FDDI Station Management Specification (SMT) 279
FDDI token 270
FECT (Far-End Crosstalk) 116
Fiber Distributed Data Interface (FDDI) 263
Fiber-optic cable 163
K
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
990
Fiber-optic cabling and connectors 164
Fiber-Optic, Inter-Repeater Links (FOIRLs) 173
Fiber-optic media and light sources 100
File Transfer Protocol (FTP) 606
Fishbone diagram 58
Forward Explicit Congestion Notification (FECN) 470
Forward zone 565
Forwarding table 200
Frame Alignment Signal (FAS) 490
Frame copied error 256
Frame copy error (non-isolating) 248
Frame Relay 467
Frame Relay forum 476
Frame Relay multiprotocol encapsulation 474
Frame Relay SVC connection setup 472
Frame switching 127
Frequency error 256
Frequency error (non-isolating) 248
Frequency shifts 117
Frequent ring re-initialization 293
FTP/Telnet connection timeouts 623
Full-duplex connections 129
Functional tests 119
Fundamental frequency 92
G
G.832 E3 frame format 495
G.832 E4 frame format 311
Gateway connections 611
Generic Flow Control Field (GFC) 329
Grounding twisted-pair cable 157
H
H0 channel 443
H11 channel 443
Halt Line State (HLS) 267
Hardware-based analyzers 74
Harmonic frequency 92
Hash function 570
HDSL (High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) 97
Header Error Control (HEC) 331
HEC cell synchronization algorithm 331
High availability 35
High Cell Delay Variation (CDV) 419
High Cell Error Rate (CER) 418
High Cell Loss Ratio (CLR) 418
High Cell Misinsertion Rate (CMR) 419
High Density Bipolar 3 (HDB3) 443
High Mean Cell Transfer Delay (MCTD) 419
High-availability infrastructure 36
High-Level Data-Link Control (HDLC) 437
Higher-order path alarms 527
Higher-Order Path Overhead (HO POH) 503, 512
Higher-order Path Payload Label Mismatch (HP PLM) 527
Higher-order Virtual Containers (HVC) 503
Horizontal cabling 145
Host command 564
Hot backups 47
HP BIP (Higher-order Path Bit-Interleaved Parity) error 527
HP PLM (Higher-order Path Payload Label Mismatch) 527
HP RDI (Higher-order Path Remote Defect Indication) 527
K
HP REI (Higher-order Path Remote Error Indication) 527
HP TIM (Higher-order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) 527
HP UNEQ (Higher-order Path Unequipped) 527
HTTP (Hypertext Transfer Protocol) 610
HTTP messages 614
HUNT state 332
I
ICP (Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol) 313
ICP cell format 312
Idle cells 305, 335
Idle Line State (ILS) 267
IEC 874-1 165
IEEE 802.2 LLC test packet 191
IMA (Inverse Multiplexing for ATM) Control Protocol 313
IMA Control Protocol cells 336
Immediate costs 33
Impedance 137
In-channel signaling 470
In-service testing 104
Incorrect input of Multiple Subscriber Number (MSN) 464
Incorrect ring speed 251
Indirect HTTP connections 612
Individual distortion 112
INFO 1, INFO 2, INFO 3, INFO 4 440
Information elements (Q.931) 452
Insertion loss 163
Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) 435
Intentional error 28
Inter-frame gap 198
Inter-Gateway Routing Protocol (IGRP) 211
Inter-packet shrinkage per segment in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175
Interface tester 50
Interface testers (break-out boxes) 69
Interference measurements 116
Intermodulation noise 116
Internal error (Isolating) 248
Internet 23
Internet addresses 559
Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA) 560
Internet Domain Name System (DNS) 564
Internet Message Access Protocol (IMAP-4) 592
Internet news 602
Internet Protocol (IP) 550
Internet protocol family 549
Interoperability testing 140
Interoperability tests 119
Interruptions 117
Intranets 23
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM (IMA) 313
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol (ICP) 313
Inverse Multiplexing for ATM Control Protocol cells 336
IP address space 560
IPng 560
IPv6 560, 566
IPv6 address formats 568
ISDN (Integrated Services Digital Network) 435
ISDN basic rate U-interface 442
ISDN BRI 441
ISDN connection setup 454
ISDN information elements 453
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
991
ISDN Layer 1 439
ISDN Layer 2: LAP-D 445
ISDN Layer 3: DSS1 448
ISDN line blocked 464
ISDN primary rate interface 444
ISDN protocol 437
ISDN S0 bus 457
ISDN S0/T interface 456
ISDN telephony numbering plan (E.164) 368
ISDN wall jacks 456
ISO NSAP addressing (ISO 8348/AD2) 368
ISO/IEC IS 11801 145
ISUP (ISDN User Part) 439
ITU-T X series recommendations 94
J
Jabbers 189
Jitter 137
K
Keep-alive frames 462
Kinks 152
L
LAN Emulation (LANE) 377
LAN Emulation Client (LE Client or LEC) 377
LAN Emulation Configuration Server 377
LAN Emulation Server (LE Server or LES) 377
LAN switching 128
LANE 299
LAP-F transmission frame 468
LAP-D frame format 445
Late collisions 188
Latency for valid signals on repeater ports 196
Length errors 189
Likelihood of collisions 169
Line alarms 526
Line attenuation 115
Line encoding 92
Line error (isolating) 248
Line Termination (LT) 436
Line testers 72
Line testing 114
Link Access Procedure D (LAP-D) 437
Link Integrity Verification (LIV) 470
LLC encapsulation (RFC 1483) 375
Load balancing 203
Load tests 120, 140
Local bridges 201
Local Management Interface (LMI) 470
Localhost 565
LOF (Loss of frame alignment) 526
Logic analyzers 72
Long packets 189
Long response times 625
Loopback address 127 562
Loopback cells 344
LOS (Loss of Signal) 526
Loss at connectors 118
Loss at splices 118
Loss of ATM connections 420
K
Loss of AU pointer 527
Loss of cell delineation rate 399
Loss of connection 152
Loss of Continuity (LOC) 343
Loss of employee productivity 34
Loss of Frame alignment (LOF) 526
Loss of Signal (LOS) 526
Loss of TU pointer 527
Lost frame (non-isolating) 248
Lost frame error 256
Low TCP/IP performance 586
Lower-order path alarms 527
Lower-order Path Overhead (LO POH) 503, 513
LP (Lower-order Path) BIP error 527
LP PLM (Lower order Path Payload Label Mismatch) 527
LP RDI (Lower order Path Remote Defect Indication) 527
LP REI (Lower order Path Remote Error Indication) 527
LP RFI (Lower order Path Remote Failure Indication) 527
LP TIM (Lower order Path Trace Identifier Mismatch) 527
LP UNEQ (Lower order Path Unequipped) 527
LSDV 176
M
MAC layer Token-Ring frames 233
MAC switching bridges 203
Mail Transfer Protocol (MTP) 592
Mail User Agent (MUA) 591
Mapping tables 212
Mapping test 525
MARS (Multicast Address Resolution Protocol) 382
Mass storage problems 28
Master browse server 621
Master Line State (MLS) 267
Mated connections 163
MAU jabber lockup 197
Maximum data rate in bit/s 87
Maximum Segment Size (MSS) 553
MD (Message Digest) 570
Mean loss of delineation duration 399
Mean Time Between Failures (MTBF) 28
Mean Time to Repair (MTTR) 30, 58
Measuring cable lengths 152
Measuring electromagnetic interference 151
Measuring resistance in coaxial cable 149
Measuring the Voltage in Network Cabling 149
Media Access Units (MAUs) 173, 192
Message Digest (MD) 570
Message Transfer Agent (MTA) 591
Microsoft browsing protocol 621
MIL-C-17G 147
Mini-network for Token-Ring simulation 251
Mini-networks for 10Base2 and 10Base5 193
Mission-critical systems 38
Modal dispersion 101
Modified Alternate Mark Inversion (MAMI) 440
MS AIS (Multiplexer Section Alarm Indication Signal) 526
MS RDI (Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication) 526
MS REI (Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication) 527
Multi-Level Transition–Three-Level Technique (MLT-3) 265
Multi-Station Access Unit (MSAU) 226
Multi-Longitudinal Mode (MLM) lasers 316
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
992
Multimeters 62
Multimode cables 101
Multiplexer Section Alarm Indication Signal (MS AIS) 526
Multiplexer Section BIP error 526
Multiplexer Section Overhead (MSOH) 510
Multiplexer Section Remote Defect Indication (MS RDI) 526
Multiplexer Section Remote Error Indication (MS REI) 527
Multiprotocol over ATM (MPOA) 299, 382
Multiprotocol PC 76
Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions (MIME) 591, 596
N
N-type connectors 148
Neighbor Information Frame (NIF) 281
Neighbor notification 238
Neighbor notification error 259
NetBEUI 572
NetBIOS 571
Network audit 49
Network downtime 32
Network layer audit 53
Network Layer Protocol ID field (NLPID) 475
Network Management Systems (NMS) 46, 84
Network News Transfer Protocol (NNTP) 603
Network performance 625
Network planning 44
Network problems 31
Network simulation tools 54
Network Virtual Terminal (NVT) 606
News readers 602
NEXT 116
Next Active Upstream Neighbor (NAUN) 235
Next Hop Resolution Protocol (NHRP) 385
Nibble-aligned 309
NNI header 334
NNI signaling 373
No connection over a PVC 418
No connection over Emulated LAN (ELAN) 419
No connection over PNNI network 420
No connection over SVC (UNI signaling problems) 418
No connection to FTP, Telnet server 623
Noise 116
Noise errors 189
Noise Line State (NLS) 268
Non-Browse Servers 621
Non-Linear Distortion 117
Not Frame Alignment Signal (NFAS) 490
NRZ encoding 123
NSAP (Network Service Access Point) 567
NT-1, NT-2 437
Nyquist 86
O
O.191 test cells 402
OAM cell format 341
OAM F1-F3 for cell-based physical layer 326
OAM F1-F3 for PDH-based ATM systems 326
OAM F1-F3 for SDH/SONET-based ATM systems 325
OAM fault management (AIS/RDI) 343
OAM performance management 344
OAM-F1 cell fields 327
K
OAM-F3 cell fields 327
OC-1 interface 500
One-point cell delay variation 405
OOF (Out of Frame) 526
Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) 211
Operational MTBF 28
Operator error 28
Optical components in Ethernet networks 199
Optical data communications 99
Optical power problems 199
Optical Time-Domain Reflectometers (OTDRs) 64
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) 476
Oscilloscopes 66
OSPF routing problems 587
OTDR measurements 165
Out of Frame (OOF) 526
Out-of-service testing 107
P
Pairs in Metal Foil (PIMF) 155
Parameter Management Frame (PMF) 283
Passive stars 199
Path delay components in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175
Path overhead bytes 512
Payload Type field (PT) 330
PCM-30 system 490
PDH (Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy) alarms 521
PDV (Path Delay Value) 176
Peak distortion 112
Performance management 46
Permanent Frame Relay Connections (PVCs) 471
Phantom addresses 197
Phase jitter 117
Phase jumps 117
Physical Connection Management (PCM) 279
Physical layer audit 49
Physical Layer Convergence Protocol (PLCP) 309
Physical Layer OAM cells 335
Physical Layer Operation and Maintenance (PL-OAM) 306
Physical Layer Operation and Maintenance (OAM F1-F3) 325
Physical Medium Dependent (PMD) sublayer 304
Pin layout of Media Access Units (MAUs) 194
Pipelining 615
Plesiochronous Digital Hierarchy (PDH) 94, 487
PNNI (Private Network to Network Interface) Signaling 415
Point-to-Point Protocol (PPP) 556
Pointers in SDH/SONET 513
Polar codes 92
Potential browse servers 621
Power measurements in decibels 103
Power splitter 104
PPP encapsulation 557
PPP Link Control Protocol (LCP) 558
PPP network control protocol for IP 558
Practice drills 37
Preamble 171
PRESYNC state 332
Primary rate access 435, 442
Primary Rate Interface (PRI) 443
Principles of ATM 302
Privacy Enhanced Mail (PEM) 599
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
993
Private hosts 560
Proactive error management 48
Problem documentation form 60
Procedure for problem solving 56
Product life cycles 24
Propagation delay in 10 Mbit/s Ethernet 175
Propagation delay in 100 Mbit/s Ethernet 176
Protected mode 207
Protocol analysis 106, 132
Protocol analyzer systems in switched LANs 134
Protocol analyzers 73
Protocol discriminator 449
Protocol Identifier (PID) 476
Protocol Implementation Conformance Statement (PICS) 119
Protocol Implementation
Extra Information for Testing (PIXIT) 119
Proxy connections 611
Pulse interference 117
Purge (PRG) 237
Purge (Token-Ring protocol) 248
Q
Q.2931 message format 360
Q.931 437
Quality-of-Service (QoS) parameters 339
Quantizing noise 116
Quiet Line State (QLS) 267
R
RADSL (Rate-Adaptive Digital Subscriber Line) 97
Receive ready frames 462
Receiver congested 260
Receiver congestion error (non-isolating) 248
Redundant components 37
Reflections (return loss) 137
Refraction index 101
Regenerator section 526
Regenerator section BIP (Bit-Interleaved Parity) error 526
Regenerator Section Overhead (RSOH) 512
Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch (RS TIM) 526
Remote and local collisions 188
Remote bridges 203
Remote Defect Indicator (RDI) 316
Repeat filter 269
Repeater grounding problems 198
Repeater problems 196
Replicated databases 37
Report neighbor notification incomplete 259
Request Denied Frame (RDF) 282
Request station removed 261
Reserved header bytes and VPI/VCI values 333
Resistance 137
Resource Allocation Frame (RAF) 283
Response time measurements 625
Response times over ISDN 464
Retrieval of news articles 605
Reverse localhost 565
Reverse zone 565
RG-6, RG-11 147
RG-62 coaxial cable 147
K
Ring delay 269
Ring lengths 225
Ring Management (RMT) 280
Ring poll 235
Ring purges 260
Ring resetting 260
RIP problems 587
RMON (Remote Monitoring) systems 79
RMON 1, RMON 2 80
RMON probes 79
Robbed bit signaling 488
Route selection in MPOA networks 383
Router problems 212, 213
Routers 209
Routing Internet Protocol (RIP) 210
Routing tables 212
RS TIM (Regenerator Section Trace Identifier Mismatch) 526
RS-232C 532
RS-422A 536
RS-423A 536
RS-449 536
RSA 599
Runts 189
S
S-bus 440
S/MIME (Secure Multipurpose Internet Mail)
Extensions 599
S/T reference point 439
S2M interface 437
SAAL connection setup 358
SABME command
(Set Asynchronous Balanced Mode Extended) 447
Sampling rate 67
Screened STP (S/STP) 155
SDH/SONET bit rates 506
SDH/SONET interface tests 527
SDH/SONET network 499
SDH/SONET overhead tests 526
SDH/SONET pointer tests 525
SDH/SONET transport tests 524
SDSL (Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line) 97
Search for defects in coaxial cable 151
Section alarms 526
Section overhead bytes 510
Security management 46
Segment switching 128
Segmentation and Reassembly Sublayer (SAR) 349
Selected Multicast Server (SMS) 377
Selection of a RMON probe system 81
Selective discarding of cells 340
Selective signal level meters 72
Self-Synchronizing Scrambling (SSS) 309, 314, 332
Sendmail 595
Sequence numbers 552
Serial Line Internet Protocol (SLIP) 555
Server Message Block (SMB) protocol 616
Service Access Point Identifier (SAPI) 446
Service classes and AAL types 347
Service level agreements 43
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
994
Service management 39
Severely Errored Second (SES) 109
Severely Errored Second Ratio (SESR) 109
Shannon 87
Shared bandwidth 126
Shared medium 126
Shielded twisted pair (STP) 155
Short circuit 152
Short inter-frame gap 198
Short packets 188
Shortest Path First (SPF) routing 210
Signal condition measurements 106, 132
Signal distortion 112
Signal distortion measurement 112
Signal level meters 72
Signal Quality Error (SQE) 190
Signal Quality Error problems 193
Signal reflection 115
Signal shapes 92
Signal shapes in digital data transmission 91
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) 87, 137
Signaling ATM Adaptation Layer (SAAL) 355
Signaling in ISDN 438
Signaling System No. 7 (SS7) 439
Simple Mail Transfer Protocol (SMTP) 592
Simple manchester encoding 123
Simple Network Management Protocol (SNMP) 48
Single Longitudinal Mode (SLM) laser 316
Single-Attachment Stations (SAS) 264
Single-MAC switches 424
Single-mode cables 101
SLA monitoring system 83
Slot time 169
Slow network 625
Slow server 625
SMB commands 617
SMB error codes 617
SMDS (Switched Multimegabit Data Services) 301
Smoothing 268
SMT agents 281
SMTP (Simple Mail Transfer Protocol) 592
SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) 48
SNMP and Management Information Bases (MIBs) 77
Software agents 83
Software problems 30
Software-based analyzers 73
Solid wire 162
Source-routing bridges 252
Spanning Tree Algorithm (STA) 201
Spectrum analyzers 69
SPID values 462
SSCOP error messages 358
SSCOP timers 357
Staff training 59
Standby Monitor Present (SMP) 235
Start-stop distortion 112
Statistical multiplexing 468
Status Information Frame (SIF) 281
Status Report Frame (SRF) 282
Store-and-forward 423
Stranded wire 162
Strategic diagnostic tools 48
K
Strategic test systems 76
Streaming 256
Stress tests 52
STS-1 (Synchronous Transport Signal 1) 500
STS-3 structure 503
STS-3c/STM-1 frame 503
Subnetwork Access Protocol (SNAP) 476
Subnetwork address mask 562
Switched LANs 423
Switched Multimegabit Data Services (SMDS) 301
Switched Virtual Circuits (SVCs) 467
Switching delay measurements 106
Switching systems 125
Symbol encoding in FDDI 266
Symbol synchronization 102
Symmetrical load distribution 426
Synchronous communication 101
Synchronous Digital Hierarchy (SDH) 96, 485
Synchronous Optical NETwork (SONET) 485
Synchronous Payload Envelope (SPE) 305, 314, 501
Synchronous transmission 277
Synchronous Transport Module (STM-1) 502
Systematic troubleshooting 186
T
T1 interface 487
T3 interface 495
Tactical test systems 62
TCP port numbers 555
TCP ports 554
TCP window size drops 587
TCP window size too large 587
TCP window size too small 587
TE1, TE2 437
Telemetry exchange systems 101
Teletype machines 101
Telnet 609
Terminal Endpoint Identifier (TEI) 446
Test ports 104
Testing coaxial LAN cables 138
Testing fiber-optic lines 139
Testing methods in LAN switching environments 428
Testing the terminating resistor 150
Testing twisted-pair cables 135
Theoretical MTBF 28
Thermal noise 116
Thick Ethernet 147
Thin Ethernet 147
Thom 1975 25
Throughput capacity of bridges 205
Throughput measurements 628
Throughput rates for Ethernet 629
Time to Live (TTL) 551
Timer Active Monitor (TAM) 238
Timer Holding Token (THT) 237
Timer No Token (TNT) 238
Timer Queue PDU (TQP) 237
Timer Return to Repeat (TRR) 237
Timer Standby Monitor (TSM) 233, 238
Timer Valid Transmission (TVX) 237, 275
Timers for UNI signaling processes 370
SECTION V
APPENDIX
INDEX
995
Timers in Token Ring 237
Token 228
Token direction change 261
Token error 261
Token error (non-isolating) 248
Token Holding Timer (THT) 275
Token Ring 223
Token Rotation Timer (TRT) 275
Token-passing principle 223
Token-Ring bridges 252
Token-Ring design 240
Token-Ring interface cards 250
Tolerances for bit-error rates 109
TRACERT 627
Traffic shaping 340
Translation bridging 204
Transmission Control Protocol (TCP) 552
Transmission Convergence (TC) sublayer 304
Transmission delays 626
Transmission frequencies and sampling rates 68
Transparent bridging 200
Transport Overhead (TOH) 501
Tree and Tabular Combined Notation (TTCN) 119
Tributary Unit (TU) 504
Trivial File Transfer Protocol (TFTP) 608
Troubleshooting ATM 394
Troubleshooting coaxial cable 149
Troubleshooting E-Mail 600
Troubleshooting fiber-optic cable 164
Troubleshooting FTP 608
Troubleshooting News 605
Troubleshooting SMB 621
Troubleshooting Telnet 610
Troubleshooting the ATM layer 399
Troubleshooting twisted-pair cable 158
Troubleshooting X and V series interfaces 539
Trunk Coupling Unit (TCU) 226
TSB 67 Level I, TSB 67 Level II 64
TU AIS (TU Alarm Indication Signal) 527
TU LOM (TU Loss of Multiframe alignment) 527
TU LOP (TU Loss of Pointer) 527
TU NDF (TU pointer–New Data Flag) 527
TU pointer adjustment 515
TU pointer–New data flag (TU NDF) 527
Tunneling connections 611
TUP (Telephone User Part) 439
Twisted-pair cable 155
Two-point cell delay variation 406
U
U reference point 436, 441
Unassigned cells 305, 335
Unavailable time 110
UNI cell header 329
UNI signaling 410
Unipolar codes 92
Unmated connections 163
Unshielded Twisted Pair (UTP) 155
User Datagram Protocol (UDP) 555
V
V.10, V.11 536
V.24 532
V.35, V.36, V.37 534
V.90 90
Vampire tap 152
VDSL (Very High-Speed Digital Subscriber Line) 97
Vector distance (Bellman-Ford) routing 210
Verifying ATM cell transmission 397
Vertical backbone 145
Violation frames 295
Virtual Channel Connections (VCCs) 328, 337
Virtual Path Connections (VPCs) 328, 338
Void frames 290
VP-OAM and VC-OAM cells 336
VP/VC cells 336
VP/VC-RM cells 336
W
WAN bridges 201
Wavelength Division Multiplexing (WDM) 99
Wedged interface 295
Window size 552
Wiring errors 159
Workgroup switches 424
X
X.20, X.21 537
X.25 539
X.70 Network - Network interface 531
X.71 Network - Network interface 531
X.75 Network - Network interface 531
xDSL technologies 97
Y
Y adapter 104
Yellow cable 147
Z
Zone databases 565
K