Download PDF - Durham e-Theses

Contents
Acknowledgements
2
Abstract
3
1. Introduction
4
2. Literature Survey
6
2.1 Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy
6
2.2 Ultrasonic Pulse-Echo measurement
7
3. Background Theory
13
3.1 Acoustic Waves
13
3.2 The Simple Harmonic Oscillator
16
3.3 Vibration of a fixed-fixed string
17
3.4 Resonance
18
3.5 Bolt Theory
19
3.6 Tension control in bolted joints
20
4. Instrument Development
22
4.1 Hardware Specification
22
4.2 Software Development
30
4.3 Description of software code
34
5. Test Methodology
36
5.1 Discussion
36
5.2 Testing a single bolt
40
5.3 Test procedure
42
5.4 Description of test procedure
42
6. Experiments
44
6.1 Bolt parameters
44
6.2 Variation of speed of sound in an unstressed bolt
44
6.3 Experiments with single bolt
47
6.4 Predicting stress in single bolt
57
6.5 Measurement of bolt stress in a group of 10 bolts
61
7. Conclusion
66
References
68
Annexe A Copy of Software
AI
Annexe B User Manual
A2