Download A&D EX-200A Operating instructions

GENERAL ELECTRIC
COMPUTERS
GE-200 Series
Operating
Manual
G E - 2 0 0 SERIES
OPERATING MANUAL
December
Rev.
1962
N o v e m b e r 1966
GENERAL
ELECTRIC
INFORMATION SYSTEMS DIVISION
PREFACE
This manual has been prepared a s a guide to operating the central processor for the GE-225
Information Processing system. It includes a brief description of the major components of the
system, general operating practices, system startup and shutdown, and a detailed description
of the controls on the operator's cocsole and ty2ewriter.
P a r t I has been revised to include descriptions and illustrations of equipment not included in the
e a r l i e r editions of this manual.
The appendix includes a section on number systems, a table of powers of 2, and octal-decimal
conversion tables.
Much of the basic information about machine instruction repertoire and
programs i s necessarily brief, since this information is contained in detail in the GE-225
Programming Reference Manual (CPB-252).
This manual supersedes the former GE-225 System Operating Manual (CPB-247A). The operating
information on peripheral subsystems contained in that manual is now covered in separate
manuals for each subsystem. A list of these manuals appears in Appendix E.
Much of the information in this manual is also applicable to the GE-205 and GE-215 central
processors which have virtually identical operating controls and procedures.
In this revised edition, changes in technical content from the previous edition a r e identified with
a bar in the margin opposite the change.
Suggestions and criticisms relative to form, content, o r use of this manual a r e invited. Comments
may be sent on the Document Review Sheet in the back of this manual o r may be addressed directly
to Document Standards and Publications, B-84, Computer Equipment Department, General Electric
Company, 13430 North Black Canyon Highway, Phoenix, Arizona 85029.
@ 1962, 1964, 1966 by General Electric
Company
(600 4 - 6 7 )
Page
INTRODUC TION
A Typical Computer Center . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The GE-225 Information Processing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Systemconfiguration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Central P r o c e s s o r . . . . . .
.. .
........................ ...
Input-OutputDevices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
CardReaders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cardpunches . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ASA Seven-Track Magnetic Tape Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MagneticTapeSubsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GE-225 OnIOff Line P r i n t e r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
High-Speedprinter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
P a p e r Tape Reader and Punch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AuxiliaryComponents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Auxiliary Arithmetic Unit (AAU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mass Random Access Data Storage Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
DATANET-15* Data Transmission Controller . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Manual P e r i p h e r a l Switch Control Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Document Handlers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
PriorityControl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O p e r a t o r ' s U s e o f Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GE -225 Instructions ..........................................
...
..
OPERATOR'S DUTIES
................................................
Introduction
Equipment and Operation Responsibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Actions Under Emergency Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flood
Power Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Air Conditioning Failure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Injury to Personnel
;. . . . . . . . .
Safety Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General Site Operating Procedures
...
ScheduleofComputerOperations
Instructions to the Operator
E r r o r and Operator Corrective Action . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Computer Utilization Logs
L i b r a r y Storage and Reference Files . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Assistance to the P r o g r a m m e r
................................................
.............................
..
..............................
.................................
..................................
..................................
e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
D
e
b
~
g
g
i
n
g
e
e
~
~
~
~
e
~
Relationship Between Operator and Service Engineer
Operator Behavior and Appearance
~
e
e
~
~
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . e . e
e
e
~
............................
*DATANET. Reg . T r a d e m a r k of the General Electric Company
iii
~
e
~
~
~
e
~
Figure
IIIIII-
1
2
3
4
5
6
I- 7
I- 8
I- 9
1-10
1-11
1-12
Page
The
The
The
The
The
The
......................
.............
....................................
.............................
................................
GE -22 5 Information Processing System
GE-225 System Using Punched Card Input and Output
6 3 - 2 2 5 System Using Paper Tape Input and Output . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Central P r o c e s s o r
400 Card-Per-Minute Reader
High Speed C a r d Reader
..........................
..........................
......................
..................................
................................
......................................
The 100 Card-Per-Minute Card Punch
The 300 Card-Per-Minute Card Punch
ASA Seven-Track Magnetic Tape Controller
Magnetic Tape Subsystem
GE-225 On/Off Line Printer
High -Speed Printer
...............................
...............................
......................
....................
.........................
Paper Tape Reader and Punch
The Auxiliary Arithmetic Unit
The Mass Random Access Data Storage Unit
DATANET-15* Data Transmission Controller
Manual Peripheral Switch Control Unit
The GE 12-Pocket Document Handler (1200 Documents/Minute) . . . . . . . . .
............
..............................
..............................
.................................
.......................
....................
1-10
1-11
11- 4
11- 6
11- 7
11- 9
................................
.........................
.......................................
.................................
...................................
.......................
11-10
11-11
11-12
11-13
11-14
11-15
The 12 -Pocket Document Handler (750 Documents / Minute)
Diagram of the GE-225 System
Sample Schedule of Operations
Operator Instruction Sheet
Two Types of Operator Instruction Cards
Sample Reporting F o r m for Equipment Repair
11- 5
11- 6
11- 7
11- 8
11- 9
11-10
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
Sample
* DATANET.
.
Daily Computer Log
Operator and Maintenance Log
Time Card
Tape Control F o r m
Log of Tape Use
Master Program Change Request
Reg Trademark of the General Electric Company
Page
Figure
11-11
11- 12
IV- 1
IV- 2
Iv- 3
IV- 4
v- 1
....................................
...............................
....................................
...................
......................................
.........................
......................................
Sample Hang-up Sheet
Sample Debug Instruction Sheet
The Central P r o c e s s o r
The Maintenance Panel of the Central P r o c e s s o r
The Control Console
Control Switches on the Control Console
Console Typewriter
11-17
11-18
IV- 1
N- 2
N- 4
IV- 6
V- 1
TABLES
. . . . . . . . . . . . IV- 9
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w-20
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v- 4
Functions of Controls and Indicators on Central P r o c e s s o r
Control Console E r r o r Conditions
Typewriter E r r o r Conditions
f.
glow green).
This places the
document handler's electronics in
a standby condition.
peripherals a r e contained in sections of this manual
under headings of the specific peripherals.
4.
D e p r e s s the MOTOR ON pushbutton on the control and indicator
panel (will glow green).
SHUTDOWN PROCEDURES
5.
D e p r e s s the ON-LINE, OFF-LINE
MODE pushbutton on the control
and indicator panel for the desired
setting. (The ON-LINE o r OFFLINE portions of the switch light
alternately each time i t is depressed).
6.
The document handler is not ready
f o r use until the FEED READY
light is illuminated; this o c c u r s
a f t e r a delay of about a minute
following the depression of the
MOTOR ON pushbutton. (step 4).
The procedures for turning power off and thereby
shutting down the GE-225 System a r e the opposite of
those f o r turning power on. S t a r t with the switches
most distant, electronically, from the main power and
work toward main power. That i s , turn off power to
a peripheral, then to the controller, then to the central
p r o c e s s o r , and l a s t of all, turn off the main power
switches.
P e r i p h e r a l s may be turnedoff in any sequence desired.
The most convenient o r d e r will depend on physical
arrangement of the equipment. If paper tape and magnetic tape a r e to be removed and stored, the operator
may wish to s t a r t with these units. The following
sections describe procedures f o r both normal shutdown
and emergency shutdown.
Document handler (750 documents p e r
minute) :
1.
2.
3.
F o r on-line operation, turn on
power to the central processor.
This turns on power to the document handler adapter and the ' Z '
rack. (Steps 2 through 6 apply to
both on-line and off-line operation).
T u r n the circuit b r e a k e r switch on
the document handler to the on
position (up).
The following procedures a r e to be followed any time
operators go off duty and whenever s e r v i c e engineers
perform routine maintenance. These procedures a r e
designed to save data in the central p r o c e s s o r c o r e
memory and to prevent runaway peripherals.
1.
Check to s e e that the MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER indicator on the
document handler's control and
indicator panel is lit.
4.
D e p r e s s the POWER ON pushbutton on the control and indicator
panel (glows when lit).
5.
Position the function switch on the
control and indicator panel to PROCESS f o r on-line operation and to
SEQUENCE f o r off-line operation.
6.
Normal Shutdown
The document handler is not ready
f o r u s e until the FEED READY
indicator is illuminated; this occ u r s after a delay of about a minute
following the depression of the
POWER ON pushbutton.
The operator will now be ready to s e t up the individual
peripherals f o r on-line operation.
Directions f o r
loading input and output media and setting up individual
2.
Magnetic tape system:
a.
Set the REMOTE/LOCAL
LOCAL.
b.
Rewind and de-thread magnetic tapes
(remove and s t o r e i f desired), relieve
tension on tension a r m s , and close all
dust covers and doors on tape handlers.
c.
D e p r e s s the POWER ON switchon each
tape handler (light goes out).
d.
D e p r e s s the POWER O F F switchon the
tape controller.
switch to
P a p e r tape r e a d e r and punch:
a.
Remove and s t o r e punched tape.
b.
D e p r e s s the OPERABLE switch on
control panel i f e i t h e r READER ON
o r PUNCH ON indicators a r e on.
c.
D e p r e s s the POWER ON switch (light
goes off).
b.
3.
4.
High speed p r i n t e r :
a.
D e p r e s s the O F F LINE switch on the
controller.
b.
D e p r e s s the POWER O F F switch on
the controller.
11.
C a r d punch:
a.
c.
5.
D e p r e s s the MANUAL CYCLE switch
until the punch is c l e a r of cards.
6.
Typewriter: P u t the power switch under
right side to O F F position (white will
disappear in viewing window and O F F will
appear).
7.
1000 c a r d p e r minute reader:
8.
a.
D e p r e s s the POWER O F F pushbutton on
the control and indicator panel.
b.
T u r n the circuit b r e a k e r switch to the
off position (down).
Central p r o c e s s o r :
a r e turned off,
D e p r e s s the power O F F switch on the
c a r d r e a d e r ' s control and indicator
panel.
13.
After all peripherals
a.
P u t the AUTO/M,~NUALswitch in the
MANUAL position.
b.
Put the INSTR/WORD switch in the
WORD position.
c.
D e p r e s s the P W R O F F switch on the
control panel.
D e p r e s s the POWER O F F switch.
400 C a r d p e r minute reader: Set the
Power switch to the O F F position and the
STOP/ENABLE switch to the STOP position.
a.
Document handler (750 documents p e r minute) :
Unload c a r d s from input hopper.
12.
b.
Turn the circuit b r e a k e r switch to the
off position (down).
Turn off all individual clrcuit b r e a k e r s at
the main power panel. (The m a s t e r circuit
b r e a k e r is normallv left on).
Before going off duty, the operator. would normally
have all output media stored o r distributed to persons
concerned and would remove 2nd file all input niaterial.
M a s s random a c c e s s data storage:
Emergency Shutdown
a.
b.
9.
D e p r e s s the PWR O F F pushbutton on
the controller's control and indicator
panel.
Auxiliary arithmetic unit:
a.
10.
D e p r e s s the POWER O F F pushbutton
on the electronia unit's control and
indicator panel.
D e p r e s s the DC O F F pushbutton on the
AAU maintenance panel.
Document handler (1200 documents p e r
minute) :
a.
D e p r e s s the MOTOR O F F pushbutton
on the control and indicator panel.
In emergencies, equipment is shut down f b r protection
of both the equipment and the personnel in the systenl
room. In grave emergencies, such a s f i r e , flood, o r
a malfunctioning power s y s t e m , the systenl is l e s s
likely to suffer heavy damage i f the power is turned
off a t the main power panel. In rninor emergencies,
such a s runaway tape units, jammed tape, o r shorts,
in equipment, the operator will normally be required
to turn off power only to the equipment and controller
concerned. The gravity of the emergency will govern
operator action. Whenever main power fails, main
power switches should be turned off to prevent damage
to the system when power i s restored. Section I1 of
this manual contains m o r e specific information on
operator action under various conditions of emergency.
IV. CENTRAL PROCESSOR
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
The central processor (Figure IV-1) performs the
computational (arithmetic), the storage, and the control functions f o r the GE-225 System. The processor
is housed in three equipment racks which a r e bolted
together.
The console indicating and control panel (usually
termed the control console) is mounted on the side of
the f i r s t rack. Below the panel is the console desk
and above i t is the half -length door covering a maintenance control panel. Inside of the f i r s t rack a r e the
main power supply for the processor, the power
distribution panel, and the electronic control logic
for the card reader, card punch, paper tape reader,
and paper tape punch.
Figure IV-1. The Central Processor
The second rack contains the majority of the electronic counters, registers, timing circuits, and control
logic associated with the processor.
The third rack contains the remaining registers, the
magnetic core memory and i t s associated timing and
control logic, and the logic for the controller selector.
Cable Connections
All peripherals a r e connected to the central process o r by cables. The typewriter is connected directly
by cable to the f i r s t rack of the central processor.
The card reader is also connected to the first rack,
but through a junction box mounted in the r e a r of the
console desk.
The peripheral equipments which have controllers
a r e connected to the controller selector by cables so
that each peripheral controller is connected in parallel with the controller selector and in s e r i e s with
every other controller. Cables a r e connected to two
plugs in the third rack of the central processor. The
output cable from the central processor is connected
to one plug, and leads to the input plug of the first
controller. Controllers a r e connected to each other
by cables which lead from the output of one to the
input of the next. The output of the last controller
leads back to the controller selector, and connects
to the second of the two plugs in the third rack of
the central processor.
The card punch is connected to the central processor
through a plug located on the same connector panel
on the third rack a s the two plugs for the controller
selector. The punch cable is clamped in place by
means of a 'shoe' connector attached to the end of
the cable.
Controls and Indicators
The GE-225 System operator constantly watches and
uses the controls and indicators of the central processor. Most of the control switches and indicator
lights a r e on the control console which provides
switches for manual control, indicates the status of
equipment, and displays the contents of certain registers. In ,addition to the control console, there is a
maintenance panel which has three a r e a s of interest
and use to the operator.
A.
MAINTENANCE PANEL. The maintenance panel
of the central processor, illustrated in Figure
IV-2, is located inside the door which is above
the control console. It is usedmostly by service
CLE
1534
HASR
5
)S68
DC
DC
381 CHO
70
4
DS7
Figure IV-2. The Maintenance Panel of the Central Processor
-
engineers, but t h e r e a r e two i t e m s of concern
to the operator, the N r e g i s t e r indicators
and the CLEAR N Switch.
N Register Indicators. These lights a r e located
in the upper right c o r n e r of the maintenance
panel and a r e labelled N1, N2, N3, N4, N5,
and N6. TL.ey show the contents of the N regi s t e r which is a BCD character representation
of the input o r output f o r either the paper tape
r e a d e r , p a p e r tape punch, o r the typewriter.
CLEAR N Switch. This switch is to the left
and slightly below the N r e g i s t e r indicators.
When depressed, i t c l e a r s the contents of the
N r e g i s t e r to zero. The operator u s e s this
switch , f o r example, when the typewriter is
hung in a loop and depressing the space b a r
does not c l e a r the N register. This could happen if someone t u r n s off the typewriter while
a program i s running. Depressing the CLEAR
N switch and manually entering a TON instruction will cause the typewriter to resume typing.
1.
The AUTO/MANUAL switch is in the
MANUAL position.
2.
The STOP ON PARITY ALARM switch
is engaged and a parity e r r o r is
detected.
3.
The central p r o c e s s o r does not have
priority ( a c c e s s to memory).
4,
A c a r d punch o r c a r d r e a d e r a l a r m
condition has occurred.
PARITY Alarm. If the STOP ON PARITY ALARM
switch is engaged when a parity e r r o r is detected, the c e n t r a l p r o c e s s o r will halt. The PARITY
a l a r m can be turned off by p r e s s i n g the RESET
ALARM switch o r by programmed instructions.
The PARITY a l a r m i s turned on under any of
the following conditions:
1.
The memory-checking c i r c u i t s of the
central p r o c e s s o r detect a p a r i t y e r r o r
while the AUTO/MANUAL switch is in
the AUTO position.
2.
The parity checking circuits associated
with the paper tape r e a d e r detect a
parity e r r o r .
3.
A parity e r r o r is detected as infor-
mation is received f r d m a controller
through the controller selector.
B.
CONTROL CONSOLE.
The control console
(Figure IV-3) is the m o s t important and m o s t
used panel on the GE-225. It is sometimes
r e f e r r e d to a s having both an indicator panel
and a control panel, f o r the upper two thirds
of the console contains indicator lights and the
lower third contains control switches.
The
indicators a r e a l a r m lights, ready lights, and
r e g i s t e r display lights f o r the A, I, and P
registers.
The controls a r e option switches
and control switches.
OVERFLOW Alarm. The central p r o c e s s o r does
not halt on an overflow alarm. The a l a r m may
be r e s e t automatically s e v e r a l t i m e s during a
normal MPY instruction. The indicator also
can be turned off by depressing the RESET
ALARM switch o r by programmed instructions.
The OVERFLOW a l a r m is turned on under any
of the following conditions :
1.
The capacity of the A r e g i s t e r i s e x c e eded during arithmetic operations.
2.
An illegal divide is attempted.
3.
H one bit is shifted out of bit position
one of the A r e g i s t e r during a shiftleft operation.
~ l a r mIndicators. The s i x a l a r m indicator lights in
the upper left hand c o r n e r of the console a r e danger
signals that indlcate e r r o r conditions have occurred
during system operation, and the program may be
aborted.
The cause can be an operator e r r o r , a
programming e r r o r , o r a malfunction in the system
equipment. A l l a l a r m indicators except the PRIORITY
a l a r m can be turned off by the RESET ALARM switch.
However, i t must be remembered that u s e of the
RESET ALARM switch can damage the program i f
used when not authorized to do s o by the programmer.
The conditions which cause these a l a r m s to come on
a r e a s follows:
CARD P U N C H Alarm. T h i s a l a r m is turned on
any time a WCB, WCD, o r W C F instruction is
attempted when the cardpunch is not in the ready
condition.
As already noted, the PRIORITY
a l a r m also comes on, and the c e n t r a l p r o c e s s o r
halts. The a l a r m can be r e s e t only by p r e s s i n g
the RESET ALARM switch.
PRIORITY Alarm.
This a l a r m is turned on
under any of the following conditions:
ECHO Alarm. This a l a r m is turnedonwhen the
central p r o c e s s o r m a k e s an unsuccessful at-
tempt to select a controller through the controller selector for an input/output operation.
The ECHO alarm light can be turned off only
by depressing the RESET ALARM switch. The
alarm indicates the following conditions:
-
-
-
P
-
-
-
-
5
CLRQ
E:k:
PUNCH
-
4
3
2
1
-
5
6
PUNCH
READY
-
7
-
8
9
10
The selected controller is busy (delay
not programmed).
2.
An erroneous address was programmed, the addressedplug is not installed.
CARD
CARD
READER
ECHO
ALARM
-
-
-
1
1.
N
REGISTER
READY
BK
ONLY
AIM
--
12
13
14
DECIMAL
MODE
-I--
L
11
-
-
-
1
CARD
READER
READY
15
16
17
18
19
I 00 000 000 000 000 000 000
0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
1
0
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
A 00 000 000 000 000 000 000
0
I
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
RESET
A
iz-[pJ[-q[
ALARM
E
MANUAL
Figure IV-3. The Control Console
14
15
16
17
18
19
3.
Controller is off line.
4.
Power is off to controller.
5.
Controller is malfunctioning.
CARD READER Alarm. This a l a r m is turned
on when attempting to execute an RCB, RCD,
o r RCF instruction while the c a r d r e a d e r is
not in the ready condition. When the CARD
READER a l a r m comes on, the PRIORITY a l a r m
also comes on and the c a r d r e a d e r and the
central p r o c e s s o r halt. The a l a r m s in this combination a r e r e s e t only by depressing the RESET
ALARM switch. The r e a d e r can be 'not ready'
f o r any of the following reasons:
1.
C a r d Reader is not turned on.
2.
Input hopper is empty.
3.
A c a r d is not positioned on the sensing
platform.
4.
Reader is busy (already reading a card).
5.
A misfeed o r c a r d jam occurs.
Ready Indicators. The green ready indicator lights
in the upper right c o r n e r of the control console give
'go-ahead' signals to the operator.
With certain
exceptions, these lights come on when the c a r d punch
and c a r d r e a d e r a r e ready f o r use o r when the N
r e g i s t e r is ready to receive information. Ifthe equipment is not ready f o r operation, an attempt to use i t
will turn the ready light off and s e t an a l a r m indicator.
#
The standard ready indicators a r e the following:
CARD PUNCH READY. T h i s light is turned on
to indicate that, in five respects, the cardpunch
is ready to punch cards. If the c a r d punch is
not otherwise in an operable condition when a
punch instruction is attempted, the ready light
will go off and the CARD PUNCH andPRIORITY
a l a r m s will come on. The five conditions of
readiness which together turn on the CARD
PUNCH READY light a r e :
1.
The input hopper contains cards.
2.
The s t a c k e r is not full.
3.
A card
5.
1.
The input hopper contains enough c a r d s
(or weight) to d e p r e s s the hopperempty switch.
2.
A c a r d is not currently being read.
3.
No misfeed o r c a r d jam is detected.
N REGISTER READY, This light comes on to
indicate that the N r e g i s t e r is ready to receive
input o r output information.
Specifically, it
means that the register is not currently being
used by the typewriter, paper tape r e a d e r , o r
paper tape punch. If an illegal code is placed
in the N Register and a TYP command given,
the N REGISTER READY light goes out and
s t a y s out until a space key is struck.
There are three m o r e indicators to the right of the
ready indicators. These a r e :
AIM, The automatic interrupt mode p'errnits
the simL!ltaneous ogeration of two o r m o r e p r o g r a m s . When a p r o g r a m puts the conl2uter in
the interrupt mode, the green AIM light conles
on at the time of the f i r s t interrupt and re:n-ins
02 until turned off under p r o g r a m zontrol o r i s
turned off by the operator-. The operator can
turn the AIM indicator off by p r o c e d l r e s described l a t e r in this section.
8K OTJLY. 011 a conlp~lterwhich h a s only an
8K m e m ~ y this
,
indicator i s on all the timc. A
c o l n ~ l t e rwnich has a 16K menlory canbe s e t by
the s e r v i c e engineer to operate either with the
caxnplete (16K) memory o r with only half of i t
(8K). The 8K ONLY indicator is lit when the
camputer is s e t to ogerate only with 8K; i t is off
w!ien the corn2uter is s e t to operate with 16K.
DECLM-\I, M'03E. This indicator is l i t when
the central pra:essor i s in the decimal mode.
When the injicator i s not lit, t h e p r o c e s s o r is in
the binary mode.
is properly located a t station
' one'.
4.
CARD READER READY. This light is turned
on to indicate that, in three respects, the c a r d
r e a d e r is ready to read cards. If the c a r d
r e a d e r is not otherwise in an operable condition
when a read instruction is attempted, the ready
light will go off and the CARD READER and
PRIORITY a l a r m s will come on. The t h r e e
conditions of readiness which turn the CARD
READER READY light on a r e :
A c a r d is not currently being punched.
The chip box is properly seated.
1nrle.x Group Indicators. The five INDEX GROLTP
display lights a r e located below the a l a r m I.ights
and to the left of the P counter display lights. The
lights a r e numbered one through five f r o m right to
left. These five lights, r e a d a s binary digits, indicate
the index groap that has been selected by the p r o g r a m
(Groups 0 through 3 1). Each group has four r e g i s t e r s ,
0 through 3. When a l l lights a r e off, group z e r o is
available without special selection. Only index groclp
z e r o is standard on the GE-225 System; additional
groups a r e optional. Any time a light is on in the
index group, the o2erator knows that an index g r m p
other than z e r o has been selected.
P Counter Lights. The fifteen display lights f o r the
P counter a r e located to the right of the INDEX
GROUP indicators. They a r e n ~ m b e r e d ,left to right,
f r o m 5 through 19, and a r e arranged in groups of
t h r e e to facilitate reading the binary n u m l ~ e r sin their
octal representation. By reading these groups, the
oilerator can know the location of the instruction
which a p p e a r s in the I register. The P counter is
useful wnen debugging a p r o g r a m and when checking
f o r c o r r e c t operation after a manual branch comrnand
to a particular p r o g r a m location.
SAVE: P Switch. This switch p e r m i t s the operator
to r e t u r n to a particular position in theprogram after
he h a s interrupted i t to make a correction, such a s to
introduce an instruction manually.
The SAVE P
switch in the downpositionprevents the P counter f r o m
incrementing. When the operator r e t u r n s the SAVE P
switch to the up (normal) position after manual
operations, the p r o g r a m is ready to continue f r o m the
plaze of interruption. When the SAVE P switch is in
the dowa position during the automatic mode of operation, the instruction in the I r e g i s t e r i s executed
o v e r and over again.
I Register Lights. The 20 I r e g i s t e r display lights
a r e lozated below the INDEX G R a 3 P and P counter
lights, and a r e number f r o m 0 to 19. They display
the contents of the instruction register. Like the
other r e g i s t e r display lights, they a r e r e a d in their
octal representation.
The I r e g i s t e r displays the
c u r r e n t instruction, the instruction that h a s not yet
been executed o r h a s been only partly executed.
A Register Lights. The 20 A r e g i s t e r display lights
are located below the I r e g i s t e r lights. They a r e
[-qp$[q
ALARM
numbered f r o m 0 to 19, and display the contents of
the A r e g i s t e r . These a r e a l s ~r e a d in octal. By
using the XAQ switch (described later), the A regi s t e r lights can be used to display the contents of
All data and in;trclctions feed
the Q register.
m2.nually into the central p r o c e s s o r go through the A
r e g i s t e r , and a r e entered by u s e of the option switches.
Optiojn Switches. The 20 option switches just below
the A r e g i s t e r display lights a r e used to feed information into the A r e g i s t e r .
Each of these toggle
switches e n t e r s information into the corresponding
A r e g i s t e r position.
The numbers 0 through 19
below the A r e g i s t e r lights may be thought of as
a l s o applying to the switches. When moved up, the
switches a r e spring loaded and r e t u r n automatically
to the center '(normal) position. When moved down,
they remain in the down position until manually
returned to the norm21 positio2.
W!len the central p r o c e s s o r is in the manual mode of
operation, moving an option switch up causes a one
to be put into the corresponding position of the A
r e g i s t e r . This is indicated by an A r e g i s t e r display
light. Moving an option switch up has n9 effect when
the central p r o c e s s o r i s in the automatic mode of
operation.
Moving an option switch dow!~w!len the central process:lr is in the automatic mode causes a one to be put
into the corresponding position of the A r e g i s t e r a t
the time of a programmed RCS instruction. Specified
switches a r e left in the d a w ~ ip ~ s i t i o nwhile running
certain rodtines and while generating GAP a s s e m blies.
These and other special u s e s of the option
switches a r e specified in the p r o g r a m ~ n e r ' sinstractions to the operator.
RESE'i' ASwitch.
This switch is to the left of the
option switches. It i s effective only w!len the central
p r o c e s s o r is in the m a w a l made of operation. Like
the option switches, i t i s spring loaded in the up
pgsition but not in the down position. When moved
either up o r down, i t c l e a r s to z e r o the contents of
the A r e g i s t e r , and turns off all of the A r e g i s t e r
display lights. When the operator makes a mistake
while using the option switches, he can c o r r e c t this
E
MANUAL
OFF
Figure IV-4. Control Switches on the Control Console
STOP ON
PARITY
ALARM
mistake by clearing the A r e g i s t e r with the R.3SE'I: A
switch and then starting over.
When the computer is in the altomxtic m3de, the
o2erator must be v e r y careful nt2t to aczidentally
lower the R-ZSET A switch. If he sh9uld lower i t
accidentally, branzh cammands wvl~ld n ~ oporate
t
corre.2tly. The operator would proSably not kn3w of
the e r r o r he caused until the p r o g r a m m e r reported
back to him that the r u n was confused.
Toggle. When r e f e r r i n g to the toggle switches, it
h a s become customary to u s e the t e r m toggle a s a
verb. When used in this way, it means to move the
switch either up o r down and immediately r e t u r n i t
to its original position.
Control Switches
A s t r i p of switches along the bottom of the control
console, and the SAVE P and RESET A switches just
described, give the operator manual control over the
c e n t r a l p r o c e s s o r and certain functions of peripherals.
Eight of the switches a r e the pushbutton type that
r e q u i r e only to be p r e s s e d momentarily to be activated.
T h r e e double-label switches a r e the r o c k e r type with
two positions.
F o r instance, the AuTO/MANUAL
SWITCH is placed in the AUTO position by p r e s s i n g
the end that is labeled AUTO and leaving that end
in the depressed position.
RESET P. This switch is effective only in the
manual mode of operation.
Depressing the
pushbutton c l e a r s the P counter to a l l zeros. It
is used most often to cause the first instruction
to a d d r e s s memory cell zero, and is normally
activated just before setting the AUTO/MANUAL
switch to AUTO a t the beginning of p r o g r a m
operation.
AUTO/MANUAL. This two-position, rockertype switch s e l e c t s either the automatic o r the
manual mode of operation f o r the central proc e s s o r . When the AUTO portion of the switch
is depressed, the central p r o c e s s o r is in the
automatic mode, and instructions a r e processed
in a continuous sequence under p r o g r a m control. When the MANUAL portion of the switch
is depressed, the central p r o c e s s o r is in the
manual mode, and the progranl is executed only
one step a t a time a s the START switch is
depressed. Setting the AUTO/MANUAL switch
to MANUAL during automatic operation c a u s e s
the computer to halt operations a t the end of
the instructiorl o r word being executed. The
operator will r e c a l l that putting the c e n t r a l
p r o c e s s o r in the manual mode c a u s e s the
PRIORITY a l a r m light to come on. The following operations can be performed only when
the AUTO/MANUAL switch is s e t to MANUAL:
These switches, illustrated in Figure IV-4, a r e described a s follows:
1.
Clear o r s e t information into a regi s t e r with option switches.
PWR. ON, Depressing the PWR ON pushbutton
t u r n s on DC power to the central p r o c e s s o r ,
the control console, and the 400 c a r d p e r minute r e a d e r . The pushbutton is also an indicator,
f o r i t lights when power is on.
2.
Clear a l a r m conditions with RESET
ALARM switch.
3.
R e s e t P counter with RESET P switch.
4.
Load a c a r d manually using LOAD
Card switch.
5.
Transfer contents of A r e g i s t e r to I
r e g i s t e r using A to I switch.
6.
Txchange contents of A and Q r e g i s t e r s
using XAQ switch.
PWR, OFF. When DC power i s on, depressing
this pushbutton turns it off.
RESET ALARM, This switch is effective only
i n the manual mode of operation. Depressing
the pushbutton c l e a r s any existing a l a r m condition. It t u r n s off the a l a r m lights and r e s e t s
flip-flops s o the central p r o c e s s o r can continue
operation. It does not clear up the cause of the
alarm.
LOAD CARD. This switch i s effective only in
the manual mode of operation. Depressing the
pushbutton initiates c a r d r e a d e r action and
c a u s e s the r e a d e r to go through one load and
r e a d cycle. It i s used most often to load the
f i r s t c a r d into memory during program startup
operations, If no c a r d was on the sensing platf o r m . it moves one onto it. F r o m there, the
c a r d is r e a d into mel-nory locations starting a t
0000.
INST/WORD, This is a l s o a two-position, rocker-type switch which i s effective only in the
manual mode of operation. It determines the
length of the cycle of the central p r o c e s s o r
during manual operations. When the INST portion of the switch i s depressed, the central
p r o c e s s o r executes one conlplete instruction
each time the START switch i s engaged. When
the WORD portion of the switch is depressed,
only one word time i s executed each time the
START switch i s engaged. The WORD position
i s used by the operator during s y s t e m startup
and shutdown.
START, In the automatic mode of operation,
depressing the START pushbutton initiates action. After the operation begins, the program
runs automatically and despressing the START
switch again has no effect. In the manual mode
of operation, depressing the START switch
causes the execution of one instruction o r one
word time, depending upon the setting of the
INST/WORD switch.
A 4 I (A to I). This switch i s effective only
in the manual mode of operation. Depressing
the A to I pushbutton transfers the contents of
the A register, including the sign bit, to the
I register. The contents of the A register r e main unchanged, and can be cleared by toggling the RESET A switch. The A to I switch
is used to manually load an instruction into the
I register o r to correct an instruction already
there.
XAQ. This switch is effective only in the manr m o d e of operation. Depressing XAQ causes
an exchange of information between the A and
Q registers. That is, the contents of A go into
Q and the contents of Q go into A. This permits
the operator to observe the contents of the Q
register. By using the RESET A switch and
the option switches, the operator can clear and
c o r r e c t the contents of the Q register while
saving the contents of the A register.
STOP ON PARITY ALARM/NORM, This is a
two-position, rocker-type switch. It determines
the response of the central processor to the
detection of a parity e r r o r . When the STOP
ON PARITY ALARM portion of the switch is
depressed, the central processor halts each
time a parity e r r o r is detected and the PARITY
and PRIORITY alarm lights come on. When the
NORM (normal) portion of the switch is depressed, the central processor continues operation
regardless of parity e r r o r s , and the only indication of a parity e r r o r is the fact that the
PARITY alarm light is turned on. The setting
of the STOP ON PARITY ALARM/NORM switch
is determined by the programmer. If he has
included remedial action throughout the program
to take c a r e of parity e r r o r s and to r e s e t the
PARITY alarm light, he will specify the setting
of the STOP ON PARITY ALARM/NORM switch
to the NORM position. If he has not included
remedial steps in the program, he will want the
program to halt a t time of a parity e r r o r , so
will specify the setting of STOP ON PARITY
ALARM,
Table I contains a summary of the controls and indicators of the maintenance panel and control console.
It is recommended that the student operator remove
the table from the manual and keep it in a handy
place a t the console for quick reference.
TABLE I.
FUNCTIONS OF CONTROLS AND INDICATORS
O N CENTRAL PROCESSOR
r
Group
Alarm Indicator Lights
Ready Indicator Lights
Control o r Indicator
Func t lon
PRIORITY a l a r m light (red)
Indicates:
1. AUTO/MANUAL switch is in
NlANUAL position.
2 , P a r i t y alarnl condition.
3 . Central p r o c e s s o r does not
have priority.
4. Card punch o r c a r d r e a d e r
a l a r m condition.
PARITY a l a r m light (red)
Indicates:
1. Menlory -chec king c i r c u i t s
of processor detected p a r ity e r r o r while p r o c e s s o r
in autonlatic mode.
2. Parity e r r o r connected with
tape reader.
3. Parl.ty e r r o r detected as
data received from a cont r o l l e r through controller
selector.
OVERFLOW a l a r m light (red)
Indicates:
1. Capacity of the A r e g i s t e r
was exceeded.
2. Illegal divide attempted.
3. Data shifted, l e f t o u t of the
A register.
CARD PUNCH alarnl light (red)
Indicates c a r d punching was
attempted when c a r d punch
was not in a ready condition.
ECHO ALARM light (red)
Indicates a n uilsuccessful atteixpt
to select a controller for ally of
these reasons:
1. Controller busy
2. I n c o r r e c t a d d r e s s
3. Controller off line
4. Power off to controller
5. Malfunctioning controller.
CARD READER a l a r m light (red)
Indicates c a r d reading was atternpted while the c a r d r e a d e r
was not ready (not s e t up, busy,
misfeed, o r c a r d jam. )
CARD PUNCH READY light (green)
Indicates when c a r d punch is
In 'ready' status.
Group
Ready Indicator Lights
(Cont. )
Register Display Lights and
Switches
Control o r Indicator
Function
CARD READER READY light
(green)
Indicates when c a r d r e a d e r
is in 'ready'status.
N REGISTER READY light (green)
Indicates N r e g i s t e r is ready to
receive input/output information
and no illegal o r improperly
programmed instruction h a s
been given to typewriter o r papertape reader/punch.
AIM light (green)
Indicates that optional automatic
interrupt mode is operative.
8K ONLY Indicator (green)
Indicates, when lit, that 8, 192
nleniory locations a r e available.
DECIMAL NODE Indicator (green)
Indicates, when lit, that the
central p r o c e s s o r is in the
dec inlal mode.
INDEX GROUP indicator lights
Indicates index group that
has been selected.
P counter display lights
Display location of instruction
in I r e g i s t e r (see text for exc ept ion).
SAVE P switch
Prevents P counter f r o m
incrementing.
I r e g i s t e r display lights
Display c u r r e n t instruction.
A r e g i s t e r display lights
Display contents of the A
register.
Option Switches
Feed infornlation into the A
r e g i s t e r while in either manual
o r automatic modes and run
special routines such as GAP
a s s e m b l i e s in the automatic mode.
RESET A switch
C l e a r s contents of A r e g i s t e r to
all z e r o s when manual switch is
engaged.
Control o r Indicator
Group
Control Switches
Fuilc t ion
PWR ON switch
Applies DC power to the c e n t r a l
p r o c e s s o r , and 400 card/minute
reader.
PWR O F F switch
T u r n s off DC power to the cent r a l p r o c e s s o r , control console,
and 400 card/minute r e a d e r .
RESET ALARM switch
C l e a r s a l a r n l conditions (effec tive only when MANUAL switch
is engaged).
LOAD CARD switch
Causes c a r d r e a d e r to execute
RESET P switch
R e s e t s P counter to all z e r o s
AUTO/NlANUAL switch
Selects ailtoillatic o r nlanual
inode of operation of c e n t r a l
INSTR/WORD switch
Selects leng-tll of cycle of
START switch
Initiates execution of one cycle
of operation (instruction o r word);
in autoillat ic . irlitllttes execution
I 'A
switch
T r a n s f e r s contents of A r e g i s t e r
to I r e g i s t e r (effective only when
Exchanges coiltents of A and Q
STOP ON PARITY ALARM/NORNl
Determines whether c e n t r a l
v
Group
Mainteilanc e Panel
Control o r Indicator
Function
N register indicators
Shows contents of N register
input o r output for the paper
tape reader, paper tape punch,
or typewriter.
CLEAR N switch
Clears contents of N register
to zero.
SETUP PROCEDURES
Setting up the central p r o c e s s o r f o r operation involves
only bringing power up and setting control switches.
The s i x s t e p s listed below a r e designed to save data
in the c o r e m e m o r y of the central processor. If the
console was previously shut down by the normal procedure and switches have not been disturbed, s t e p s
2 and 3 require only verification. Some o p e r a t o r s
form the habit of checking switches both visually and
physically by actually p r e s s i n g a switch even though
i t a p p e a r s to be in position already. Thus, good habit
patterns a r e formed. (EXCEPTION: Don't hit PWR
ON when already on, except when performing special
p r o c e d u r e s as described later.)
1.
2.
3.
Verify that blowers in central p r o c e s s o r
cabinets a r e operating. (If not, call the
s e r v i c e engineer.)
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to
MANUAL position.
the
Set the INSTR/WORD switch to the INSTR
position.
4.
D e p r e s s the PWR ON switch.
5.
Set the INSTR/WORD switch to the INSTR
position.
6.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch (this
can be done either a t this time o r just
, p r i c r to starting a program.)
The complete procedure for starting up and shutting
down the central p r o c e s s o r and the entire GE-225
System is described in Section 111.
M A N U A L OPERATING PROCEDURES
The option switches on the control console p e r m i t the
operator to e n t e r instructions and data manually;
the r e g i s t e r display lights p e r m i t the reading of the
contents of memory and of certain registers. Thus,
i t is possible to feed in and execute a short program
and read the results. Manual loading is used most,
however, for getting a p r o g r a m started, correcting
memory, brz nching, setting and clearing special
modes, and reproducing damaged cards. Once an
operator completes the n e c e s s a r y manual operations
and gets a p r o g r a m started, control of operations is
usually t r a n s f e r r e d to the central processor.
Loading an Instruction Manually
Any instructiori that is intelligible to the GE -225
can be loaded manually by putting the octal equiva-lent of the instruction into the A r e g i s t e r , a s follows:
1.
Set the AUTO/"MANUAL switch to the
MAKUAL position.
2.
Set the INSTR/WORD switch to the INSTR
position.
3.
Toggle the RESET A switch to c l e a r the
k register.
4.
Load the octal equivalent of the instruction
into the A register. (See instructions for
toggling option switches in the previous
section.)
5.
Depress the A to I switch.
6.
Toggle the RESET A switch and load any
necessary data into the A register. (Not
necessary f o r some instructions.)
7.
D e p r e s s the START switch.
The central p r o c e s s o r will then execute the instruction placed in the I - r e g i s t e r by the operator.
The following a r e the most used instructions, and m u s t
be nlemorized a s quickly a s possible.
Mnemonic
Description
TON
RON
Typewriter 011
Paper. 'l'ape Reader
On
Paper. Tape Purich
On
W r i l e C a r d Do(li111a1
Write C a r 6 Binary
Write Card Full
Read C a r d s Bec,inlal
Read C a r d s Binary
Read C a r d s Full
Branch Unconditionally
S e t Decimal Mode
Set Binary &lode
Select Index Group
Store A
Load A
Input, Output Off
WCD
WCB
WCF
RCD
RCB
RC F
BRU
SET DECMODE
SET BINMODE
SXG Y
STA
LDA
OFF
Octal Code
Loading Data Manually
When data is to be loaded into memory, the following procedure is followed:
1.
Set the AUT0;MARUAL.
MAN UAL position.
switch to the
2.
Set the IKSTR/WORD switch to the INSTR
position.
3.
Toggle the RESET A switch.
4.
Load an STA instruction in the A r e g i s t e r
(Store A is an octal 0300000), with the
m e m o r y a d d r e s s where the data i s to be
s t o r e d replacing the 13 righthand bits
of the STA instruction.
5.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch.
6.
Toggle the RESET A switch.
7.
Load the octal equivalent of the data to be
s t o r e d into the A register.
8.
D e p r e s s the START switch.
branch instruction modified by index r e g i s t e r 1, 2,
o r 3.
The index r e g i s t e r must contain a constant
of 8192 (decimal). The octal equivalent of 8192 is
0020000, which means that bit position six is turned
on and all o t h e r s a r e turned off. Thus, any time bit
position s i x is on in the P counter indicator lights,
the operator will know the central p r o c e s s o r is in
upper memory.
The following s t e p s t r a n s f e r operations to upper
memory:
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to the MANUAL position.
(It is assumed that the
INSTR switch is engaged).
2.
Set a Store A instruction into the A regist e r . (STA is an octal 030000X, where X
is 1, 2, o r 3 f o r the index register).
3.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch.
4.
Toggle the RESET k switch.
5.
Set an octal 0020000 into the A register.
6.
Depress the START switch. (Stores constant into index r e g i s t e r selected).
7.
Toggle the RESET A switch.
8.
Set into the A r e g i s t e r a BRU to the des i r e d memory location modified by the
selected index r e g i s t e r used in step 2,
above.
D e p r e s s the START switch.
Load additional words by repeating s t e p s 3 through
8.
Manual Branching
P r i o r to executing a p r o g r a m , the operator may p e r f o r m such manual operations as checking memory,
feeding constants into the memory, o r correcting
memory. To then t r a n s f e r to automatic operation,
the operator m u s t manually enter a branch instruction which contains the location of the f i r s t instruction
to be executed. This is done as follows: (Power is
on and the INSTR/WORD switch is in the INSTR position.)
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to theMANUAL position.
2.
Toggle the RESET A switch.
9.
3.
Load a BRU instruction into the A r e g i s t e r
(octal 26 in positions 0 through 4 and the
memory location of first instruction to be
executed in positions 7 through 19).
To t r a n s f e r f r o m upper memory to lower memory, follow the above steps, except step 5.
The effect then is that step 6 (START) s t o r e s
z e r o s into the index r e g i s t e r being used.
4.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch.
5.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to the AUTO
position.
6.
D e p r e s s the START switch,
If the operator wishes to branch and remain in manual
mode, he may u s e the above procedure omitting Step
5 (that is, leave AUTO/MANUAL switch in MANUAL
mode). If the operator branches to the f i r s t instruction
of a s t o r e d p r o g r a m , one instruction is executed each
time the START switch is pressed.
Reproducing Individual Cards
In an emergency, i t m a y be n e c e s s a r y to reproduce
a single card. The following describes a quick method
of doing this with manual instructions. It is assumed
that the c a r d punch is ready f o r operation and that
its input hopper is loaded with blank cards.
1.
Feed the c a r d to be reproduced into the
feed r o l l e r s of the c a r d r e a d e r to position
it on the sensing platform.
2.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to the MANUAL position.
Entering and Leaving Upper Memory
In o r d e r to get into upper memory (memory locations 8192 and above), i t is necessary to u s e a basic
3.
By using option switches, s e t a read-card
instruction into the A r e g i s t e r :
a.
If a binary c a r d , u s e RCB, octal
250YY01.
3.
b.
If a decimal card, u s e RCD, octal
250YYOO.
4. Raise the optioil switches corresponding to
YY is the starting a d d r e s s where the c a r d
is to be read. The handiest a d d r e s s is
z e r o ; i f this cannot be used, r e m e m b e r that
the a d d r e s s must be a multiple of 128 and
l e s s than 2048; that is, multiples of octal
200 and l e s s than octal 4000.
4.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch.
5.
Hold down the hopper-empty switch on the
c a r d r e a d e r and p r e s s the START switch
on the console. ( r e a d s c a r d s )
6.
By using option switches, s e t a write-card
instruction into the A r e g i s t e r :
a.
If a binary c a r d , use WCB, octal
250YY03.
b.
If a decimal c a r d , use WCD, octal
250YY02.
7.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch.
8.
Depress the START switch. (punches c a r d s )
9.
Depress the MANUAL CYCLE switch on
the c a r d punch twice to c l e a r punched c a r d
into output hopper.
If m o r e than one copy of the c a r d is needed, repeat
s t e p s 7 and 8 a s many t i m e s as there a r e c a r d s
needed (the write-card instruction remains in A and
can be t r a n s f e r r e d to the I r e g i s t e r and executed
as many t i m e s as necessary.)
Saving Information in A
When an operator manually e n t e r s changes to a prog r a m , i t is usually n e c e s s a r y to save information in
the A r e g i s t e r before entering new information. It
m u s t be remembered, however, that changes should
never be made by this method without instructions
to do s o by the p r o g r a m m e r . The procedure for
saving the information in the A r e g i s t e r and the
location of the P counter is as follows:
1.
2.
P l a c e in a down position the option switches
corresponding to the ones (the lights) of the
A register.
These switches a r e now a
reminder to the operator of what was
originally in A.
Raise the RESET A switch to c l e a r the
A register.
Lower the SAVE P switch to s a v e the information in the P counter.
the ones of the new information to be entered
into A. Return to the down position any of
the switches which were in that position
(as a r e s u l t of step 1).
5.
Move the new information now in the A
r e g i s t e r to wherever i t will be u s e d in the
program, f o r example, move it to the I
r e g i s t e r by depressing A to I (See "Loading Data Manually))).
6.
Raise the RESET A switch to c l e a r the A
register.
Raise to the up position all of the option
switches which a r e down (as a r e s u l t of
step 1). Since the switches a r e spring
loaded, they will autonlatically r e t u r n to
the normal position. This r e t u r n s the o r i ginal information to the A r e g i s t e r by
entering ones into A to correspond with the
down switches.
8.
Raise the SAVE P switch (lowered in step
3 ) to r e s t o r e the original iirfornnation to the
P counter.
Extracting Data from Memory
~ f t e ar s e r i e s of ir~structionso r data h a s been loaded,
the operator may want to check the contents of memory. The following s t e p s can be used any time the
operator wishes to know what is in any particular
cell in memory. Once the information is displayed,
i t is a simple m a t t e r to c o r r e c t i t and return i t to
memory ( s e e 'Loading Data Manually'). It is assumed
the AUTO/MANUAL switch is s e t to MANUAL and the
INSTR~WORD switch is s e t to INSTR, and no a l a r m s
lights a r e on.
1.
If i t is d e s i r e d to s a v e P, s e t the SAVE P
switch.
2.
Toggle the RESET A switch, thus leaving
an LDA instruction in the A r e g i s t e r (Load
A i s an octal 00).
3.
Load the memory location of the information desired into bit positions 7 through
19 of the A r e g i s t e r .
4. Depress the A to I switch.
5.
Depress the START switch.
The contents of the memory location specified in step
2 now appears in the A register.
Sequencing through Programs
It is possible to manually sequence through a prog r a m , step by step, and examine each instruction
by reading the instruction register. This i s accomplished with the following steps. (Assume the INSTR
switch is engaged) :
1- S e t the AUTO/MANUALswitch to MANUAL,
2.
Branch to the starting location of the prog r a m to be examined:
a.
Set a BRU instruction into A r e g i s t e r ,
including the a d d r e s s of the f i r s t instruction to be executed (BRU is octal
2600000).
If these procedures fail the operator can follow the
procedures of the following section.
Setting and Clearing Decimal Mode. Normally, the
program will s e t and c l e a r the decimal mode. If f o r
any reason the operator finds it necessary to do this
manually, the following procedures may be used. As
previously mentioned, the DECIMAL MODE light on
the console will be on when the central p r o c e s s o r
i s in the decimal mode.
A.
TO SET THE DECIMAL MODE:
1.
Set the AUTO/'MtiNUt~Lswitch to MANUAL.
2.
Toggle the RESET
3.
P u t the Set Dec Mode instructiorl (octal
2506011) into the
register.
4.
D e p r e s s the
Special Modes
5.
D e p r e s s the START switch.
Normally the p r o g r a m will s e t and c l e a r out special
modes, such as the decimal mode, index group select,
and the automatic interrupt mode (AIM). The opera t o r will seldom need to s e t these conditions, but may
occasionally have to c l e a r them manually. F o r instance, a p r o g r a m being debugged may be aborted, and
the special options a r e left on.
6.
Check to be s u r e the DECIMAL MODE
light came on.
b.
3.
D e p r e s s A to I switch.
P r e s s START switch once for each instruction to be executed; read the I r e g i s t e r
and P counter a f t e r each step.
B.
The procedure f o r clearing AIM, index group select,
and decimal mode a r e described in the following
paragraphs. If these procedures fail, m o r e elaborate
p r o c e d u r e s a r e given in the sections immediatelyfollowing.
Clearing with PWR ON. A quick way to turn off the
automatic interrupt mode, c l e a r out index group
select, and change f r o m the decimal mode to binary
is to u s e the PWR ON switch, following these s t e p s
(assume power is on to central p r o c e s s o r ) :
1.
switch.
to I switch.
TO CLEAR DECIMAL R/~ODE
(SET BINARY
MODE) :
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to MANUAL.
2.
Toggle the RESET A switch.
3.
P u t the Set Binmode instruction (octal
2506012) into the A register.
4.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch.
5.
D e p r e s s the START switch.
6.
Be s u r e the DECIMAL MODE light
went off.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to MANUAL.
2.
Set the INSTR/WORD
3.
D e p r e s s PWR ON switch.
4.
Make visual checks to s e e i f goal is accomplished.
switch to WORD.
Automatic Interrupt Mode. The Automatic Interrupt
Mode, which is p r e s e n t a s an optional feature on s o m e
GE-225 Systems, is usually t u r n e d on and off by
program control. Occasionally, however, it may be
desired to turn this mode of operation on o r off manually a s follows:
A.
5.
A
LA.
MANUAL AIM TURN-ON PROCEDURE
Set the INSTR/WORD switch to INSTR,
At step 4, note tha t the DECIMAL MODE light on the
console will go out AIM light on control console
will go out (if on), and index group lights will go out.
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to the
MANUAL position.
2.
If the program is to be resumed a t the
point of manual interruption, d e p r e s s
the SAVE P switch to p r e s e r v e the contents of the P register. Also, record
the contents of the A r e g i s t e r on the
log sheet.
3.
4.
B.
Introduce a SET PST instruction (octal
2506015) into the computer through the
control console using the technique described under ' Loading an Instruction
Manually. '
Resetting the PARITY Alarm
Two methods of resetting a PARITY a l a r m will be
described. The f i r s t method is to be used when the
operator is starting a p r o g r a m and the parity e r r o r
is in location zero. The second method is to be used
when the p r o g r a m is beyond location zero.
A.
If the program is to be resumed at
the poirit of manual interruption, return
the SAVE P switch to i t s normal position and reinstate the contents of the
A r e g i s t e r ( a s recorded in step 2)
through the option switches.
When the central p r o c e s s o r ' s power is
f i r s t turned on, a parity a l e r t frequently
occurs.
Also, a parity a l e r t is apt to
occur during the initial loading of a prog r a m , assembly, o r compiler. The following procedure should be used to c l e a r
these a l e r t s :
MANUAL AIM TURN-OFF PROCEDURE
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch toMANUAL position.
2.
If the program is to be resumed a t
the point of manual interruption, dep r e s s the SAVE P switch to p r e s e r v e
the contents gf the P register. Also,
r e c o r d the contents of the A r e g i s t e r
on the log sheet, o r s e t the option
switches.
3.
Introduce a S E T PST instruction (octal
2506015) into the computer through the
console switches using the technique
described under ' Loading an Instruction Manually.'
4.
5.
Next, s e t a branch instruction with the
console switches to return to the program.
b.
6.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch. It nus st be remembered that
the RESET ALARM switch can
damage a p r o g r a m , s o this action
m u s t be taken only when directed
by p r o g r a m m e r instructions o r
when the operator is s u r e that the
e r r o r is in location zero. If the
PARITY a l a r m light goes off, the
correction is made. If the PARITY a l a r m light does not go off,
continue with s t e p s 2 through 9.
After the SET PST instruction has been
s e t and executed, follow that command
with a SET PBK instruction (octal
2506016) through the console switches.
a.
If the program is to be s t a r t e d
o v e r again, s e t a BRU 0 1 instruction (octal 2620000.)
If the program is to be r e s u m e d a t
the point of manual interruption,
s e t a BRU Y instruction (where Y
r e p r e s e n t s the memory location
p r e s e r v e d in the P r e g i s t e r by the
action described in step 2).
If the p r o g r a m is to be resumed a t the
point of manual interruption, return the
SAVE P switch to i t s normal position
and reinstate the contents of the A
r e g i s t e r ( a s recorded in step 2) through
the option switches.
RESETTING A PARITY ALARM IN LOCATION ZERO
B.
2.
Set the STOP ON PARITY ALARM/
NORM switch to NORM.
3.
Set the AUTO/'MANUAE switch to
MANUAL.
4.
Toggle the RESET A switch.
5.
Load the STA instruction (0300000)
into the A register.
6.
Depress the A to I switch.
7.
Toggle the RESET A switch (leaves
all z e r o s in A).
8.
D e p r e s s the START switch (loads
z e r o s into memory location z e r o
where the parity e r r o r supposedly
occurred).
9.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch.
RESETTING A PARITY ALARM NOT IN
LOCATION ZERO
I t must be understood that any time the
STOP ON PARITY ALARM switch is s e t and
a parity a l e r t is detected during a production run, the central p r o c e s s o r halts and all
p e r i p h e r a l s halt aft,er conlpleting their
l a t e s t instruction. At this time i t is mandatory that the operator consult the operating instructions (run book) before doing
anything to the equipment. It will usually
be n e c e s s a r y to return the progsarrl to the
n e a r e s t r e s t a r t point. The occurrence of
a parity a l e r t in the central p r o c e s s o r
indicates that erroneous information is p r e sent. To d e p r e s s the RESET ALARM and
continue the p r o g r a m is apt to produce
i n c o r r e c t results.
The RESET ALARM
switch r e s e t s the overflow flip-flop and the
c a r r y flip-flop, and these could compound
the problem r a t h e r than remedy it.
The procedure f o r resetting a PARITY
a l a r m in a location other than a t the beginning of a p r o g r a m is as follows: (See
Section XVI for an explanation of the
meaning and u s e of memory resetters.)
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to
MANUAL.
2.
Set the STOP ON PARITY ALARM/
NORM switch to NORM.
3.
P u t a memory r e s e t t e r , followed
by 2 blank c a r d s , into the input
hopper of the c a r d reader. (8K
o r 16K depending on the s i z e of
the central p r o c e s s o r , and either
a z e r o o r a minus resetter.)
4.
D e p r e s s the LOAD CARD switch.
5.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch.
6.
D e p r e s s the LOAD CARD switch.
7.
D e p r e s s the RESET P switch.
8.
Set the ISUTO/MANUAL switch to
AUTO.
9.
D e p r e s s the START switch. (Res e t t e r will now c l e a r memory.)
10.
After menlory has been cleared and
the central p r o c e s s o r stops, s e t the
ATJTO/MANUAL switch to MANUAL.
11.
Engage the STOP ON PARITY
ALARM switch.
12.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch which 4hould cause the PARITY
a l a r m light to go out.
13.
If the above s t e p s do not c l e a r the
parity e r r o r condition, call the
s e r v i c e engineer.
Starting the Program
Most o p e r a t o r s a r e principally concerned with only
t h r e e types of p r o g r a m input: c a r d s , magnetic tape,
and paper tape. The procedures for starting a prog r a m f r o m each of these types of input a r e described
in this section.
Before loading the program into nlenlory, the operator
should check the progranlnler's i ~ l s t r u c t i o n sto s e e
what kind of memory r e s e t t e r to use, i f any.
Memory Resetters. Two types of memory r e s e t t e r s
a r e often used. These a r e z e r o r e s e t t e r s and minus
r e s e t t e r s . T h e r e a r e advantages arid disadvantages
to both types,
The zero memory r e s e t t e r r e s e t s Jueniorv loc:rtions
to zeros. This r e s e t t e r is ha~ldywhen a zflro-.delete
memory dump is used, for i t saves time arid paper
when printing out the contents of memory. The ogera t o r may use the z e r o r e s e t t e r , then load a prcjgr'am
and s t a r t running. If the machine should jwny out
of sequeace for any reason, i t m a y land in a location
with a l l z e r o s , which is an LDA instruction. It will
then proceed to continue loading the A r e q i s t e r until
i t comes back around to the program. It may enter
the program a t the wrongplace andabort the program.
Some Service Routines such as the ~ n p u t , ' ~ u t p u t
routines require a SPB r e s e t t e r .
The minus r e s e t t e r s e t s all memory locations with
ones. If the central p r o c e s s o r accidentally jumps out
of sequence during a run when memory has been
r e s e t with a minus r e s e t t e r , the machine will either
jump into another p a r t of the p r o g r a m o r land in a
location with all ones. Since a l l ones is a 37 which
is an illegal instruction on most models, the central
p r o c e s s o r will halt.
C a r d Input. P r o c e d u r e s for loading c a r d s into m e m ory depend on whether the c a r d s contain a p r o g r a m
o r - m e r e l y data f o r u s e after the p r o g r a m i s already
loaded into memory. Assume that power is on to the
central p r o c e s s o r , the INSTR/WORD switch is s e t to
INSTR, and the c a r d r e a d e r has been made ready.
The following s t e p s apply to the 400 c a r d p e r minute
reader.
The following procedure loads a p r o g r a m deckof c a r d s
into memory. The first c a r d m u s t be a loader c a r d
punched -in binary format and the last two c a r d s m u s t
be blank.
1.
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to MANUAL.
2.
D e p r e s s the LOAD CARD switch to move the
f i r s t c a r d , (assuming no a l a r m s were on).
3.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch.
4.
D e p r e s s the LOAD CARD switch to read
the first c a r d into memory.
5.
D e p r e s s the RESET P switch.
6,
7.
ERRORS AND OPERATOR CORRECTIVE
ACTION
The central p r o c e s s o r may fail to operate c o r r e c t l y
and cause program halts when the operator neglects
to do any of the following operations.
Operator Checklist
1.
Reset a l a r m s before attempting to start.
Return the AUTO/MANUAL switch to AUTO.
2.
P u t SAVE P switch in normal (up) position.
D e p r e s s the START switch to begin automatic feed of the c a r d s u n d e r p r o g r a m control.
3.
P u t INSTR/WORD
position,
The following procedure loads data c a r d s t o a p r o g r a m
already in memory. One o r two blank c a r d s must be
a t the end of the deck, as requiredby the programmer.
1,
Set the AUTO/MANUAL switch to MANUAL.
2.
D e p r e s s the LOAD CARD switch to move the
f i r s t card.
3.
D e p r e s s the RESET ALARM switch.
4.
Manually introduce a branch instruction into
the A r e g i s t e r (octal 26XXXXX); put a d d r e s s
of f i r s t instruction of program in positions
7 through 19 of the BRU instruction.
5.
D e p r e s s the A to I switch ( t r a n s f e r s BRU
instruction to the I register).
6.
Return the AUTO/MANUAL switch to AUTO.
7.
D e p r e s s the START switch to t r a n s f e r cont r o l to the p r o g r a m , which automatically
feeds the r e s t of the c a r d s ,
Maqnetic Tape Input.. With s y s t e m configurations
having both a c a r d r e a d e r and the magnetic tape
s y s t e m , i t is a simple m a t t e r to read a call card, which
c a l l s a tapsd p r o g r a m into memory., The entire
program and data input can be on tape, o r the p r o g r a m can be on c a r d s and the input data on tape.
Without the c a r d r e a d e r , instructions must be fed
manually into the central p r o c e s s o r to get the prog r a m started.
P a p e r Tape Input. When a c a r d r e a d e r is available,
p a p e r tape p r o g r a m s and data can easily be called
into m e m o r y with a call card. Otherwise, a s e r i e s
of instructions must be fed manually into the central
p r o c e s s o r to get the p r o g r a m started.
switch in appropriate
Program Recovery or Restart
Watching and interpreting the indicator lights on the
console will tell the operatoi- much about the s o u r c e
of troubles when a progranl halts o r refuses to s t a r t .
The r e d a l a r m lights in the upper left c o r n e r of the
console panel a r e danger signals which indicate that
e r r o r s have been niade, erroneous information h a s
been received o r transinitted, and the p r o g r a m may be
aborted.
The CARD P U N C H and CARD READER
a l a r m lights mean the operator must r e s t a r t o r
recover the program (see following sections). In
s o m e c a s e s , the operator can e x e r c i s e c a r e and
save the program run.
It is a good general rule
to go into the manual mode of operation before
attempting to c o r r e c t e r r o r situations indicated on
the console.
Whether a prograill can be saved o r is aborted
depends on the answer to the cluestions: has e r r o n eous information been received 01- transmitted, o r
has information been m i s s e d in a read o r write
operatiorl? F a l s e o r missing information will usually
abort a program. By studying the c h a r t s on e r r o r
and corrective action in the sections on individual
pieces of equipment, the operator will often be able
to determine whether a program can be saved.
When erroneous information h a s gotten into a run,
the operator will c o r r e c t any operator e r r o r o r have
the s e r v i c e engineer c o r r e c t any s e r i o u s machine
errors.
The run book should indicate the n e a r e s t
programmed recovery point.
Successful recovery
will save going back to the beginning of the run.
When a program is aborted arld no recovery procedures have been programmed, the o p e r a t o r will
usually have to r e s t a r t the program a t the beginA good operator always looks in the run
ning.
hook o r in other operator instructional m a t e r i a l
for p r o g r a m m e r ' s instructions.
TABLE II.
CONTROL CONSOLE ERROR CONDITIONS
E r r o r Condition
PRIORITY a l a r m light
(red) c o m e s on
Possible Cause
Central p r o c e s s o r is in the
manual mode
Corrective Action
When ready to go into automatic mode, p r e s s RESET
ALARM and the AUTO portion
of the AUTO/MANUAL switch.
-
PARITY a l a r m light (red)
c o m e s on; if STOP ON
PARITY ALARM switch
is engaged, p r o c e s s o r
halts
OVERFLOW a l a r m light
(red) c o m e s on (no halt
in p r o g r a m )
Alarm condition has occurred
in c a r d r e a d e r o r c a r d punch
See e r r o r and r e s t a r t procedu r e on equipment concerned.
A parity e r r o r was detected
in memory
See run book f o r recovery o r
r e s t a r t procedures; p r e s s
RESET ALARM and START
switches to s t a r t processing
if run book s o specifies.
A parity e r r o r was detected
while receiving information
via the controller selector
Return to n e a r e s t r e r u n point;
p r e s s RESET ALARM and
START switches to s t a r t
processing if rurl book s o
specifies.
A parity e r r o r was detected
in paper-tape r e a d e r operation
Check paper tape f o r damage;
r e t u r n to n e a r e s t r e r u n point;
p r e s s RESET ALARM and
START switches to s t a r t
processing i f run book s o
spec if ie s.
Random parity e r r o r s caused by
system room overheating were
detected on information coming
f r o m memory
Call service engineer to c o r r e c t air conditioning
Capacity of the arithmetic unit
h a s been exceeded
Normally this a l a r m will be
r e s e t by the program; if not,
check run book for instructions.
The A r e g i s t e r overflowed on a
shift -left instruction
An illegal division was attempted
ECHO a l a r m light (red)
c o m e s on; program stops
A peripheral controller that is
operating through the controller
selector was unable to respond
when addressed; this pertains
to every peripheral which has
a controller. Off line, addressed
plug not installed; power off;
malfunction
IV- 20
Check peripheral for operator's error
E r r o r Condition
Possible Cause
Corrective Action
CARD PUNCH a l a r m
light (red) c o m e s on;
computer halts.
C a r d punch not ready when a
WCB, WCF, o r WCD instruction
was given
Make c a r d punch ready and
consult run book for r e s t a r t
procedures
CARD READER a l a r m
light (red) c o m e s on;
computer halts.
Card r e a d e r not ready when a n
RCB, RCF, o r RCD instruction
was given (busy, inoperable,
c a r d jam, o r feed e r r o r )
Make c a r d r e a d e r ready and
consult run book for restart
procedures
Central p r o c e s s o r hangs
in a loop and all peripherals
halt.
P r o g r a m is branching on a
peripheral ready o r not ready
(determined by manually stepping through the loop)
Read I r e g i s t e r to determine
which peripheral is involved;
r e f e r to section of this manual
on that peripheral for corrective
act ion
P r o g r a m executes s a m e
instruction over and over
again ( P counter does
not increment).
SAVE P switch was left on (in
down position)
Engage MANUAL switch,
turn off SAVE P switch (to
UP position) p r e s s RESET P ,
AUTO, and START switches
When loading a program
deck of c a r d s , the c a r d
r e a d e r r e a d s one o r two
c a r d s and halts; repeats
condition on r e r u n s .
P r o c e s s o r may be in decimal
mode
Check ilm intenance panel; i f
DEC MODE light is on, r e s e t
to binary mode, r e r u n deck
An index group (other than z e r o
has been selected
If any INDEX GROUP lights
a r e on, r e s e t group to z e r o
An illegal conlmand is in I
Manually t r a n s f e r contents of
nleillory locat ion1 indicated by
P counter to the A r e g i s t e r to
deternline if instruction is
l e g a l . If progranlrner e r r o r ,
r e t u r n progranl to originator.
If lliachine e r r o r , t r y to r e r u n ;
if r e r u n fails, c a l l s e r v i c e
engineer
lllegal command in I is all ones
(a minus mernory r e s e t t e r was
used), indicates machine has
jumped out of the program
Restart and t r y to r e r u n p r o g r a m ; if e r r o r r e c u r s , c a l l
s e r v i c e engineer
Computer and peripherals
halt
V. CONSOLE TYPEWRITER
GENERAL DESCRIPTION
.
"
The console electric typewriter (Figure V-1) is an
output device located on the operator's control console desk. Its principal purpose is to permit the
computer to communicate with the operator by printing messages under program control. However, it is
possible for the typewriter to be used by the program-
m e r for more extensive informational output. This
would usually happen only in situations when a high
speed printer is not available. The typewriter receives
output from the N register which is loaded, one charact e r at a time, from the A register. The typewriter is
capable of printing all of the following in upper case
style at the rate of ten characters p e r second under
program control:
Figure V-1. Console Typewriter
Red printout
Black printout
P r i n t c h a r a c t e r s 0-9, A-Z, minus, period,
slash, dollar, and comma
Carriage return
Space (by operation of the blank key)
Tabulation
M e s s a g e s a r e typed out automatically, requiring no
assistance f r o m the operator. However, a typeout
should be immediately observed since the message
m a y contain instructions requiring a decision and
action on the operator's part. All e r r o r m e s s a g e s a r e
printed in red. Program-controlled typeouts change
the r i b b o ~color autonlatically.
All m e s s a g e s logged on the console typewriter s e r v e
as a log of the performance of each program. If the
p r o g r a m h a s been p r e p a r e d with this in mind, it will
cause the console typewriter to log the identification
of the p r o g r a m s , a listing of tape labels, and instructions to the operator. If, however, the program is not
complete to that extent, the operator may manually
inject his own comments into the log. This can be
done by operating the console typewriter keyboard in
the s a m e manner as any standard typewriter while the
computer is temporarily halted. The typewriter can
be usedwhen the control console is s e t f o r either AUTO
o r MANUAL operation.
SETUP PROCEDURE
Only two s t e p s in the setup procedure need to be done
regularly at the beginning of each shift. They a r e :
1.
Turn typewriter power on by moving the
power toggle switch to the r e a r position.
The veiwing window above the switch shows
white to indicate that power is on.
2.
Load p a p e r in the typewriter in the s a m e
way as in any standardbusiness typewriter.
The paper is continuous s t r i p , s o the opera t o r must make a mental note of whether
the supply installed i s sufficient to last
throughout the shift.
The following steps a r e used l e s s frequently, possibly
only a t time of initial setup. Spacing of margins, tabs,
and lines depends somewhat upon policy a t the individual computer site. This spacing may change, however,
with a change in p r o g r a m printout format. In setting
m a r g i n s and tabs, typewriter power must be on.
1.
Set the line space l e v e r f o r one, two, o r
t h r e e s p a c e s between lines. One o r two
s p a c e s a r e most frequently used.
2.
Set the margins. It is customary but not a t
all mandatory that the left margin be s e t ten
s p a c e s in from the left edgeof t h e p a p e r and
the right margin be s e t a s far right as is
possible without going beyond the right edge
of the paper.
Since typewriter controls and keys a r e of such general
familiarity, and m o s t e l e c t r i c typewriter manuals desc r i b e the s a m e p a r t s as those on the console typew r i t e r , no p a r t s description will be included here.
All p a r t s mentioned in this writeup are called out on
Figure V- 1.
a.
A l e v e r under the left end of the keyboard controls the
p r e s s u r e , and the indicator above i t shows the range
f r o m 0 to 10. The higher the number, the g r e a t e r the
impression. It is recommended that the type impression control be adjusted as low as is consistent with
good copy.
(1) Touch the c a r r i a g e RETURN key to
place the c a r r i a g e at the l e f t m a r gin.
(2) While holding down the MAR SET
key, move the c a r r i a g e to the des i r e d location to the right by spacing with the space b a r o r to the left
by spacing with the BACK SPACE
key.
The c a r r i a g e r e t u r n must always be specified by the
program. If a p r o g r a m m e r forgets the c a r r i a g e return,
the typewriter will type to the right margin and continue typing c h a r a c t e r s on top of each other a t the end
of the line (unless the operator notices i t in time to
manually move 'he c a r r i a g e back). In the r a t h e r rare
case when the p r o g r a m u s e s the typewriter f o r extensive output, the p r o g r a m may specify tabulation. A11
the p r o g r a m can do is specify 'activate the tab key,'
s o the setting of the tab stops m u s t be done by the opera t o r p r i o r to the running of the program. When tabulation is used, the location of the tabulator stops will be
specified to the operator a t the s a m e time and in the
s a m e manner as a r e other operating instructions.
The typewriter ribbon seldom causes the operator any
concern, f o r a ribbon lasts a number of months and
is replaced when n e c e s s a r y by the s e r v i c e engineer.
Set the left margin:
b.
Set the right margin:
(1) Move the c a r r i a g e to the right m a r -
gin by tabulating with the TAB KEY.
(2) While holding down the MAR S E T
key, move the c a r r i a g e to the des i r e d location to the right by spacing with the space b a r o r to the
left by spacing with the BACK
SPACE key.
3.
Set the tab stops. The GET Conventions
manual specifies that the f i r s t two tab-
ulator settings will be a t 10 and 20 spaces
from the left margin. Messages of ageneral
nature will originate at the left margin.
Messages pertaining to input will be indented to the first tab setting and messages
pertaining to output will be indented to the
second tab setting.
The steps in setting tab stops a r e : (Only two settings
a r e described, but the same procedure applies to any
number of settings.)
a.
Move the carriage to the right end of the
writing line by tabulating with the TAB KEY.
b.
While holding down the tab CLEAR lever,
touch the carriage RETURN key to clear all
tab stops previously s e t and move the carriage to the left margin (already s e t to the
proper location).
c.
d.
Move the carriage the desired number of
spaces to the right with the space b a r (normally 10 spaces). Depress the tab SET lever
to establish the f i r s t tab setting.
Move the carriage the desired number of
spaces to the right again with the space bar
(normally 10 spaces). Depress the tab SET
lever to establish the second tab setting.
SPECIAL PROCEDURES
At the end of the running of a program, the typed log
may be removed from the typewriter and returned to
the programmer along with any appropriate operator
comments pertaining to it. An alternate procedure is
that it may be retained at the site for record purposes
o r removed only a t the end of a shift.
ERRORS AND OPERATOR CORRECTIVE
ACTION
Operator Errors
If the operator neglects to do any of the following, the
typewriter will fail to operate properly:
1.
Turn the typewriter on.
2.
Set the margins and tabs correctly.
3.
Set line space lever for correct spacing.
Program Errors
Three of the five possible types of program e r r o r s
cause the typewriter to be 'hung up.' The t e r m 'hung
up' means that the program stops at the time of a
TYP command, the typewriter is inoperative, and the
required typeout does not occur. Table I11 describes
five types of program e r r o r s , their meaning, and the
recommended operator action. It will be seenfrom the
table that the e r r o r indication is the same for three
different types of program e r r o r s . It will also be seen
that hitting any alphabetic key will correct 'three of
the five types of e r r o r s . In all cases, notify the programmer of the e r r o r s in h i s program.
TABLE lrl
TYPEWRITER ERROR CONDITIONS
E r r o r Condition
Corrective Action
Possible Cause
Keyboard is locked.
Typewriter was not manually
turned on
Turn typewriter on, d e p r e s s
CLEAR N hutton on the console inaintenance panel, and
r e s t a r t the program.
The typewriter is jammed
and the N r e g i s t e r ready
light on the console is out.
The necessary 200 m s delay was
not programmed between the TON
and the TYP commands
D e p r e s s anv alphabetic key.
If the N-register ready light
c o m e s on, continue with the
program
The program t r a n s f e r r e d a n
illegal c h a r a c t e r into the N
r e g i s t e r before issuing the TYP
Depress any alphabetic key.
~f the N - r e g i s t e r ready llght
coines on, continue with the
proglSanl. (The lliegal c h a r d c t e r can b e r e a d f r o m the N
r e g i s t e r lights on t11c maintenance panel 111side the door
above the o p e r a t o r ' s console).
A TGN command was not programlned before the TYP con1 -
I. D e p r e s s any alphabetic
key. if the N-register ready
light does not come on:
2. Manually enter a TON
c o m n ~ a n dinto the A r e g i s ~ e r
by setting collsole switches to
3.
Returii to n e a r e s t r e s t a r t
granlmer that a TON command
The typewriter produces only
garbled information.
The necessary 100 m s delay was
not programmed after the TYP
c omnland
1. In nlost c a s e s , stop the p r o g r a m and return it to the progranlnler.
2. In those c a s e s where the
operator is so familiar with the
program that he doesn't need
to r e a d the typeouts, he can
c ont inue
The typewriter types to the
end of a line and continues to
type without returning to the
left margin.
The necessary c a r r i a g e r e t u r n
was not programmed
1 If possible, touch RETURN
to move the c a r r i a g e in time to
prevent l o s s of data.
2. If data is lost, either r e r u n
the program and manually r e turn the c a r r i a g e , o r r e t u r n the
program to the p r o g r a m m e r
NUMBER SYSTEMS
I
NUMBER SYSTEMS IN GENERAL
following i s an example of a binary number:
To l e a r n and understand new nunlber s y s t e m s , i t
is necessary to analyze principles which a r e true
of all number systems:
A number is expressed a s the sum of terms.
The number 26 i s the decimal equivalent of
binary 11010, so it i s seen that the expansion
of a binary number by powers i s a simple
method of converting from binary to decimal.
Each t e r m i s the product of a digit times a
base r a i s e d to a power.
The base of a system is equal to the number
of digits in the system.
C.
In any number system, the largest single digit
is always one l e s s than the base.
The rightmost o r least significant digit counts
units. Each count in another column from the
right contains a multiple of the base.
Whenever any column holds the highest valued
digit of a particular number system, and one
is added to i t , the column goes back to zero
and develops a c a r r y to the next most significant column.
A.
The Decimal System
Principles of a number system can be most
easily understood by f i r s t relating them to an
example in a familiar system-- the decimal
system:
The Octal System
The base of the octal system i s 8; the base
equals the total number of digits in the system
(0 through 7). The largest single digit is 7,
which i s 1 l e s s than the base. The following
i s an example of an octal number:
=
The base of the decimal system i s 10, and
the base equals the total number of digits in
the systenl (0 through 9). The largest single
digit is 9, which i s 1 l e s s than y e base. It
r n y t be remembered that 10 = 10 and
10 = 1. The last principle listed above i s
illustrated by the fact that when 1 is added
to the 9 of 4789, the 9 goes to zero, and the
number becomes 4790.
B.
The Binary System
The base of the binary systenl i s 2; the
base equals the total number of digits in
the system (0 through 1). The largest single
digit is 1, which is 1 l e s s than the base. The
+
32
+
4
=
100
10
The number 100 i s the decimal equivalent of
octal 144. Again it i s seen that expansion of
a number by powers i s a simple method of
converting to decimal--this time it is octal
to decimal.
The following table i l l u s t r a t e s various
numbers in three systems:
Decimal
Base 10
The s a m e number can be written a s four
s u m s a s follows:
64
Octal
Base 8
Binary
Base
2
--
D.
Octal Representation of Binary Numbers
Because the base "8" of the octal number
system is a power of 2--the base of the
binary system -- three binary numbers may
be read as one octal number. This grouping
of binary numbers into octal representation
is e a s i e r to read than straight binary. To
illustrate:
11.
ARITHMETIC COMPUTATIONS IN BINARI
AND OCTAL
A.
Binary Arithmetic
1.
o+ o = o
1+ 0
1+ 1
100111111000 = binary form of the
decimal number 2552
The binary number is long and awkward to
read o r copy, and cannot be easily converted
to decimal. The s a m e binary number mav be
written in groups of three digits dividing from
the rightmost three as follows: 100 11 1 111
0 0 0 , reading
~~
each group a s a binary number,
one obtains: 4 7 7 0. This s m a l l e r number
can be designated in octal a s 47708.
E.
Binary Coded Decimal
Besides using the number s y s t e m s just described, computers use a code called binary
coded decimal (BCD). The code represents
l e t t e r s of the alphabet and symbols such a s
dollar signs as well a s decimal numbers.
T h e r e a r e s e v e r a l ways of ';codingJ' decimal
digits by combining binary digits to represent
one decimal digit. The code used with the
GE 225 is often given in octal, a s shown in
the third column of the table, Appendix D.
Each digit in octal stands for a three digit
binary number. The Fourth column of the
table, Appendix D, shows the code which i s
physically on the tape, but is never used in
reading information into o r out of the computer. The reason for the information being
in a W e r e n t form on the tape is that i t is
then in a form usable with equipment by
manufacturers other than General Electric.
The table which follows contains a portion of
the BCD code used in reading information into
o r out of the computer.
Decimal
Number
BCD Octal
BCD Binary
Representation Representation
Addition:
=
=
1
10 (0 with 1 carried)
Additional examples:
I (carry)
0001
+ 0001
0010
2.
1 11
110110
+ 10111
1001101
Subtraction:
0 - o =
1 - 1=
1 - o=
0 - 1=
o
0
1
1 (with 1 borrowed)
Borrowing can be confusing in binary, and
there a r e s e v e r a l ways of thinking of it. One
way is to think of each borrow a s bringing
twice the value to a number from theposition
immediately to the left of it. F o r example,
binary positions double in value to the left,
a s i s seen by the position values: 16, 8,
4, 2, 1. When borrowing a "1" f r o m the
16 position and putting i t in the 8 position,
i t i s the s a m e a s borrowing two "1"s for the
8 position.
In turn, one can borrow one
of the borrowed " 1"s from the 8 position to
put two "1"s in the 4 position. The following examples use this principle:
Position value= 16 8 4 2 1
Borrow
=
1
Borrow
=
z
Binary number, 1 fl
Binary number1
Binary diff.
00
Decimal
1
z 2
P) 0 1 (Decimal value = 17)
0 1 0 (Decimal value = 10)
1 1 1 (Decimal d i f f . k-Fj)
Binary
More Examples:
Division:
45 101101
-25 - 11001
Difference: 20 10100
Difference:
44
34
10
354
-170
184
101100010
- 10101010
10111000
101100
-100010
001010
Division by the computer i s in binary, and is
a s e r i e s of repeated subtractions.
A second method of subtracting, called the
2 ' s cornplenlent method, i s particularly good
to understand, for i t is the way the computer
handles subtraction in i t s internal operation.
Subtraction is actually accomplished by forming the complement of the subtrahend and
adding the complement to the minuend. In
binary, the 2 ' s complement of the subtrahend
i s obtained by nlerely changing all z e r o s to
ones and ones to z e r o s , and then adding a one.
F o r example, in a conlputer having a storage
capacity of six bit positions, subtraction would
be:
T h e r e is a 1 bit c a r r i e d out of the higho r d e r end of the sum. This c a r r y i s lost in
computers not using a sign bit, because it
exceeds the storage capacity of the six bit
positions of the register, and would therefore
not affect the answer. Computers incorporating the sign bit position will use the c a r r y
to form the c o r r e c t sign of the result.
3.
Problem:
Divide 144 by 12
Decimal
12
121144
12
24
24
0
B.
Binary
1100
1100/ 10010000
1100
1100
1100
0000
Octal Arithmetic
T h e r e i s really little need to perform
calculations in octal, and the computer does
not calculate in octal. Since it i s difficult
to accustom oneself to handle octal addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division, it is
recommended that for all but the simplest
problems, conversion be made f i r s t
to
decimal.
1.
Addition:
The following a r e examples of octal addition:
Multiplication:
Multiplication is the s a m e a s i t i s in the
decimal system except that the addition
portion of a problem must follow the binary
addition rules.
In the conlputer, multiplication is in binary and is merely repeated
adhtions.
,
To add single-digit octal numbers having a
sum g r e a t e r than 7 but not exceeding 17
8'
8
the following rule applies: Add the digits a s
decimal &gits, then add 2 to get the digits of
the octal sum. F o r example:
Problem: Multiply 35 by 13.
Decimal
Decimal
Octal
Binary
11 ( c a r r y )
66
27
115
2.
Subtraction:
The following a r e examples of octal
traction:
sub-
3.
Multiplication:
B.
Multiplication in octal can best be done by
using the table below.
Octal
X
1
2
3
4
I
5
6
7
Binarv to Decimal
The expansion method used in paragraph IB of this Annex converts a binary
number to i t s decimal equivalent. This
method r a i s e s the base 2 to the proper
power and then multiplies by 0 o r 1.
10
1
Given the binary number 100101, find
i t s decimal equivalent:
C.
4.
Decimal to Octal
A decimal number i s converted to an
octal number by repeated divisions by
8 using the remainder a s the octal
digit. F o r example, given decimal 144,
find i t s octal equivalent.
Division:
0
remainder 2
A s shown by the following example, the sub-
traction involved in division must be c a r e fully checked against octal subtraction rules.
8
F remainder 2
8//18 remainder 0
Octal
S t a r t -D
here
8m4
I
1
Reading down, the
remainders give
the answer of 22 0
Octal becomes 220, which i s equal to
decimal 144.
D.
The expansion method used in paragraph IC of this Annex converts 2n
octal number to i t s decimal equivalert.
This method r a i s e s the base 8 to tlie
proper power and then multiplies 1)y
the appropriate octal digit.
111. CONVERSION FROM ONE NUMBER SYSTEM TO
ANOTHER
A.
Octal to Decimal
Decimal to Binary
A decimal number i s converted to a binary
number by repeated division by 2, using the
remainder a s a binary digit. F o r example,
given decimal 37, find i t s binary equivalent.
Given the octal number 220, find i t s
decimal equivalent.
2
1
220- (2x8 ) + (2x8 )
+
0
(0x8 )
0 remainder 1
2 K remainder 0
2/2c remainder 0
2fi
remainder 1
2/91 remainder 0
2fi8 remainder 1
I
E.
Reading down, the remainders give
the answer of 100101
C
Start +2/57
here
The binary number 100101 is equal to decimal 37.
Octal to Binary
Since the octal base 8 i s the third
power of the binary base 2, each octal
digit can be written a s three binary
digits.
F o r example,
octal 220 = binary 010 010 000
octal 703= binary 111 000 011
F.
Binary to Octal
Binary digits can easily be converted
to octal by dividing the digits into groups
of three, beginning the grouping at the
right with the least significant digit a s
follows:
which is 1654 in octal.
T a b l e of Powers of 2
Octal-Decimal Integer Conversion Table
Octal
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
becirnal
4096
8192
12288
16384
20480
24576
28672
Octal 1 0 0 0 0 to 0 3 7 7
Decimal ( 0 0 0 0 to 0 2 5 5
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0000
0010
0020
0030
0040
0050
0060
0070
0000
0008
0016
0024
0032
0040
0048
0056
0001
0009
0017
0025
0033
0041
0049
0057
0002
0010
0018
0026
0034
0042
0050
0058
0003
0011
0019
0027
0035
0043
0051
0059
0004
0012
0020
0028
0036
0044
0052
0060
0005
0013
0021
0029
0037
0045
0053
0061
0006
0014
0022
0030
0038
0046
0054
0062
0007
0015
0023
0031
0039
0047
0055
0063
0100
0110
0120
0130
0140
0150
0160
0170
0064
0072
0080
0088
0096
0104
0112
0120
0065
0073
0081
0089
0097
0105
0113
0121
0066
0074
0082
0090
0098
0106
0114
0122
0067
0075
0083
0091
0099
0107
0115
0123
0068
0076
0084
0092
0100
0108
0116
0124
0069
0077
0085
0093
0101
0109
0117
0125
0070
0078
0086
0094
0102
0110
0118
0126
0071
0079
0087
0095
0103
0111
0119
0127
0200
0210
0220
0230
0240
0250
0260
0270
0128
0136
0144
0152
0160
0168
0176
0184
0129
0137
0145
0153
0161
0169
0177
0185
0130
0138
0146
0154
0162
0170
0178
0186
0131
0139
0147
0155
0163
0171
0179
0187
0132
0140
0148
0156
0164
0172
0180
0188
0133
0141
0149
0157
0165
0173
0181
0189
0134
0142
0150
0158
0166
0174
0182
0190
0135
0143
0151
0159
0167
0175
0183
0191
0300 0192 0193 0194 0195 0196 0197 0198 0199
0310 0200 0201 0202 0203 0204 0205 0206 0207
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
0400
0410
0420
0430
0440
0450
0460
0470
0256
0264
0272
0280
0288
0296
0304
0312
0257
0265
0273
0281
0289
0297
0305
0313
0258
0266
0274
0282
0290
0298
0306
0314
0259
(3267
0275
0283
0291
0299
0307
0315
0260
0268
0276
0284
0292
0300
0308
0316
0261
0269
0277
0285
0293
0301
0309
0317
0262
0270
0278
0286
0294
0302
0310
0318
0263
0271
0279
0287
0295
0303
0311
0319
1400
1410
1420
1430
1440
1450
1460
1470
0768
0776
0784
0792
0800
0808
0816
0824
0769
0777
0785
0793
0801
0809
0817
0825
0770
0778
0786
0794
0802
0810
0818
0826
0771
0779
0787
0795
0803
0811
0819
0827
0772
0780
0788
0796
0804
0812
0820
0828
0773
0781
0789
0797
0805
0813
0821
0829
0774
0782
0790
0798
0806
0814
0822
0830
0775
0783
0791
0799
0807
0815
0823
0831
0500
0510
0520
0530
0540
0550
0560
0570
0320
0328
0336
0344
0352
0360
0368
0376
0321
0329
0337
0345
0353
0361
0369
0377
0322
0330
0338
0346
0354
0362
0370
0378
0323
0331
0339
0347
0355
0363
0371
0379
0324
0332
0340
0348
0356
0364
0372
0380
0325
0333
0341
0349
0357
0365
0373
0381
0326
0334
0342
0350
0358
0366
0374
0382
0327
0335
0343
0351
0359
0367
0375
0383
1500
1510
1520
1530
1540
1550
1560
1570
0832
0840
0848
0856
0864
0872
0880
0888
0833
0841
0849
0857
0865
0873
0881
0889
0834
0842
0850
0858
0866
0874
0882
0890
0835
0843
0851
0859
0867
0875
0883
0891
0836
0844
0852
0860
0868
0876
0884
0892
0837
0845
0853
0861
0869
0877
0885
0893
0838
0846
0854
0862
0870
0878
0886
0894
0839
0847
0855
0863
0871
0879
0887
0895
0600
0610
0620
0630
0640
0650
0660
0670
0384
0392
0400
0408
0416
0.424
0432
0440
0385
0393
0401
0409
0417
0425
0433
0441
0386
0394
0402
0410
0418
0426
0434
0442
0387
0395
0403
0411
0419
0427
0435
0443
0388
0396
0404
0412
0420
0428
0436
0444
0389
0397
0405
0413
0421
0429
0437
0445
0390
0398
0406
0414
0422
0430
0438
0446
0391
0399
0407
0415
0423
0431
0439
0447
1600
1610
1620
1630
1640
1650
1660
1670
0896
0904
0912
0920
0928
0936
0944
0952
0897
0905
0913
0921
0929
0937
0945
0953
0898
0906
0914
0922
0930
0938
0946
0954
0899
0907
0915
0923
0931
0939
0947
0955
0900
0908
0916
0924
0932
0940
0948
0956
0901
0909
0917
0925
0933
0941
0949
0957
0902
0910
0918
0926
0934
0942
0950
0958
0903
0911
0919
0927
0935
0943
0951
0959
0700 0448 0449 0450 0451 0452 0453 0454 0455
0710 0456 0457 0458 0459 0460 0461 0462 0463
1700 0960 0961 0962 0963 0964 0965 0966 0967
1710 0968 0969 0970 0971 0972 0973 0974 0975
6-1
Octal-Decimal Integer Conversion T a b l e
Octal
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Decimal
4096
8192
12288
16384
20480
24576
28672
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
2060
2070
1024
1032
1040
1048
1056
1064
1072
1080
1025
1033
1041
1049
1057
1065
1073
1081
1026
1034
1042
1050
1058
1066
1074
1082
1027
1035
1043
1051
1059
1067
1075
1083
1028
1036
1044
1052
1060
1068
1076
1084
1029
1037
1045
1053
1061
1069
1077
1085
1030
1038
1046
1054
1062
1070
1078
1086
1031
1039
1047
1055
1063
1071
1079
1087
3000
3010
3020
3030
3040
3050
3060
3070
1536
1544
1552
1560
1568
1576
1584
1592'
1537
1545
1553
1561
1569
1577
1585
1593
1538
1546
1554
1562
1570
1578
1586
1594
1539
1547
1555
1563
1571
1579
1587
1595
1540
1548
1556
1564
1572
1580
1588
1596
1541
1549
1557
1565
1573
1581
1589
1597
1542
1550
1558
1566
1574
1582
1590
1598
1543
1551
1559
1567
1575
1583
1591
1599
2100
2110
2120
2130
2140
2150
2160
2170
1088
1096
1104
1112
1120
1128
1136
1144
1089
1097
1105
1113
1121
1129
1137
1145
1090
1098
1106
1114
1122
1130
1138
1146
1091
1099
1107
1115
1123
1131
1139
1147
1092
1100
1108
1116
1124
1132
1140
1148
1093
1101
1109
1117
1125
1133
1141
1149
1094
1102
1110
1118
1126
1134
1142
1150
1095
1103
1111
1119
1127
1135
1143
1151
3100
3110
3120
3130
3140
3150
3160
3170
1600
1608
1616
1624
1632
1640
1648
1656
1601
1609
1617
1625
1633
1641
1649
1657
1602
1610
1618
1626
1634
1642
1650
1658
1603
1611
1619
1627
1635
1643
1651
1659
1604
1612
1620
1628
1636
1644
1652
1660
1605
1613
1621
1629
1637
1645
1653
1661
1606
1614
1622
1630
1638
1646
1654
1662
1607
1615
1623
1631
1639
1647
1655
1663
2200
2210
2220
2230
2240
2250
2260
2270
1152
1160
1168
1176
1184
1192
1200
1208
1153
1161
1169
1177
1185
1193
1201
1209
1154
1162
1170
1178
1186
1194
1202
1210
1155
1163
1171
1179
1187
1195
1203
1211
1156
1164
1172
1180
1188
1196
1204
1212
1157
1165
1173
1181
1189
1197
1205
1213
1158
1166
1174
1182
1190
1198
1206
1214
1159
1167
1175
1183
1191
1199
1207
1215
3200
3210
3220
3230
3240
3250
3260
3270
1664
1672
1680
1688
1696
1704
1712
1720
1665
1673
1681
1689
1697
1705
1713
1721
1666
1674
1682
1690
1698
1706
1714
1722
1667
1675
1683
1691
1699
1707
1715
1723
1668
1676
1684
1692
1700
1708
1716
1724
1669
1677
1685
1693
1701
1709
1717
1725
1670
1678
1686
1694
1702
1710
1718
1726
1671
1679
1687
1695
1703
1711
1719
1727
2300 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223
2310 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231
2320 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239
3300
3310
3320
3330
3340
3350
3360
3370
1728
1736
1744
1752
1760
1768
1776
1784
1729
1737
1745
1753
1761
1769
1777
1785
1730
1738
1746
1754
1762
1770
1778
1786
1731
1739
1747
1755
1763
1771
1779
1787
1732
1740
1748
1756
1764
1772
1780
1788
1733
1741
1749
1757
1765
1773
1781
1789
1734
1742
1750
1758
1766
1774
1782
1790
1735
1743
1751
1759
1767
1775
1783
1791
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
2400
2410
2420
2430
2440
2450
2460
2470
1280
1288
1296
1304
1312
1320
1328
1336
1281
1289
1297
1305
1313
1321
1329
1337
1282
1290
1298
1306
1314
1322
1330
1338
1283
1291
1299
1307
1315
1323
1331
1339
1284
1292
1300
1308
1316
1324
1332
1340
1285
1293
1301
1309
1317
1325
1333
1341
1286
1294
1302
1310
1318
1326
1334
1342
1287
1295
1303
1311
1319
1327
1335
1343
3400
3410
3420
3430
3440
3450
3460
3470
1792
1800
1808
1816
1824
1832
1840
1848
1793
1801
1809
1817
1825
1833
1841
1849
1794
1802
1810
1818
1826
1834
1842
1850
1795
1803
1811
1819
1827
1835
1843
1851
1796
1804
1812
1820
1828
1836
1844
1852
1797
1805
1813
1821
1829
1837
1845
1853
1798
1806
1814
1822
1830
1838
1846
1854
1799
1807
1815
1823
1831
1839
1847
1855
2500
2510
2520
2530
2540
2550
2560
2570
1344
1352
1360
1368
1376
1384
1392
1400
1345
1353
1361
1369
1377
1385
1393
1401
1346
1354
1362
1370
1378
1386
1394
1402
1347
1355
1363
1371
1379
1387
1395
1403
1348
1356
1364
1372
1380
1388
1396
1404
1349
1357
1365
1373
1381
1389
1397
1405
1350
1358
1366
1374
1382
1390
1398
1406
1351
1359
1367
1375
1383
1391
1399
1407
3500
3510
3520
3530
3540
3550
3560
3570
1856
1864
1872
1880
1888
1896
1904
1912
1857
1865
1873
1881
1889
1897
1905
1913
1858
1866
1874
1882
1890
1898
1906
1914
1859
1867
1875
1883
1891
1899
1907
1915
1860
1868
1876
1884
1892
1900
1908
1916
1861
1869
1877
1885
1893
1901
1909
1917
1862
1870
1878
1886
1894
1902
1910
1918
1863
1871
1879
1887
1895
1903
1911
1919
2600
2610
2620
2630
2640
2650
2660
2670
1408
1416
1424
1432
1440
1448
1456
1464
1409
1417
1425
1433
1441
1449
1457
1465
1410
1418
1426
1434
1442
1450
1458
1466
1411
1419
1427
1435
1443
1451
1459
1467
1412
1420
1428
1436
1444
1452
1460
1468
1413
1421
1429
1437
1445
1453
1461
1469
1414
1422
1430
1438
1446
1454
1462
1470
1415
1423
1431
1439
1447
1455
1463
1471
3600
3610
3620
3630
3640
3650
3660
3670
1920
1928
1936
1944
1952
1960
1968
1976
1921
1929
1937
1945
1953
1961
1969
1977
1922
1930
1938
1946
1954
1962
1970
1978
1923
1931
1939
1947
1955
1963
1971
1979
1924
1932
1940
1948
1956
1964
1972
1980
1925
1933
1941
1949
1957
1965
1973
1981
1926
1934
1942
1950
1958
1966
1974
1982
1927
1935
1943
1951
1959
1967
1975
1983
2700 1472 1473 1474 1475 1476 1477 1478 1479
2710 1480 1481 1482 1483 1484 1485 1486 1487
3700 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991
3710 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999
Octal-Decimal Integer ConversionTa b l e
Octal
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Decimal
4096
8192
12288
16384
20480
24576
28672
E
Octal
5 0 0 0 to 5 3 7 7
Decimal
2 5 6 0 to 2815
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4000
4010
4020
4030
4040
4050
4060
4070
2048
2056
2064
2072
2080
2088
2096
2104
2049
2057
2065
2073
2081
2089
2097
2105
2050
2058
2066
2074
2082
2090
2098
2106
2051
2059
2067
2075
2083
2091
2099
2107
2052
2060
2068
2076
2084
2092
2100
2108
2053
2061
2069
2077
2085
2093
2101
2109
2054
2062
2070
2078
2086
2094
2102
2110
2055
2063
2071
2079
2087
2095
2103
2111
5000
5010
5020
5030
5040
5050
5060
5070
2560
2568
2576
2584
2592
2600
2608
2616
2561
2569
2577
2585
2593
2601
2609
2617
2562
2570
2578
2586
2594
2602
2610
2618
2563
2571
2579
2587
2595
2603
2611
2619
2564
2572
2580
2588
2596
2604
2612
2620
2565
2573
2581
2589
2597
2605
2613
2621
2566
2574
2582
2590
2598
2606
2614
2622
2567
2575
2583
2591
2599
2607
2615
2623
4100
4110
4120
4130
4140
4150
4160
4170
2112
2120
2128
2136
2144
2152
2160
2168
2113
2121
2129
2137
2145
2153
2161
2169
2114
2122
2130
2138
2146
2154
2162
2170
2115
2123
2131
2139
2147
2155
2163
2171
2116
2124
2132
2140
2148
2156
2164
2172
2117
2125
2133
2141
2149
2157
2165
2173
2118
2126
2134
2142
2150
2158
2166
2174
2119
2127
2135
2143
2151
2159
2167
2175
5100
5110
5120
5130
5140
5150
5160
5170
2624
2632
2640
2648
2656
2664
2672
2680
2625
2633
2641
2649
2657
2665
2673
2681
2626
2634
2642
2650
2658
2666
2674
2682
2627
2635
2643
2651
2659
2667
2675
2683
2628
2636
2644
2652
2660
2668
2676
2684
2629
2637
2645
2653
2661
2669
2677
2685
2630
2638
2646
2654
2662
2670
2678
2686
2631
2639
2647
2655
2663
2671
2679
2687
4200
4210
4220
4230
4240
4250
4260
4270
2176
2184
2192
2200
2208
2216
2224
2232
2177
2185
2193
2201
2209
2217
2225
2233
2178
2186
2194
2202
2210
2218
2226
2234
2179
2187
2195
2203
2211
2219
2227
2235
2180
2188
2196
2204
2212
2220
2228
2236
2181
2189
2197
2205
2213
2221
2229
2237
2182
2190
2198
2206
2214
2222
2230
2238
2183
2191
2199
2207
2215
2223
2231
2239
5200
5210
5220
5230
5240
5250
5260
5270
2688
2696
2704
2712
2720
2728
2736
2744
2689
2697
2705
2713
2721
2729
2737
2745
2690
2698
2706
2714
2722
2730
2738
2746
2691
2699
2707
2715
2723
2731
2739
2747
2692
2700
2708
2716
2724
2732
2740
2748
2693
2701
2709
2717
2725
2733
2741
2749
2694
2702
2710
2718
2726
2734
2742
2750
2695
2703
2711
2719
2727
2735
2743
2751
4300 2240 2241 2242 2243 2244 2245 2246 2247
4310 2248 2249 2250 2251 2252 2253 2254 2255
4320 2256 2257 2258 2259 2260 2261 2262 2263
5300
5310
5320
5330
5340
5350
5360
5370
2752
2760
2768
2776
2784
2792
2800
2808
2753
2761
2769
2777
2785
2793
2801
2809
2754
2762
2770
2778
2786
2794
2802
2810
2755
2763
2771
2779
2787
2795
2803
2811
2756
2764
2772
2780
2788
2796
2804
2812
2757
2765
2773
2781
2789
2797
2805
2813
2758
2766
2774
2782
2790
2798
2806
2814
2759
2767
2775
2783
2791
2799
2807
2815
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
4400
4410
4420
4430
4440
4450
4460
4470
2304
2312
2320
2328
2336
2344
2352
2360
2305
2313
2321
2329
2337
2345
2353
2361
2306
2314
2322
2330
2338
2346
2354
2362
2307
2315
2323
2331
2339
2347
2355
2363
2308
2316
2324
2332
2340
2348
2356
2364
2309
2317
2325
2333
2341
2349
2357
2365
2310
2318
2326
2334
2342
2350
2358
2366
2311
2319
2327
2335
2343
2351
2359
2367
5400
5410
5420
5430
5440
5450
5460
5470
2816
2824
2832
2840
2848
2856
2864
2872
2817
2825
2833
2841
2849
2857
2865
2873
2818
2826
2834
2842
2850
2858
2866
2874
2819
2827
2835
2843
2851
2859
2867
2875
2820
2828
2836
2844
2852
2860
2868
2876
2821
2829
2837
2845
2853
2861
2869
2877
2822
2830
2838
2846
2854
2862
2870
2878
2823
2831
2839
2847
2855
2863
2871
2879
4500
4510
4520
4530
4540
4550
4560
4570
2368
2376
2384
2392
2400
2408
2416
2424
2369
2377
2385
2393
2401
2409
2417
2425
2370
2378
2386
2394
2402
2410
2418
2426
2371
2379
2387
2395
2403
2411
2419
2427
2372
2380
2388
2396
2404
2412
2420
2428
2373
2381
2389
2397
2405
2413
2421
2429
2374
2382
2390
2398
2406
2414
2422
2430
2375
2383
2391
2399
2407
2415
2423
2431
5500
5510
5520
5530
5540
5550
5560
5570
2880
2888
2896
2904
2912
2920
2928
2936
2881
2889
2897
2905
2913
2921
2929
2937
2882
2890
2898
2906
2914
2922
2930
2938
2883
2891
2899
2907
2915
2923
2931
2939
2884
2892
2900
2908
2916
2924
2932
2940
2885
2893
2901
2909
2917
2925
2933
2941
2886
2894
2902
2910
2918
2926
2934
2942
2887
2895
2903
2911
2919
2927
2935
2943
4600
4610
4620
4630
4640
4650
4660
4670
2432
2440
2448
2456
2464
2472
2480
2488
2433
2441
2449
2457
2465
2473
2481
2489
2434
2442
2450
2458
2466
2474
2482
2490
2435
2443
2451
2459
2467
2475
2483
2491
2436
2444
2452
2460
1468
2476
2484
2492
2437
2445
2453
2461
2469
2477
2485
2493
2438
2446
2454
2462
2470
2478
2486
2494
2439
2447
2455
2463
2471
2479
2487
2495
5600
5610
5620
5630
5640
5650
5660
5670
2944
2952
2960
2968
2976
2984
2992
3000
2945
2953
2961
2969
2977
2985
2993
3001
2946
2954
2962
2970
2978
2986
2994
3002
2947
2955
2963
2971
2979
2987
2995
3003
2948
2956
2964
2972
2980
2988
2996
3004
2949
2957
2965
2973
2981
2989
2997
3005
2950
2958
2966
2974
2982
2990
2998
3006
2951
2959
2967
2975
2983
2991
2999
3007
4700 2496 2497 2498 2499 2500 2501 2502 2503
4710 2504 2505 2506 2507 2508 2509 2510 2511
5700 3008 3009 3010 3011 3012 3013 3014 3015
5710 3016 3017 3018 3019 3020 3021 3022 3023
C-3
Octal-Decimal Integer Conversion Table
Octal
10000
20000
30000
40000
50000
60000
70000
Decimal
4096
8192
12288
16384
20480
24576
28672
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6000
6010
6020
6030
6040
6050
6060
6070
3072
3080
3088
3096
3104
3112
3120
3128
3073
3081
3089
3097
3105
3113
3121
3129
3074
3082
3090
3098
3106
3114
3122
3130
3075
3083
3091
3099
3107
3115
3123
3131
3076
3084
3092
3100
3108
3116
3124
3132
3077
3085
3093
3101
3109
3117
3125
3133
3078
3086
3094
3102
3110
3118
3126
3134
3079
3087
3095
3103
3111
3119
3127
3135
7000
7010
7020
7030
7040
7050
7060
7070
3584
3592
3600
3608
3616
3624
3632
3640
3585
3593
3601
3609
3617
3625
3633
3641
3586
3594
3602
3610
3618
3626
3634
3642
3587
3595
3603
3611
3619
3627
3635
3643
3588
3596
3604
3612
3620
3628
3636
3644
3589
3597
3605
3613
3621
3629
3637
3645
3590
3598
3606
3614
3622
3630
3638
3646
3591
3599
3607
3615
3623
3631
3639
3647
6100
6110
6120
6130
6140
6150
6160
6170
3136
3144
3152
3160
3168
3176
3184
3192
3137
3145
3153
3161
3169
3177
3185
3193
3138
3146
3154
3162
3170
3178
3186
3194
3139
3147
3155
3163
3171
3179
3187
3195
3140
3148
3156
3164
3172
3180
3188
3196
3141
3149
3157
3165
3173
3181
3189
3197
3142
3150
3158
3166
3174
3182
3190
3198
3143
3151
3159
3167
3175
3183
3191
3199
7100
7110
7120
7130
7140
7150
7160
7170
3648
3656
3664
3672
3680
3688
3696
3704
3649
3657
3665
3673
3681
3689
3697
3705
3650
3658
3666
3674
3682
3690
3698
3706
3651
3659
3667
3675
3683
3691
3699
3707
3652
3660
3668
3676
3684
3692
3700
3708
3653
3661
3669
3677
3685
3693
3701
3709
3654
3662
3670
3678
3686
3694
3702
3710
3655
3663
3671
3679
3687
3695
3703
3711
6200
6210
6220
6230
6240
6250
6260
6270
3200
3208
3216
3224
3232
3240
3248
3256
3201
3209
3217
3225
3233
3241
3249
3257
3202
3210
3218
3226
3234
3242
3250
3258
3203
3211
3219
3227
3235
3243
3251
3259
3204
3212
3220
3228
3236
3244
3252
3260
3205
3213
3221
3229
3237
3245
3253
3261
3206
3214
3222
3230
3238
3246
2354
3262
3207
3215
3223
3231
3239
3247
3255
3263
7200
7210
7220
7230
7240
7250
7260
7270
3712
3720
3728
3736
3744
3752
3760
3768
3713
3721
3729
3737
3745
3753
3761
3769
3714
3722
3730
3738
3746
3754
3762
3770
3715
3723
3731
3739
3747
3755
3763
3771
3716
3724
3732
3740
3748
3756
3764
3772
3717
3725
3733
3741
3749
3757
3765
3773
3718
3726
3734
3742
3750
3758
3'766
3771
3719
3727
3735
3743
3751
3559
376:'
3775
6300 3264 3265 3266 3267 3268 3269 3270 3271
6310 3272 3273 3274 3275 3276 3277 3278 3279
6320 3280 3281 3282 3283 3284 3285 3286 3287
7300
7310
7320
7330
7340
7350
7360
7370
3776
3784
3792
3800
3808
3816
3824
3832
3777
3785
3793
3801
3809
3817
3825
3833
3778
3786
3794
3802
3810
3818
3826
3834
3779
3787
3795
3803
3811
3819
3827
3835
3780
3788
3796
3804
3812
3820
3828
3836
3781
3789
3797
3805
3813
3821
3829
3837
3782
3790
3798
3806
3814
3822
3830
3838
3783
3791
3799
3807
3815
3823
3831
3839
E
Octal
7 4 0 0 to 7 7 7 7
Decimal
3 8 4 0 to 4 0 9 5
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
Octal
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
6400
6410
6420
6430
6440
6450
6460
6470
3328
3336
3344
3352
3360
3368
3376
3384
3329
3337
3345
3353
3361
3369
3377
3385
3330
3338
3346
3354
3362
3370
3378
3386
3331
3339
3347
3355
3363
3371
3379
3387
3332
3340
3348
3356
3364
3372
3380
3388
3333
3341
3349
3357
3365
3373
3381
3389
3334
3342
3350
3358
3366
3374
3382
3390
3335
3343
3351
3359
3367
3375
3383
3391
7400
7410
7420
7430
7440
7450
7460
7470
3840
3848
3856
3864
3872
3880
3888
3896
3841
3849
3857
3865
3873
3881
3889
3897
3842
3850
3858
3866
3874
3882
3890
3898
3843
3851
3859
3867
3875
3883
3891
3899
3844
3852
3860
3868
3876
3884
3892
3900
3845
3853
3861
3869
3877
3885
3893
3901
3846
3854
3862
3870
3878
3886
3894
3902
3847
3855
3863
3871
3879
3887
3895
3903
6500
6510
6520
6530
6540
6550
6560
6570
3392
3400
3408
3416
3424
3432
3440
3448
3393
3401
3409
3417
3425
3433
3441
3449
3394
3402
3410
3418
3426
3434
3442
3450
3395
3403
3411
3419
3427
3435
3443
3451
3396
3404
3412
3420
3428
3436
3444
3452
3397
3405
3413
3421
3429
3437
3445
3453
3398
3406
3414
3422
3430
3438
3446
3454
3399
3407
3415
3423
3431
3439
3447
3455
7500
7510
7520
7530
7540
7550
7560
7570
3904
3912
3920
3928
3936
3944
3952
3960
3905
3913
3921
3929
3937
3945
3953
3961
3906
3914
3922
3930
3938
3946
3954
3962
3907
3915
3923
3931
3939
3947
3955
3963
3908
3916
3924
3932
3940
3948
3956
3964
3909
3917
3925
3933
3941
3949
3957
3965
3910
3918
3926
3934
3942
3950
3958
3966
3911
3919
3927
3935
3943
3951
3959
3967
6600
6610
6620
6630
6640
6650
6660
6670
3456
3464
3472
3480
3488
3496
3504
3512
3457
3465
3473
3481
3489
3497
3505
3513
3458
3466
3474
3482
3490
3498
3506
3514
3459
3467
3475
3483
3491
3499
3507
3515
3460
3468
3476
3484
3492
3500
3508
3516
3461
3469
3477
3485
3493
3501
3509
3517
3462
3470
3478
3486
3494
3502
3510
3518
3463
3471
3479
3487
3495
3503
3511
3519
7600
7610
7620
7630
7640
7650
7660
7670
3968
3976
3984
3992
4000
4008
4016
4024
3969
3977
3985
3993
4001
4009
4017
4025
3970
3978
3986
3994
4002
4010
4018
4026
3971
3979
3987
3995
4003
4011
4019
4027
3972
3980
3988
3996
4004
4012
4020
4028
3973
3981
3989
3997
4005
4013
4021
4029
3974
3982
3990
3998
4006
4014
4022
4030
3975
3983
3991
3999
4007
4015
4023
4031
6700 3520 3521 3522 3523 3524 3525 3526 3527
6710 3528 3529 3530 3531 3532 3533 3534 3535
7700
7710
7720
7730
7740
7750
7760
7770
4032
4040
4048
4056
4064
4072
4080
4088
4033
4041
4049
4057
4065
4073
4081
4089
4034
4042
4050
4058
4066
4074
4082
4090
4035
4043
4051
4059
4067
4075
4083
4091
4036
4044
4052
4060
4068
4076
4084
4092
4037
4045
4053
4061
4069
4077
4085
4093
4038
4046
4054
4062
4070
4078
4086
4094
4039
4047
4055
4063
4071
4079
4087
4095
Octal-Decimal Fraction Conversion Table
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
I
OCTAL
DECIMAL
I
OCTAL
DECIMAL
Octal-Decimal Fracctioh Conversion T a b l e
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
.OOOOOO
.000001
.000002
.000003
.000004
.000005
.000006
.000007
.OOOOOO
.000003
.000007
.000011
.000015
.000019
.000022
.000026
.000100
.000101
.000102
.000103
.000104
.000105
.000106
.000107
.000244
.000247
.000251
.000255
.000259
.000263
.000267
.000270
.000200
.000201
.000202
.000203
.000204
.000205
.000206
.000207
.000488
.000492
,000495
,000499
.000503
.000507
.000511
.000514
.000300
.000301
.000302
.000303
.000304
.000305
.000306
.000307
.000732
.000736
.000740
.000743
.000747
.000751
.000755
.000759
.000010
.000011
.000012
.000013
.000014
.000015
.000016
.000017
.000030
.000034
.000038
.000041
.000045
.000049
.000053
.000057
.0001 10
.000111
.000112
.000113
.000114
.000115
.000116
.000117
.000274
.000278
.000282
.000286
.000289
.000293
.000297
.000301
.000210
.000211
.000212
.000213
.0002 14
.000215
.000216
.000217
.000518
.000522
.000526
.000530
,000534
.000537
.000541
.000545
.0003 10
.000511
,000312
.000313
.000314
.000315
.000316
.000317
.000762
.000766
.000770
.000774
I
1
.000782
.000785
ooo778
.000789
I
.000020
.00002 1
.000022
.000023
.000024
.000025
.000026
.000027
.000061
.000064
.000068
.000072
.000076
.000080
.000083
.000087
.000120
.000121
.000122
.000123
.000124
.000125
.000126
.000127
.000305
.000308
.000312
.0003 16
.000320
.000324
.000328
.000331
.000220
.000221
.000222
.000223
.000224
.000225
.000226
.000227
.000549
.000553
.000556
.000560
.000564
.000568
.000572
.000576
.000320
.000321
.OG0322
.000323
.000324
.000325
.000326
.000327
.000793
.00079'7
.O00801
.000805
.0008013
.000812
.000816
.000820
,
!
11
1
i
"
1
-
.000030
.000031
.000032
.000033
.000034
.000035
.000036
.000037
.000091
.000095
.000099
.000102
.000106
.000110
.000114
.000118
.000130
.000131
.000132
.000133
.000134
.000135
,000136
.000137
.000335
,000339
.000343
.000347
.000350
.000354
.000358
.000362
.000230
.000231
,000232
.000233
.000234
.000235
.000236
.000237
.000579
,000583
.000587
,000591
.000595
.000598
.000602
.000606
.000330
.000331
.(I00332
.000333
.000334
.000335
.000336
.000337
.000823
.000827
.GO0831
.000835
.000839
.(I00843
.000846
.000850
.000040
.000041
.000042
.000043
.000044
.000045
.000046
.000047
.000122
.000125
.000129
.000133
.000137
.000141
.000144
.000148
.000140
.000141
.000142
.000143
.000144
.000145
.000146
.000147
.000366
.000370
.000373
.000377
.000381
.000385
.000389
.000392
.000240
.000241
.000242
.000243
,000244
.000245
.000246
.000247
.000610
.000614
.000617
.000621
,000625
.000629
.000633
.000637
.000340
.000341
.000342
.000343
.000344
.000345
.000346
.000347
.000054
.000858
.000862
.000865
.000869
.000873
.000877
.000881
.000050
.000051
.000052
.OOOQ53
.000054
.000055
.000056
.000057
.000152
.000156
.000160
.000164
.000167
.000171
.000175
.000179
.000150
.000151
.000152
.000153
.000154
.000155
.000156
.000157
.000396
.000400
.000404
.000408
.000411
.000415
.000419
.000423
.000250
.000251
.000252
.000253
.000254
.000255
.000256
.000257
.000640
.000644
.000648
,000652
,000656
.000659
,000663
.000667
.000350
.000351
.000352
.000353
.000354
.000355
.000356
.000357
,000885
.000888
.000892
.000896
.000900
.000904
.000907
.000911
.000060
.000061
.000062
.000063
.000064
.000065
.000066
.000067
.000183
.000186
.000190
.000194
.000198
.000202
.000205
.000203
.000160
.000161
.000162
,0001 63
.000164
,000165
.000166
.000167
.000427
.000431
.000434
.000438
.000442
.000446
.000450
.000453
.000260
.000261
.000262
,000263
.000264
.000265
.000266
.000267
.000671
.000675
.000679
.000682
.000686
.000690
.000694
.000698
.000360
.000361
-000362
.000363
-000364
.000365
.000366
.000367
,000915
.000919
.000923
.000926
.000930
.000934
.000938
.000942
.000070
.000071
.000072
,000073
.000074
.000075
,000076
.000077
,000213
.000217
.000221
.000225
.000228
.000232
.000236
.000240
.000170
.000171
.000172
,000173
.000174
.000175
.000176
.000177
.000457
.000461
.000465
.000469
.000473
.000476
.000480
.000484
.000270
.000271
.000272
,000273
.000274
.000275
.000276
.000277
.000701
.000705
.000709
.000713
.000717
.000720
.000724
.000728
.000370
.000371
.000372
.000373
.000374
.000375
,000376
.000377
.000946
.000949
.000953
,000957
.000961
.000965
.000968
.000972
Octal-Decimal Fraction Conversion T a b l e
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
OCTAL
DECIMAL
.001708
.001712
.001716
.001720
.001724
.001728
.001731
.001735
REPRESENTATION OF GE-225 CHARACTERS
I
HIGH
PSPEED
RMTER
SYhIUOLS
0
0
I
Space
/
1
COXSOLE
TYPEWRITER
CHARACTER
OR ACTION
I
0
1
P A P E R TAPE
CHARACTER
( a CIIAKXEL)
Suace
I-IOLLERITH
CODE
(PC'XCH
LU ROWS)
1
MEMORY
BCD
(OCTAL)**
00
(1
1
MAGNETIC
TAPE
(OCTAL)
12
I
Blank
/
11-5-b
--
---
P r i n t Red
-.
72
73
0-2-8
0-3-6
%
%
(
)
C
3
74
75
0-4-c5
0- 5-a
(kc;- 5
P r i n t Black
Tab
Delcte
C&7-
76,
77
a
33
34
35
36
37
-
* T h e 400 c a r d p e r mlnute c a r d r e a d e r r e a d s 11-0 and 11-2-a a s 52 and 12-0 anti 12-2-3 a s 32. T h e 1000 c a r d s p e r
minute c a r d r e a d e r t r e a t s 11-2-8 and 12-2-8 a s invalid c h a r a c t e r s . T h e c a r d punch punches only 11-0 f o r 5 2 and
12-0 f o r 32.
n
the t u u representations can
* * T h e OCTAL notation 1s a shorthand f o r binary representation. C o i ~ \ . e r i . ~ ubetween
be done mentally. In the OCTAL s y s t e m , t h e r e a r e eight a d m i s s i b l e s ~ r n b o l s :0 , 1, 2 , 3, 4. 5 , ti, 7. Each may
r e p r e s e n t (when used) a maximum of t h r e e binary bits.
1
LISTING OF SEPARATE SUBSYSTEM MANUALS
The peripheral subsystems formerly described in Chapters VI through XVIII of the GE-225
System Operating Manual (CPB-247) a r e now covered in separate manuals. These manuals
contain complete programming and operating information for these subsystems.
Manual Title and Publication No.
Peripheral Subsystem
400-cpm Card Reader
1000-cpm Card Reader
1
Punched Card Subsystems Reference Manual
(CPB-302)
100-cpm Card Punch
300-cpm Card Punch
J
15- and 15/41-KC. Magnetic Tape
Subsystems
Magnetic Tape Subsystems Reference Manual
(CPB-339)
Paper Tape ~ e a d e r / ~ u n c h
Paper Tape Subsystem Reference Manual
(CPB- 308)
900- lpm On- Line High-speed Printer
High-speed On- Line Printer Reference Manual
(CPB-321)
900- lpm 0ff/0n High-speed Printer
e
High-speed Off - ~ i n e / ~ ~n i- n Printer
Reference Manual (CPB- 1075)
Auxiliary Arithmetic Unit
Auxiliary Arithmetic Unit Reference Manual
(CPB- 325)
Disc Storage Unit
Disc Storage Unit Reference Manual (CPB- 323)
1 2 - Pocket Document Handler
(1200-dpm)
Document Handler Reference Manual (1200-dpm)
(CPB- 307)
12-Pocket Document Handler
(750- dpm)
Document Handler Reference Manual (7 50- dpm)
(CPB- 333)
Peripheral Switch Control Unit
Peripheral Switch Control Subsystem Reference
Manual (CPB-313)
I
I
I
I
I
DOCUMENT REVIEW SHEET
TITLE:
CPB #:
.GE-200
S e r i e s O p e r a t i n g Manual
247C
FROM'
Name:
Position:
Address:
Comments c o n c e r n i n g t h i s p u b l i c a t i o n are s o l i c i t e d f o r u s e i n i m p r o v i n g f u t u r e
e d i t i o n s . P l e a s e p r o v i d e any recommended a d d i t i o n s , d e l e t i o n s , c o r r e c t i o n s , o r
o t h e r i n f o r m a t i o n you deem n e c e s s a r y f o r i m p r o v i n g t h i s m a n u a l . The f o l l o w i n g
s p a c e i s p r o v i d e d f o r y o u r comments.
NO POSTAGE NECESSARY IF MAILED IN U. S .A.
F o l d on two l i n e s shown on r e v e r s e
s i d e , s t a p l e , and m a i l .
STAPLE
FOLD
L
FIRST CLASS
PERMIT,
NO.
4332
PHOENIX, ARIZONA
B U S I N E S S REPLY MAIL
N O POSTAOE STAMP NECESSARY IF MAILED IN TUC UNITED STATES
POSTAGE WILL BE PAID BY
GENERAL ELECTRIC COMPANY
COMPUTER EQUIPMENT DEPARTMENT
13430 N O R T H B L A C K C A N Y O N H I G H W A Y
P H O E N I X , A R I Z O N A - 85029
FOLD
LKHO U.S.A.