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50371/P3-R3 FINAL
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NAMOI CATCHMENT WATER STUDY
INDEPENDENT EXPERT
MODEL USER MANUAL
July 2012
50371/P3-R3 FINAL
Prepared for:
Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services,
New South Wales, (DTIRIS NSW)
Locked Bag 21
Orange
NSW 2800
Prepared by:
Schlumberger Water Services (Australia) Pty Ltd
Level 5, 256 St Georges Terrace
Perth WA 6000
Australia
50371/P3-R3 FINAL
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REPORT REVIEW SHEET
Report no:
Client name:
Namoi Catchment Water Study
Independent Expert
Model User Manual
50371/P3-R3 FINAL
Client contact:
Department of Trade and Investment, Regional Infrastructure and Services,
New South Wales, (DTIRIS NSW)
Mr Mal Peters, Chairman, Ministerial Oversight Committee (MOC)
SWS Project Manager:
Sean Murphy
SWS Technical Reviewer:
Mark Anderson
Main Author:
Gareth Price
Date
Issue No
Revision
SWS Approval
17/02/2012
1
Draft
Mark Anderson
27/07/2012
2
Final
Mark Anderson
50371/P3-R3 FINAL
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CONTENTS
Page
1 INTRODUCTION
2 GROUNDWATER MODEL
2.1 Introduction
2.2 Groundwater Vistas files
2.3 Domain, grid and rotation
2.4 Layer surfaces
2.5 MODFLOW settings
2.5.1 BCF / LPF
2.5.2 Initial heads
2.6 Time settings
2.7 Solver settings
2.8 Output settings
2.9 Parameterisation
2.10 Boundary conditions
2.10.1 Recharge
2.10.2 Mine inflow (drain boundaries)
2.10.3 Rivers / streams
2.10.4 Abstraction wells (background)
2.10.5 Abstraction and injection wells (CSG)
2.10.6 Irrigation (injection) wells
2.10.7 Connective cracking / permeability enhancement
2.11 Model and translation and run
2.12 Post processing results
2.12.1 Importing model results
2.12.2 Contours
2.12.3 Hydrographs
2.12.4 Historical surface water / groundwater interaction
2.12.5 Predictive period mass balance
2 2 2 3 3 4 4 6 8 9 11 13 14 14 16 18 20 21 24 27 27 27 27 28 29 31 32 3 HYDROLOGIC MODEL
3.1 Introduction
3.2 Domain and sub-catchment selection
3.3 Parameterisation
3.3.1 Soil settings
3.3.2 Surface water storage settings
3.3.3 Land use settings
3.3.4 Rainfall settings
3.3.5 Evaporation settings
3.4 Time settings
3.5 Specific run settings
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Contents
3.6 LASCAM runs and post processing results
REFERENCES
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1
INTRODUCTION
Schlumberger Water Services (Australia) Pty Ltd (SWS) has been appointed as the Independent Expert for the
Namoi Catchment Water Study (the Study) and has been charged with the development of an integrated suite
of models (the Model) for the assessment of the nature and extent of potential effects from coal and gas
developments on the water resources of the catchment. The purpose of the Study is to collate and analyse
quality data to assist in identifying and quantifying risks associated with the coal mining and coal seam gas
(CSG) developments on water resources.
The numerical modelling tools were developed as part of Phase 3 of the Study. Two numerical models were
constructed that together have the ability to simulate those parts of the hydrological system that are
pertinent to the simulation of the interaction between coal and gas development and the surface water and
groundwater resources of the Namoi catchment. The two models constitute the Model and are:

A lumped parameter Hydrologic Model. This was constructed with the LASCAM (Viney and
Sivapalan, 2000) package and is used to simulate the fate of rainfall in the catchment,
particularly the portion that forms runoff and the portion that percolates downwards into
the sediments and recharges the groundwater system. This model includes the simulation
of the impact of mining and CSG development on these processes.

A groundwater flow model (the Groundwater Model). This was constructed using the
numerical code MODFLOW 2000 (Harbaugh et al, 2000) and is used to simulate the
processes governing groundwater flow in and between the alluvial aquifers and
hydrostratigraphic units pertinent to the prediction of the impact of coal and gas
developments on the groundwater resources and the interaction between surface water
and groundwater. The model therefore includes representation of the abstraction of
groundwater associated with CSG development and the flow of groundwater to mine voids,
both underground and open cut. It also uses predictions from the Hydrologic Model to
define groundwater recharge inputs and changes to these in response to mining and CSG
development.
According to the Study Request for Tender (Section G.3.7.1.g.ii) a User Manual must be produced that
provides full details on how to operate the Model including updating the Model to include additional or
improved data and the locations for mines or gas extraction developments.
This document represents the User Manual. Section 2 provides details of the operation of the Groundwater
Model and Section 3 the operation of the Hydrologic Model.
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2.1
GROUNDWATER MODEL
Introduction
The MODFLOW 2000 numerical code (Harbaugh et al, 2000) along with the user interface Groundwater
Vistas, Version 6 (ESI, 2011) is used to simulate groundwater flow and surface water / groundwater
interaction in the Groundwater Model.
The modelling has been undertaken assuming saturated, single phase, temperature independent and single
density groundwater flow.
2.2
Groundwater Vistas files
Nine Groundwater Vistas files and a single results file have been provided. They are:

Namoi_Historical.gwv

Namoi_Historical.hds

Namoi_Sc0.gwv

Namoi_Sc1.gwv

Namoi_Sc2.gwv

Namoi_Sc3.gwv

Namoi_Sc4.gwv

Namoi_Sc5.gwv

Namoi_Sc6.gwv

Namoi_Sc7.gwv
These files contain all of the data required to run the historical and predictive scenario models. The results
file “Namoi_Historical.hds” forms the initial heads for all of the scenario runs. When running any of these
scenarios for the first time the link to the “Namoi_Historical.hds” file must be defined within Groundwater
Vistas.
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2.3
Domain, gridd and rotatio
on
c
a rectangular
r
m odel grid, rottated by 30 degrees clockw
wise from norrth. This
The moodel domain comprises
aligns tthe model cells with the Basin
B
morphollogy, as the general
g
dip direction of thee hard rock units and
orientattion of the Upper Namoi Allluvium is alon g this axis.
The speecific model properties are detailed
d
below
w:

Thee model originn is at 745,0000E, 6,410,000N
N (MGA Zone 55, GDA94).

Thee model extennds 310 km to the NW and 180
1 km to the NE.

Thee model cell size (plan view
w) is 1,000 m byy 1,000 m (3100 rows and 1880 columns).

Thee model contaains 20 vertic al layers, with thicknesses provided by the geologicaal model
desscribed in Section 2.
model layer is composed of 55,800 cellss. There are 20 model layers thereforee resulting inn a total
Each m
numberr of cells for thhe model of 1,,116,000.
2.4
Layer surfacces
Tasks innvolving the setup
s
of layerss and vertical discretization are mostly peerformed usingg the Grid and Props
menus.
a
using the
t menu Griid > Insert > Layer above
e, if the new layer is to be added
New laayers can be added
above tthe current layyer, or Grid > Insert > Layyer below, iff the new layeer is to be addded below thee current
layer. Inn either case, the following dialog will apppear:
mbo box Option for Thickness of Neew Layer proovides optionss for insertingg layers, the first
f
one
The com
(Percentage of Currrent Layer) splits the currrent layer in two
t assigningg a percentagee of the curreent layer
w layer. The percentage is deefined in the text box Thick
kness or Perccentage.
thickness to the new
C
thickness, assignns a constant thickness for the new layerr. The thicknesss of the
The seccond option, Constant
new layyer can be speecified in the Thickness
T
orr Percentage
e text box.
Layers ccan be deleted in the menu Grid > Delet
ete > Current layer.
The thickness of layeers can be edited in the meenu Props > Top elevatio
on or Props > Bottom ele
evation,
where the top and bottom elevaations of layeers can be edited respectively. Elevatioons can be assigned
a
manually or importedd via the menuu Props > Impport... where several
s
differeent formats caan be used.
It is impportant to notte that assigniing the bottom
m elevation off one layer doees not automaatically assignn the top
elevatioon of the layeer below, requuiring that botth top and boottom elevations are assignned for all layers. The
same iss valid for top elevation and bottom elevaation of the layyer above.
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2.5
2.5.1
MODFLOW settings
s
BCF / LPF
The chooice between the Block Ceentred Flow (BBCF) and Layeer Property Floow (LPF) packa
kages affects the way
MODFLLOW formulatees interblock conductances
c
and confined//unconfined behaviour.
M
Model > MODFLOW
W > Package
es... The
The BCCF package caan be activateed/deactivatedd using the Menu
followinng dialog will appear:
nd
To activvate the BCF package,
p
click the check boxx next to the BCF
B package (22 line).
The LPFF package cann be activated/deactivated tthrough the menu
m
Model > MODFLOW
W 2000 > Pack
kages...
A new dialog will appear (see beloow) and the paackage can bee toggled by clicking on the check box nexxt to the
LPF linee.
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a
MODFLOW will nnot work whenn both or
Importtant: Make sure that only onne (LPF or BCFF) package is activated.
neither of the two paackages are acctivated.
Specificc layer paraameters such as averaginng, confined//unconfined behaviour annd vertical leakance
calculattions can be modified
m
usingg the menu Mo
Model > MODFFLOW > Pack
kages optionns... A new diaalog will
appear and the param
meters can be edited in the BCF-LPF tab, illustrated below.
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Parameeters regarding vertical leaakance can bee found in thhe top box. Checking the CCompute Leakance
(VCON
NT) box makees MODFLOW
W calculate thhe vertical leaakance basedd on cell thiccknesses and vertical
hydraulic conductivities as specifieed in the modeel (this is the option
o
used in the Namoi M
Model).
If this ooption is not selected, leakance values will be assiggned from the Leakance prooperty, whichh can be
represeented as raw leakance
l
values, vertical coonductivity of the layer, verttical conductivvity of the aquuitard or
vertical anisotropy. The
T leakance format can be chosen in the Leakance Zones Repressent combo boox.
Layer cconfined/unconfined behaviour can be deefined in the Layer Types box. For eachh layer defineed in the
mn Layer Typ
pe (LAYCON)). Layer type ooptions availaable will
model, there will bee a combo boxx in the colum
dependd on the selectted flow packaage (BCF or LPPF).
mn BCF3/4 Avveraging. Avveraging
Interbloock conductannce averagingg options cann be defined in the colum
optionss can be indiviidually assigned for each laayer through the combo boxxes. Averagingg options also depend
on the sselected flow package.
2.5.2
Initial headds
The inittial heads can be assigned in
i three differeent ways:

c
valuees for each layyer;
Using constant

Assigniing values manually in the pproperty editinng mode; and

Importing simulated heads from a previous MOD
DFLOW row.
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The thrree options caan be found inn the menu M
Model > MOD
DFLOW > Package Optioons... . The Modflow
M
Optionns appear and initial heads settings
s
are foound in the Initial Heads tab, as illustratted in the nexxt figure.
The waay initial headds are defined is chosen in the Initial Head
H
Location combo box.. Selecting the option
Use Deefault Headss in Spreadssheet Below
w allows the use
u of one inittial value per layer, defined in the
table D
Default headss in Each Layyer located at the bottom off the dialog.
The opttion Set Heads from Hea
ad-save, BAS
SIC, SURFER,, matrix allow
ws the use off previously simulated
heads ffrom another model.
m
This opption is useful , for instance,, when hydrauulic heads from
m the historicaal model
need too be used as innitial heads foor the predictivve runs, and thhis is the way it is done in tthe Namoi moodel. The
file conntaining the prreviously simuulated heads ccan be definedd in the File Name
N
box andd the desired time
t
can
be definned in the Strress Period and
a Time Stepp text boxes.
The option Use Inittial Heads Property
P
Dataa allows the manual editinng of initial hheads in the property
editing mode, describbed in Sectionn 2.8.
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2.6
Time settinggs
mulation periood divided intto stress periods and timee steps. While stress
MODFLLOW models have their sim
periodss define time periods in which
w
boundaryy conditions do
d not change (e.g. recharrge rates, absstraction
volumes and river levvels), time steeps are subdivvisions of the stress periodss implementedd in order to facilitate
f
numericcal convergence and increase the stabilitty of the numeerical solution.
Stress periods can be
b added or deleted
d
using the menu Mo
odel > MOD
DFLOW > Pacckage option
ns... The
m
in the text box Num
mber of Stresss Periods loccated below the Data
numberr of stress periods can be modified
Set Tittles box.
Modificcations in the number of stress periods uusing the MODFLOW Options will be oobserved in thee end of
the sim
mulation. Addittion of stress periods will rresult in appeending them at the end of tthe last stresss period,
while ddeletion of streess periods wiill be done fro m the last streess period bacckwards.
Stress pperiods can bee inserted or deleted
d
in thee middle of thee simulation, as
a opposed too the previous method
which aaffect only thhe final stresss period, usinng the menu Model > MO
ODFLOW > IInsert/delete
e Stress
Periodds... A new diaalog appears (see below) whhere 3 operatiions can be peerformed:

Delete starting with Stress Period

Insert after
a
Stress Peeriod

Insert before
b
Stress period
p
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Stress period length and time steepping optionss can be founnd in the menu Model > M
MODFLOW > Stress
n
dialog with
w a table ccontaining thee details of each stress peeriod is activaated, as
periodd Setup... A new
illustratted in the figuure below.
a follows:
The tabble presents thhree columns as
2.7

Periodd Length – whhich defines dee stress periodd length (definned in days in Namoi modell)

No. Tim
me Steps – which
w
defines tthe number off time steps foor each stress period

Time Step
S
Multiplier – which ddefines the tim
me step multiplier within tthe stress period. The
value of 1 equates too having equall time step lenngths. The valuue used in thiss model is 1.1.
Solver settinngs
MODFLLOW contains many solverss which can bbe used to soolve the differential equatiions formulateed for a
given m
model. The chhoice of solver relies on thee type and coomplexity of models,
m
with PPCG2 being the most
commonly used.
The solver can be choosen through the menu Moodel > MODFL
FLOW > Pack
kages... . Theree is a combo box
b next
to the ssolver packagee line, which determines
d
whhich solver will be used (seee below).
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b changed using the men u Model > MODFLOW
M
> Solver Optio
ions... . A new
w dialog
Solver settings can be
w:
with the settings for the several soolvers will apppear and is illuustrated below
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Each taab on the dialoog correspondds to the settinngs of a specific solver. The solver PCG22 was the solvver used
in the N
Namoi model,, although othher solvers caan be used. Thhe solver PCG
G4/PCG5 cann ot be used since this
solver is only preseent in the MODFLOW-SURRFACT model. The LMG solver
s
is propprietary and must
m
be
purchassed prior to beeing used.
2.8
Output settings
s
dialog can be acc essed throughh the menu Model
M
> MO
ODFLOW > Package
P
The default output settings
t
Optionns... in the Outtput Control tab.
The outtput frequencyy for hydraulic heads, drawddown and cell-by-cell flows can be set ussing the text boxes:

Print/S
Save Heads Every
E

Print/S
Save Drawdo
own Every

Print/S
Save Cell-by--Cell Flows EEvery
e of the sim
mulation can be saved by marking the ccheck boxes Always
A
Outputss from the beeginning and end
Save D
Data at Last Time
T
Step off Run and Alw
ways Save Data at First Time
T
of Run. Outputs from the end
of eachh stress periodd can be saved marking thee check box Always
A
Save Data at Lastt Time Step of
o each
Stress Period.
c often be too large in terms of storrage space, leeading to slow
w reading tim
mes and
Simulattion outputs can
difficultt post processsing. In order to overcome thhat, custom ouutput can be defined in MODDFLOW.
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Custom
m outputs can be generated ticking the chheckbox Use Custom
C
Outpu
ut Control. Cuustom output settings
can be defined in thhe menu Mod
del > MODFL
FLOW > Custo
tom Output Control...
C
A ddialog with a table of
settingss (see below) is displayed with
w the follow
wing main coluumns:

Stress Period – speecifies the streess period for the custom ouutput.

Time Step
S
– specifiees the time st ep for custom output

Save Head
H
– specifies if heads w
will be saved (11 = yes, 0 = noo)

Save Ddn
D – specifiees if drawdow n will be saveed (1 = yes, 0 = no)

Save Conc.
C
– speciffies if concenttration will be saved. Not reelevant to the Namoi Modell

Save CBC
C – specifiies if cell-by-ccell flows (forr water balance calculationns) will be savved (1 =
yes, 0 = no)
maining colum
mns refer to output to the MO
ODFLOW list file
f and are noot relevant to tthe Namoi Moodel.
The rem
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2.9
Parameterissation
The maajority of spatially-distributeed parameterss of the modeel can be acceessed and moodified in the property
editing mode. This mode
m
allows thhe displaying aand editing off all properties. Properties rrelevant to thee Namoi
Model aare:

Hydraulic Conductivitty;

Storagee/Porosity;

Rechargge;

Top Eleevation;

Bottom Elevation; and

Initial Heads.
H
Propertties can be edited using zonnes of constannt value or as matrices of continuous valuues. The dialoog found
in the m
menu Props > Property Op
ptions... open s the dialog foor setting the mode of everyy property. By default,
hydraulic conductivitty, storage and recharge arre treated witth zone distribbutions, whilee layer elevations and
initial hheads are defined by continuuous matricess.
The prooperty zones distribution cann be edited ussing the editing mode by preessing the
The prooperty to be eddited can be selected in the combo box neext to the
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Once thhe property haas been selectted, the follow
wing options can
c be accesseed from the tooolbar or menu Props
> Set V
Value or Zonee.

Thhis button activates the propperty editing mode
m

This button definnes the defaullt zone to be defined
d
by the editing comm
mands

z
Thiis button is used to assign a rectangular zone

Thiis button is used to assign a polygon zonee.

This button transsposes a prop erty zone. Thee same can bee done using thhe menu Prop
ps > Set
Value or Zone > Tra
ranspose...
button),
Zone vaalues for eachh property cann be accessedd through the Zone Databasse Informationn Dialog (
where a table includding zone num
mbers and resspective param
meter values are
a shown annd can be edited (see
figure bbelow).
2.10
2.10.1
c
Boundary conditions
Recharge
Rechargge zones werre assigned inn the Namoi Model to match the sub-ccatchment struucture defined in the
LASCAM
M model, so that infiltratiion values froom LASCAM could be asssigned directlyy to MODFLO
OW. The
distribuution of recharrge zones can be edited in the property editing
e
mode previously desscribed. Specific zone
values ccan be accesssed and editedd in the Zone Database Infformation diaalog.
ASCAM outpuut values weree converted too a monthly MODFLOW
M
form
mat using a sppecially written script.
Daily LA
Monthly historical reecharge from LASCAM waas factored to an average catchment
c
wiide recharge value
v
of
w the rechharge assignedd to the calibbrated and accepted Upperr Namoi groundwater
20 mm//yr to match with
model ((McNeilage, 2006).
2
The facttoring processs was completted in Excel, with
w the steps aas follows:
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1. Remove anyy negative recharge values aand replace thhem with a zerro value.
o the recharge depths to a volume per month
m
by multiplying by the ssub-catchment area
2. Convert all of
and the num
mber of days inn the month
ment volumetr ic recharges for each year and
a divide the total by the total
3. Sum all of the sub-catchm
area of the Hydrologic Moodel then 365 to get an average rechargee depth per yeaar (in mm/yr)
4. Calculate thhe average annnual recharge over the years calculated (11990 - 2009)
t initial rechharge depths uuntil the average
5. Repeat stepps 2 to 4 using a multiplicatiion factor on the
annual recharge equals 20 mm/yr. In thhe current moddel this requireed a factoringg value of x 0.2225
6. Output these new rechargge values for uuse in the histtorical MODFLOW model
t any
Rechargge calculationns for the scenario and sennsitivity modells were factorred by this saame value so that
changes to recharge would only bee from changees to model inpputs. Average recharge wass therefore allowed to
becomee higher or low
wer than 20 mm/yr
m
dependi ng on the sceenario being ruun. Three zonees showed anoomalous
rechargge values in thhe LASCAM files and thesee were given fixed recharge values of 20 mm/yr (Zoness 48 and
52), andd 29.2 mm/yr (Zone 38). Thhese values w
were then allowed to changge in the samee way as otheer zones
with miining or CSG developments.
d
.
s of the histtorical sub-catchment
Open-cut mines weree introduced to the predictivve models by reducing the size
maximum footprint area of the mine from
m the start of the simulation. Recharge w
was factored by
b 0.225
by the m
and theen also factoreed by the new (reduced) catcchment area.
For the predictive moodels monthly outputs weree retained unttil 2030, from then until 21000 the monthly values
were coonverted into annual averagges by summinng the monthly values for each year and dividing by 3665 to get
rechargge in m/d.
ASCAM can bbe inserted dirrectly in to thhe model usinng the menu Props
P
>
Rechargge values calculated by LA
Importt > Databasee.... LASCAM output
o
files haave the following format, onne header line , followed by one line
with the number of zones
z
defined in the MODFLLOW model and one line peer zone includ ing the recharrge zone
t transient run,
r the numbber of zones annd value
numberr and respectivve recharge value (in m/dayy). In case of the
lines arre present forr every stress period of thee simulation. An
A illustration of the formaat of the rechaarge file
generatted by LASCAM is provided below.
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The LA
ASCAM outpuut can be coonverted intoo the correctt format for import to M
MODFLOW ussing the
‘Recharrge_adjuster’ EXCEL file. Thhe following stteps are required:
_recharge' with the new LAASCAM recharge *.dat
1. Update coluumns A to D inn the worksheeet 'modflow_
file
2. If required update
u
the subb-catchment aarea sizes in Column AX in 'm
modflow_rechharge' worksheet
3. Refresh the pivot table onn 'pivot' workssheet
4. Copy the addjusted data from Columns Y and Z in 'moodflow_recharge' worksheett to a new csvv file
maining periodds in case connstant recharge values
Rechargge values of a given stress period can bee copied to rem
are to bbe used in the model (not the case of N
Namoi model). The menu Props
P
> Propperty Values > Copy
Transiient Data... opens a dialogg which allow
ws the operation to be condducted for on e specific zonne or all
zones ssimultaneouslyy.
Mine infloow (drain bounndaries)
2.10.2
Drain bboundary condditions can be edited in Grooundwater Vistas using thee boundary coondition editinng mode
clickingg the
button and seleecting Drain in the comboo box next to it. The editinng mode can also be
accesseed through thee menu BCs > Drain.. The buttons for editing are the same as pressented in the property
mode.
a
for every
e
stress peeriod of the simulation, eithher by assigninng and copyinng to the
The draains must be assigned
followinng periods, or assigning eacch stress periood separately.
o
cut
The datta used to deffine the drain boundary connditions used to simulate groundwater fl ows to both open
and undderground minnes in Groundw
water Vistas iin the predictive scenarios is generated uusing the spreeadsheet
“Namoi_CSG_Inputss_140512.xlsb”.
Data neeeds to be inpputted or moddified in severral of the tabss in the spreaadsheet to prooduce and conntrol the
mine drrain boundaryy condition filee. The tabs re late either to drain cell speecifics (conducctance, stress periods
etc) or tto the model layer surfaces. The tabs are :
Drain boundary condition data:

Drain cell conductancce (Conductannce tab)

Groundwater Vista row and coluumn coordinates of the mine drain cellls, list of thee mines
a the targeteed seam (Hypoothetical_Minnes_Data tab)
includinng their type and

The moodel stress perriods (SP tab)
Layer surface data

Groundwater Vista exxport file of laayer 12 (Hoskisssons seam) top elevation ( Elevations_L12 tab).

Groundwater Vista exxport file of laayer 14 (Melville seam) top elevation (Elevvations_L14 tab).

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 17
1 (Maules Creek formaation) top elevation
e
(Elevatiions_L18 tab).
How thhe spreadsheet
et works
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The file includes five working tabs based on the seam targeted and the mine type: Hoskissons open cut mine,
Hoskissons underground mine, Maules Creek open cut mine, Maules Creek underground mine and Melville
open cut. In the 6 Scenarios there were no Melville underground mines.
The user chooses in the list of mine drain cells a particular seam target and mine type and then copy and
pastes the data (mine numbers, row and column coordinates) to the appropriate tab. The data relative to the
different mine will then be assigned a stress period and head corresponding to the top elevation of the cells.
For an open cut mine, all the mine drain cells are active from the first layer to the targeted seam layer since
the beginning of the production. For an underground mine, six stages (each of 5 years duration) of production
have been assumed. The underground mine drain cells are only active in the targeted seam layer.
How to use the spreadsheet
Set the conductance values for the mine drain cells in the “Conductance” tab. Set the start and end times of
the mines in columns B to D in the “SP” tab. Only the dates are required as the lookup functions determine
the stress periods for use in the Groundwater Vistas input file. Once these tasks are complete the final, and
most involved task, is to define which mines will target which coal seams / formation and the time variant
development of the underground mines. This is done by the following method (an example of a Hoskissons
Seam open cut and underground mine is given, but the process is identical for Melville Seam and Maules
Creek Formation mines).
1. Open cut mines

Hypothetical_Mines_Data tab: Filter columns A to C for the mine number in column A. Chose
which mine numbers to filter based on the data in columns F to H. In the template spreadsheet
provided mine numbers 10, 11, 15, 18, 20, 22, 23, 25 and 28 are open cut and within the
Hoskissons Seam. Therefore to define the open cut Hoskissons Seam mines filter for these mine
numbers. Copy the filtered results.

Hoskissons_OC tab: Paste the mine numbers, row and column coordinates (from above) to
column A, B and C (zone in blue). If additional mine cells are included, the calculations need to
be extended to further rows. Column J corresponds to the input data for the groundwater
numerical model.
2. Underground mines

Hypothetical_Mines_Data tab: Filter columns A to C for the mine number in column A. Chose
which mine numbers to filter based on the data in columns F to H. In the template spreadsheet
provided mine numbers 13, 16, 21, 24, 29 and 31 to 34 are underground mines targeting the
Hoskissons Seam. Therefore to define the underground Hoskissons Seam mines filter for these
mine numbers. Copy the filtered results.

Hoskissons_UG tab: Paste the mine numbers, row and column coordinates (from above) to
column A, B and C (zone in blue). If additional mine cells are included, the calculations need to
be extended to further rows. Column J corresponds to the input data for the groundwater
numerical model. Column D is used to define the development schedule of each underground
mine. The development is split into 6 stages of 5 years each, and the active cells during each of
these stages is defined by putting the stage number next to each mine cell in this column. This
is done manually.
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When ffinished, dataa for the Grouundwater Visttas input file is generated in the “Imporrt” tab. This must be
copied and pasted into another blank
b
spreadssheet which is then saved as a *.csv. TThis file can then be
importeed to Groundw
water Vistas.
The texxt file (*.csv) contains eight columns (see figure below) described as follows:

First column (R) – Inddicates the row
w index of thee cell where thhe constant heead will be applied

Secondd column (C) – Indicates thhe column inddex of the cell where the cconstant headd will be
appliedd

Third coolumn (L) – Inddicates the layyer index of thhe cell where the
t constant hhead will be applied

Fourth column (Head) – Indicatess the head elevation for thhe constant heead to be applied (in
mAHD for the Namoi model)

Fifth coolumn (Reach
h) – Reach inddex used by Groundwater
G
Vistas,
V
and ussed here to inndex the
differennt mines

Sixth coolumn (S) – Indicates the sttarting stress period
p
for the constant headd

Seventhh column (E) – Indicates thee ending stress period for thhe constant heead

Eighth column
c
(Cond
d) – Indicates tthe boundary conductance (not relevant ffor constant heeads).
mported usingg the menu BC
Cs > Import > Text File... .
The texxt file can be im
2.10.3
Rivers / sttreams
Similar to constant heads,
h
the riveer boundary coonditions can be accessed entering in thhe boundary condition
editing mode using thhe
50371/P3--R3-FINAL
buttonn and selectinng River in thee combo box, as
a illustrated bbelow:
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The ediiting mode cann also be acceessed using thhe menu BCs > River. Editing options annd toolbar buttons are
the sam
me presented in
i the propertyy mode.
b assigned foor all stress periods
p
of thee simulation. TThis can be achieved
a
River boundary condditions must be
editing one stress peeriod at a timee, or if this booundary does not change thhroughout the simulation, assigning
one streess period andd copying thesse settings to the remainingg ones.
For editting one stress period at a time, the streess period to be
b set can be accessed usinng the Stress Period
text box located to the
t left tool bar.
b Typing a number in thee text box will lead to the corresponding stress
period.
c be copiedd to another using
u
the mennu BCs > Moodify > Copyy Stress
Settings from one sttress period can
Periodd... which openns the followinng dialog:
od) sets the sttress period w
which settingss will be
The firsst textbox (Coopy Boundaryy Data from Stress Perio
copied. The next twoo text boxes deefine the initiaal and final strress periods too which the seettings will be copied.
The two text boxes in Use Reach Number Frrom define which
w
boundary condition reeaches will bee copied
from onne stress periood to the otherrs.
Compleex definition of
o river boundaary may be reequired at times, especiallyy when highly spatial and temporal
variability is requiredd. Similar to constant
c
headds described previously,
p
thee river boundaary conditionss can be
edited outside Grounndwater Vistas and once finnished can bee imported intoo the model. This was the method
adoptedd for the Namoi model.
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The file must obey the river package format defined for USGS MODFLOW 2000. The format is barfly described
below:

First line contains the number equating to the number of lines in the file;

For each stress period, one header line containing the number of record lines for the stress
period, followed for one line for each record;

For each record, six columns are defined as follows:
o
Column 1 – Row index;
o
Column 2 – Column index;
o
Column 3 – Layer index;
o
Column 4 – River head (in mAHD for the Namoi model);
o
Column 5 – Boundary conductance;
o
Column 6 – River bottom elevation;
o
Column 7 – Auxiliary variables not applicable to Namoi Model.
Once the file is prepared it can be imported using the menu BCs > Import > MODFLOW Package.... In the
combo box Files or type:, located at the bottom of the dialog, choose the river option and select the file to
be imported accordingly.
The generation of river boundary conditions for a model of this size and this many stress periods is a complex
task. It has required the use of several macros and large complex spreadsheets used to interpolate between
river gauges and between missing temporal data. Now that the process of building these inputs has been
completed the most efficient method of making any changes to these inputs will be via the Groundwater
Vistas interface, using the methods described above. Single river cell settings (stage, river bottom elevation
and conductance) can be modified in this way or entire reaches.
Abstraction wells (background)
2.10.4
The background abstractions (irrigation, public water supply etc) have been simulated in the Groundwater
Model as MNW wells. The transient data has been compiled into a comma delimited file (.csv). Each
3
abstraction point has a header line followed by a rate (m /d) for each of the 304 stress periods, even if that
rate is zero. The following architecture is used:

Well header line (values assigned to columns not mentioned below are not used in the file
import and are therefore not important):
50371/P3-R3-FINAL
o
Column 1 – Well name
o
Column 2 – Well easting
o
Column 3 – Well northing
o
Column 5 – Top layer of well
o
Column 6 – Bottom layer of well
o
Column 9 – Well Rw value
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o

Column 13 – number of trransient data points
Abstracction rate liness
o
Column 1 – Starting stresss period
o
Column 2 –EEnding stress period
o
Column 3 – Rate (m /d)
o
Column 4 – Concentrationn (default 0)
3
Once thhe file is prepaared it can be imported usinng the menu AE
A > Import > Well text fi le.... which oppens the
followinng dialog:
The diaalog should be filled in as shhown above. TThe option Se
et as a Fractu
ure Well or M
MNW well shhould be
selected and the column numberss filled in for N
Name, X coo
ordinate, Y coordinate,
c
N
No. Trans. Da
ata Pts,
Top Laayer, Bottom Layer and Co
onductance ((Rw).
2.10.5
Abstractioon and injectioon wells (CSG)
G)
Abstracction from the CSG wells is simulated usiing the WEL package.
p
Injecction of treateed water back into the
model ddomain is sim
mulated in the same way. TThe transient data has beenn compiled intto a comma delimited
text filee (.csv) with thhe same characteristics as tthat described above for thee background aabstractions.
SG_Inputs_1400512.xlsb”.
The inpput file is geneerated using thhe spreadsheeet “Namoi_CS
User deefined inputs to the spreaddsheet relate to one of thrree types; layyer surfaces, CCSG field geoometry /
abstracction and stresss period set-uup. These are ddescribed beloow:
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Layer surface inputs

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where only Hoskissons seam is observed
(GV_points_Hoskissons tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where only Melville seam is observed
(GV_points_Melville tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where only Maules Creek formation is observed
(GV_points_Maules tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where both Hoskissons and Melville seam are
observed (GV_points_Hoskissonsmelville tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where both Hoskissons seam and Maules Creek
formation are observed (GV_points_Hoskissonsmaules tab)

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells where both Melville seam and Maules Creek
formation are observed (GV_points_Maulesmelville tab)

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 12 (Hoskissons seam) thickness (Elevations_L12 tab).

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 14 (Melville seam) thickness (Elevations_L14 tab).

Groundwater Vista export file of layer 18 (Maules Creek formation) thickness (Elevations_L18
tab).
CSG inputs

Groundwater Vista grid coordinates of the cells within the coal seam gas project area.
(CSG_Field_Pts tab)

The yearly average field production or injection rates (QC_Inputs tab)
Stress period inputs

The model stress periods (SP tab)
How the spreadsheet works
Every model cell within a CSG field is defined as being one of the following based on the thickness of the
coal seams or formations they intercept:

“Hoskissons”. Only the Hoskissons Seam is present at a thickness of 5 m or greater in this cell

“Melville”. Only the Melville Seam is present at a thickness of 5 m or greater in this cell

“Maules Creek”. Only the Maules Creek Formation is present at a thickness of 5 m or greater in
this cell

“Hoskissons-Melville”. Both the Hoskissons and Melville Seams are present in this cell, both at
a thickness of 5 m or greater

“Hoskissons-Maules”. Both the Hoskissons Seam and Maules Creek Formation are present in
this cell, both at a thickness of 5 m or greater
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
“Melville-Maules”. Both the Melville Seam and Maules Creek Formation are present in this cell,
both at a thickness of 5 m or greater
Cells where all three seams / formations were present are limited and were therefore discounted from this
analysis. There is therefore no “Hoskissons- Melville-Maules” class.
If there is no thickness of coal seam or formation in any particular model cell then it is not assigned to any of
these groups. This data is used directly to assign wells in a CSG field to the correct layer and to apportion the
abstraction accordingly.
A single well can only target one of the three geological units. Therefore a cell where two or more coal
seams / formations are present will have two or three wells assigned.
If a cell contains only one well, the well production (or injection) rate corresponds to the cell production (or
injection) rate. If a cell contains two wells, the well production (or injection) rates are calculated based on the
cell production (or injection) rates proportionally to the targeted unit thickness.
The calculations described above are undertaken in the Field_Cells_Calc, Bando_Hoskissons,
Bando_Melville, Bando_Maules tabs and the results are amalgamated in the CSG_Field_GV_Input tab.
How to use the spreadsheet
In order to produce a full CSG abstraction input file for Groundwater Vistas the following tabs require inputs.
3
1. QC_Inputs tab: Input the yearly average field production (or injection) rates in m /d in columns A and
B. Input positive values for a production project (abstraction) and negative values for injection
project.
2. CSG_Field_Pts tab: Input cell coordinates (from Groundwater Vista model grid – X, Y, row and
column – highlighted in yellow) of all model cells falling within the CSG field area.
3. Field_Cells_Calc tab: Check if all the CSG field cells (see step 2) are taken into account and if they
are not extend row 1822 down (which holds the calculations)
4. Hoskissons tab: In Field_Cells_Calc tab select all cells beneath and including row 5, columns A to P
and filter column C for the definitions “Hoskissons”, “Hoskissons-Maules” and “HoskissonsMelville”. Copy and transpose paste the following:
a. Column M to cell G3 in the Bando_Hoskissons tab
b. Column N to cell G4 in the Bando_Hoskissons tab
c.
Column J to cell G5 in the Bando_Hoskissons tab
5. Melville tab: In Field_Cells_Calc tab select all cells beneath and including row 5, columns A to P and
filter column C for the definitions “Hoskissons”, “Hoskissons-Maules” and “Hoskissons-Melville”.
Copy and transpose paste the following:
a. Column M to cell G3 in the Bando_Melville tab
b. Column N to cell G4 in the Bando_Melville tab
c.
50371/P3-R3-FINAL
Column J to cell G5 in the Bando_Melville tab
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6. Maules tab: In Field_Cells_Calc tab select all cells beneath and including row 5, columns A to P and
filter column C for the definitions “Hoskissons”, “Hoskissons-Maules” and “Hoskissons-Melville”.
Copy and transpose paste the following:
a. Column M to cell G3 in the Bando_Maules tab
b. Column N to cell G4 in the Bando_Maules tab
c.
Column J to cell G5 in the Bando_Maules tab
7. QC_Inputs tab: Quality check the results. Column D should be equalled to 0% as this is where the
input (and desired) total yearly average abstraction for the entire CSG field is compared against the
final product of the spreadsheet calculations.
8. CSG_Field_GV_Input: If more wells than currently in the file are considered, extend columns F, P and
Z. Copy and paste columns G, Q and AA (one under the other) to a *.csv file. This is the final input
file for the CSG abstractions for Groundwater Vistas.
If additional wells are included, check in the tabs above that all the data are taken into account in the
calculations. If not, the calculations need to be extended to further rows or columns.
Once the file is prepared it can be imported using the menu AE > Import > Well text fie... which opens the
dialog displayed above. On this occasion, as MNW wells are not to be used, leave the option Set as a
Fracture Well or MNW well unselected and specifying a column number for Conductance (Rw) is not
required. These wells are therefore imported as analytical elements, but when datasets are created the data
is passed into a WEL package file, rather than an MNW package file.
2.10.6
Irrigation (injection) wells
Groundwater recharge from irrigation is simulated using the WEL package. This boundary condition was set
up directly in Groundwater Vistas using the process described below.
Activation of the WEL editing menus is accomplished by using the menu BCs > Well.... Once this has been
selected wells can be assigned directly to model cells by selecting the relevant layer (for irrigation recharge
this was always Layer 1), locating the mouse arrow over the desired cell and pressing the right mouse button.
This action opens the following dialog:
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f
month too month the innput cannot be treated as ssteady state. For this
As the irrigation rechharge varies from
B
Co ndition should be unselectted. Once thiss has been doone time
reason the option Stteady-state Boundary
variant rates of rechaarge can be asssigned by leftt clicking on thhe Transient Data option.
The sprreadsheet “Naamoi_Transiennt_Irrigation.xxlsx” has beenn set up to allow productionn of both timee variant
historiccal (based on 306
3 equal lenggth stress periiods) and timee variant predictive (based oon 304 unequaal length
stress pperiods) input files. To change the irrigatiion rates on which
w
the inputts are calculatted change the values
in cells H2 (currentlyy equal to 30 mm/yr) or cel l I2 (currently equal to 70 mm/yr).
m
Recal culate by pressing F9
and thee data required as input to the
t Groundwaater Vistas boundary conditions is displayyed in columnns T to V
(30 mm
m/yr historical)), X to Z (70 mm/yr
m
historiccal), AD to AFF (30 mm/yr predictive) andd AH to AJ (700 mm/yr
predictiive).
c then be ccopied and pasted
p
directlyy into the Traansient Data
a dialog
The data within theese columns can
described above.
The proocess describeed above was undertaken onnce for the hisstorical model and once for the predictivee model.
To allow this input to be used inn the creationn of other scenarios and sensitivities,
s
iit was exportted from
Groundwater Vistas as
a a text file. The text file hhas the follow
wing attributes:

Four heeader lines. The first 2 corrrespond to weells and the seecond two corrrespond to rivvers. As
the irrigation recharge is simulatted as wells it is the first two lines thhat are relevant here.
Followeed by;

Well daata lines. For each stress pperiod a rate iss supplied for each irrigatioon recharge well.
w
The
data is organised as follows (only tthose options used in the im
mport process are describedd):
50371/P3--R3-FINAL
o
Column 1 – Row
o
Column 2 – Column
o
L
Column 3 - Layer
o
Column 5 - Rate
R
o
Column 7 – Starting stresss period
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o
Column 8 – Ending stresss period
The texxt file can be imported by first
f activatingg the well bouundary condition options (B
BCs > Well...). Then,
using thhe menu BCs > Import > Text
T file... wh ich opens the following dialog box:
Using this dialog boxx browse to the location of tthe input file. The lines to skip at the topp of the file shhould be
c
are required,
r
but tthe options att the bottom (Coordinate Data and Bo
oundary
set to 44. No other changes
Data) m
must be enterred and filled out so that thhe import coluumns match thhe text file. FFor example, once
o
the
Boundary Data opttion has beenn selected thee following diialog box will open and shhould be filledd out as
indicateed:
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2.10.7
Connective
ve cracking / permeability
pe
ennhancement
Changees to model parameters in order to simuulate connective cracking above undergroound mines has been
undertaaken manuallyy. Shapefiles were createdd delineating zones
z
where changes
c
were required. In order to
do this the shapefilees need to be imported as m
maps. Once the
t file is prepared it can bbe imported using the
menu FFile > Map > Shapefile.... The file musst then be seleected. Grounddwater Vistas will then use this file
to produce a file in itts own format (.map). A nam
me for this filee must be provvided.
mported and can be seen in Groundwaterr Vistas the hyydraulic param
meters can be changed
c
Once thhe maps are im
by firstt selecting Props
P
> Hydraulic Cond uctivity.... This activates the optionss for controlling this
parameeter. If changes to storage are required Storage/Porrosity must be selected insstead. Once this has
been done changes to the param
meters can bee made simplyy by right cliccking on relevvant model ceells. To
mber attributed to the cell w
when this is done,
d
simply select
s
Props > Default Va
alues....
control the zone num
mber to equal the zone thatt is required.
Then, inn the dialog boox that opens,, set the Defaault Zone Num
2.11
Model and translation and run
Once m
model setup iss finished, the model inputss need to be translated
t
to MODFLOW innput files form
mat. This
operation is done pressing the
button or thhrough the menu Model > MODFLOW
W > Create Da
atasets.
With thhe model filess translated, thhe model can be set to run wither using Groundwaterr Vistas or witth native
USGS M
MODFLOW thrrough the com
mmand promptt.
From Groundwater Vistas,
V
the moddel can be runn using the meenu Model > MODFLOW > Run MODFFLOW. A
new dialog will apppear showing the running pprogress and verbose messages. The m
model should carry
c
on
a stress peeriods until it gets to the end.
e
At this point it will say the
runningg through the time steps and
Modflow has finished and model results will be ready to be post-processedd.
2.12
2.12.1
Post proceessing resultss
Importing model resultss
Prior too any post-pprocessing the model ressults generateed by MODFFLOW have tto be importted into
Groundwater Vistas. Model resultts can be imp orted using thhe button
or using the menu Plot > Import
ts... . A new diialog will appeear and it is illlustrated in thhe following figure.
Results
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t the desiredd stress periodd and time steep in the textt boxes locateed in the
Type thhe numbers coorresponding to
box Read Data for This
T Time Pe
eriod and preess the OK buutton. By defauult, Groundwaater Vistas will import
hydraulic head results, however, drawdown annd cell-by-celll flows can also be loadedd marking the Import
wn File and Ceell-by-Cell Fllow text boxes.
checkbooxes next to thhe Drawdow
ODFLOW and, therefore, only these
Importtant: Only results specified in the outpu t control are saved by MO
results can be importted into Grounndwater Vistass.
2.12.2
Contours
For the most part moodel results are reported ass drawdown from
f
coal and gas developm
ments. As the model
predictss drawdown from
f
all sorts of things on ttop of this (baackground absstraction, natuural recharge changes
etc) thee results musst be compareed against Sccenario 0. Drrawdown contours are prooduced by subbtracting
Surfer aascii grids froom the Scenarrio 0 model froom Surfer asccii grids from the Scenario 3 model. If the grids
are expported from thhe same stresss period and ttime step, thiss calculation provides
p
the ddrawdown only due to
coal and gas developpments at thatt time. To expport the grids the head resuults from the sstress period and
a time
quired
must
b
be
imported
fo
ollowing
the
ned
above.
T
hen
selecting
g
the
Plot
>
What
W
to
step re
process outlin
ad must be seelected. Oncee this has been done
Display... dialog box the option Display Conttours of Hea
head grrids can be exxported for thee active layer by selecting File > Exportt.... In the diaalog box that appears
Shapefiles and manyy other formatss can be seleccted as the Sa
ave as type.
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Hydrograpphs
2.12.3
Hydrographs for the observation targets
t
can bee exported using the menu Reports > CCalibration > Target
arget Report dialog will apppear as illustrrated in the neext figure.
Residuuals... . The Calibration Ta
L box.
Targetss to be exportted can be filttered by layerr, simulation time, group annd zone using the Target List
Summaarized statisticcs by layers, group
g
and zonne can be gennerated by tickking the checkkboxes locateed in the
Summaarize Statistiics box.
SV file contai ning the hydrrographs is deefined in the File Name text
t box
The loccation and name of the CS
locatedd at the bottoom of the dialog. Checkinng the optionn Launch Te
ext Editor too View Report will
automaatically open the report oncee it is generatted. To generaate report, press the OK buttton located inn the top
right coorner.
Targetss can be definned manually in Groundwaater Vistas ussing the
button
b
or the menu AE > Target.
Alternaatively, targetss can be imporrted using the menu AE > Im
mport > Targ
get from Textt File...
t targets is described in G
Groundwater Vistas
V
documeentation and cconsists basically of a
The format used for the
CSV filee containing thhe following:

One inittial head line with column i dentifiers;

For each target :
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One line with the targett information including nam
me, coordinattes, row, coluumn and
layer indexees, etc...
o
One line forr every observvation containing time, obseerved value annd weight (irreelevant).
Dummy observation valuees can be usedd to generate the target hyddrographs.
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The folllowing figure illustrates thee format used by the target text
t files:
Calibrat
ation spreadshheets
Two sppreadsheets are used to compare the preedicted groundwater levelss from the hisstorical model against
the obsserved grounddwater levels. The first “Naamoi_Modflow
w_Calibration_General.xlsbb” includes the public
data tthat was used to assess the ca libration in the Upper Namoi Alluuvium. The second
“Namoi_Modflow_CCalibration_Miines.xlsb” inccludes monitoring associateed with mininng projects. Both
B
are
described in more deetail below:
Namoi__Modflow_Caalibration_Genneral.xlsb
The tarrget file “Targget_Calibration_General_088092011.csv” must first be imported intoo Groundwateer Vistas
so that predicted grooundwater levvels through t ime can be exxported at thee correct locattions from thee model.
This proocess is descrribed above.
To update the calibbration hydroggraphs paste all of the Grroundwater Vistas exportedd data (includding the
header line) into cell A6 of the tabb “GWVOutpu t”. Then presss F9 to recalcuulate and the graphs locateed in the
other taabs will updatte.
Namoi__Modflow_Caalibration_Minnes.xlsb
a
of thee model predictions against mine relatedd groundwateer levels.
The proocess is the same for the analysis
The tarrget data file is called “Taarget_Calibrattion_mines__
_241011.csv”. The exportedd groundwateer levels
from thhese targets can be pasted into cell A2 oof the tab “GW
WVOutput. Thhen press F9 tto recalculate and the
graphs located in thee other tabs will update. Thee hydrographss used in the calibration are found in red coloured
c
tabs (“N
Narrabri”, “Roocglen”, “Sunnnyside” and “BBoggabri”). Other hydrograpphs that were available are found in
the unccoloured tabs.
Predictition hydrograpph - alluvial
mulated draw
wdown at
As withh the calibratioon hydrographhs, the initial sstep in reproduucing the hydrrographs of sim
targets
the
hypothetical
alluvial
monitorinng
locations
is
to
imporrt
the
water Vistas. Once the sttandard proceedure of
(“Namooi_Hypotheticaal_Targets_Alluvium.csv“) into Groundw
importing the targetss and model results
r
has beeen completedd the results can
c be exportted at these loocations
and thhe results imported intoo columns B to K of the tab “S
ScX_Results” found in the
t
file
“Namoi_Predictive_H
Hypothetical_
_Alluvium_Hyddrographs.xlsbb”. If backgrouund settings ( recharge, bacckground
abstracction, irrigationn etc, or any more
m fundameental model chhanges made) then the updaated Scenario 0 model
results must also bee exported in this
t format annd pasted intoo columns B to
t K of the tabb “Sc0_Results”. The
differennce between the
t Scenario 0 and Mining / CSG scenario run (the drrawdown due to coal and / or CSG
developpment) is thenn displayed in the
t hydrograpphs in the tab “Plots”.
“
Predictition hydrograpphs - hard rock (HR) hydrograaphs
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The file containing the HR target locations and data is called “Namoi_Hypothetical_Targets_HR.csv”. A
single spreadsheet is devoted to each hypothetical location due to the size of the output data. These
spreadsheets are called:

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Bando1.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Bando2.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Bando3.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Bando4.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Narrabri1.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Narrabri2.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Narrabri3.xlsx

Namoi_Predictive_Hypothetical_Hydrographs-Narrabri4.xlsx
The configuration of each spreadsheet is the same and the exported data must be pasted into columns K to T
of the “Results” tab. If Scenario 0 has also changed, this data can be pasted into columns A to J. The
difference between Scenario 0 and the coal and gas development scenario is then calculated in column U and
the hydrograph presented in the tab “Plot”.
2.12.4
Historical surface water / groundwater interaction
The difference between Scenario 0 and the coal and gas development scenario predictions of interaction
flows between groundwater and surface water are analysed using three spreadsheets:

Namoi_river_Accretion-2030.xlsx

Namoi_river_Accretion-2030.xlsx

Namoi_river_Accretion-2030.xlsx
Following the method above, the predictive data can be pasted directly into the relevant column in each
“Reach” tab in the spreadsheet (there are 14 of these tabs, one for each modelled reach). Results for any coal
and gas scenario can be pasted into cell B3 and a re-run scenario 0 into cell C3.
The results are then displayed in the hydrographs in the “Plots” tab.
Results from surface/water groundwater flow exchanges can be extracted using the menu Plot > Import
Results... as described in section 2.11.1. In this case the check box for importing cell-by-cell flow must be
marked.
With the results imported, the calculations can be made through the menu Plot > Mass Balance > BC
Flow Accretion Curve... The dialog in illustrated in the next figure appears.
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The com
mbo box Boundary Type allows
a
the sel ection of boundary type used for the cal culations. Forr surface
water/ groundwater interaction, thhe option Riveer must be chosen. Select the
t option Dow
wnstream Distance
in the X Axis repreesents combo box and typee the desired river reach ID in the text bbox Reach (Segment
for Streams). The reeach id is defined during thhe setup of thhe river boundary conditionss described inn section
2.9.3.
w with a plott of flux rates against
With all options seleected pressingg the OK buttton displays a chart window
downsttream distancee. To copy thee numeric valuues, right-click on the graph and select tthe Copy option. The
data wiill be sent to Windows
W
clipbboard and can be pasted as a spreadsheeet in Excel or aas text.
Predictivee period mass balance
b
2.12.5
The Grooundwater Vistas files are set up with hydrostratigraaphic propertyy zones for usse with mass balance
analysis. The zones are:
a

Zone 1:: Lower Namoi Alluvium (layyer 2)

Zone 2:: Upper Namoi Alluvium – N
Narrabri Formaation (layer 1)

Zone 3:: Upper Namoi Alluvium – G
Gunnedah Form
mation (layer 2)
2

Zone 4:: Unused

Zone 5:: Hard rock forrmations (layeers 2 to 20)
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Once the cell by cell flow data (the *.cbb file) has been imported to Groundwater Vistas the flows calculated
at boundary conditions within these zones and flows between neighbouring zones can be exported.
The mass balance data can be exported by using the menu Plot > Mass Balance > HydroStratigraphic
Units > Export HSU Report... which opens a simple dialog box. A file name must be chosen (*.csv) and then
when prompted “Summarize Mass Balance for All Times” select “yes”.
The exported data can then be pasted directly into the Sc0 or ScX tabs of the analysis spreadsheets
depending on requirements. The results are displayed in the tab “Plot”. The process is the same for mass
balance, groundwater / surface water interaction and flow spreadsheets, which are detailed below:

Namoi_Mass_Balance.xlsx

Namoi_Interaction.xlsx

Namoi_flows.xlsx
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3
3.1
HYDROLOGIC MODEL
Introduction
The Large Scale Catchment Model (LASCAM) developed by Viney and Sivalapan (2000) was the selected code
to simulate the surface water processes occurring in the catchment. While providing a robust simulation of
processes such as infiltration and run-off with a relatively small number of parameters, LASCAM does not
have a graphical user interface for pre and post processing of model inputs and results.
In order to allow the use of LASCAM in an optimized way and accelerate workflows related to model settings
and results processing, additional scripts were developed using Matlab. Matlab is a high-level language and
interactive environment for technical computing developed by Mathworks. The Matlab scripts help translating
the inputs stored in spreadsheets into the LASCAM input files, as well as processing LASCAM results and
generating ready-to-use outputs such as charts, spreadsheets and MODFLOW package files (recharge in this
case).
The input files, Matlab scripts and LASCAM executables were built in an enclosed folder structure as
illustrated below. The structure contains 3 main folders, namely input, matlab and output. The input folder
contains the inputs created by the user. The folder matlab contains matlab scripts, the input files translated
to LASCAM format (once the input files are translated) and LASCAM executable, while the folder output
contains the post-processed LASCAM results.
Important: The folder structure must not be modified otherwise the Matlab scripts will not operate properly.
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m
are sa ved in the foolder Input. The
T several iinputs are divvided in
All the inputs of thhe LASCAM model
subfoldders according to its nature, as follows:

Catchm
ment – this suubfolder contaains informatioon about sub-ccatchments;

Climatte – this subfoolder contains climate inform
mation, such as
a rainfall and evaporation;

Flow – this folder coontains flow oobservations used in the model calibrationn;

Lake – this folder coontains inform ation about laakes and reserrvoirs;

Master – this folderr contains inpuuts that controol running timee and outputs;;

Parameter – this folder contains parameter inpputs that are common to all sub-catchmennts;

Rainfall – this folder contains rainnfall data;

Soil – this folder conntains informaation regardingg soil parametters; and

Vegetaation – this foolder contains information on
o the vegetation and imperrvious surfacess.
The filees in the folder matlab relate to internal operation of the models andd therefore muust not be modified in
any way. Details on the
t output folder and post pprocessing aree presented inn Section 3.6.
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3.2
Domain and sub-catchment selection
The LASCAM model domain and sub-catchment selection is defined in the file catchment.csv located in the
Catchment folder. The file consists of a header line containing the column identifiers followed by one line
per sub-catchment in the model. The sub-catchment input consists of 9 parameters, namely:

Link – indicates the sub-catchment ID, starting from 1 for the most downstream catchment up
to the total number of catchments (99 in the Namoi LASCAM model);

Dslink – indicates the ID of the downstream sub-catchment. For the most downstream subcatchment, Dslink must be assigned as 0;

DistToOF – distance along the river from the centroid of the sub-catchment to the most
downstream point of the basin;

BasinArea – total area of all sub-catchments located upstream of the current sub-catchment;

LinkArea – area of the sub-catchment;

DrainDensity – ratio between stream length within the sub-catchment and its corresponding
area;

Y – northern coordinate of the sub-catchment centroid;

X – eastern coordinate of the sub-catchment centroid; and

Projection – coordinate projection system used to define the centroid coordinates.
Important: Downstream sub-catchments must always have a lower index that those located upstream, and
the most downstream sub-catchment must have index 1.
3.3
3.3.1
Parameterisation
Soil settings
Soil settings can be accessed and modified in the CSV file soil.csv in the soil folder. This file consists of
one header line with column names followed by one line per sub-catchment where the parameters are set.
The required parameters are:

Link – corresponds to the sub-catchment ID;

Dmin – minimum soil depth (m);

Dmean – average soil depth (m);

Poroup – top-soil porosity (-);

FieldCap – top-soil field capacity (-);

PoroZNS – deep soil porosity (-);

DepthBR – depth to bedrock (m);

Psif – bubbling pressure (mm);
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
Lambdda – soil indexx;

SpecY
Yield – specific yield (-); andd

AlphaG
GW – fractionn of the sub-caatchment undeerlain by contrributing aquifeers.
The subb-catchment liines have to be in ascendingg order by ID. A typical soil file format is shown below.
3.3.2
Surface waater storage seettings
Parameeters of surface water storage such as lakes and reeservoirs are defined in thhe CSV file la
ake.csv
locatedd in the lake folder.
f
Similaar to the soil ffile, the lake file consists of
o one headerr line followedd by one
line perr lake/storage structure. Required parameeters are desccribed as follow
ws:

Sub – Id of the sub-ccatchment wh ere the lake/sstorage is locaated;

LakAM
Max – Maximuum area of stoorage (km );

LakvA – Parameter relating
r
storagge volume andd area;

LakVDead – Dead volume
v
of storaage (ML);

LakVA
AMax – Storagge volume at LLakAMax (ML);

LakVM
Max – Maximuum storage voolume (ML);

LakQM
Max – Maximuum storage disscharge;

LakvQ – Parameter relating
r
volum
me and downsttream discharge (-);

NAMEE – Text containing the namee of the storagge (optional).
2
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An exam
mple of the lake.csv file is presented
p
beloow:
3.3.3
Land use seettings
meters are deefined in
Land usse settings are restricted too vegetation pparameters in LASCAM. Vegetation param
six CSVV files located in the vegeta
ation folder, nnamely:

Grn.cssv – contains information onn deep-rooted vegetation fraaction;

Imp.cssv – contains information onn the impervioous soil fractioon;

Max.csv – contain initial conditioons for groundw
water elevatioons;

Rip.csvv – contains innformation onn riparian vegeetation fractionn;

Sc.csm
m – contains innformation onn leaf area indexes (LAI’s); and

Sea.cssv – contains information onn seasonal disstribution of thhe LAI’s.
The filee grn.csv connsists of two columns, one for the sub-ccatchment ID and the seco nd for the fraaction of
deep roooted vegetatiion (%). The first line is a hheader with thhe column identifiers with oone additionall line for
each simulated sub-ccatchment. Ann example of t his file is pressented below:
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The im
mp.csv file haas a similar structure to tthe grn.csv file,
f
with the first columnn containing the
t subcatchment identifier and the seccond column containing the impervious fraction (%).. A column iddentifier
header is followed byy one additionnal line per subb-catchment, as illustrated below:
The filees max.csv annd rip.csv havve the same f ormats of imp
p.csv files. Thhe sc.csv file contains the spatially
s
distribuuted values for Leaf Area Inndex (LAI). It cconsists of onee header line with the colu mn identifier and one
additionnal line for each sub-catchm
ment, containi ng the followiing parameters:

Catchm
ment – refers to the sub-cattchment ID;

GRN – Leaf Area Inddex for the deeep-rooted vegeetation; and

L Area Indeex for the riparrian vegetation.
RIP – Leaf
mple of the scc.csv file is prresent below:
An exam
3.3.4
Rainfall setttings
Rainfall data is definned in three files. The first ttwo files are rain.csv
r
and siteselectionn.xls and are located
in the ffolder rainfall.. The file rain
n.csv containss the raw observed data froom rainfall staations and connsists of
one heaader line with one additionaal line per rainnfall record. Inputs required for each rainffall record are:

X – easstern coordinaate of the rainffall station;

Y – norrthern coordinate of the rainnfall station;

Stationn_Number – rainfall statioon identificatioon number;

Date_TTime – date and
a time of thee rainfall record;

Year1 – year of the rainfall
r
recordd;
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
Month1 – month of the
t rainfall reccord;

Day1 – day of the rainfall record; aand

Precipp – recorded precipitation inn mm.
Rainfall records are required to bee in a daily baasis. The records must also be ordered bby station num
mber and
date. A
An example of the file is included below:
The filee siteselectioon.xls containns the stationss that will be used by LASCAM, if only a sub-set of thee rainfall
record is planned too be used. This file is reddundant if the option Use
e User Definned Rain in the file
runtime.xls is set too “no”.
w column iddentifiers, folllowed by one line per
The forrmat of site selection.xls consists of a header line with
w be used inn model. The foollowed inputs are required for each statiion:
rainfall station that will

Site ID
D – Rainfall station Id. It muust match the Station_Number field prresent in the rain.csv
r
file;

Y – norrthern coordinate of the rainnfall station;

X – easstern coordinaate of the rainffall station;

Projecction – coordinnate system uused for the rainfall station coordinates
c
mple of the sitte selection file is presente d in the follow
wing figure:
An exam
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The file climate.cssv is presentt in the clim
mate folder and contains annual averaages for rainffall and
ate.csv file is described in tthe following section.
s
evaporaation for each sub-catchmennt. The formatt of the clima
3.3.5
Evaporationn settings
Parameeters required for evaporation are restriccted to a singlle value of avverage annual evaporation per subcatchment. These parameters are set in the clim
mate.csv file (same file whhere average rrainfall per catchment
e folder. The ffile consists of
o one header line, followedd by one line for each
is definned) located inn the climate
sub-cattchment, with the following parameters:

Link – represents the sub-catchmeent ID;

Evap – average annuual evaporatioon (mm);

Rai – average
a
annuaal rainfall (mm );
The folllowing figure illustrates thee climate.csvv format:
3.4
Time settinggs
M models aree simulated in daily time steps. Time settings
s
are restricted to bbeginning andd end of
LASCAM
simulattion dates. Theese settings can be accesseed and modifieed in the spreaadsheet runti me.xls locateed in the
masterr folder.
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The fiellds StartDatee and EndDate
e (displayed inn yellow in thee next figure) control the daates for beginnning and
end of the simulation, respectively. The fields Start Flow In
nput and End
d Flow Inputt control the period
p
in
which oobservation daata will be useed for calibrattion purposes. The use of suub-sets is usefful in some situations
where an initial simulation periodd is assigned tto the model stabilize numerically to ini tial conditions before
sensible results can be
b provided.
3.5
Specific runn settings
me.xls file annd are highlighhted in yellow
w in the
Other sspecific run seettings can allso be found in the runtim
screen print below. The
T specific run settings aree:

OutputtDirectory – defines the naame of the output directory which is creaated (when it does
d not
exist) during the LASCAM run from
m Matlab;

Converrt Raw Data – defines wh ether the rainfall and obserrvation inputs need to be coonverted
to LASSCAM binary format prior to the modeel run. The raw data connversion can be time
consum
ming depending on the amouunt of data involved in the simulation, soo if the data has
h been
previouusly converted, it is recomm ended to set this
t option to “no”;
“

Use Usser Defined Rain
R – define s the rainfall data
d to be useed in the simullation. If this option
o
is
set as “no”, LASCAM
M will use thee entire rainfaall dataset for generation oof spatially disstributed
values. If the option is set as “yes ”, only the raiinfall stations specified in t he siteselecttion.xls
u
spreadssheet will be used;

Run Caalibrator – deefines whetheer the calibratoor is to be useed. When set tto “no”, LASC
CAM will
conductt one single run with the sppecified param
meters. Whenn set to “yes”,, LASCAM will be run
many times and atteempt to obtainn the best maatch between the model ressults and observation
data vaarying the paraameters speciffied in the filee calibration..dat;

Monthly B Store – defines whetther a specific output containing infiltrattion, evaporattion and
net balaance for each sub-catchme nt is to be written. If set to “yes” Matlabb post-processsing will
generatte a series of charts and sppreadsheets foor each sub-caatchment. If seet to “no”, outtput will
be ignoored; and

Run Vaalidation – defines
d
whethher additionall plots compaaring observedd and simulatted flow
rates arre generated.
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3.6
LASCAM runns and post processing
p
rresults
m
can be run from Mattlab. Firstly thee current foldeer of Matlab must be
Once thhe input files are set, the model
set to the matlab folder describedd in section 3. 1. To change the current foolder, type thee folder locatioon in the
mbo box locateed at the top oof Matlab Winndow, or press the button
located neext to it,
Currennt Folder: com
as presented in the following figurre.
c
folder, go to the Coommand Win
ndow in Matlab, type lasccam and presss Enter.
After seelecting the current
This command startss the Matlab scripts that w
will translate the
t input files and call the LASCAM exeecutable.
Charts and plots willl be displayedd showing the observation data
d as the simulation goess and, once thhe run is
finishedd, another series of plots will be displayeed.
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All the plots and spreeadsheets gennerated by Maatlab post processing scripts are saved inn the subfoldeer 2.post
locatedd within the Ouutput folder. The
T 2.post follder contains 3 subfolders, namely:
n

BStoree;

Flow; and
a

Validation.
Store folder stores
s
the results regardingg infiltration and
a evaporatioon into deep aquifer, the recharge
r
The BS
package file that goees into the Moodflow model is saved in this folder. The CSV subfoldeer contains a series
s
of
ore.xlsx file contains cumulative monnthly values for evaporation and
spreadssheets. The Master_Bsto
rechargge into the aquifer. This filee contains thee data for all the catchments and entire simulated peeriod. An
example of the file iss illustrated beelow.
M
re.xlsx file, aadditional filees containing individual va lues of rechaarge and
In addition to the Master_Bstor
re.xlsx, wheree XXX is
evaporaation for eachh sub catchment are createdd. The general file name is scXXX_store
the corrresponding caatchment numbber. These filees have the saame format as the master fille.
The Floow folder conttains charts and spreadsheeets comparingg results from LASCAM aga inst observation data.
The subbfolder Plots contain charrts with hydroographs of sim
mulated and observed
o
flow
w rates, as illustrated
below. One plot for each
e
observattion point is geenerated.
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The CS
SV folder withhin Flow contains spreadshheets containing the data used
u
to generaate the plots. The file
masterrFlow.xlsx contains
c
all the observattion data andd corresponding LASCAM
M result values. The
spreadssheet containss 5 columns naamely:

StationnID: contains the name of t he observation point;

X: contains the easteern coordinatee of the observvation;

Y: contain the northeern coordinatee of the observvation;

Raw: contains
c
the obbservation datta (in ML/day));

Model: contains the model resultss (ML/day);
Additional files with the same format are gene rated individuually for each station. The ffile name corresponds
to the sstation ID. Thee format of thee flow files is illustrated below:
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The vaalidation foldder contains additional p lots used to assess the consistency of model results at
catchments where obbservations arre present. Thee subfolder Pllots contains the
t following plots:

Annual Runoff – whhich comparess simulated annd observed ruunoff values inn an yearly bassis;

Cumulative Total – plotting cumuulative observved and simulaated runoff rattes;

Flow Duration
D
– which comparess simulated and observed values
v
of runooff against perrcentage
of time equalled or exceeded;

Monthly Average – which plot monthly averraged values for observed and simulated runoff
rates;

Monthly Flow – which
w
plot monnthly simulateed runoff valuues against coorresponding monthly
averageed observationns;

Monthly Average Recharge
R
–w
which presentss monthly average infiltratioon values (mm
m).

Storess – which pressent time seriees of storage volumes for the A, B, D andd F stores (as defined
in LASCCAM) in millim
metres;
w the
These 7 plots are geenerated for eaach observatioon station. Thhe files are names as mentiioned above, with
station name appendd at the end. Illustrative
I
exaamples of thee Annual Run
noff and Storees plot are prresented
below.
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REFERENCES
ESI 2011, Guide to Using Groundwater Vistas Version 6. Environmental Simulations, Inc.
Harbaugh, AW, Banta, ER, Hill, MC & McDonald, MG 2000, MODFLOW-2000, The U.S. geological survey
modular ground-water model – User guide to modularisation concepts and the ground-water flow process,
Open- File Report 00-92, pp. 121 United States Geological Survey, USA.
Viney, NR, & Sivapalan, M 2000, Modelling catchment processes in the Swan-Avon River Basin. Hydrol.
Process., 15(13), 2671-2685.
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