Download JPA Designer User Manual 6.02 - for U

JPA TL
JPA Designer
SAP 9.92 module • U-value modules
& Condensation Risk
Version 6.02a1 and above
I S S U E F E B R U A RY 2 0 1 5
JPA TL Ltd.
Newcastle Business Village ,
33 Bellingham Drive ,
Nor th Tyneside Ind. Est.,
Newcastle upon Tyne NE12 9SZ
T: 0191 270 5138
E: [email protected]
W: www.techlit.co.uk
Contents
Contents
ii
I
JPA Designerbasics
1
1
IntroducingJPA Designer
1.1
Conventionsforthemanual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
1.2
Gettinghelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2
3
3
2
Gettingstarted
2.1
Systemrequirements . . . . . . . . . . .
2.2
Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.3
Userregistration . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.4
On-linelicencechecking . . . . . . . .
2.5
Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2.6
OpeningandclosingJPA Designer . . .
2.7
UninstallingJPA Designer . . . . . . . .
2.8
Addingyourcompanydetailstoreports
3
Managingprojectsandcalculations
3.1
Theprojectfile . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.2
Startinganewproject . . . . . . . .
3.3
Addingprojectaddressdetails . . .
3.4
Settingthecalculationregion . . . .
3.5
Savingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
Openingprojects . . . . . . . . . .
3.7
Addingcalculationstoaproject . .
3.8
UsingU-valuecalculationtemplates
3.9
Openingandclosingcalculations .
3.10 Duplicatingcalculations . . . . . .
3.11 ImportingU-valuecalculations . . .
3.12 ConvertingbetweenSAP versions .
3.13 Renamingcalculations . . . . . . .
3.14 Deletingcalculations . . . . . . . .
3.15 Mergingprojects . . . . . . . . . . .
ii
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23
23
24
CONTENTS
iii
II
U-valuecalculations
25
4
TheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules
4.1
U-valueprojectinformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
26
26
5
Constructiondetails
5.1
Elementtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.2
Internalandexternalsurfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5.3
Lightsteelframeconstructiontype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
28
28
30
30
6
Workingwithlayers
6.1
InsertinglayersfromtheProductsdatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.2
Insertingblanklayersinacalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6.3
Managinglayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
32
33
34
7
Workingwithmaterials
7.1
Basiccharacteristics
7.2
Typesofmaterial . .
7.3
Typesofcavity . . .
7.4
Thermalbridging . .
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Correctionfactorsandadjustments
8.1
Mechanicalfasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.2
Airgapcorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.3
Rainwatercooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.4
Rainscreencladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8.5
Elementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces
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47
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52
53
Advancedcalculations
9.1
Lightsteelframedstructure . . . . . .
9.2
Twinskinmetalcladdingandroofing
9.3
Invertedroofs . . . . . . . . . . . . .
9.4
Usingvariablelayers . . . . . . . . .
9.5
Taperedlayers . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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10
GroundfloorU-values
10.1 Groundfloordetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
63
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11
BasementU-values
11.1 Basementfloors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11.2 Basementwalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
69
69
70
12
Creatingreports
12.1 Addingnotestoreports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
12.2 Customisingreports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
72
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75
13
EditingtheProductsdatabase
13.1 Shortcodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
76
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CONTENTS
iv
III
Condensationrisk
80
14
Theproblemofinterstitialcondensation
81
15
CondensationriskanalysisinJPA Designer
15.1 Definingtheconstruction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
15.2 Environmentalconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
82
82
83
16
Viewingresults
16.1 ISO CondensationTable
16.2 TheDewpointgraph . .
16.3 TheResultstable . . . .
16.4 Producingreports . . .
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17
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UsingtheBS 5250:1989calculationmethod
17.1 Externalconditions . . . . . . . . . .
17.2 Internalconditions . . . . . . . . . . .
17.3 BS 5250:1989results . . . . . . . . .
17.4 Calculationoptions . . . . . . . . . .
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IV
SAP 2012
18
TheJPA DesignerSAP 2012module
18.1 OverviewoftheSAP 20012module . . . . .
18.2 PreparingtocarryoutaSAP 2012calculation
18.3 CarryingoutaSAP 2012calculation . . . . .
18.4 TheSAP window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
18.5 ProjectinformationinSAP . . . . . . . . . .
18.6 Enteringinformationaboutthedwelling . . .
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95
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102
Dwellingdimensions
19.1 Dwellingareaandvolume
19.2 Livingarea . . . . . . . . .
19.3 Lowenergylighting . . . .
19.4 Orientation . . . . . . . . .
19.5 Positioninblock . . . . . .
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21
Walls, roofsandfloors
21.1 Definingbuildingelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.2 Linearthermalbridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21.3 Thermalmass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
117
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126
22
Openings
127
19
20
Ventilation
20.1 Airinfiltration . . .
20.2 Ventilationopenings
20.3 Shelteredsides . . .
20.4 Ventilationtype . .
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CONTENTS
23
24
v
22.1 Addingandeditingopenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
22.2 Editingmultipleopenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
129
131
Waterheating
23.1 Hotwaterstoragetank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.2 Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.3 Combinationboiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.4 Communityheatingscheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.5 Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarm
airsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.6 Boilerwiththermalstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.7 Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.8 MicroCHP orheatpump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
23.9 Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly .
23.10 Solarpanels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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154
Primaryheating
24.1 Dwellingswithtwomainheatingsystems
24.2 Efficiencydataforheatingsystems . . . .
24.3 Themainprimaryheatingsystems . . . .
24.4 Additionaldata . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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25
Secondaryheating
155
26
Overheating
156
27
Cooling
157
28
Renewablesandspecialfeatures
28.1 Photovoltaicpanels . . . . . . . .
28.2 Windturbines . . . . . . . . . . .
28.3 Hydro-electricity . . . . . . . . . .
28.4 Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems
28.5 Fluegasheatrecoverysystems . .
28.6 Otherallowablegeneration . . . .
28.7 Specialfeatures . . . . . . . . . .
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29
Complianceandreports
29.1 Checkingcompliance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
29.2 OutputtingSAP results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
164
164
165
30
Multipledwellings
167
V
ImportingdwellingdatafromIES VirtualEnvironment
31
OverviewofVE import
170
32
PreparingaVE modelforSAP
32.1 Definingdwellingswithroomgroups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
32.2 Identifyingthedwellinglivingarea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
171
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172
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169
CONTENTS
vi
33
ExportingfromVE
33.1 SAP version . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.2 Consolidationofelements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
33.3 Theexportprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
173
173
173
174
34
Completingthecalculation
34.1 Dwellingdimensions
34.2 Ventilation . . . . . .
34.3 Walls, roofsandfloors
34.4 Openings . . . . . . .
34.5 Buildingservices . . .
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176
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179
35
Exportingseveraldwellingsatonce
35.1 Openings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
35.2 Buildingservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
180
180
180
36
Checkingcompliance
182
37
Reportingresults
183
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PartI
JPA Designerbasics
1
1 IntroducingJPA Designer
Welcome to JPA Designer, the design and calculation program from JPA TL Ltd. JPA
Designercan:
• carry out SAP calculations to SAP versions 9.92, 9.90, 9.81, 9.80 and 9.70, to
demonstratecompliancewiththeenergyefficiencyrequirementsofBuildingRegulationsandBuildingStandards1 andaspartofCodeforSustainableHomes(CSH)
assessments;
• lodgeOn-constructionEnergyPerformanceCertificates(EPCs)fordwellingsinEnglandandWales, ScotlandandNorthernIreland;
• assessPV andwindturbineoutputcalculationsforfeed-intariffinstallations;
• calculateU-valuesforbuildingelements;
• carryoutcondensationriskanalysistoBS EN ISO 13788;
JPA Designerincludesmanyfeaturestomakethecalculationprocesseasier:
• Project-basedfilesystemenablesyoutokeepallthecalculationsforonedevelopmentinsameprojectfile;
• U-valuetemplatestospeedupcalculations.
• LinksbetweenU-valueandSAP calculations, sothatSAP calculationsareautomaticallyupdatedwhenU-valuecalculationschange;
• CalculationresultscanbeproducedasPDF filesforemailing;
• A databaseofcommonmaterialstospeedU-valuecalculations;
WehopeyoufindJPA Designerausefulcalculationtool. Wearealwayshappytoreceive
comments, suggestions for improvements or proposals for enhancements to suit your
specificneeds.
1
InordertolodgeandissueEPCsyouwillneedtobeamemberofanaccreditationscheme(Englandand
Wales, NorthernIreland)orprotocolorganisation(Scotland). Youcanfinddetailsofourpartnerschemes
atwww.techlit.co.uk/training/accreditation.
2
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCING JPA DESIGNER
1.1
3
Conventionsforthemanual
Themanualusesthefollowingconventions:
• <angledbrackets> forkeysonthecomputerkeyboard, e.g. the <Enter> key.
• the + signindicatesyoushouldholddownonekeywhilepressinganother, e.g.
<Alt+F> means‘holddownthe <Alt> keywhilepressingthe <F> key’.
• Boldtype indicatespartsofJPA Designer’sscreendisplays, e.g. the Ventilationrate
dialogue.
• Menu>option indicatesanoptioninamenuontheprogram’smenubar, e.g. Select
Edit>Primary heating system means click on the Edit menu and select Primary
heatingsystem fromthelist.
Thismanualusesthefollowingspecialterms:
• Dialogue(dialoguebox): asmallwindowwhichdisplaystextboxesorbuttonsfor
enteringdata.
• Radiobutton: asetoftwoormorerelatedbuttons-youcanonlyselectoneata
time.
• Tickbox: aboxwhichletsyouturnasettingon(ticked)oroff(notticked).
• Textbox: anareaonadialogueinwhichyoucantypewordsornumbers.
• List: a box on a dialogue which can be expanded to show a number of pre-set
options, usuallybyclickinganarrowontheright-handsideofthebox.
ManyfunctionsofJPA Designercanbeaccessedusingeitherthemenusorthetoolbars:
also, somemayalsohavekeyboardshortcuts. Toavoidrepetitionthismanualrefersonly
tothemenus.
1.2
Gettinghelp
Ifyouhaveaproblemwiththe functioning ofthesoftwarepleasefollowthesesteps:
• Download and install the latest version of JPA Designer from our web site (see
section 2.2 forinstructions)andseeifthatresolvestheproblem.
• ChecktheforumandFAQ onourwebsite(http://forum.techlit.co.uk)toseeifthe
problemisaddressedthere.
• Iftheproblempersists, emaildetailsoftheproblemto [email protected]. Please
include details of your computer system and attach sample files or PDF outputs
wherepossible. Wewillrespondassoonaswecan.
Ifyouhavedifficulty using theprogram(forexample, youareuncertainhowtoentera
layerinacondensationriskcalculation)pleasefollowthesesteps:
CHAPTER1. INTRODUCING JPA DESIGNER
4
• Consulttheprogrammanualoron-linehelpsystem;
• ChecktheforumandFAQ onourwebsite(http://forum.techlit.co.uk)toseeifthe
queryisaddressedthere;
Ifyouarenewtocondensationriskcalculationsweofferdistancelearningandon-line
trainingtrainingcourses, whichprovideathoroughintroductiontothesoftwareandits
use. Youcanfindmoredetailsat http://www.techlit.co.uk/training.
2 Gettingstarted
ThissectionofthemanualdescribeshowtoinstallJPA DesigneronyourPC andexplains
howtheuserregistrationandon-linelicencecheckingsystemswork. Italsoincludes
instructionsonaddingyourcompanydetailsandlogotoreports.
2.1
Systemrequirements
JPA DesignerrunsonWindowsXP,Vista, 7and8(seeTechnicalNote2012/04). Apple
Macintosh users can run JPA Designer on aWindows virtual machine under Parallels
DesktoporVMWareFusion, oronaWindowsinstallationusingBootCamp(wedonot
offertechnicalsupportforinstallingJPA Designeronsuchsystems).
Whatever computer you are using it will require an internet connection to check the
validityofthelicence, toupdatetheBRE ProductCharacteristicsDatabasefortheSAP
2012moduleandtoissueEPCs.
2.2
Installation
ToinstallJPA DesigneronyourPC:
1. Gotoourwebsiteatwww.techlit.co.ukand rightclick onthelinklabelled download JPA Designer: select Save link as or Save target as (the exact wording will
dependonwhichthebrowseryouareusing).
2. Savetheinstallerfile jsetup990.exe toyourPC (werecommenddownloadingthe
filetotheDesktop). Thedownloadisabout13MB.
3. Whenthedownloadiscompletedoubleclickonthefile jsetup990.exe. TheInstallShieldWizardconfiguresitselfand, afterafewmomentsopens.
Youmayseeasecuritywarningthatthepublisherofthefilecouldnotbeidentified.
Ifyoudo, click Run tocontinuetheinstallationprocess.
4. Click Next tocontinuewithinstallation. Theinstallerdisplaysthe LicenceAgreement. Tocontinuewiththeinstallationclick I acceptthetermsofthelicenceagreement, thenclick Next.
5
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
6
5. At the Customer information screen enter your name and company name and,
usingtheradiobuttons, selectwhetheryouwantJPA Designertobeavailabletoall
useraccountsonthecomputer, orjustone. (Werecommendyouselect all.) Click
Next.
6. Atthe ChooseDestinationLocation screenwerecommendyouacceptthedefault
settingsandinstallJPA Designerintothefolder c:\programfiles\jpatl\jpadesigner
981. Click Next. The installer will now copy the JPA Designer files onto your
computer.
7. Wheninstallationhasfinishedthe SetupComplete screenisdisplayed. Tickthe
boxlabelled Launchtheprogram andclick Finish. Theinstallerwillcloseand JPA
Designer willopen, showingyouthe ProjectManager window.
2.3
Userregistration
InordertouseJPA Designeryoumustentervaliduserregistrationdetailsandtheprogram
mustbeabletocheckthestatusofyourlicenceagainstourlicensingdatabase. Wesupply
theusernameandkeycodewhenyoubuyalicenceforamodule. Ifyoudonotenter
yourdetailsJPA Designerrunsin demonstrationmode andwillnotdisplaytheresultsof
calculations.
Toenterlicensedetailsforamodule:
1. Atthe ProjectManager window(Figure 2.1)select Edit>UserandSecurityCodes
fromthemenubar. The UserRegistration dialogueopens(section 2.3).
2. Inthesectionforthemodule(e.g. theU-valuemodule)enterthecompanyname–
exactlyassuppliedintheregistrationemail–inthebox Yourcompanyname.
Thecompanynameiscasesensitiveandshouldbeenteredexactlyasshowninthe
email: soif, forexample, youenter Limited, whenthecompanynamewiththekey
codecontained Ltd theprogramwillnotacceptthekeycode.
3. Copythekeycodefromtheregistrationemailandpasteitintothebottomboxon
the UserRegistration dialogue.
4. Clickthe Apply…code buttonforthemodule. Theprogramcopiesthecodeinto
the Keycode boxesforthemodule.
Ifyouhaveboughtseveralmodulesrepeatthestepsforeachone.
2.4
On-linelicencechecking
JPA Designerchecksthe validity ofyourlicenceforamodule thefirst timeyouopen
a calculation after the the program has started. It does this by contacting our on-line
licensingdatabaseandcheckingtheexpirydateformodule1 .
1
Theprocessonlylooksforthecompanynameandchecksthelicencestatusandexpirydateonthe
database.
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
Figure 2.1: TheProjectManagerwindow
Figure 2.2: TheUserRegistrationdialogue
7
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
8
• Ifthecheckissuccessfulandthelicenceisvalidthemodulewillopen. (Theprogramwillrecordthedateandtimeofthatsuccessfulcheck).
• Iftheprogramisunabletoconnectwiththedatabase(forexample, becauseyou
are using your lap-top away from your office) it will look at the date of the last
successfulcheck: ifthatislessthansevendaysagothenthemodulewillopen.
• Iftheprogramisunabletoconnectwiththedatabaseandthelastsuccessfulcheck
ismorethansevendaysagothenitwill not openthemodule.
• Ifthecheckissuccessfulandthelicenceisnotvalidthecalculationwillnotopen.
IfyouoftenuseJPA Designerawayfromtheofficetherearetwofeaturesyoucanuseto
preventproblemswiththelicencecheck:
• The ProjectManager toolbardisplaysthelengthoftimesincethelastsuccessful
licencecheck: providedthevaluesshownare green themodulewillopen.
• The Checklicenceon-line buttononthetoolbarwillforcealicencecheckand
re-setthetimesincethelastchecktozero. Youshouldforceacheckifyouexpect
nottohaveaninternetconnectionforafewdays.
2.5
Updates
JPA Designeriscontinuallybeingdevelopedtointroducenewfeatures: togetthebest
fromtheprogramitisworthmakingsureyouareusingthelatestversion. Youcanfind
theversionnumberbyselecting Help>About fromthemenubarinJPA Designerand
comparethatwiththeversionnumbershownonour website2 (www.techlit.co.uk).
Highernumbersandlettersindicatelaterreleases, withcharacterscomingearlierinthe
namebeingmoreimportantthatlaterones: so4.05a1willbemorerecentthan4.04c2,
and4.05b1morerecentthan4.04a4. Thethreedigit Build numberindicatesaminor
changeinaversion. Figure 2.3 showsthe About dialogueforJPA Designertogetherwith
theversionnumberonthewebsite: inthiscasethesoftwareisuptodate, asbothversion
numbersarethesame.
Theprocessforupdatingthesoftwareisidenticaltothatoforiginallyinstallingit3 (see
section 2.2).
Youcanfinddetailsofthechangesineachversionontheannouncementssectionofour
webforum4 .
2.6
OpeningandclosingJPA Designer
ToopenJPA Designer:
• Select Programs>JPA Designer>JPA Designer fromtheWindows Start menu.
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
Figure 2.3: TheAboutdialogueshowingtheversionnumber
Figure 2.4: ThenewsplashscreenforJPA Designer
9
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
10
A splashscreen(Figure 2.4)appearswhenyouopenJPA Designer. Thisallowsyoutoadd
newcalculationstoablankproject, ortoopenanexistingproject. Thereisanoption
nottodisplaythescreenwhentheprogramstarts-up.
TocloseJPA Designer:
• Select File>Exit fromtheJPA Designermenubar. Theprogramwillpromptyouto
closeanyfileswhichhavenotbeensaved.
2.7
UninstallingJPA Designer
TouninstallJPA Designer:
1. OpentheWindows Add/Removeprograms controlpanel(toaccessControlPanels
select Settings>ControlPanels fromthe Start menu).
2. SelectJPA Designerinthe Add/RemoveProgramsProperties dialogueandclick
Add/Remove. Windowswilluninstalltheprogramfilesandremoveitsicons.
UninstallingtheprogramwillnotremoveanyJPA Designerprojectfiles.
2.8
Addingyourcompanydetailstoreports
MostofthereportsproducedbyJPA Designercanbecustomisedtoincludeyourcompany
name, addressandlogo. Thedetailsareaddedusing Options dialoguefromthemain
ProjectManager window(see section 18.5). Thelogomustbea256colourBMP format
file5 .
ItisalsopossibletosetupdetailsforseveraldifferentcompanieswithinJPA Designer:
thesesetsofaddressdetailsandlogosarereferredtoasidentities(see section 2.8). You
canswitchbetweenidentitiestoproducecalculationreportswithdifferentaddressesand
logos.
Settingupaddressdetails
Tosetupyourcompanydetailsandlogoforreports:
1. IntheProjectManagerwindow, select Options fromthemenubar. The Options
dialogueopens.
2. Inthe General tabenteryourcompanyname, address, phoneandemaildetailsin
the Companyname&address section(see Figure 2.5).
2
www.techlit.co.uk
Ifyouareusingaversionearlierthan5.02a3youwillhavetouninstalltheprogramusingtheWindows
Add/removeprograms or Uninstallprograms controlpanel.
4
http://forum.techlit.co.uk/viewforum.php?f=13
5
Ifyouhavethecompanylogoinadifferentformat, suchasajpeg, tifforpng, youcanusethefree
PaintprogramwhichcomeswithmostversionsofMS Windows™toconvertittotherightformatandto
setthecorrectcolourdepth.
3
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
11
Figure 2.5: TheOptionsdialogue-Generaltab
3. Tickthe PrintLogo&Address box.
4. Enterthewordingofanydisclaimerswhichyouwanttoappearatthebottomof
U-valueandSAP reportsinthe U-valuedisclaimer and SAP boxes.
5. IfyouhaveenteredwordingfortheU-valueand/orSAP disclaimerstickthe Print
U-valuedisclaimer and/orthe PrintSAP disclaimer boxes.
6. Clickthe Logo&Signature tab.
7. Inthe Logoposition sectionenterthelocationofthe Top and Left sidesofthelogo,
relativetothepage, andenterthe Width ofthelogo. Alldimensionsshouldbein
millimetres. Itwillprobablytakesomeexperimentationtogetthelogopositionand
sizecorrect.
8. Enterthenameofthe Logofile, includingthe .bmp extension, thenclick OK to
closethedialogue.
9. Copyormovethelogofiletothefoldercontainingtheuserdata. OnWindows7
thiswillbe c:\ProgramData\JPA\JPA Designer.
Note: The Certificatesignatureposition andassociatedsettingsarenolongerin
use.
IfyouareacompetentpersonundertheTIMSA/BBA U-valuecompetencyschemeyou
canconfigureJPA Designertoaddtheschemelogotoyourcalculations:
1. Clickthe Logo&Signature tab.
2. Inthe TIMSA logoposition sectionenterthelocationofthe Top and Left sidesofthe
logo, relativetothepage, andenterthe Width ofthelogo. Alldimensionsshould
beinmillimetres.
Itwillprobablytakesomeexperimentationtogetthelogopositionandsizecorrect.
3. Enterthenameofthe Logofile, includingthe .bmp extension, thenclick OK to
closethedialogue.
CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED
12
4. Copyormovethelogofiletothefoldercontainingtheuserdata. OnWindows7
thiswillbe c:\ProgramData\JPA\JPA Designer.
5. IfyouwanttheTIMSA logotobeusedbydefaulttick DefaulttoprintTIMSA logo.
Youcanalwaysoverridethedefaultsettinginthe SectionsToPrint dialogue.
Settingupidentities
Theprocedureforsettingupidentitiesissimilartothatforsettingaddressdetails:
1. Enterthedetailsforthefirstcompanyasdescribedin section 18.5.
2. Re-openthe Options dialogue.
3. In the Identity list select the first blank identity (usually labelled Blank 1). The
Companyname&address anddisclaimerinformationwillbecleared.
4. Enterthedetailsforthesecondcompany, includingthedatain Logoandsignature
tab. Click OK toclosethedialogueandsavethedata.
5. Repeatsteps2–4foranyfurtheridentities.
As you add identities they will be added to the Identities list, using the Name of the
companyinthelist. Ifyouneedtoeditthedataforanyoneoftheidentities, selectit
fromthe Identities list, makethechangesandclick OK.
WhenyoucometocreateaPDF ofareportortoprintityouwillbeabletoselectone
oftheidentitiestousetheassociateddetailsintheheader. Notethatwhicheveridentity
youselectwhenproducingareport, thereportfooterwillalwaysshowthenameofthe
companyorindividualholdingthelicence.
3 Managingprojectsandcalculations
ThischapterexplainshowJPA Designerstorescalculationsanddescribeshowtowork
withprojectfilesandcalculations. Itdescribeshowtousecalculationtemplatestospeed
upthecalculationprocess.
3.1
Theprojectfile
JPA Designerorganisesandsavescalculationsinprojectfiles, whichhavetheextension
JDP.Youcansavemultiplecalculationsinthesamefile.
Calculationsarecreated, savedandmanagedintheJPA Designer ProjectManager window(Figure 2.1), whichlistsallthecalculationsinthecurrentproject.
3.2
Startinganewproject
WheneveryoustartJPA Designertheprogramcreatesanewblankprojectwhichyoucan
usestraightaway. Youcanalsocreateanewprojectatanytimebyselecting File>New
Project fromthemainmenu, orclickingthe NewProject buttononthetoolbar.
Youcanchangethedefaultprojectname A blankproject tosomethingmoreuseful:
1. Clickonceontheprojectnameandselect Edit>Renameselecteditem. The Project
name dialogueopens(Figure 3.1).
2. Enterthenewnameforyourproject, thenclickOK.
3. Theprojectisrenamed
Theprojectnamedoesnotaffectthecalculationsinanyway.
3.3
Addingprojectaddressdetails
Youcanenterclientaddressandsitedetailsforaproject, whichyoucanthencopyto
alltheindividualcalculationswithinthatproject. Youcanenterandeditthatinformationusingthe ProjectAddress dialogue(Figure 3.2). Youcanalsostoreclientaddress
informationtoreuseinotherprojects.
Toaddclientandprojectdetails:
13
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
14
Figure 3.1: Changingthenameofaproject
Figure 3.2: TheProjectAddressdialogue
1. From the menu bar select Edit>Project Address. The Project Address dialogue
opens.
2. Enterthedatabytypingitintotheappropriateboxes. Usethe <Tab> keytomove
betweenboxes.
Do nottryto enter datain the top lefthand box: thisbox is used for retrieving
detailsyouhavepreviouslystored.
3. Ifyouwanttostoretheclientdetailstore-uselaterclick Addtoclients.
4. Click OK whenyouhaveenteredallthedatayouneed.
Tocopytheprojectaddressdetailstoallthecalculationsinaproject:
1. Entertheaddressdetailsinthe ProjectAddress dialogue.
2. Click Passdown.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
15
3. Click Yes attheconfirmationdialogue.
4. Oncethecopyingisdoneclick OK.
Youcanalsocopyprojectaddressdetailstoindividualcalculationsonceyouhaveopened
thecalculations(see section 4.1).
Tore-useexistingclientdatasimplyclickonthelistatthetopofthe Projectinformation
dialogueandselectaclientname(Figure 3.3).
Ifyouneedtoeditthedetailsheldforclientsclick Editclientslist thenmakethechanges
inthe EditClients dialogue.
Figure 3.3: Theclientnameandaddresslist
3.4
Settingthecalculationregion
JPA Designerisdesignedtocarryoutthethermalcalculationsrequiredindifferentregions
oftheworld. SomeregionsrequireU-valuecalculations, whileothersrequireR-value
calculations: someregionsonlyconsiderone-wayheatflowwhileothersrequiretwodirectionalheatflow(see Table 3.1. Theregionsettingsalsodeterminetheclimatedata
availableforcondensationriskanalysis.
Table 3.1: Regionalcalculationsettings
Region
Calculationtype
Heatflow
Asia
Australia
U-value
R-value
Ireland
MiddleEast
U-value
U-value
NewZealand
R-value
UK
U-value
Heat-out
Heat-in/
heat-out
Heat-out
Heat-in/
heat-out
Heat-in/
heat-out
Heat-out
Thecalculationregioncanbesetinthe ProjectAddress dialogue(see Figure 3.2):
1. Selectthe Region inthelist.
2. Click Setasdefault.
3. Allnewcalculationswillusethatregion.
Youcanoverridetheregionsettingforindividualcalculationsinthe ProjectInformation
&Options dialogue.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
3.5
16
Savingprojects
JPA Designerprojectaresavedinthesamewayasanyotherfile:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>SaveProject. The SaveAs dialogueopens.
2. Selectthefolderintowhichtheprojectshouldbesaved, enteranamefortheproject
file.
BydefaultJPA Designerwilladdtheextension JDP toallfilenames.
3. Click Save. JPA Designersavestheprojectanddisplaysthefilenameontheprogram
titlebar.
BydefaultJPA DesignerwillsavefilesintotheJPA Designeruserdatafolder(onWindows
7usually c:\ProgramData\JPATL\JPA Designer981). Youcanspecifyadifferentdefault
folderbyspecifyingthe startup folderusingthe Options dialogue).
Figure 3.4: StartupfoldercontrolsintheOptionsdialogue
Tospecifythe startup folder:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Options.
2. Onthe General tabclickthe Select buttonforthe Startupfolder (item1in Figure 3.4).
3. Inthe BrowseForFolder dialogueselectafolderandclick OK.
4. ThefolderwillnowbethedefaultlocationforsavingJPA DesignerfilesandPDF
filesofcalculationreports.
Werecommendyouhavearegularback-upscheduleforyourdata.
3.6
Openingprojects
Toopenanexistingproject:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>Openproject. The Open dialogueopens.
2. Selectthefileyouwanttoworkwith, thenclick Open. Theprojectopensinthe
ProjectManager window.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
3.7
17
Addingcalculationstoaproject
Youcanaddnewcalculationstoaprojectinthe ProjectManager window.
ToaddanewU-valuecalculationtoaproject:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>U-valuecalculation. The Description dialogue
opens(Figure 3.5).
2. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. warmroof, and
click OK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject.
Figure 3.5: TheDescriptiondialogue
ToaddanewSAP calculationtoaproject:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Dwelling/SAP (v9.922012)calculation>Single
dwelling. The Description dialogueopens(Figure 3.5).
2. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. Plot23, andclick
OK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject.
YoucanalsousetheInsertmenutoinsertcalculationstoversions9.90, 9.81, 9.80and
9.70ofSAP,aswellasSAP calculationsformultipledwellings. Followthesamebasic
proceduretoaddPV assessmentandPsi-valueassistantcalculationstoaproject.
WhennamingU-valueandSAP calculationsavoidusingtheWindowsrestrictedcharacters’/\: *? < > |, otherwiseyouwillhaveproblemscreatingPDFsofcalculation
reports(see chapter 12 foramoredetailedexplanation.
3.8
UsingU-valuecalculationtemplates
JPA DesigneroffersarangeofstandardU-valuecalculations, whichyoucanusetospeed
upthecalculationprocessandminimiserepetitivework. WereferthesestandardcalculationsasU-valuetemplates. Eachtemplatecontainsthesameinformationasanormal
U-valuecalculationincludingelementdefinitions, layerswithbridgingdetailsandcorrectionfactors.
Youcaneitherusethetemplate‘asis’withoutmodifyingit, oruseitasastartingpointto
produceyourowncalculation, butwhicheverrouteyouchose, thecalculationprocess
willbequicker.
TherearethreetypesofU-valuetemplate:
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
18
• standardtemplatesforroofs, wallsandfloors. Thesearegenericcalculationswhich
canbeadaptedbychangingmaterialsandthicknesses. Theyaresuppliedwiththe
program.
• manufacturers’templates. A numberofconstructionproductmanufacturershave
suppliedU-valuetemplatesfortypicalconstructionsfeaturingtheirproducts. The
templatesaresuppliedwiththeprogram1 .
• user-defined templates. These are calculations which you have previously performedandthensavedasatemplate, enablingyoutobuildupalibraryofcommonlyusedcalculations. See section 3.8 forinstructions.
InsertingaU-valuecalculationfromatemplate
ThecontrolsforinsertingU-valuecalculationsbasedontemplatesareatthebottomof
the ProjectManager window(Figure 3.6). ToinsertanewU-valuecalculationbasedon
atemplate:
Figure 3.6: Thetemplateselectioncontrols
1. Inthe Categories listselectthe type oftemplateyouwant. Thatmaybeamanufacturer’scategory, oneofthedefaultcategories, oratemplategroupyouhavecreated
previously.
2. Inthe Templates drop-downlistpickthetemplateyouwishtouse.
3. Click NewU-valuefromTemplate. The Description dialogueopens.
4. Editthenameofthetemplatetosuityourproject, oracceptthedefaultname. Once
youareready, click OK.
5. A newU-valuecalculationisaddedtotheproject.
6. Youcannowopenandeditthecalculationbydouble-clickingonitsnameinthe
ProjectManager list.
Creatinguserdefinedtemplates
You can create templates from your own U-value calculations by saving them in JPA
Designertemplatefiles, whichhavethefileextensionJTF.Youcanhaveseveraldifferent
templatefileswhichallowsyoutosortthecalculationsintogroups: youmighthaveone
1
IfyouareamanufacturersofconstructionmaterialsyoucanaddU-valuecalculationswhichinclude
your materials into the set of templates which is distributed with JPA Designer. Offering U-value calculationswithyourmaterialsmakesiteasierfordesignerstoincludetheminU-valuecalculationsand
specificationsandhelpstoensurethematerialsareincludedincalculationscorrectly. PleasecontactJPA
TL Ltdforinformationandcurrentpricing.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
19
forwallcalculationsandoneforfloorcalculations, alternatively, youmightdividethem
intomasonryortimberframedcalculations.
Thesimplestwaytocreateatemplatefileistousethe ImportU-value featuretocollect
alltheexistingU-valuecalculationsyouwantavailableintooneprojectthensavethe
projectasatemplatefile.
ToimportanexistingU-valuecalculationtoaproject:
1. StartanewprojectinJPA Designer: onthe File menuclick New.
2. Onthe File menuclick ImportU-valuefromanotherJPA Designerproject.
3. Inthe Open windowselectthefilewhichcontainsthecalculation.
4. Atthe ImportU-valuefromProject dialogue(Figure 3.7)selecttheU-valuecalculationfromthelistandclick OK.
5. TheU-valuecalculationisaddedtotheopenproject.
6. Repeattheprocesstoimportallcalculationsyouwantintotheproject.
Figure 3.7: TheImportU-valuedialogue
Youcan, ofcourse, createnewcalculationsforthetemplateifyouwantto.
The name which appears in the Categories list is taken from the project name in the
Project Manager window. So before you save a template file you should change the
project name to something which will help you identify the calculations from the list
(Figure 3.8)2 .
Tosetthe projectname:
2
Thedefault A BlankProject willbenohelpatallafewweeksafteryouhavecreatedthetemplate.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
20
Figure 3.8: Changingthe projectname
1. In the Project Manager window double click on the project name – the default
valueis A blankproject.
2. Inthe ProjectName dialoguetypeanewnamefortheproject.
ThetemplatefilemustbesavedinthesamefolderastheotherJPA Designeruserdata
filesandintheJTF format. Tosaveaprojectasatemplate:
1. Onthe File menuclick SaveProjectasTemplate.
2. Entera Filename.
3. Set the folder to the user data folder (inWindows 7: c:\ProgramData\JPA\JPA
Designer).
4. Makesure Saveastype issetto JPA DesignerU-valueTemplate(JTF) andclick OK.
5. Yourtemplateprojectisnowincludedinthe Categories list.
3.9
Openingandclosingcalculations
Toopenacalculationfromthe ProjectManager window, either:
• doubleclickonthecalculationname; or,
• clickonceonthecalculationname, thenfromthemenubarselect Edit>Selected
item.
Tocloseacalculationandreturntothe Projectmanager windowclickthe Projectmanager buttononthetoolbar.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
3.10
21
Duplicatingcalculations
Ifyouwanttocarryoutacalculationwhichisverysimilartoanexistingcalculationina
projectyoucanduplicatethecalculationandthenchangethecopy, leavingtheoriginal
calculationuntouched. Toduplicateacalculation:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Duplicateitem. The Description dialogueopens.
3. Type a name for the duplicate calculation and click OK. A copy of the original
calculationisaddedtotheproject.
WhennamingacalculationavoidusingtheWindowsrestrictedcharacters’/\: *?
< > |, otherwiseyouwillhaveproblemscreatingPDFsofcalculationreports(see
chapter 12)foramoredetailedexplanation.
Youcannowworkwiththeduplicatecalculationintheusualway.
3.11
ImportingU-valuecalculations
Whenyouneedtore-useanexistingU-valuecalculationinanewprojectyoucanimport
acopyofthecalculationfromitsoriginalprojectintoanewone.
Toimportacalculationintothecurrentproject:
1. Onthe ProgramManager File menuselect ImportU-valuefromanotherJPA Designerproject.
2. Inthe Open dialogueselecttheprojectcontainingtheoriginalU-valuecalculation.
Click OK.
3. Inthe ImportU-valuefromProject dialogueclickonthecalculationtoselectit,
thenclick OK.TheU-valuecalculationiscopiedintothecurrentproject.
ImportingexistingU-valuecalculationsintoanewprojectisaquickwayofbuildingaset
ofU-valuetemplates(see section 3.8).
3.12
ConvertingbetweenSAP versions
JPA DesignercanconvertSAP calculationscarriedoutunderoneversionofSAP toa
laterversionofSAP.YoumayneedtodothiswhentheBuildingRegulationscompliance
calculationisbasedonapreviousversionofSAP,buttheEPC hastobeissuedusingthe
currentversionofSAP.Theprogramtakesacopyofthedatafromtheoriginalcalculation
andconvertsthecopytotherequiredversion, leavingtheoriginalcalculationuntouched.
Youcanconvert:
• SAP 2009(V9.90)toSAP 2012(V9.92);
• SAP 2005(V9.81)toSAP 2009(V9.90);
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
22
• SAP 2001(V9.70)toSAP 2005(V9.80/9.81);
• SAP 2009(V9.90)toSAP 2005(V9.81).
Onceyouhavecarriedouttheconversionyoushouldcheckthenewcalculation. Where
buildingservicesinformationhasbeentakenfromtheboilerdatabase(SAP 2001andSAP
2005)ortheProductCharacteristicsDataFile(SAP 2009andSAP 2012)youshouldreselectthesystemsintheconvertedcalculation.
ToconvertaSAP 2009(V9.90)calculationtoSAP 2012(V9.92):
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 2009calculation.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP V9.902009dwellingtoaV9.92
2012dwelling.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 2012calculation.
Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.92.
4. Openandcheckthecalculation, particularlytheservicessection.
ToconvertaSAP 2005(V9.81/9.80)calculationtoSAP 2009(V9.90):
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 2005calculation.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP V9.8x2005dwellingtoaV9.90
2009dwelling.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 2009calculation.
Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.90.
4. Openandcheckthecalculation, particularlytheservicessection.
ToconvertaSAP 2001(V9.70)calculationtoSAP 2005(V9.80):
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 2001calculation.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP V9.702001dwellingtoSAP
9.802005dwelling.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 9.80calculation.
Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.80.
The9.80calculationcanthenupdatedto9.81bytickingthe SAP version9.81 boxinthe
ProjectInformation dialogueintheSAP module(see section 18.5)
1. Whenyouopenthe9.80calculationyouwillbepromptedtoaddadditionaldetails
whichwerenotrequiredbytheearlierversionofSAP.
ToconvertaSAP 2009(V9.90)calculationtoSAP 2005(V9.81):
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
23
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 2009calculation.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP V9.902009dwellingtoaV9.81
2005dwelling.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 2005(V9.81)calculation. Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version
9.81.
4. Openandcheckthecalculation, particularlytheservicessection.
Finally, itisalsopossibletoimportSAP 1998(9.60)calculationsfromJPA SAP v23 and
convertthemtoSAP 9.70:
1. Fromthemenubarselect ImportJPA SAP fileintothisProject.
2. Inthe Open dialogueselecttheJPA SAP fileyouwishtoimport.
3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 2001(V9.70)calculation.
3.13
Renamingcalculations
Tochangethenameofacalculation:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Renameselecteditem. The Name dialogueopens.
3. Enteranewnameforthecalculationandclick OK.The ProjectManager window
showsthenewname.
WhennamingacalculationavoidusingtheWindowsrestrictedcharacters’/\: *?
< > |, otherwiseyouwillhaveproblemscreatingPDFsofcalculationreports(see
chapter 12 foramoredetailedexplanation.
Changingthenameofthecalculationwillnotaffectthecalculationresults.
3.14
Deletingcalculations
CalculationscanbedeletedfromJPA Designerprojects.
WARNING:thereisnowayofrecoveringadeletedcalculation.
Todeleteacalculation:
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit.
2. From the menu bar select Edit>Delete selected item. JPA Designer asks you to
confirmthedeletion.
3. Click Yes todeletethecalculationor No toabandonthedeletion. Ifyouclick Yes
thecalculationisremovedfromtheproject.
3
JPA SAP v2wastheprecursoroftheJPA DesignerSAP module.
CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS
3.15
24
Mergingprojects
Usingthe Mergeprojects functionyoucancopyallthecalculationsinanexistingproject
into the currently open project. This can be useful if you have a number of standard
calculationsstoredindifferentprojectswhichyouneedtobringtogetherforaparticular
job. Mergingdoesnotchangetheprojectyouarecopying from.
Tomergecalculationsfromoneprojectintoanother:
1. In ProjectManager openorcreatetheprojectyouwantto receive thecalculations.
2. Fromthemenubarselect File>MergeaprojectfromdiskintothisProject. The
Open dialogueappears.
3. Selectthefilewhich contains thecalculationsandclick Open. JPA Designeradds
thecalculationstothecurrentprojectandliststheminthe ProjectManager window. Youcannoweditthemwithoutaffectingtheoriginalproject.
PartII
U-valuecalculations
25
4 TheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules
JPA DesignerofferstwoU-valuemodules:
• U-value2014 calculatesU-valuesforwalls, roofsandintermediatefloorsusingthe
combinedmethod(BS EN ISO 6946: 2007)andalsocalculatesU-valuesforground
floorstoBS EN ISO 13370:2007.
• U-value2014Professional hasthefunctionalityofU-value2014andalsoperforms
condensationriskanalysisusingthemethodssetoutinBS EN ISO 13788:2012.
U-valuecalculationsarecarriedoutintheU-valuemoduleby:
1. Enteringprojectinformation(section 4.1).
2. Entering key information about the building element, such as the element type
(e.g.wall, floor, roof)andanyspecialconstructiontypes(e.g. metalframe)(chapter 5);
3. Definingthedifferentlayerswhichmakeuptheelement(chapter 7);
4. Addingcorrectionfactorsforfactorssuchasmechanicalfastenersandairgapsin
insulationlayers(chapter 8).
5. Printingcalculationresults, orcreatingPDF filesoftheresultsforemailing(chapter 12).
Youcantesttheeffectdifferentmaterialshaveonthethermalperformanceoftheelement
byusingthevariablelayerfeature(section 9.4).
4.1
U-valueprojectinformation
JPA Designercanstoreclientandprojectdetailsforeachcalculationandthenaddthem
tocalculationreports. Youcaneitherthecopyclientandprojectdetailswhichyouenteredinthe ProjectInformation dialogueinthe ProjectManager window, oryoucan
enternewdataintheU-valuemodules. Youcanalsosaveandre-useclientdata(see
section 3.3). Ineithercaseyoucanselectthe Region forthecalculation(see section 3.4
foranexplanationofhowregionsettingsaffectcalculations).
TocopyprojectdetailsfromProjectManager:
26
CHAPTER4. THE JPA DESIGNER U-VALUE MODULES
27
1. IntheU-valuemoduleselect Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar. The
ProjectInformation dialogueopens.
2. Clickthe Inherit button.
3. Atthepromptchoosewhetheryouwantthecalculationtoinherittheregionsettings
fortheprojectornot1 .
4. AnyinformationyouenteredinProjectManageriscopiedtothe ProjectInformation dialoguehere.
5. Click OK.
Toenternewprojectdetails:
1. IntheU-valuemoduleselect Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar. The
ProjectInformation dialogueopens.
2. Enterprojectinformationbytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab>
keytomovebetweenfields.
3. Ifyouneedtousearegionotherthanthedefault, selectthenew Region inthelist.
4. Click OK whenyouhaveenteredallthedatayouneed.
Tocopyprojectdetailsfromthecurrentcalculationtoallothercalculationsinproject:
1. Entertheaddressdetailsinthe ProjectInformationandOptions dialogue.
2. Click Passdown.
3. Atthe Information dialogueclick Yes.
1
Inmostcasesyouwillwanttoinherittheprojectregionsettings.
5 Constructiondetails
The thermal performance of building element will be affected by the type of element
anditspositionwithinabuilding. Theseconditionsaresetinthe U-valueConstruction
dialogue(Figure 5.1), whichacceptsdetailsof:
• Thetypeofelement(e.g. roof, wall, floor), togetherwithadditionalinformationfor
someelements(section 5.1).
• Theconditionsattheinternalandexternalsurfaces(see section 5.2).
• Detailsofanylightsteelframeconstruction(see section 9.1).
• Detailsoftwin-skinmetalroofingorcladding(see section 9.2).
• Correctionsfactorsformechanicalfasteners(see chapter 8).
• Adjustmentsfortheeffectsofunheatedspaces(see section 8.5).
Toenterdata:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens.
2. Enteryourdataandclick OK.
Forsomeconstructions, suchasthosewithmechanicalfasteners, youmayfinditeasier
toentersomeofthedataintheconstructiondialogue after youhaveenteredthelayers
oftheelement.
5.1
Elementtype
JPA Designerrecognisesseveraltypesofelementwhichhavetobetreateddifferentlyin
thecalculationprocess. Usetheradiobuttonsinthe Elementtype sectiontoselectthe
typeoffloor, wallorroof. Someelementshaveoptionsforenteringadditionalinformation.
Theavailableelementtypesare:
• Flatroof. A roofwithapitchtypicallylessthan10°. Thereisanoptiontoenter
dataforaninvertedroof(section 9.3).
28
CHAPTER5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
29
Figure 5.1: TheU-valueConstructiondialogue
• Pitched roof with horizontal ceiling. Typically a ‘cold roof’ with the insulation
appliedbetweenandovertheceilingjoists. Youmustenterthepitch(angle)ofthe
roof, measuredfromthehorizontal.
Thiselementtypemayalsobeusedtomodelaroofwithahorizontalceiling, but
insulationatrafterline.
• Pitchedroofwithceilingatrafterline. A warmroof withtheinsulationintheplane
oftherafters.
• Wall. Anyconstructionatanangleofmorethan70°tothehorizontal. Thereisan
optiontoenterdataforthefixingsinrainscreencladding(section 8.4).
• Floorotherthangroundfloor. A flooroveranopenspace(e.g. aparkingbay)or
anunheatedspace(e.g. anenclosedgarage).
• Solidgroundfloor. A floorwhichiscontactwiththegroundacrossitswholearea,
suchasgroundbearingconcreteslab.
• Suspendedgroundfloor. A floorwithaventilatedspacebelowthefloordeck, such
asabeamandblockfloorortimberjoistfloor.
• Basementfloor.
• Basementwall.
CHAPTER5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
30
Youmayalsoenteradescriptionfortheelementinthe Description box, orselectone
fromthedrop-downlist. Thedescriptiondoesnotaffectthecalculation
5.2
Internalandexternalsurfaces
U-valuecalculationstakeaccountoftheheatflowattheinternalandexternalsurfacesof
anelementbymeansoftheinternalandexternal surfaceresistances. Thoseresistances
areaffectedbythedirectionofheatflowthroughtheconstructionandtheemissivityof
theexposedsurfaces.
Thesurfaceresistancesusedinthecalculationareshowninthetwo SurfaceResistance
boxes. Theprogramsetsthesurfaceresistancesbasedontheelementtype(section 5.1)
andtheemissivityofthesurfaces, usingthevaluesfromBS EN ISO 6946shownin Table 5.1.
Thedefaultemissivitysettingis highemissivity whichsuitsthegreatmajorityoffacing
materials1 . Youcan, ofcourse, replacethedefaultresistanceswithyourownvaluesin
theveryrarecaseswherethatisnecessary.
Table 5.1: Thermalresistances
5.3
Heatflow
Element
Horizontal
Upwards
Downwards
Wall
Roof
Floor
Internalresistance(Rsi)
Externalresistance(Rse)
0.13
0.10
0.17
0.04
0.04
0.04
Lightsteelframeconstructiontype
U-values forlight steel frame structures have to be calculated using a special method
whichallowsforthehighthermalconductivityofsteel. The Lightsteel-frameConstructionType sectionindicateswhetherthestructurehasalightsteelframe, andifso, whether
itisofwarmorcoldconstruction.
Fornon-steelframestructuresensure Notalightsteelframeconstruction isselected. For
instructionsforcalculatingU-valuesoflightsteelframestructuressee section 9.1.
1
Thereareveryfewconditionswhereitisnecessarytosettheemissivitytolow.
6 Workingwithlayers
EachU-valuecalculationisbuiltupbyinsertinglayerswhichcorrespondtothedifferent
materialsintheconstruction. Forexample, aU-valuecalculationforacavitywallwould
havealayertorepresenteachof:
• theoutsidesurfaceresistance;
• theouterleafofbrickwork;
• thecavity;
• thecavityinsulation;
• theinnerleafofmasonry;
• theplasterfinish;
• theinternalsurfaceresistance.
Figure 6.1: Thenewlayerwillbeinserted above theselectedlayer
Youcanaddlayerstothecalculationbyinsertingmaterialsfromtheprogram’sextensive
database, which includes data for generic materials and cavities, as well as branded
productsfromanumberofmanufacturers. Formanycommonconstructionsitispossible
toinsertallthelayersfromthedatabase. Ifyoucannotfindamaterialinthedatabase
thenyoucaninsertablanklayerandedittheinformationyourself.
Theprogramalwaysaddsanewlayerdirectly above thecurrentlyselectedlayer, so
in Figure 6.1 thenewlayerwouldbeinsertedabovethepolyethyleneandbelowthe
plywoodsheathing.
31
CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS
32
Whenyoustartacalculationyoushouldselectthelowestlayer(whichwillbetheinside
surfaceresistanceforwallsandroofs, andtheoutsidesurfaceresistanceforfloors)before
beginningtoaddlayers. Becauselayersareofthisitisquickertoworkfromoutsideto
insideforwallandroofcalculationsandfrominsidetooutsideforfloorcalculations.
6.1
InsertinglayersfromtheProductsdatabase
Figure 6.2: TheProductsDatabasewindow
TheProductsdatabasecontainsawiderangeofmaterialsandcavitiesforuseinU-value
calculations and is accessed using the Products Database window (Figure 6.2). The
windowhasthreemainparts:
• The Categories box, whichisusedtoselectthetypeofmaterialyouwanttouse.
Categoriesofbrandedmaterialsareshownin bold, categoriesofgenericmaterials
innormaltextandusercategoriesin italics (see chapter 13 forinformationonadding
yourownmaterials).
• The Products box, whichyouusetoselectamaterialfromaparticularcategory.
CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS
33
• The Construction boxwhichshowstheorderoflayersintheconstruction.
ToinsertlayersusingtheProductsDatabase:
1. Inthelayerslistselecttheexistinglayerwhichwillbe below thenewlayer(see
Figure 6.1).
2. Onthe Insert menuclick Layerfromdatabase (orclickthe Database buttononthe
toolbar). The ProductsDatabase dialogueopens.
3. Usethescrollbaronthe Categories boxtofindthemanufacturerortypeofmaterial
youneed, thenclickonthatcategory. The Products boxshowsthematerialinthat
category.
4. Clickonamaterialtoselectit, thenclick Addtoconstruction (alternativelyyoucan
doubleclickonthematerialinthe Productsbox). The Thickness dialogueopens.
If the material has a set thickness the layer will be added without the Thickness
dialogueopening.
5. Enterthethicknessofthelayerthenclick OK.The Construction boxnowshows
thenewlayer.
6. Youcannowaddmorelayersfromthedatabase, usingthe Construction boxto
controlthepositionofthenewlayers.
7. Whenyouhavefinishedaddinglayersclick Close. Themain U-value windownow
showsthecalculationwiththenewlayersadded.
Productdatabasehints
Productcategoriesaresortedwithbrandedmaterialsfirst, followedbygenericand
usercategoriessortedinalphabeticalorder.
.
Ifyouarenotsurewhichcategoryaparticularmaterialbelongstoyoucanclick
Search tofindit.
You can use the Only show My database box to make the software only show
categorieswhichyouhaveadded.
6.2
Insertingblanklayersinacalculation
Toinsertanewblanklayer:
1. Selecttheexistinglayerwhichwillbe below thenewlayer.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Blanklayer (alternativelyyoucanpress <Insert>).
Thenewblanklayerisaddedtothecalculation above theexistinglayer.
3. Doubleclickonthelayertoopenitforediting.
CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS
6.3
34
Managinglayers
Onceyouhaveaddedlayerstoyourcalculationyouchangetheirorder, cut, copyand
pastethem, ordeletethem.
• Movingalayer:
– Clickandholdtheright-handmousebuttononthelayernumberatthelefthandsideofthewindow.
– Dragthelayertoanewposition.
– Releasethemousebutton
• Cuttingalayer: removesalayerfromthecalculationbutkeepsitavailableonthe
clipboard.
– Clickonthelayertoselectit.
– Clickthe Cut buttononthetoolbar.
– The layer is deleted from the calculation but remains on the clipboard for
pasting.
• Copyingalayer: putsacopyofthelayerontheclipboard.
– Clickonthelayertoselectit.
– Clickthe Copy buttononthetoolbar.
– Thelayerremainsinplacebutiscopiedtotheclipboard.
• Pastingalayer: placesthelayerontheclipboardintothecalculation.
– Clickonthelayerwhichyouwanttobe below thepastedlayer.
– Clickthe Paste buttononthetoolbar.
– Thelayerontheclipboardisplacedinthecalculation above theselectedlayer.
• Deletingalayer: removesalayerpermanentlyfromthecalculation.
– Clickonthelayertoselectit.
– Click <Delete>.
7 Workingwithmaterials
Thepropertiesoflayersareenteredandeditedinthe EditMaterial dialogue(Figure 7.1).
Thedialogueenablesyoutoset:
• thebasiccharacteristicsofthematerial(section 7.1).
• thetypeofmaterial(section 7.2).
• detailsofthermalbridging(section 7.4).
• anyairgapcorrection(section 8.2).
Figure 7.1: TheEditMaterialdialogue
Toeditthepropertiesofalayer:
35
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
36
1. Clickonthelayertoselect.
2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Layer (alternatively, doubleclickthelayer, orpress
<Enter>). The EditMaterial dialogueopens.
3. Amendthedataforthelayerandclick OK.
7.1
Basiccharacteristics
The Material sectioncontainsthebasicdataaboutthelayer, including:
• Description: thenameofthematerialoradescription, whichappearsinthecalculation.
• Code and Category : usedwiththedatabasetosortorentermaterials–butnotin
generaluse.
• Thickness: thecross-sectionalthicknessofthelayer, measuredinmm.
• Thermalconductivity: therateofconductionheattransferthrough1mofthematerial, measuredin W/mK. Usuallyreferredtoasthelambdavalue.
• Thermalresistance: theresistancetoheattransferprovidedbythelayer, measured
in m2 K/W.
• Vapourresistivity: therateoftransferofwatervapourthrough1mofthematerial,
measuredin MNs/gm.
• Vapourresistance: theresistancetowatervapourprovidedbythelayer, measured
in MNs/g.
Thefollowingtwovaluesareonlyrequiredfor κ-valuecalculations.
• Density: themasspercubicmetreofthematerial, measuredin kg/m3 .
• Specificheatcapacity: theamountofenergyrequiredtoraisethetemperatureof
onekilogramofthematerialbyoneKelvin(equivalentto1degreeCelcius). kJ/kg.
Thetwo-directionalheat-flowsettingsarenotusedforcalculationsintheUK.
7.2
Typesofmaterial
Layerswithinbuildingelementshavedifferentcombinationsofthermalandhygrothermal
properties, whichhavetobeaddressinU-valueandcondensationriskcalculations. JPA
Designerusefourtypesofsolidmaterialandthreetypesofcavity(see section 7.3). In
addition, theprogramdistinguishesbetweenmaterialswhicharethermalinsulationand
thosewhicharenot. Therestofthissectiondescribesthosetypesoflayerandcavity, and
thedatarequiredforeachone.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
37
Normal
Normalmaterialshavethesamecompositionallthewaythrough, sothethermalresistanceofanormallayeriscalculatedfromthematerial’sconductivityandthickness, and
thevapourresistanceiscalculatedfromthethicknessandvapourresistivity. A normal
materialrequiresthefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Normal.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalconductivity: enterin W/mK.
• Theprogramcalculatesthe Thermalresistance in m2 K/W.
• Vapourresistivity: (onlyrequiredifyouwillbecarryingoutcondensationriskanalysis)enterin MNs/gm.
• Theprogramcalculatesthe Vapourresistance in MNs/g.
Compositematerials
Forcompositematerials, forexampleinsulation-backedplasterboard, thereisnodirect
linkbetweentheconductivity, thicknessandthermalresistance. Youmustthereforeuse
thethermalresistanceforthespecificconfigurationofthematerial(thiswillusuallybe
suppliedbythemanufactureroftheproduct). Thesameprincipleappliestothevapour
resistance.
A compositematerialrequiresthefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Composite.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W.
• Vapour resistance: (only required if you will be carrying out condensation risk
analysis)enterin MNs/g.
Fixedvapourresistancematerials
Somematerials–suchasglassandmetals–havevapourresistanceswhichareeffectively
infinite, eveniftheyareusedinverythinlayers. The fixedvapourresistance materialtype
allowsthethermalperformanceofthesematerialstobehaveinthesamewayasnormal
materials(changingaccordingtothethickness), butallowstheirvapourresistancestobe
setasveryhighfixedvalues(typically 100.000 MNs/g.
Asmaterialswithfixedvapourresistancesbehavethesamewayasnormalmaterialsin
thermalcalculationsyouneedonlyusethetypeincondensationriskcalculations. A
fixedvapourresistancematerialrequiresthefollowinginformation:
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
38
• Type: select Fixedvapourresistance.
• Description: typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalconductivity: enterin W/mK.
• Theprogramcalculatesthe Thermalresistance in m2 K/W.
• Vapourresistance: enterin MNs/g.
Membranes
Membranes, suchasvapourcontrollayersorvapouropenroofingunderlays, aretreated
ashavingnothermalresistance. Theonlypropertytheyhaveistheirvapourresistance.
Membranesrequirethefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Membrane.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Vapourresistance: enterin MNs/g.
Membraneswithlowemissivitysurfaces
Membraneshavenodirecteffectonthermalcalculations. However, amembrane
.
whichhasoneortwolowemissivityfacesmayimprovethethermalperformance
ofaconstructionbyincreasingtheresistanceofadjacentcavities; thatisaddressed
inthecalculationbychangingtheresistanceofthecavities, notthemembrane.
Thermalinsulation
The European product standards for factory manufactured thermal insulation1 require
thethermalresistancevaluesoftheapplicableinsulantsberoundeddowntothenearest
0.05 m2 K/W2 . TocomplywiththatrequirementJPA Designerroundsdownthethermal
resistanceofalllayerswhicharemarkedatthermalinsulation.
Tomarkalayerasthermalinsulationtickthe isthermalinsulation boxinthe Editmaterial dialogue. Theoriginalvalueforthermalresistancewillappearinthe Editmaterial
dialogue(e.g. 2.348 m2 K/W)whilethe U-value windowwillshowtheroundedvalue
(e.g. 2.30 m2 K/W).
Bydefault, roundingis on: thisisindicatedbyredtextinthestatusbarofthe U-value
window. However, astheremaybeoccasionswhenyouneedtocarryoutcalculations
withoutrounding, thefeaturemaybeturnedoffandon:
1
The series runs from BS EN 13162:2001 Thermal insulation products for buildings. Factory made
mineralwool(MW) products. Specification toBS EN 13172:2001 Thermalinsulatingproducts. Evaluation
ofconformity. Thereisonestandardforeachmajorthermalinsulationmaterial
2
Thestandardsstate: thevalueofthermalresistance, R90/90 , shallbe…roundeddownwardstothe
nearest 0.05 m2 K/W, anddeclaredas RD inlevelswithstepsof 0.05 m2 K/W.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
39
Figure 7.2: Controlsforroundingofthermalresistance
1. Onthe ProjectManager menubarselect Options.
2. Clickonthe Other tab.
3. (Figure 7.2).
4. Untick Rounddownthermalresistance toturnroundingoff.
7.3
Typesofcavity
JPA Designerrecognisesfivetypesofcavity:
• clearcavities: cavitieswithlimitedairexchangewithoutside, andnothermalbridging.
• bridged cavities: cavities with limited air exchange with outside and which are
thermallybridged.
• wellventedcavities: cavitieswithsubstantialairexchangewithoutside.
• slightlyventedcavities: cavitieswithsomeairexchangewithoutside.
• ventedcavities: atypeofwell-ventedcavityoriginallyintendedforusewithcondensationriskanalysis. Notwidelyused.
AlthoughthethermalresistanceofacavitycanbecalculatedinJPA Designer(see section 7.3)itisusuallyenteredasadefaultvalueappropriateforthedirectionofheatflow
andthethicknessrange. TheProductDatabasecontainsstandardresistancevaluestaken
fromBS EN ISO 6946.
Clearcavities
A clearcavityisanunventedcavitywhichhasopeningstooutsideoflessthan 500 mm2 /m.
Forexample, acavityinacavitywallwillbeclassifiedasanunventedcavitybecause
theopeningsprovidedbytheweepholeswillbelessthan 500 mm2 /m limit.
Clearcavitiesrequirethefollowinginformation.
• Type: select Clearcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W.
• Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00 MNs/g.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
40
Bridgedcavities
Bridgedcavities, suchasthoseinsometimberframedconstructions, aretreatedthesame
asunventedclearcavities, butwithbridgingdetailsadded(section 7.4). Bridgedcavities
requirethefollowinginformation.
• Type: select Bridgedcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W.
• Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00 MNs/g.
Youwillalsoneedtoenterthebridgingdetails(section 7.4).
Ifthewidthofthecavityislessthantentimesitsthicknessyoushouldusethe Airspace
ResistanceCalculator todetermineitsthermalresistance(see section 7.3).
Wellventedcavities
A wellventedcavityhaslargeventilationopeningsbetweenthecavityandtheoutside
air, resultingintheconditionswithinthecavitybeingvirtuallythesameasoutside. A
cavityisconsideredwellventedifithasventilationopeningsgreaterthan 1500 mm2 /m
(BS EN ISO6946): typically, thecavitybehindrain-screencladdingwillbewellvented.
Whenwellventedcavityisincludedinacalculation:
1. Thethermalresistanceofthecavityissettozero.
2. Thethermalresistancesofalllayerstotheoutsideofthecavityarealsosettozero.
3. Theexternalsurfaceresistanceissettomatchtheinternalsurfaceresistance. This
allowsfortheinnerfaceofthecavity(whichiseffectivelynowtheexternalfaceof
theconstruction)beingshelteringfromthewind3 .
Wellventedcavitiesrequirethefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Wellventedcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
41
Figure 7.3: Enteringdataforaslightlyventedcavity
Slightlyventedcavities
A slightlyventedcavityhasopeningswhicharemorethanthoseofanunventedcavitybut
lessthanthoseofawellventedcavity(500–1500mm2 /m). Asitisnotpossibletocalculate
thecavityresistancedirectlyJPA Designercalculatestheresistanceoftheconstruction
with an unvented cavity and also with a well vented cavity then calculates a average
resistance, weightedaccording to the area of openings (the procedure is described in
ISO 6946:2007section5.3.3).
Slightlyventedcavitiesrequirethefollowinginformation:
• Type: select Slightlyventedcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Slightlyventedcavityopeningarea mm2 /m: thisistheareaofopeningsineach
linearmetreofthecavity(see Figure 7.3).
• Cavitydetails: ifthecavityhasoneormorelowemissivitysurfaces, orthewidthis
lessthantentimesthethicknessusethe Cavitydetails buttontoopenthe Airspace
ResistanceCalculator (see section 7.3).
Ventedcavities
A ventedcavityisaspecialcavitytypeusedincondensationriskanalysis. Whenacavity
isdefinedasaventedcavitythevapourresistancesofalllayerstotheoutsideofthecavity
aresettozero. Thisisintendedtomodeltheeffectofventilationremovingmoisturefrom
thecavity(forfurtherinformationsee section 17.4)4 . Ventedcavitiesrequirethefollowing
information:
• Type: select Ventedcavity.
• Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearonthereport.
• Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm.
• Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W.
• Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00 MNs/g.
3
Iftheinnerfaceofthecavityisalowemissivitysurfaceyouwillneedtoadjusttheresistancetotake
accountofthat.
4
ThemethodologywasdescribedinBS 5250:1989, butisnotincludedinlaterversionsofthestandard:
theventedcavitytypeisincludedmainlyforbackwardcompatibility.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
42
Lowemissivitycavities
A cavitywhichhasoneormorefaceslinedwithamaterialwithlowsurfaceemissivity
willhavealowerrateofheattransferbyradiationthanacavitywithconventional, high
emissivityfaces. Includingsucha‘lowemissivitycavity’withinaconstructionwillreduce
theoverallrateofheatlossthroughtheconstruction, insomecasesbyasmuchas10%.
Thereareseveraltypesofmaterialwithlowemissivitysurfaces:
• insulationboardswithreflectivesurfaces, suchpolyisocyanurateboards;
• plasticfilmswithaluminiumfoilfacing;
• membraneswithmetalisedfaces;
• ‘multi-foil’insulants.
Tobeeffective, eachlowemissivitysurfacemustfaceacavity, atleast25mmwide.
AlthoughtheU-valuecalculationmethodsimplementedinJPA Designercannotdirectly
assesstheeffectofreducingradiationheatloss, itispossibletoaccountfortheeffectof
suchmaterialsbyadjustingthethermalresistanceofacavitywhichhasalowemissivity
materialtooneormorefaces.
Thethermalresistancevalueforalowemissivitycavitymustbeobtainedbyavalidtest
method, whichconsidersonlytheeffectofthematerialupontheoverallconductionheat
lossesthroughanelement. Valuesshouldhavethirdpartycertification, suchasinBBA
Agrémentcertificates. Ifyouarenotsuppliedwithcertifiedvalues, usethedefaultvalue
foralowemissivitycavityof 0.44 m2 K/W forwalls, 0.34 m2 K/W forroofsand 0.50 m2 K/W
forfloors(seeBR 443paragraph4.8.2). Ifyouknowtheemissivityofthefacingmaterialyoucanalsousethe AirspaceResistanceCalculator (section 7.3)tocalculatethe
resistance.
Calculatingcavityresistances
Thedefaultresistancesforcavitiesarenotvalidforcavitieswithoneormorelowemissivitysurfaces, orthosewithawidthwhichislessthantentimesthethickness. Youshould
thereforeusethe AirspaceResistanceCalculator tocalculatethecorrectresistance.
Tocalculateanairspaceresistance:
1. Setthe Type oflayerto ClearCavity or BridgedCavity. The AirspaceResistance
Calculator buttonappearsbesidethethermalresistance(seesquare1in Figure 7.4).
2. Clickthebutton. The AirspaceResistanceCalculator isdisplayed(Figure 7.4).
3. Set:
• Airspacethickness, d, inmm. Thisismeasuredinthedirectionofheatflow.
• Airspacewidth, b, inmm. Thisisthewidthmeasuredatrightanglestothe
heatflow. Forawidecavity, suchasthatinacavitywallenteravalueatleast
tentimesgreaterthanthethickness.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
43
Figure 7.4: TheAirspaceResistanceCalculator: 1showsthebuttonontheEditmaterial
dialogue; 2showsthecalculatedresistance.
• Black-bodyradiativecoefficient, hr0, in W/m2 K. Takethevaluefromthetable
ontheright, forthemeantemperature. FortheUK ameantemperatureof10ºC
isusuallyappropriate.
• The emissivities ofthetwosurfacesofthecavity. Mostmaterialshaveanemissivityaround0.90, butfoilfacingstoinsulation, andmetalisedmembranes
havemuchloweremissivities, typically0.03–0.05.
• Theheatflowdirection.
4. Theprogramnowdisplaystheresistancefortheairspace(seesquare2in Figure 7.4).
5. Click OK.Thecalculatedresistanceistransferredtothe Thermalresistance boxof
the EditMaterial dialogue.
7.4
Thermalbridging
Thermalbridgesareformedwherethematerialinalayerisinterruptedbyasecondmaterialwithdifferentthermalconductivity, forexample, insulationinatimberframedwall
beinginterrupted(bridged)bythetimberstuds. Inmostcasesthermalbridgingincreases
heatlossthroughthebridgedlayer5 . Theeffectofthermalbridgeswhichoccurregularlythroughoutalayer(repeatingthermalbridges)isincludedinU-valuecalculations
byaddedthedetailsofthethermalbridgetoeachbridgedlayerusingthe Editmaterial
dialogue.
JPA Designeroffersthreedifferentmethodsofenteringthermalbridging:
• Usingoneofthebuilt-indefaultstosetthebridgingfractionandmaterial;
5
Hencethecommonlyusedterm’coldbridge’. However, mortarinstonewallswillusuallyreducethe
rateofheatloss.
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
44
• Settingthebridgingfractionandbridgingmaterialdirectly;
• Enteringthebridgingdimensionsandmaterial.
Figure 7.5: Usingoneofthedefaultthermalbridgingconditions
Touseadefaultthermalbridge:
1. Setthe Bridgetype to 1dimensional.
2. From theThermal bridge Type list select one of the default bridging conditions
({}(#tbdefault)).
3. Theprogramsets:
• Thebridgematerial;
• Thethermalconductivityofthebridge;
• Thefractionalareaofthebridge(referredtoinJPA Designerasthe Proportion
bridged).
Thedefaultconditionsarelistedin Table 7.1.
Tosetthebridgingmaterialandproportiondirectly:
Figure 7.6: Settingthebridgingproportiondirectly
1. Selectthebridging Material (whichsetsthethermalconductivityofthebridge).
2. Tickthebox Specifyproportion (Figure 7.6).
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
45
Table 7.1: Defaultbridgingfractions
Construction
Material
Conductivity
Fraction
Mortarjoints, 440x215mmblocks, , external
leaf(BR 4434.2)
Mortarjoints, 440x215mm, blocks, internal
leaf(BR 4434.2)
Steelstuds, 1.2mm, 600mmcentres
Steelstuds, 1.2mm, 400mmcentres
Timber-framedwall, prefabricatedpanels,
defaultfraction(BR 4434.5.1)
Timber-framedwall, prefabricatedpanels,
lowerfraction(BR 4434.5.1)
Site-formedtimber-framedwall, default
fraction(BR 4434.5.1)
Site-formedtimber-framedwall, lowerfraction
(BR 4434.5.1)
Ceiling, trussedrafters35mm, 600mmcc+
1%othertimbers(BR 4434.6.1)
Ceiling, 50mmjoists, 400mmcc+1%other
timbers(BR 4434.6.1)
Ceiling, default: 48mm, 600mmcc+1%
othertimbers(BR 4434.6.1)
Timberfloor, default: 38mm, 400mmcc+
1%othertimbers(BR 4434.6.2)
Plasterboardbattens, 47mm, 600mmcc+
rails(BR 4434.7.2)
I-beamflanges, 38mmwide, defaultfraction
(BR 4434.5.2)
I-beamflanges, 38mmwide, lowerfraction
(BR 4434.5.2)
I-beamflanges, 48mmwide, defaultfraction
(BR 4434.5.2)
I-beamflanges, 48mmwide, lowerfraction
(BR 4434.5.2)
I-beamweb, 4to8mm(BR 4434.5.2)
Mortar
0.94
0.067
Mortar
0.88
0.067
Steel
Steel
Prefabpanels
50
50
0.12
0.002
0.003
0.150
Prefabpanels
0.12
0.125
Softwood
0.13
0.150
Softwood
0.13
0.125
Softwood
0.13
0.068
Softwood
0.13
0.135
Softwood
0.13
0.090
Softwood
0.13
0.110
Softwood
0.13
0.118
Softwood
0.13
0.150
Softwood
0.13
0.125
Softwood
0.13
0.170
Softwood
0.13
0.145
OSB
0.13
0.040
Figure 7.7: Enteringthermalbridgingusingdimensions
CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS
46
3. Enterthe Proportionbridged.
Toenterthermalbridgingdetailsusingdimensions:
1. Usethe Bridgetype radiobuttonstodeterminewhetherthebridgingis 1dimensional or 2dimensional:
• one-dimensionale.g. timbersrunninginonedirection; or,
• two-dimensionale.g. mortarjointswhichrunverticallyandvertically. Ifyou
arenotsurewhetherthebridgingisoneortwodimensionalclickingthe Help
buttonwillopenaguidancewindow: theannotationonthehelpdiagrams
matchthoseonthedataentryboxes.
2. Inthe Thermalbridge sectionofthedialogue(Figure 7.7)selectthebridgingmaterialfromthe Material drop-down. Theprogramsetsthe Bridgethermalconductivity.
Ifyouareusinganunusualbridgingmaterialyoucanenteryourowndescription,
thenentertheconductivitymanually.
3. Enterthe Bridgewidth inmm.
4. Enterthe Non-bridgewidth inmm.
5. Fortwo-dimensionalbridgingenterthe Non-bridgeheight inmm.
6. Setthebridgethicknessbyselecting Followsmaterialthickness, orselecting Fixed
at thenenteringthicknessinmm.
Insomeconstructions–notablybuiltupmetalroofandwallcladding–therearetwo
setsofthermalbridges. Toenterdetailsofasecondbridge:
1. Enterthedetailsforthefirstbridge.
2. Clickthe Secondbridge box. The Optionalsecondbridge sectionisdisplayed.
3. Selectthebridgingmaterialfromthe Bridgedescription drop-down. Theprogram
setsthe Bridgethermalconductivity.
Ifyouareusinganunusualbridgingmaterialyoucanenteryourowndescription, then
entertheconductivitymanually.
1. Enterthe Bridgewidth inmm. Thesoftwareusesthe Non-bridgewidth forthefirst
bridgetocalculatethe Proportionbridged.
Non-bridgewidth=centre-to-centredistance-(bridge1+bridge2).
2. Whenthebridgingmaterialisairyoucanusethe Smallairspaceresistance button
tocalculatethethermalresistanceofthebridge: enterthethicknessoftheairspace
anditswidth–bothinmm–thenclick OK.Theresistanceisdisplayedinthe Bridge
thermalresistance box.
8 Correctionfactorsandadjustments
Therateofheatlossthroughanelementcanbeaffectedbynumberofotherconditions,
whichcanbeaddressedintheU-valuecalculationbyapplyingcorrectionfactors. There
arecorrectionfactorsfor:
• Mechanicalfastenerswhichpenetrateinsulation, dUf (section 8.1);
• Airgapsininsulationlayers, dUg (section 8.2).
• Theeffectofrainwatercoolingoninvertedroofs, dUr (section 8.3;
• Insulationcompressioninbuiltupmetalroofingandcladding, dUp (section 9.2).
Thecorrectionfactorsarecalculatedseparatelyfromthermalresistancesofthelayers.
ThecorrectionfactorsareaddedtotherawU-value, unlesstheirtotalislessthan3%of
therawU-value(inwhichcasetheyareignored). Thevaluesforcorrectionfactorsare
displayedinthemainU-valuewindow, nexttothefinalU-value.
U-valuecalculationsshouldalsobeadjustedfor:
• Theeffectofhavinganunheatedspacetothecoldsideoftheconstruction(section 8.5).
• Bracketsinrainscreencladdingsystems(section 8.4).
8.1
Mechanicalfasteners
Metalfastenerswhichpenetratelayersofthermalinsulationreducetheeffectivenessof
theinsulation: thateffecthastobeincludedinU-valuecalculations, usingthecorrection
factor dUf. Commonconstructionswhichrequirethecorrectionare:
• Cavitywallswithpartialorfull-fillcavityinsulation.
• Warmpitchedroofswhereinsulationislaidovertheraftersandrestrainedbycounterbattensfixedbacktotherafters.
• Warmflatroofswheretheinsulationand/orthewaterproofmembraneismechanicallyfixedtothedeck.
47
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
48
Thereisnoneedtoapplyacorrection:
• toconstructionswithoutfasteners, e.g. solidmasonrywalls;
• forfastenerswithbothendsincontactwithmetalsheets;
• forwalltiesacrossanemptycavity;
• forwalltiesbetweenamasonryleafandtimberstuds;
• where thethermal conductivityof the fastener, or part of it, is less than 1W/mK
(suchasplasticties).
Figure 8.1: Dataentryboxesforthemechanicalfastenerscorrection
Therearetwomethodsforcalculatingtheeffectofmechanicalfasteners:
• usingapointthermaltransmittancevalue;
• calculatingthecorrectionbasedonthefastenerdimensionandmaterials1 .
Correctingusingapointthermaltransmittance
Thepointthermaltransmittanceisameasureoftheadditionalheatlossresultingfroma
fixingorbracket. A valuequotedforaparticularfixingisvalidonlyforthatfixing.
Figure 8.2: Enteringdetailsofthepointthermaltransmittance
Touseapointthermaltransmittance:
1. Onthe Edit menuclick Constructiontype.
2. Click Usepointthermaltransmittance (Figure 8.2).
3. Enterthe Numberoffastenersper m2 .
4. Enterthe Pointthermaltransmittance.
1
AllversionsofJPA Designerfrom4.04b1build025onwardusethemethodinBS EN ISO 6946:2007.
ItispossibletousethemethodinBS EN ISO 6946:1997byunpickingthe Mechanicalfasteners boxon
the Other tabofthe Options dialogue, butthereislittlereasontodoso.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
49
Correctingusingfastenerdata
Ifthepointthermaltransmittanceofthefastenerisnotknowntheadditionalheatloss
resultingfromthefastenerscanbecalculated(Figure 8.1):
1. Onthe Edit menuclick Constructiontype.
2. Inthe Layerbridgedbymechanicalfasteners listselectthelayerwhichthefasteners
penetrate.
3. Enterthe numberoffastenerspersquaremetre.
4. Enterthe Fastenerlambda: thatisthethermalconductivityofthefastener. Typically
thiswillbe 17 W/mK forstainlesssteeland 50 W/mK formildsteel.
5. Enter the alpha coefficient which is 0.8 for the standard case of a non-recessed
fastener.
6. Enterthe crosssectionalareaofthefastener: typicaldoubletriangletieshavea
crosssectionalareaof 11.3 mm2 (basedon3.8mmdiameter).
Alternativelyyoucanselectastandardfastenerconfigurationfromthe Mechanicalfasteners list.
If the fastener does not penetrate the whole insulation layer – for example because a
mushroom cap is being used – enter the depth of insulationwithout a fastener as the
Recess.
Savingfastenerconfigurations
Ifyoufrequentlyuseaconfigurationoffastenerswhichisnotinthe Mechanicalfasteners
youcanaddanewconfigurationtothelistoreditanexistingone.
Figure 8.3: Naminganewmechanicalfastenersconfiguration
Tocreateanewconfiguration:
1. Inthe U-valueconstruction dialogueclick New.
2. Inthe NewMechanicalFastenerCorrection dialogueenteradescriptionoftheconfiguration(Figure 8.3). Thisisthedescriptionwhichwillappearinthe Mechanical
fasteners list.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
50
Figure 8.4: Defininganewdefaultconfigurationformechanicalfasteners
3. Inthe Correctionformechanicalfasteners dialogue(Figure 8.4)enter:
• Fastenerspersquaremetre.
• Any recess figure.
• Fastenerlambda –thethermalconductivityofthefastener.
• The Fastenercross-sectionalarea.
• Alpha shouldbe0.8, exceptforcoldorhybridlightsteelframedconstructions
whenitshouldbe1.6.
4. Ifyouareusingapointthermaltransmittanceticktheboxthenenterthe transmittance andnumberof fastenerspersquaremetre.
Youcanalsoeditanexistingconfiguration:
1. Inthe U-valueconstruction dialogueselectaniteminthe Mechanicalfasteners
list.
2. Click Edit.
3. Inthe Correctionformechanicalfasteners dialogueeditthevaluestomatchyour
requirements.
8.2
Airgapcorrection
Air movement through and around an insulation layer will reduce its thermal performance. TheeffectofthatreductionisincludedintheU-valuecalculationbyacorrection
factor, dUg, whichisderivedfromtherelativethermalresistancesoftheinsulationlayer
andtheconstructionasawhole, andfromacoefficient dU”, whichrepresentsthesize
ofgapsintheinsulationlayer. Valuesfor dU” are:
• Wherenoairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandnoaircirculationispossible
onitswarmside, dU” = 0.00 W/m2 K.
• Wheresomeairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandnoaircirculationispossible
onitswarmside, dU” = 0.01 W/m2 K.
• Wheresomeairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandsomeaircirculationispossibleonitswarmside, dU” = 0.04 W/m2 K.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
51
Figure 8.5: Correctingforairgapsininsulationlayers
A valuefor dU” mustbesetfor every insulationlayer.
Tocorrectforairgaps:
1. InthemainU-valuewindowdoubleclickontheinsulationlayer. The Editmaterial
dialogueopens.
2. Entertheappropriatevaluefor dU” inthe dU” box(see Figure 8.5). thenclick OK.
Clickthe Help buttontoviewthestandardvaluesfordU”. Inmanycasesthedefault
valueofzeroisappropriate.
8.3
Rainwatercooling
Invertedroofs–orprotectedmembraneroofs–havesomeorallofthethermalinsulation
installedoverthetopofthewaterproofmembranewhereitisrestrainedbyaggregate
orotherballast. Rainwaterfallingoninvertedroofscanpercolatebetweeninsulation
boardstothewaterproofingmembrane, whereitwillincreasetherateofheatloss. The
reductioninperformanceisrepresentedwithinaU-valuecalculationbytherainwater
coolingcorrectionfactor, dUr, whichiscalculatedfrom:
• Theaveragerateofrainfallduringtheheatingseason, p (mm/day);
• A drainagefactor, f, whichrepresentsthefractionof p whichreachesthewaterproofingmembrane;
• A factorforincreasedheatlosscausedbyrainwaterflowingonthemembrane, x
(Wday/m2 Kmm).
Figure 8.6: Settingtherainwatercoolingcorrectionforaninvertedroof
InJPA Designerthedataisenteredusingthe U-valueConstruction dialogue Figure 8.6).
Asyouhavetoindicatewhichlayerisaffectedbytherainwatercoolingitisbesttoadd
thecorrectionfactor after youhavedefinedthelayersintheconstruction.
Toenterrainwatercoolingdata:
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
52
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType.
2. Inthe Elementtype sectionselect Flatroof.
3. Tickthe Invertedroof box.
4. Inthe Externalinsulationlayers boxtickthelayer(s)isaffectedbytherainwater
cooling.
WherealowU-valueisrequiredtheremaybemorethanoneinsulationlayeraffected.
1. Entervaluesfor f.x and p. Click OK.
Ifyoudonothaveproject-specificvaluesyoucanusethedefaultvaluesforf.xandp.
8.4
Rainscreencladding
WhencalculatingU-valuesforwallswhichincluderainscreencladdingtheresultshave
to be adjusted to account for the effect of fixing brackets which support the cladding
and, indoingso, penetratetheinsulation. JPA Designercancorrectfortheeffectofpoint
fixings, usingmethod(c)insection4.9.5ofBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations.
Thecalculationrequiresthepointthermaltransmittanceofthefixing, x, andthenumber
offixingspersquaremetre, n. As x dependsonthetypeoffixingyoumustgetthecorrect
value from the fixing manufacturer. The data is entered in the U-value Construction
dialogue.
Figure 8.7: Dataforrainscreencladdingcorrection
Tocorrectforbracketsinrainscreencladding:
1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType.
2. In Elementtype select Wall.
3. Tickthe Rainscreencladding box.
4. Entervaluesfor x and n (see Figure 8.7).
Ifyoudonothaveproject-specificvaluesyoucancarryoutaninitialcalculation
usingthedefaultvaluesforxandn.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
8.5
53
Elementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces
Therateofheatlossthroughanelementwhichseparatesaheatedspacefromanunheated
spacewillbelowerthanthatthroughanidenticalelementwhichseparatesaheatedspace
fromoutside, astherelativelywarmairwithinanunheatedspaceactsasathermalbuffer.
ThecombinedmethodforcalculatingU-valuesallowsforthiseffectbyassigningathermalresistancetotheunheatedspace. Theresistanceisbasedon:
• thesurfaceareasoftheelementswhichseparatetheheatedspacefromtheunheated
space, Ai, measuredin m2 ;
• thesurfaceareasandU-valuesoftheelementswhichseparatetheunheatedspace
fromoutside, Ae, measuredin m2 and Ue, measuredin W/m2 K;
• Thevolumeoftheunheatedspace, V,measuredin m3 ;
• Theventilationrate, n, measuredinairchangesperhour(ach).
Whenmeasuring Ai and Ae, youshouldincludewallsandintermediatefloors(suchas
thatoveranintegralgarage)butexcludegroundfloors.
Figure 8.8: Dataentryforelementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces
Toallowforunheatedspaces:
1. Inthe U-valueConstruction dialogueclickonthe UnheatedSpaces tab(Figure 8.8).
2. Enter:
• Thearea, Ai ;
• Theventilationrate, n; Useaventilationrateof3achiftheactualachisnot
known.
• Thevolumeoftheunheatedspace, V.
CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS AND ADJUSTMENTS
54
3. Foreachoftheelementsseparatingtheunheatedspacefromoutsideenter:
• Thearea, Ae,k;
• TheU-value, Ue,k.
Ue,kcanbecalculatedinaseparatecalculationinJPA Designer. Useavalueof
2 W/m2 K ifthedetailsoftheelementisnotknown.
Usingthepre–2007method
The1997editionofBS EN ISO 6946includedadifferentmethodtocalculatetheresistanceofanunheatedspace. ItispossibletousetheoldermethodinJPA Designer:
1. Inthe EditConstruction dialogueselectthe Unheatedspaces tab.
2. Tick UseBS 6946pre–2007method.
3. Inthe Ai boxenterthetotalareaofallelementsseparatingtheinternalenvironment
fromtheunheatedspace.
4. Inthe AeforBS 6946Pre2007method boxenterthetotalareaofallelements
separatingtheunheatedspacefromoutside.
9 Advancedcalculations
9.1
Lightsteelframedstructure
Thehighthermalconductivityofsteelmeansthecombinedmethodmustbemodified
forelementswheresomeoralloftheinsulationisbridgedbylightsteelframing. JPA
DesignerusesthemodifiedcalculationmethodwhichwaspublishedinBRE Digest465.
U-valuesforlightsteel-frameconstruction.
Therearethreedifferentformsoflightsteel-framedstructures:
• Warm frameconstructions: alltheinsulationisoutsidethesteelframing.
• Hybrid constructions: some insulation is fitted between the steel studs and additionalinsulationplacedontheoutsideofthestudstoreducethermalbridging
throughthesteel.
• Cold frameconstructions: alloftheinsulationisincludedwithinthethicknessof
thesteelcomponentsandisbridgedbyit.
Figure 9.1: Settingthetypeanddetailsoflightsteelframeconstruction
TheprocedureforcalculatingtheU-valueofalightsteel-framedelementusingJPA Designeristhesameasforanyotherelement, butwiththefollowingmodifications:
1. Identifytheelementaslightsteel-framedandentertheframingdetails(Figure 9.1).
• Inthe UvalueConstruction dialogueusethe lightsteel-frame radiobuttonsto
defineisas warm or cold/hybrid.
55
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
56
• For a Cold or Hybrid construction enter the stud spacing, stud depth and
flangewidth. Usetheoffereddefaultvaluesifyoudonotknowthestuddepth
andspacing.
2. Enterthelayersoftheconstructioninthemain Uvalue window.
• For cold and hybrid elementssomeofthelayerswillbebridgedbysteel: see
section 7.4 forguidanceonenteringbridgedlayers. Anyairspacebehindthe
insulationandbetweenthestudsshouldbeenteredasabridgedcavity. (Do
notincludetheflangesofthesteelstudswhenenteringbridgingdetails.)
• In warm elements the air space between the studs should be entered as a
bridgedcavity, withsteelasthebridgingmaterial.
3. Entercorrectionsforanymechanicalfastenerswhichpenetratetheinsulationby
completing the Correction for mechanical fasteners section in the Uvalue Construction dialogue(section 8.1).
Usethefirstdropboxtoindicatewhichlayerisbridgedbythemechanicalfasteners,
thenenterthefasteners’dimensionsandspacing. The alphacoefficient is0.8for
warmconstructionsand1.6forcold/hybridconstructions.
9.2
Twinskinmetalcladdingandroofing
Figure 9.2: Built-upmetalwallorroofcladding
Theadditionalheatlossresultingfromthermalbridgingintwin-skinmetalroofingand
claddingsystemsformedwithrailsandbracketsrequiresamodificationtothestandard
combinedmethod. JPA DesignerusesthemethoddescribedintheSteelConstruction
InstituteresearchpaperSCI P312, whichtakesaccountof:
• Thebridgingeffectsoftherailandtheairspacesaroundtherail.
• Thepointbridgingproducedbythebrackets.
• The compression of the insulation by a shallow-profiled liner (profile depth less
than25mm).
TocalculateU-valuesfortwin-skinmetalroofingorcladding:
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
57
1. CreateandopenanewU-valuecalculation.
2. Enteranyprojectinformation.
3. Inthe U-valueConstruction dialogueselecteither wall or flatroof. Donottickthe
Builtupmetalroof/wall boxatthisstage. Click OK.
4. Enterthelayersintheconstructioninthemain U-value window. Entertheinsulation
in twolayers: theuppermostlayerbeingtheinsulationwhichisbridgedbytherails
andtheunderneaththatwhichispenetratedonlybythebrackets.
Forexample, a170mmlayerofinsulationinaconstructionwith40mmdeeprails
shouldbedividedintoonelayer40mmthickandonelayer130mmthick. Youwill
findlaterpartsofthecalculationeasierifyougivethetwolayersdistinctivenames.
5. Enterthebridgingdetailsforthelayerofinsulationbridgedbytherails(section 7.4
fordetails). Inthe EditMaterials dialogueselect onedimensionalbridging toshow
thethermalbridgingdetails. Enterthedetailsoftherails: bridgematerial–steel
studs, bridgewidth, non-bridgewidth. Thesoftwaresetsthebridgethermalconductivity. Theprogramwillshowtheproportionbridgedandthethermalresistance
ofthebridge.
For‘L’shapedsectionsthe bridgewidth willusuallybethethicknessofthesteel,
butfor‘C’and‘U’sections, wheretherailpenetratestheinsulationlayertwice, use
doublethethicknessofthesteelasthebridgewidth.
6. Enterthebridgedetailsfortheairspacescausedbytherail. Tickthe Secondbridge
box. The Optionalsecondbridge sectionisdisplayed.
7. Enterthe bridgematerial (air)and bridgewidth (inmm): usetwicetherailwidth
toallowforthecompressionoftheinsulationaroundtherails.
Theprogramcalculatestheproportionbridgedusingthedatafromthefirstbridge,
sothenon-bridgedwidth=(Centre-to-centredistanceofrails)-(bridgethickness
1+bridgethickness2).
8. Tocalculatethethermalresistanceoftheairspaceclickthe Smallairspaceresistance button. The AirspaceResistanceCalculator dialogueopens(see Figure 7.4).
9. Enterthe thickness and width oftheairspace. Thethicknesswillbethesameas
theraildepth. Thewidthshouldbetwicetherailthickness. Leavetheemisivity
valuesat0.9.
10. Entertheairgapcorrection, dU”, for both insulationlayers(section 8.2): usethe
value0.01. Click OK.
11. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType.
12. Inthe U-valueConstruction dialoguetick Builtupmetalroof/wall.
13. In the Built-up metal roof/wall cladding section enter the Rail spacing and Rail
width (Figure 9.2). Usethedrop-downtoselectthe Layerbridgedbyrail.
14. Ifthelinerprofilecompressestheinsulationandthedepthoftheprofileis25mm
orlesstickthebox Insulationiscompressedbyinneroroutersheet. Fournew
databoxesappear.
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
58
15. Enterthe Sheetprofilewidth, Sheetprofiledepth and Sheetprofilecentres inmm.
Inthedropboxselectthelayerofinsulationwhichis not bridgedbytherails.
If the liner profile is deeper than 25 mm ignore the check box and change the
thicknessoftheinsulationlayerbysubtractingtheprofiledepthfromtheoriginal
thickness(e.g. fora30mmprofilewith130mmactualdepthofinsulationusea
valueof100mm).
16. Enterthedetailsforthebracketsinthe Correctionformechanicalfasteners section.
Enter:
• The thermalconductivityofthebrackets (usually 50.00 W/mK formildsteel);
• The number of brackets per square metre (calculated by dividing the total
numberofbracketsbythetotalelementarea)
• The crosssectionalareaofthebrackets (measuredatthethickestpoint).
• Thevalueof alpha, 1.6, isthedefaultsettingfortheseconstructions.
17. Selectthe Layerbridgedbybrackets.
9.3
Invertedroofs
Ininvertedroofs(oftenknownasprotectedmembraneroofs)someorallofthethermal
insulationisappliedabovethewaterproofmembraneandrestrainedbyaggregateorother
ballast. Rainwaterfallingontheroofcanpercolatetothewaterproofingmembraneand
increasetherateofheatloss. Toallowforthatarainwatercoolingcorrectionfactor, dUr,
hastobeappliedtoinvertedroofcalculations(therainwatercoolingfactorisdescribed
in section 8.3).
Asthecorrectionfactorrequiresyoutoselectthelayersaffectedbyrainwatercoolingit
isbesttoaddthecorrectionfactor after youhavedefinedthelayersintheconstruction.
Figure 9.3: Inputtingdataforrainwatercorrection
Toenteraninvertedroof:
1. Fromthefilemenuselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens.
2. In Elementtype select Flatroof. Insertan Elementdescription thenclick OK.
3. Addthelayersoftheconstruction(chapter 6).
4. Openthe U-valueconstruction dialogueagainandin ElementType tickthe Inverted box. Thedialogueshowsthreedataboxes(Figure 9.3).
5. Enterthevaluesfor f.x and p andintheboxselectthelayersofinsulationabove
thewaterproofmembrane. Click OK.
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
9.4
59
Usingvariablelayers
ThevariablelayerfeatureofJPA Designerhelpsyoucomparetheperformanceofdifferent
materialsinaconstruction, orofdifferentthicknessesofthesamematerial.
Figure 9.4: U-valuecalculationwithavariablelayer
A calculationwithavariablelayerhasaplace-holderlayerinthemainwindow(item
1in Figure 9.4, andhastheadditional Variablelayer panewhichacceptsanumberof
differentlayers(item2). EachofthoselayersshowstheresultsoftheU-valuecalculation
asif thatlayerreplacedtheplace-holderlayerinthemaincalculation(item3).
Touseavariablelayer:
1. Inthemain U-value windowclickthelayer below thepositionforthevariablelayer.
2. Onthe Insert menuclick Variablelayer. Theprograminsertsavariablelayerinthe
calculationanddisplaysthe Variablelayer pane(see Figure 9.4).
3. Selecttheblanklayerinthe Variablelayer paneandaddlayersfromthedatabase,
orbyaddandeditblanklayers. TheU-valuesfortheconstructionswiththevariable
layerareshownalongsidethevariablelayermaterials: noU-valueappearsinthe
statusbar.
Whenusingthedatabase, youmustbeensurethecontentsofvariablelayerpane
areshowinginthe Construction boxofthe ProductsDatabase dialogue.
Once you have identified a configuration which gives the result you require you can
convertthevariablelayercalculationintoastandardU-valuecalculation:
1. Clickthelayerinthe variablelayer panewhichyouwanttouseinthestandard
calculation.
2. Onthe Edit menuclick Moveselectedvariablelayerintoconstruction.
3. Thevariablelayerisdeletedandtheselectedlayerisinsertedasastandardlayer.
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
60
Figure 9.5: TheTaperedAreasdialogue
9.5
Taperedlayers
Taperedinsulationlayersarecommonlyfoundonflatroofs, tocreatedrainagefallson
anotherwiseflatdeck. Becausethethicknessoftheinsulationvariesacrosstheroofthe
averageU-valueoftheroofhastobecalculatedusingthemethodinAnnexC ofBS EN
ISO 6946:2007.1 .
Themethodrequirestherooftobedividedintoaseriesofblocks, whichwillbeof:
• rectangularplan, withtheirgreatestthicknessononeside, andleastattheother
other;
• triangularplanwhichhavetheirthickestpartattheonecornerandslopedownto
theothercorners;
• triangularplanwhichhavetheirthickestpartalongoneside, andslopedownto
theothercorner.
Eachblockinthecalculationhasaminimumthicknessofinsulation, d0, andataper
height, t. Dependingonitssizearoofmayhaveseveralblocksofeachtype, eachwith
differentareasand, insomecases, differentminimumthicknesses.
InJPA Designerataperedlayercalculationisenteredintwoparts;
1
NotethatsimplycalculatingtheU-valuebasedontheaveragethicknessofinsulationwillsubstantially
over-estimatethethermalperformanceoftheroof.
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
61
• alllayersexceptthetaperareaddedtothecalculation;
• theindividualblocksofthetaperedlayeraredefinedinthe TaperedAreas dialogue
(Figure 9.5).
The TaperedAreas dialoguerequiresthreeitemsofgeneralinformation:
• a description ofthelayer: youcanusethenameortypeofinsulation.
• the minimumtaperedlayerthickness: thatis, theminimumdepthoftheinsulation
layerwhichiscontinuousacrossallpartsoftheroof, measuredinmm.
• theconductivityoftheinsulation, lambda: thisisenteredin W/mK.
Thedataonthedifferentroofblocksisenteredinthethreetables, witheachblockhaving
itsownentry, intheappropriatesection, withthefollowingdata:
• anoptional Description whichisusefulforidentifyingsectionsoftheroof;
• thetaperdepth, t, inmm.
• theareaoftheblock, in m2 ;
Ifablockhasadifferentminimumdepthcomparedtotherestoftheroof, orhasinsulation
withadifferentthermalconductivityyoucaninsertadifferentvaluefor d0 and lambda.
Figure 9.6 showsaroofwithtaperedinsulationlaidwithfallstowardstheperimeter. To
calculatetheU-valuethetaperedlayershouldbedividedintoeightblocks, withtwo(a
ande)beingrectanglesslopingfromthecentrelinetotheperimeterandtheremainder
being triangles, in each case sloping from the highest corner at the centre line to the
lowestsideattheperimeter(b, c, d, f, gandh).
ToenterataperedlayerinanexistingU-valuecalculation:
1. Dividetheroofintoblocksandcalculatetheminimumthickness, blockareasand
taperthicknesses.
2. Onthe Insert menuclick Taperedlayer.
3. Enterthedatafortheminimumthicknessandtheconductivityoftheinsulation.
4. Enterthedataforeachblockinturn, makingsureeachblockgoesintotheappropriatetable.
Youcanusethe Totalarea figureatthebottomrightofthedialoguetocheckyou
haveenteredallthesectionsoftheroof.
CHAPTER9. ADVANCED CALCULATIONS
Figure 9.6: A typicalroofwithtaperedinsulation
62
10 GroundfloorU-values
ThestandardmethodofcalculatingU-valueshastobemodifiedforgroundfloorsand
basementstotakeaccountofthethermalresistanceofthegroundusingthemethodis
setoutinISO 133701 . Thissectiondescribesthegeneralprocedureforcalculatingthe
groundfloorU-value, whilstthefollowingsectionsdescribetheindividualpartsofthe
calculation.
TocalculateagroundfloorU-value:
1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitfor
editing(section 3.7).
2. Enteranyprojectinformationinthe ProjectInformation dialogue.
3. IntheU-valueConstructiondialogueselect Solidgroundfloor or Suspendedground
floor, enteradescriptionfortheconstruction, thenclick OK.The GroundFloor
Details dialogueopens.
4. Enterthedatafortheground(section 10.1). Click OK.
5. Addtheremaininglayersofthefloorconstruction.
Includelayerstorepresent:
• Screed;
• Insulation;
• Flooring, suchasparticleboard.
Omit:
• Hardcorebeneathagroundbearingslab.
• Groundbearingconcreteslabswithdensitygreaterthan 1800 kg/m3 .
• Thinfloorcoveringssuchasvinylorcarpet.
ForfurtherguidancerefertotheBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations.
63
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES
64
Figure 10.1: TheGroundFloorDetailsDialogue
10.1
Groundfloordetails
The GroundFloorDetails dialoguecontainsthedatawhichdescribesthegroundand
thefloorstructure(Figure 10.1)andhasfivesections:
• Floortype (section 10.1–1). Thechoiceoffloortypewilldeterminehowotherparts
ofthedialogueappear.
• Floordimensions (section 10.1–2). Thesizeofthefloor.
• Deck (section 10.1–3). Theconstructionofasuspendedfloordeck.
• Suspendedgroundfloordetails (section 10.1–4). Additionalinformationforsuspendedfloors.
• Edgeinsulation (section 10.1–5). Detailsofanyseparateperimeterinsulation.
Floortype
JPA Designerrecognisesthreetypesofgroundfloor:
• Solid: afloorwhichbearsdirectlyonthegroundwithnovoidbetweenthefloor
structureandtheground, forexample, aground-bearingconcreteslab;
1
Donotuse this method to calculate U-values of floors over open or unheated spaces such as car
parksorgarages; insteadselect floorsotherthangroundfloors inthe Construction dialogueandproceed
asusual.
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES
65
• Suspendedblockandbeam: withavoidbetweenthefloordeckandtheground,
withthedeckformedfrompre-castconcretebeamsinfilledwithconcreteblocks
orproprietaryinsulatingunits;
• Suspended: afloorwithavoidbetweenthefloorstructureandtheground, witha
timberdecksupportedontimberjoists.
Ifyouhaveselected solidgroundfloor inthe U-valueConstruction dialoguethe Floor
Type buttonswillbegreyedout. Ifyouhaveselected suspendedgroundfloor youwill
beabletochosebetween Suspendedblockandbeam and Suspended.
Floordimensions
Thethermalresistanceofthegroundforaparticularfloorisaffectedbytheratioofits
perimeterandarea. Theperimeterlength(expressedinmetres)ismeasuredalongthe
finished internal surfaces of exposed and semi-exposed walls. The area (expressed in
squaremetres, m2 )ismeasuredbetweenthefinishedinternalwallsurfaces. Unheated
spacesoutsidetheinsulatedfabricshouldbeexcludedwhencalculatingtheperimeter
andarea.
ToentertheFloordimensions:
• IfyouhavecalculatedthePerimeter/Arearatioyoucanenteritdirectlyinthe P/A
box.
• Alternatively, tickthe Calculateit boxandenterthe Perimeter and Area dimensions.
Deck
Thedatarequiredforthissectiondependsuponthetypeofconstructionspecifiedinthe
FloorType section:
• Solidfloor: nodeckdatarequired.
• Suspendedblockandbeamfloor(Figure 10.2): theprogramcalculatestheresistanceusingthefollowingdata:
+Theblock Width, Thickness and Conductivity. +Thebeam Webwidth and Beam
conductivity. +The Screeddepth and Screedconductivity.
Youcansetthedefaultthermalconductivityofthescreedinabeamandblockfloor
constructiononthe Other tabofthe Options dialoguein ProjectManager.
• Suspendedfloor: youcanenteraresistanceforthedeck, orselectamaterialfrom
thedatabase(Figure 10.3)byclickingthedatabasebutton(theprocedureforselectingthematerialisthesameasdescribedin section 6.1. Thedeckinasuspended
floor will typically be timber boards or particleboard: insulation between joists
shouldbeenteredasaseparatelayer, bridgedbytimber(section 7.4).
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES
Figure 10.2: Definingabeamandblockdeck
Figure 10.3: Setthedeckresistanceforasuspendedfloor
Figure 10.4: Enteringthedetailsforasuspendedgroundfloor
66
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES
67
Suspendedgroundfloordetails
Inasuspendedgroundfloorheatwillbelostthroughthefloordeckandground; itwill
alsobelostthroughthewallsofthesub-floorvoidandasaresultofventilationofthat
void. JPA Designercalculatesthoselatterheatlossesusingthedatain SuspendedGround
FloorDetails section(Figure 10.4). Thevaluesrequiredare:
• E -theareaofventilationopeningsinthewallsofthesub-floorvoid, measuredin
squaremetrespermetre(m2 /m).
• h -theheightoftheuppersurfaceoftheflooraboveexternalgroundlevel, inmetres.
Thedefaultvalueof0.225mrepresentsthreecoursesofbrickwork
• w thethicknessofthewallsatthefloorperimeterinmetres.
• Uw -theU-valueofthewallsofthesub-floorvoid, calculatedaccordingtoBS EN
ISO 6946, in W/m2 K. Thisvaluecanbeobtainedfromaseparatecalculationin
JPA Designer.
• fw -thewindshieldfactor, see Table 10.1. Thisconvertstheaveragewindspeed,
V,intothewindspeedatgroundlevel.
• Lambda -theconductivityofthetypeofground: use 1.5 W/m2 K forclayorsilt,
2.0 W/m2 K forsandorgraveland 3.5 W/m2 K forhomogeneousrock.
• V -theaveragewindspeedat 10 m abovegroundlevel, in m/s. (BR 443recommendsadefaultvalueof 5 m/s fortheUK.)
Wheresomeorallofthesedetailsareunknownyoushouldusethedefaultvalues. Ifyou
editthevaluesthenwantreverttousingthedefaultsclickthe Default button.
Thesurfaceresistancesoftheundersideofthesuspendeddeckandofthegroundsurface
ofthesub-floorvoidareincludedinthecalculation. Theseareenteredin Deckunderside
surface resistance and Subfloor ground surface resistance. In most cases a value of
0.17 m2 K/W issuitable, however, iftheundersideofthedeckhasalowemissivitysurface
(forexamplethefoilfacingofaninsulationboard), thenahigherresistancemaybeused.
Theresistanceofanythermalinsulationonthegroundsurfaceofthesub-floorvoid, Rg,
shouldbeenteredat Resistanceofinsulationonground (Thisinsulationshould not be
enteredasanormallayerinthecalculation.)
Detailsforsolidgroundfloors
TheU-valuecalculationforsolidgroundfloorsrequiresthreepiecesofdatafrom
.
the Suspendedgroundfloordetails section: theheightofthefloorsurfaceabovethe
ground(h), thewidthofthewalls(w)andtheconductivityoftheground(Lambda).
CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES
68
Table 10.1: Windshieldfactor
Location
Example
Sheltered
Average
Exposed
Citycentre
Suburban
Rural
Fw
0.02
0.05
0.10
Edgeinsulation
Installinginsulationhorizontallyaroundtheperimeterofthefloor–edgeinsulation–
will reduce thermal bridging at the perimeter and improve the floor’s overall thermal
performance2 . Edgeinsulationcanbe:
• Horizontal: insulationinstalledaroundtheperimeterofthefloorinthesameplane
asthefloor3 .
• Vertical: insulationinstalledattheperimeterofthefloor, atrightanglestotheplane
ofthefloor.
Usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofedgeinsulationpresent: none, horizontal or
vertical thenenterthedetailsofanyinsulation(ifyouhaveselected none leavetherest
ofthissectionblank).
• Insulationname.
• Insulationthickness: boardthickness, inmm.
• Insulationconductivity: thelambdavalue, in W/mK.
• Insulationwidth or depth (dependinguponwhethertheinsulationislaidhorizontallyorvertically): theboardwidth, inmm.
• Description: optionaldescriptionoftheinsulation.
Youcanalsousethe ProductsDatabase toenterdetailsoftheinsulationbyclickingon
thebuttonbythe Insulationname box.
FurtherinformationonedgeinsulationmaybefoundinBRE InformationPaper7/93.
2
Forsuspendedfloorsedgeinsulationrefersonlytoinsulationappliedatthebaseofthesubfloorvoid:
insulationaroundtheedgeofthedeckshouldnotbeincludedasedgeinsulation.
3
Horizontaledgeinsulationwascommonlyusedtoreducethermalbridgingandcoldspotsonlarger
floorswhichdidnotrequireacompletelayerofthermalinsulation. However, thelowerU-valuesnow
requiredbyBuildingRegulationsusuallyrequireafulllayerofinsulation, makingtheuseofhorizontal
edgeinsulationunlikely.
11 BasementU-values
JPA Designer calculates U-values for basement walls and floors using the methods in
inBS EN ISO 13370. Asthecalculationsforabasement’swallsandfloorarelinked,
witheachcalculationrequiringdataabouttheotherelement, itisbesettocalculatethe
basementfloorU-valuefirst.
11.1
Basementfloors
Figure 11.1: Enteringdataforbasementfloors
TocompleteabasementfloorU-valuecalculationyouwillneedtoknow:
• Thefloor’sPerimeter/Arearatio: P/A;
• Thethicknessofthebasementwalls: w (metres);
• Theaveragedepthfromtheexternalgroundsurfacetothebasementfloor: h (metres);
• Thethermalconductivityoftheground: lambda, λ, in W/mK (see Table 11.1 and
annexG ofBS EN ISO 13370).
TocalculateabasementfloorU-value:
1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitfor
editing.
2. Inthe U-valueConstructiondialogue setthe ElementType to BasementFloor, enter
an Elementdescription thenclick OK.
3. Inthe GroundFloorDetails dialogue(Figure 11.1)enter:
• thePerimeter/Arearatio, P/A,orchecktheboxlabelled‘calculateit’andenter
the Perimeter and Area separately;
69
CHAPTER11. BASEMENT U-VALUES
70
• thewallthickness, w;
• thebasementdepth, h; and,
• thethermalconductivityoftheground.
4. Enterthelayerswhichmakeupthefloorconstruction.
Includelayerstorepresent:
• Screed;
• Insulation;
• Flooring, suchasparticleboard.
Omit:
• Hardcorebeneathagroundbearingslab.
• Groundbearingconcreteslabswithdensitygreaterthan 1800 kg/m3 .
• Thinfloorcoveringssuchasvinylorcarpet.
Table 11.1: Thermalconductivityoftheground
11.2
Category
Description
1
2
3
clayorsilt
sandorgravel
homogeneousrock
Thermalconductivity, (W/mK)
1.5
2.0
3.5
Basementwalls
TocompleteabasementwallU-valuecalculationyouwillneedtoknow:
• Thefloor’sPerimeter/Arearatio: P/A;
• Thethicknessofthebasementwalls: w (metres);
• Theaveragedepthfromtheexternalgroundsurfacetothebasementfloor: h (metres);
• Detailsoftheinsulationinthebasementfloor.
• Thethermalconductivityoftheground: λ, in W/mK)(see Table 11.1 andannexG
ofBS EN ISO 13370).
TocalculateabasementwallU-value:
CHAPTER11. BASEMENT U-VALUES
71
Figure 11.2: Enteringdataforabasementwallcalculation
1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitfor
editing.
2. Inthe U-valueConstructiondialogue setthe ElementType to BasementWall, enter
an Elementdescription thenclick OK.The GroundFloorDetails dialogueopens
(Figure 11.2).
3. EnterthePerimeter/Arearatio, P/A,orchecktheboxlabelled‘calculateit’andenter
the Perimeter and Area separately.
4. Enterthewallthickness, w, thebasementdepth, h, andthethermalconductivityof
theground, lambda.
5. Enterthedetailsofinsulationinthebasementfloor. Eitherenterthe name, thickness
and conductivity oftheinsulation, orusethedatabasebuttontoselecttheinsulation
fromthe ProductsDatabase.
6. Addthelayersoftheconstructioninthemain U-value window.
12 Creatingreports
YoucanprintcalculationreportsorproduceaPDF filewhichcanbeopenedonany
computerwiththefreeAdobeReadersoftwareinstalled. PDF filesareidealforemailing
topeoplewhoneedtoseetheresultsofthecalculationbutdonothaveJPA Designer.
ForbothprintandPDF thereportincludes:
• Projectinformation;
• Detailsoftheconstruction;
• TheU-valueandanycorrectionfactors.
Toprintresults:
1. Onthe File menuclick Print (orclickthe Print buttononthetoolbar). The Sections
ToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 12.1).
2. Ifyouhaveseveraluseridentities(see section 2.8)selecttheoneyouwanttouse
inthe Identities list.
3. Usethetickboxestoselectwhethertoprintanadditionalpageshowingthedetails
ofthebridgingcalculations. YoucanalsochoosewhethertoincludetheISO moisturetableforcondensationanalysis, andwhetherthecalculationshouldshowthe
logooftheBBA/TIMSA U-valueaccreditationscheme.
4. Ifyouwanttoincludeawatermarkoverthecalculationtick Printwatermarktext.
Youcanalsomodifythewording, angleandfontsizeofthedefaulttext.
5. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
6. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick
the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2).
TocreateaPDF calculationreport:
1. Onthe File menubarselect CreatePDF (orclickthePDF buttononthetoolbar).
A dialogueasksifyouwanttoopenthePDF whenitiscreated.
2. Select Yes or No. The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 12.1).
72
CHAPTER12. CREATING REPORTS
Figure 12.1: SectionsToPrintdialogue
Figure 12.2: Printpreviewcontrols
73
CHAPTER12. CREATING REPORTS
74
3. Usethetickboxestoselectwhethertoprintanadditionalpageshowingthedetails
ofthebridgingcalculations, taperedlayersand, forcondensationriskanalysis, the
ISO moisture table for condensation analysis. If you are a member of the BBA/
TIMSA U-valueaccreditationschemeyoucanaddtheschemelogotoyourreports.
4. Ifyouwanttoincludeawatermarkoverthecalculationtick Printwatermarktext.
Youcanalsomodifythewording, angleandfontsizeofthedefaulttext.
5. Ifyouhaveseveraluseridentities(see section 2.8)selecttheoneyouwanttouse
inthe Identities list.
6. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
7. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick
the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). Theprogramwillthencreatea
PDF fileofthecalculation.
ThenameofthePDF filewillincludetheJPA Designerfilenameandthecalculation
name, sothecalculation tilehungwall inaproject TheMeadows willbecalled The
Meadows.JDPtilehungwall.PDF.
8. ThefilewillbesavedintotheJPA Designerprogramfolderorinthestart-upfolder
youhavespecified(see section 3.5).
Note: asWindowsdoesnotallowcertaincharacterstobeusedinfilenamesyou
shouldensurethecalculationnamesinJPA Designerdonotcontainthosecharacters, otherwisePDF creationwillfail. Therestrictedcharactersare: ’ /\: *? < >
|.
Youcanchangetheprintersettingsbyselecting File>Printersetup fromthemenubar.
It is also possible to produce PDF reports of all the U-value calculations at once. In
the ProjectManager windowonthe File menuclick PrintallU-valuecalculationsin
thisprojecttoPDFs. Theprogramwillthenofferthe SectionstoPrint dialoguebefore
creatingthePDFs.
12.1
Addingnotestoreports
Figure 12.3: ThePrintReportNotestabintheU-valueConstructiondialogue
Youcanaddnotestothereportofacalculation, whichcanbeusedtoexplainparticular
featuresofthecalculationortohighlightassumptionsmadewithinit.
Toaddnotesopenthe U-valueconstruction dialogueandclickonthe PrintReportNotes
tab. Youcanthenenteryourwording(Figure 12.3). Thenotestextwillappearbetween
thelayerslistandthefinalresult.
CHAPTER12. CREATING REPORTS
12.2
75
Customisingreports
YoucancontrolmanyaspectsoftheappearanceofJPA Designer’scalculationreports:
• Selectingtheprinter: IntheU-valuemoduleselect File>Printersetup. Youcan
select the printer and paper source. It is possible to set the page orientation to
landscaperatherthanportrait, butthereportsarenotdesignedforlandscapeformat.
• Changingthefontusedinreports: IntheU-valuemoduleselect File>Font. Thenin
the Font dialogue. setthetypeface, styleandsize. ThedefaultisArialregular, 10
pt. Largersizesmaycauseproblemsonthepagewithcolumnsoverflowing. Note
also, thatsomefontsarewiderthanothers, evenatthesamepointsize, soitworth
testingfontsettings.
• Pagemargins: Thesearesetinthe General tabofthe Options menu. Therearetwo
Top settings, oneforthefirstpageandoneforthesecondpage. Thisistoallow
youtoprintcalculationsontoheadedpaper, withprintingonthefirstsheetstarting
lowerdownthepage.
• Addingyourlogoandaddress: Youcanaddyourlogoandcontactdetailstocalculationreports: see section 2.8.
• Addingadisclaimertobeshownatthebottomofcalculationreports: Enterthe
disclaimer text in the U-value disclaimer box on the Options dialogue General
tab.
• Includingthetotalconstructionthicknessinthecalculationreport: Inthe Other
tabofthe Options dialoguetick PrinttotalthicknessonU-valuereport. Thetotal
thicknesswillthenappearoncalculationreportsbelowthelayerlist.
13 EditingtheProductsdatabase
TomakeU-valuecalculationseasierallJPA DesignerU-valuemodulesincludethe Productsdatabase, whichprovideskeydataongenericconstructionmaterialsandcavities,as
wellasdataonbrandedproductsfromanumberofmanufacturers. Thissectionexplains
howyoucanaddfrequentlyusedproductstothedatabase.
Thematerialswithinthedatabaseareorganisedintothreecategories:
• Brandedproductsfrommanufacturers, shownin bold inthecategorieslist;
• Genericmaterials, showninnormaltypeinthecategorieslist;
• User-definedmaterials, shownin italics inthecategorieslist.
Whilstyoucancreate, editanddeleteuser-definedcategoriesandmaterials, youcan
noteditordeletebrandedorgenericcategoriesormaterials. However, youcanclone
agenericorbrandedmaterialandmakechangestothecone, leavingtheoriginaluntouched.
Tomakechangestothe Productsdatabase youmustfirstopenthe Editdatabase dialogue
(Figure 13.1)byselecting Edit>Database fromthemainmenu.
Toaddauserdefinedcategory:
1. Clickthe Newcategory button.
2. Enterthenameofthecategoryinthe Newcategory dialogue.
3. Click OK.Thenewcategoryiscreated.
Torenameanexistinguserdefinedcategory:
1. Selectacategorybyclickingonit.
2. Clickthe Editcategory button. The Editcategory dialogueopens.
3. Enteranewnamethenclick OK.Thecategoryisrenamed.
Tocloneacategory:
1. Selectthecategorytoclonebyclickingonit.
76
CHAPTER13. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE
77
Figure 13.1: TheEditDatabasedialogue
2. Clickthe Clonecategory button. The Clonecategory dialogueopens.
3. Enteranameforthenewcategoryandclick OK.
4. A newcategorywillbecreated, containingcopiesoftheoriginalmaterials.
Todeleteauserdefinedcategory:
1. Selectthecategorytodelete.
2. Clickthe Deletecategory button. An Information dialogueasksyoutoconfirmthe
deletion.
3. Click Yes todeletethecategory, No tokeepit.
Toinsertanewmaterialinauser-definedcategory:
1. Selectthecategoryinwhichyouwanttocreatethenewmaterial.
2. Clickthe Newproduct button. The Editmaterial dialogueopens.
3. Completethe Editmaterial dialogue(chapter 7).
4. Click OK.Thenewproductisaddedtothecategory.
Toeditanexistinguserdefinedmaterial:
CHAPTER13. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE
78
1. Selecttheproductyouwishtoedit.
2. Clickthe Editproduct button. The Editmaterial dialogueopens.
3. Makethechangesinthe Editmaterial dialogue(chapter 7).
4. Click OK.Theproductinformationisupdated.
Tocloneanexistingproductinauserdefinedcategory:
1. Selecttheproductandclickthe Cloneproduct button. A copyoftheproductwill
beinsertedinthecategory.
2. Clickontheclonetoeditit.
Todeleteaproductfromauser-definedcategory:
1. Selecttheproductyouwishtodelete.
2. Clickthe Deleteproduct button. Theproductisdeleted.
Figure 13.2: TheSearchDatabasedialogue
Youcansearchthedatabasetofindspecificproducts:
1. Clickthe Search button. The SearchDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 13.2).
2. Inthe SearchDatabase dialogueenterthetextyouwanttosearchforandthedirectiontheprogramshouldsearchthroughthedatabase(forwards or backwards).
3. Tickthe Ignorecase boxifyouwantthesearchtoignorecapitalsandlower-case
letters.
4. Click Find first to start the search. The program will display the first matching
productinthe Products pane.
5. Click Findnext togoontothenextmatchingproduct.
6. Whenyouhavefoundtheproductyouwantclick Close toclosetheSearchdialogue.
Whenyouhavefinishedworkingonthedatabase, clickthe Close buttontoreturntothe
mainU-valuewindow.
CHAPTER13. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE
13.1
79
Shortcodes
Youcanassigncodestouserdefinedmaterialsasyouentertheminthedatabase. The
short codes can then be used for rapid data entry using the Products database (section 6.1). Youcanalsouseshortcodestodeterminetheorderinwhichproductsand
materialsarepresentedwithincategories, tospeedupdataentryforcommonconstructions.
Tosortthedatabasebyshortcodesyoumustfirstassignshortcodestothematerials; use
anumberingsystemwhichmatchestheorderinwhichyouwantthematerialstoappear.
Onceyouhaveassignedshortcodesyoushouldclickonthe Sortonshortcode tickbox
inthe Productsdatabase dialogue(Figure 6.2).
PartIII
Condensationrisk
80
14 Theproblemofinterstitial
condensation
Condensationoccurringwithinbuildingelements–interstitialcondensation–cancause
substantialdamagetothebuildingfabricandreducetheeffectivenessofthermalinsulation1 . Bycarryingoutcondensationriskanalysis(CRA) youcanidentifyconstructions
whicharelikelytobeatriskofcondensationand, wherenecessary, makemodifications
tothedesign.
JPA Designerassessestheriskofinterstitialcondensationusingthesteady-statemethod
definedinISO 13788:20122 , whichusesmeanmonthlytemperaturesandrelativehumiditiestoassesstheriskofinterstitialcondensationoveratwelvemonthperiod. The
methodprovidesageneralassessmentofsuitabilityoftheconstruction, butdoesnotaddressairmovementwithintheconstruction, nordoesittakeaccountoftheeffectsof
capillarymoisturetransfer.
1
Forfurtherinformationonthecausesandeffectsofcondensation, andguidanceonreducingproblems
seeBS 5250:2011. Codeofpracticeforcontrolofcondensationinbuildings.
2
ISO 13788:2012Hygrothermalperformanceofbuildingcomponentsandbuildingelements–Internal
surfacetemperaturetoavoidcriticalsurfacehumidityandinterstitialcondensation–Calculationmethods.
81
15 CondensationriskanalysisinJPA
Designer
Condensation risk analysis determines whether condensation is likely to occur at the
interfacesbetweenthelayersofmaterialwhichmakeuptheconstruction1 . Usingthe
hygrothermalpropertiesofthematerials(section 15.1)andtheenvironmentalconditions
(section 15.2)theprogramlooksateachinterfaceintheconstructionandcalculates:
• theamountofcondensatedepositedorevaporatedduringeachmonthofayear;
• themaximumamountofmoisturedeposited;
• theaccumulatedmassofwatercomparedtototalevaporationduringtheyear;
• theannualmoisturebalance.
Youcanthenusetheresultstoassessthesuitabilityoftheconstructionforthatenvironment.
Tocarryoutcondensationriskanalysis:
1. Definetheelementinthesamewayasyouwouldforathermalcalculation(section 15.1).
2. Settheenvironmentalconditions(section 15.2);
3. Viewtheresults(chapter 16).
15.1
Definingtheconstruction
Tocarryoutcondensationriskanalysisyoumustsetthethermalresistanceandvapour
resistanceofeachlayerwhichmakesuptheelement, usingtheappropriatemethodsfor
eachtypeoflayer:
• Normal materials: Enterthe thickness, thermalconductivity and vapourresistivity.
JPA Designerwillcalculatethe thermalresistance andthe vapourresistance.
1
Themodulecannotcarryoutcondensationriskanalysisforgroundfloors, basementsnorconstructionscontainingvariablelayers; neitherwillitcalculatetheriskofsurfacecondensation.
82
CHAPTER15. CONDENSATION RISK ANALYSIS IN JPA DESIGNER
83
• Composite materials: Enterthe thermalresistance and vapourresistance. Although
the thickness isnotrequiredforthecalculation, settingthe thickness ensuresthe
Dewpointgraph(Figure 16.2)looksright.
• Fixedvapourresistance materials: Thesearedesignedtobeusedincondensation
riskanalysistorepresentmaterialssuchasmetalswhichhaveveryhighresistances
evenwhenusedinthinlayers. Enterthe thickness, thermalconductivity andthe
vapourresistance.
• Membranes: Enterthe vapourresistance.
• Cavities: Enterthe thermalresistance. Thevapourresistanceofacavityisalways
zero. Enterthe thickness toensurethetheappearanceoftheDewpointgraph.
Thedataforeachtypeofmaterialandcavityisdescribedinmoredetailin chapter 7.
Ifyouhavealreadycarriedoutthermalcalculationsonthesameconstructionyouneed
onlycheckthatthevapourresistivityorresistancefiguresarecorrect.
Unitsofvapourresistanceandresistivity
JPA Designer uses the vapour resistivity with units of MNs/gm and vapour resistance
with units of MNs/g. If material data is quoted as µ or sd values, multiply by five to
obtain the resistivity or resistance respectively. You can find guidance on converting
fromEuropeanunitsandfrompermeabilityandpermeancefiguresinAnnexesE.7and
E.8ofBS 5250:2011.
15.2
Environmentalconditions
Thecondensationriskcalculationrequiresmeanmonthlydatafor:
• ExternalTemperature(ExtT) and ExternalRelativeHumidity(ExtRH);theexternal
conditions depend upon the building’s location. JPA Designer includes external
temperatureandhumiditydataforanumberofweatherstationsaroundtheUK
andIreland, allowingyoutoselectthenearestlocationtotheprojectsite2 . Pickthe
nearestweatherstationtoyoursite.
Toviewamapoflocationsclick ViewlocationofGoogleMaps3 . Fora‘worstcase’
scenarioselect Eskdalemuir.
• Internalrelativehumidity(IntRH);forbuildingswhichareheatedandnaturally
ventilatedthisisdeterminedbytheexternalrelativehumidityandmoistureload
generatedbytheactivitiestakingplacewithinthebuilding. ISO 13788definesfive
occupancy types with different humidity characteristics: BS 5250:2011 suggests
relativehumidityrangesforthosetypes, see Table 15.1.
2
TheUK dataistakenfromMeteorologicaldata1961–1990publishedbytheWorldMeteorological
Office, whilethedatafortheRepublicofIrelandcomesfromtheMetÉireann.
3
MapcourtesyofAndrzejNiedzielski.
CHAPTER15. CONDENSATION RISK ANALYSIS IN JPA DESIGNER
84
Figure 15.1: TheEnvironmentalconditionsdialogue
• Internaltemperature(IntT);thedesigntemperatureinsidethebuilding, indegrees
Celsius. Thedefaultforanalysisistousethesameinternaltemperaturethroughout
theyear. Ifnoprojecttemperaturehasbeenspecifieduse20ºC asadefaultvalue
foraUK building.
Forfullyconditionedbuildingsitisappropriatetousedesigninternalconditions,
ratherthanderivethemfromtheexternalconditionsandmoistureload.
• Risklevel: Astheavailableclimatedataisbasedonmeanvaluesaveragedover
thirty year periods, there will be some years which have better conditions than
themeanandsomeyearswhichwillhaveworse. Itispossiblethatconstructions
whicharepredicted to be free of condensation in average conditions will suffer
condensationincolderandmorehumidyears. BS 5250:2011givesamethodfor
testingthelikelyeffectofworsethanaverageyearsbymeansofriskyears, with
correctionstoreplicatetheworstconditionslikelyoverfive, ten, twentyandfifty
years. Theappropriatereturnperiodforacalculationwilldependonthesensitivity
oftheprojecttocondensation: forexample, acomputerdatacentremightrequire
afiftyyearreturnperiod, whileahousemightonlymeritafiveyearreturnperiod.
Thedataisenteredusingthe Environmentalconditions dialogue(Figure 15.1):
1. Onthe Edit menuclick Environmentalconditions.
CHAPTER15. CONDENSATION RISK ANALYSIS IN JPA DESIGNER
85
2. Makesurethe Use2003CondensationMethod isticked(see chapter 17 foradescriptionofthepreviousmethod).
3. Selectthelocationofthebuildingfromthe Buildinglocation list. The ExtT and Ext
RH columnswillbecompleted. Ifyouhavesitespecificdatayoucantypevalues
directlyintothetable.
4. Foranaturallyventilatedbuilding:
• Tick Calculateinternalconditionsbasedonexternalconditions.
• Setthe Climate to Maritime.
• Selectthehumidityclassinthe Internalhumidityclass list. The IntRH column
iscompleted.
• Entertheinternaldesigntemperatureinthe Internaltemperature box. The
IntT columndisplaysthevalues. Ifyouwishtovarytheinternaltemperature
throughouttheyearyoucantypevaluesdirectlyintothe IntT columnforeach
month.
• Setthe Risklevel fromthelist. Selectingareturnperiodwillmaketheexternal
conditionsmoreonerous, withlongerperiodsbeingharsherthanshorterones.
5. Foraconditionedbuilding:
• Tick Usedesigndataforinternalconditions.
• Fromthelistselectasetofinternalconditions. Ifyoucannotfindasuitable
datasetinthelistyoumayneedtocreatethedatasetbeforebeginninganalysis
(see section 15.2.
6. Click OK toacceptthedataandclosethedialogue.
Table 15.1: Humidityclasses
Class
1
2
3
4
5
Buildingtype
Storageareas
Offices, shops
Dwellingswithlowoccupancy
Dwellingswithhighoccupancy, sportshalls,
Specialbuildings, e.g. laundry, swimming
pool
Relativehumidity(%)
15ºC
20ºC
25ºC
<50
50–65
65–80
80–95
>95
<35
35–50
50–60
60–70
>70
<25
25–35
35–45
45–55
>55
Creatingnewdatasets
Youcanbuildupandsavesetsofinternalandexternalenvironmentalconditionstouse
incondensationriskanalysis. Thisisparticularlyusefulwhenexaminingair-conditioned
buildingswhichhavedesignvaluesfortemperatureandhumidity.
Userdataisstoredinafile Env_user.txt whichiskeptwiththeotheruserdatafilesin
c:\ProgramData\JPA\JPA Designer (filelocationcorrectforWindows7-seeTechnical
CHAPTER15. CONDENSATION RISK ANALYSIS IN JPA DESIGNER
86
note2012/01forotherversionsofWindows). Currently, theonlywaytoadddatasets
is to edit Env_user.txt in a text editor, such as Notepad (Figure 15.2). Before editing
Env_user.txt makesureJPA Designerisnotrunning.
Figure 15.2: Editingthe Env_user.txt file
Within Env_user.txt thedataforanexternallocationoraninternaldesignconditionison
oneline, witheachlineseparatedbyareturn. Oneachline, thedifferentitemsofdata
areseparatedbythepipecharacter, |, withnospacesbeforeorafterthepipe. Thefinal
characteroneverylineisalsoapipe.
Thedataitemsare:
• Item1: whetherthesetisforinternalconditions, 0, orexternalconditions, 1.
• Item2: whetherthesetissystemdata, 0, oruserdata, 1.
• Item3: atextdescriptionofthedataset. Thisappearsinthe Buildinglocation or
internalconditions lists, whicharesortedalphabeticallyusingthetextdescription.
Thisitemcanstartwiththetildecharacter(∼), whichdoesnotappearonlists, but
controlsthewayinwhichitems4–27areinterpreted.
• Items4–27: thesearethemonthlytemperatureandrelativehumidityfigures. Temperaturesshouldbeenteredindegreescentigradeandrelativehumidityasapercentage. Theorderofthedatadependsonwhetheritem3startswithatilde(∼).
– If item 3 has a tilde the mean monthly temperatures should be entered in
a sequence starting with January, followed by the relative humidity figures,
startingwithJanuary(so: Jan temp|Feb temp| … |December temp|Jan
%rh|Feb %rh| etc.)
– Ifitem3hasnotildethetemperatureandrelativehumidityvaluesforeach
monthshouldfolloweachother(so: Jan temp|Jan rh|Feb temp|Feb
%rh| etc).
• Item 28: the country code. UK, 0. Republic of Ireland, 1. Australia, 2. New
Zealand, 3. Asia, 4. MiddleEast, 5.
• Item29: appliestoexternalenvironmentalsetsandindicateswhetherinternalconditionsshouldbecalculatedonthebasisofcontinentalconditions, 1, ormaritime
conditions, anyothervalue. Thisitemisusedonlywheninternalconditionsareto
bederivedfromtheexternalconditions: itisnotusediffixedinternalconditions
arespecified.
CHAPTER15. CONDENSATION RISK ANALYSIS IN JPA DESIGNER
87
Asanexample:
1|1|Newcastle Airport|3.4|92|…|4.2|89|0|0|
Thisshows:
• Externaldata(1).
• Userdata(1)
• Location, withnotilde.
• Pairedmonthlyvaluesfortemperature(3.4and4.2)andrelativehumidity(92and
89).
• UK (0)
• Maritimeclimate(0).
Oncetheenvironmentalconditionshavebeenenteredandsavedin Env_user.txt andJPA
Designerstarted, thenewdatasetswillshowupinthe internalconditions list. Notethat
theconditionswillonlyshowiftheirregionmatchestheregionselectedforanalysis.
IfthereareseveralusersofJPA Designerwithinthesameorganisationthe Env_user.txt
filecanbesetupononePC thencopiedtotheothers, ensuringeveryoneisusingthe
samedatasets.
16 Viewingresults
Youcanviewtheresultsofcondensationriskanalysisinthreeformats:
• Asmonthbymonthdata, intheISO CondensationTable(section 16.1).
• Asagraph, intheDewpointgraph(section 16.2).
• Insummaryform, intheResultstable(section 16.3).
16.1
ISO CondensationTable
The ISO CondensationTable showstheamountofcondensatepredictedateachinterface
intheconstruction, andisthemostaccuratemeansofviewingtheresultsofananalysis
toISO 13788.
Toviewthe ISO CondensationTable: onthe View menuselect ISO CondensationTabler.
Figure 16.1: ISO 13788Condensationtable
Theupperpartofthewindow(Figure 16.1)showstheinterfaceswithintheconstruction.
When you select an interface by clicking on it, the lower half of the table shows the
88
CHAPTER16. VIEWING RESULTS
89
amountofcondensationpredictedatthatinterface. Itshowstheamountofcondensate
depositedorevaporatedeachmonth, gc, andtheaccumulatedcondensateattheendof
eachmonth, Ma, bothmeasuredin g/m2 . A negativeamountofcondensateindicatesthe
amountofmoisturepredictedtoevaporateinthatmonth.
Theresultsalwaysstartwiththefirstmonthinwhichcondensationispredicted: ifnocondensationispredictedinanymonthresultsstartwithJanuary. Guidanceoninterpreting
resultsisgiveninISO 13788andBS 5250.
16.2
TheDewpointgraph
In condensation risk analysis the dew point is the temperature at which air would be
saturated with vapour. Condensation occurs when the temperature at a point with in
theconstructiondropsbelowdewpointandtheaircannotsupportallthewatervapour,
resultinginsomeoftheexcessbeingdepositedasliquidwater.
The Dewpointgraph isavisualisationoftherelationshipbetweenthepredictedtemperaturethroughanelementandthedewpoint. Theorientationofthe Dewpointgraph is
determinedbythebuildingelement: wallsareshownwithlayersrunningverticallyand
roofswithlayersrunninghorizontally.
Thegraphshowstwolines:
• thetemperaturegradientthroughtheconstruction, calculatedforeachinterface,
showninred; and,
• thedewpointateachinterface, showninblue.
Thelinesareplottedforthemonthwiththeworstcondensationconditions.
Where the two lines do not touch the actual temperature is above dew point and no
condensationispredictedatthoseinterfaces. Condensationispredictedatanyinterface
wherethetwolinestouch(see Figure 16.2). Notethattheactualtemperaturewillnever
belowerthanthedewpointandthelineswillnevercross.
Toopenthe Dewpointgraph:
• onthe View menuselect Dewpointgraph; or,
• clicktheDewpointgraphbuttononthetoolbar.
Toviewtheresultsforthemonthwiththegreatestevaporation, clickthe Summer button
inthe Resultstoshow section.
CHAPTER16. VIEWING RESULTS
90
Figure 16.2: Dewpoint graph for a roof with condensation predicted at the interface
betweenlayers4and5
16.3
TheResultstable
The ResultsTable showstheheadlineresultsforeachinterfaceintheconstruction. To
viewthe Resultstable: onthe View menuclick ResultsTable. Whenthetableisopen
clickthe Alwaysontop boxtokeepitvisibleonscreenwhileyoucontinuetoworkon
thecalculation. Whenyouhavefinished, click Close toclosetheResultsTable.
ForcalculationstoISO 13788thesignificantcolumnsare:
• ISO -Winterworstbuildup: themonthinwhichthehighestamountofcondensate
ispredictedtobedeposited;
• ISO -Winterpeakbuildup: themonthwhichseesthehighestcumulativeamount
ofcondensation.
Foreachcolumntheamountofcondensateisshowningramspersquaremetre g/m2 .
Theresult n/a meansnocondensationispredictedatthatinterface. Youcanseemore
detailedresultsinthe ISO Condensationtable.
CHAPTER16. VIEWING RESULTS
16.4
91
Producingreports
TheresultsofcondensationriskanalysiscanbeprintedorproducedasPDF filesinthe
samewayastheresultsofthermalcalculations(chapter 12).
Figure 16.3: TheSectionsToPrintdialogueforcondensationriskreports
Themaindifferencesare:
1. BeforestartingtoprintorcreateaPDF,tickthe Condensationrisk boxonthestatus
baratthebottomofthemain U-value window.
2. Inthe SectionsToPrint dialoguereviewwhetheryouwanttoprintthesummer-time
condensationresultsandtheISO moisturetableandticktheappropriateboxes.
17 UsingtheBS 5250:1989calculation
method
TheBS 5250:1989AppendixD methodisbasedonthesameunderlyingprinciplesas
themethodsetoutinISO 13788, butanalysescondensationriskfora60periodrather
thanthewholeyearandreportsresultsinadifferentway. TheAppendixD methodisno
longerreferredtobybuildingregulationsandstandards, butisstillavailablewithinJPA
Designer.
TousetheBS 5250: 1998calculationmethodopenthe Environmentalconditions dialogueanduntick Use2003condensationmethod. Thedialogueboxwillnowshowthe
environmentaldatafortheBS 5250:1989method.
17.1
Externalconditions
The program sets standard values for external environmental conditions, following BS
6229:1982andBS 5250:1989, whichare:
• summertemperature: 18ºC.
• wintertemperature: 5ºC.
• summerrelativehumidity: 65%.
• winterrelativehumidity: 95%.
Ifyouneedtocalculatecondensationriskforotherexternalenvironmentsyoucanchange
thestandardvaluesbytypingnewvaluesintothetextboxes. Toreturntothedefault
valuesforexternalenvironmentalconditionsclickthe Default button.
Build-upofcondensateisassessedoverastandard60daywinterperiod: thatvaluecan
bechangedusingthe Condensationbuildupperiod box.
17.2
Internalconditions
Theinternaltemperatureandrelativehumidityvalueswillbedeterminedlargelybythe
buildinguse. Youcanenterdesigndataormeasuredvaluesinthefourboxes, orselect
oneofthepre-definedbuildingusegroupslistedin BuildingUse, whicharetakenfrom
BS 5250andBS 6229, Table7.
92
CHAPTER17. USING THE BS 5250:1989CALCULATION METHOD
17.3
93
BS 5250:1989results
Onceyouhavesettheenvironmentalconditionsyoucanviewthecalculationresults
usingthe Resultstable (section 16.3)andthe Dewpointgraph (section 16.2). Onthe
resultstabletheimportantcolumnsare:
• Winterbuildup whichshowsthebuildupofcondensateoverthe60daywinter
period; and,
• Annualbuildup theamountofcondensatecarriedoverintothenextyear. A negativefigureindicatesthereisnocondensationcarriedforward.
Bothfiguresaregivenin g/m2 .
17.4
Calculationoptions
TheBS 5250:1989methoddoesnotallowfortheremovalofmoisturebyairmovement,
however, thestandardsuggestssomeindicationoftheeffectofventedcavitiescanbe
obtainedbyassumingtheairinthecavityisatoutsideconditions. Thiscandoneby
settingtozerothevapourresistancesofthematerialstotheoutsideofacavity.
ForanexplanationofthelimitationsofthistechniquepleaserefertoBS 5250: 1989page
76.
TousethisoptioninJPA Designer:
1. Inthe Options dialoguegotothe Other tab.
2. Tick Setvapourresistanceoflayersaboveventedcavitytozero.
3. Openthecondensationriskcalculation.
4. Doubleclickonthecavitylayer.
5. Inthe Editmaterial dialoguesetthecavitytypeto ventedcavity.
Theprogramwillsetthevapourresistanceofthelayersoutsidethecavitytozero.
PartIV
SAP 2012
94
18 TheJPA DesignerSAP 2012module
18.1
OverviewoftheSAP 20012module
TheJPA DesignerSAP 2012moduleenablesyoutocarryoutcalculationstodemonstrate
a dwelling complies with the requirements of Part L 2013 (England) and Part L 2014
(Wales)1 . Themodulealsoletsyouissueenergyperformancecertificates(EPCs)fornew
dwellings2 , whilsttheresultsofcalculationsmaybeusedaspartofassessmentsunder
theCodeforSustainableHomes.
TheSAP 2012moduleusestheSAP 9.92methodologyto:
• calculate theTarget Fabric Energy Efficiency (TFEE) and Dwelling Fabric Energy
Efficiency(DFEE);
• calculatetheTargetCarbonDioxideEmissionRate(TER) andtheDwellingCarbon
DioxideEmissionRate(DER).
• checkforcomplianceagainstanumberofothercriteriasetoutinApprovedDocumentL1A andintheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide(2013edition).
Whilstthissectionofthemanualgivesinstructionsonhowtoenterdataintotheprogram
itdoesnotofferauthoritativeguidanceuponSAP 9.92northeBuildingRegulations. We
suggestyouusethismanualinconjunctionwiththegovernment’sguidetoSAP (available
from the BRE web site - www.bre.co.uk/sap2012), Approved Document L1A and the
DomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide(bothavailableasPDFsfromthePlanning
Portal: www.planningportal.gov.uk).
18.2
PreparingtocarryoutaSAP 2012calculation
BeforestartingaSAP calculationyoushouldensureyouhavealltheinputdata, including:
• dwellingfloorarea;
• theventilationstrategy;
1
Forsection6oftheScottishBuildingStandards2010(Scotland)andforNorthernIrelandyoushould
continuetouseSAP 2009-V9.90, whichisdescribedintheJPA Designer5.01usermanual.
2
In order to issue an EPC you will need to be a member of a government approved accreditation
scheme. Youcanfindmoreinformationonsuitableaccreditationschemesonourwebsite.
95
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
96
• thedesignorachievedairpermeability;
• U-values, κ-values(kappa-values)andareasofexternal, andparty, walls, roofsand
floors(youcancarryouttheU-valueand κ-valuecalculationsusingoneoftheJPA
DesignerU-valuemodules);
• κ-valuesandareasofinternalwallsandfloors;
• ψ -values(psi-values)forjunctionsandthelengthsofjunctions;
• U-values, areas, orientationandglazingdetailsofwindows, doorsandrooflights;
• thewaterheatingsystem;
• theprimaryandsecondaryheatingsystems;
• detailsofanyphotovoltaiccellsorotherlowcarbontechnology.
18.3
CarryingoutaSAP 2012calculation
CarryingoutaSAP 2012calculationusingJPA Designerisstraightforward. Themain
SAP window showstheon-goingresultsofthecalculationandthecompliancestatusof
thedwelling, whileyouenterdatainthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogue. Onceyou
havefinishedenteringdatayoucanprintofftheresultsormakeadjustmentstothedata.
Themainstepsare:
1. CreateanewSAP 2012calculation(section 3.7).
2. OpenthecalculationintheSAP module(section 3.9).
3. Enterthe ProjectInformation (section 18.5).
4. Openthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogueandenterthedwellingdata(section 18.6).
5. Checkthecompliancestatusonthemain SAP window (section 18.4)andmakeany
necessarychanges.
6. Produceprint-outsorPDF filesofthecalculationreports(section 29.2).
7. Saveyourproject(section 3.5).
18.4
TheSAP window
The SAP window letsyouaccesstheSAP menusandtoolbaranddisplaystheresultsof
calculations(Figure 18.1). Themainfeaturesare:
1. Themenubar.
2. TheSAP 2012toolbar: thebuttonsgivedirectaccesstokeyprogramfunctionsand
tothetabsonthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogue.
3. Thestatusindicatorswhichshowhowmuchdatayouhaveenteredforeachsection
ofthecalculation(seebelowforamoredetaileddescription).
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
97
Figure 18.1: ThemainSAP window. 1–Menubar. 2–Toolbar. 3–Statusindicators. 4
–SAP version. 5–Calculationname. 6–FabricEnergyEfficiencyresults. 7–Dwelling
emissionsresults. 8–FabricU-values. 9–Overheatingassessment. 10–SAP rating. 11
–Compliancestatus.
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
98
4. TheSAP version–inthiscaseSAP 9.92, SAP 2012.
5. Thecalculationname, asenteredinthe ProjectManager window.
6. TheTFEE andDFEE results.
7. TheTER andDER results.
8. FabricU-valuesforopaqueelements(floors, walls, roofs)andforopenings. Ineach
linethefirstnumbershowstheworst(highest)U-valueandthesecondtheareaweightedaverage.
9. Overheatingriskassessment.
10. CarbondioxideemissionandSAP results, includingtheaverageHeatLossParameter(HLP).
11. Compliancezone. Thisshowsgreenforapassandredforafail. Ifthedwelling
doesnotcomplyyoucanholdyourmousecursoroverthiszonetoshowatool-tip
identifyingtheprimarycauseoffailure(Figure 18.2). Doubleclickingonthezone
willopenthe ComplianceChecklist.
Figure 18.2: Tooltipshowingtheprimarycauseoffailure
Figure 18.3: TheSAP toolbar: 1–Returnto ProjectManager. 2– Print. 3–ExitJPA
Designer. 4– Projectinformation (section 18.5). 5– Dimensions tab(chapter 19). 6–
Ventilation tab(chapter 20. 7– Walls, roofsandfloors tab(chapter 21). 8– Openings
tab(chapter 22). 9– Hotwater tab(chapter 23). 10– Primaryheating tab(chapter 24).
11 – Secondary heating tab – (chapter 25). 12 – Overheating tab (chapter 26). 13 –
Photovoltaicandalternativetechnologies tab(chapter 28).
Thetoolbarbuttonsareshownin Figure 18.3; themajorityofthemopenthe SAP 9.92
2012WorksheetValues dialogueatdifferenttabs. Thecolouredstatusindicatorsbelow
manyofthetoolbarbuttonsindicatethestatusofthedatayouhavesuppliedforthatpart
ofthecalculation:
• Red: Thereisnoneorverylittledatainthatsection.
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
99
• Orange: Most of the data is there, but one or two items in that section are still
missing.
• Green: AllthedatanecessaryforcompletingtheSAP calculationhasbeenentered.
Theindicatorsprovideaquickwayofseeinghowfaryouhavecomeinacalculation.
However, youmustremembertheindicatorsreferonlytotheextentofdatayouhave
enteredandhavenothingtodowithwhetheradwellingwillcomplywithregulations.
18.5
ProjectinformationinSAP
A SAP 2012calculationrequiresgeneralinformationabouttheproject(suchasthename
andaddressoftheclient), theprojectaddressandbasicinformationaboutthedwelling
itself. Allthisinformationisenteredinthe ProjectInformation dialogue(Figure 18.4),
whichisopenedbyselecting Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar.
Addressdetails
Theclientandprojectaddressdetailsareshownoncalculationworksheetsandreports.
Thelocationofthedwelling, whichaffectssomepartsoftheSAP calculation, issetusing
theprojectaddressdetails.
Theclientnameandaddress, andthedwellingaddressshouldbetypingintotheappropriatefields(items1, 2and3in Figure 18.4). Usethe <Tab> keytomovebetween
fields. Youcanalsousethe Inherit buttontousetheaddressdetailsfortheprojectinthe
currentcalculation(see section 3.3 forinstructions.) The Passdown buttoncanbeused
tocopytheaddressdetailstoallothercalculationsintheproject.
You can add plot numbers and drawing references to link the calculation to a set of
drawingsoranamingscheme. Notethe Date (Figure 18.4 item3)isusedinanEPC
lodgementasthesurveydate.
Itisessentialtoenterapostcodeforthedwelling, astheEPC recommendationsarebased
onlocalclimateconditions, setbypostcode. Wherethedwellingdoesnothaveafull
postcode–perhapsbecauseithasnotbeenassignedyet–youneedonlyenterthefirst
block, e.g. BT25. (However, the UPRN boxandthe getUPRN and clearUPRN buttons
areonlyusedwhenpreparingtoissueanEPC.)
Dwellingdetails
ProjectInformation containsgeneralinformationaboutthedwelling:
• Buildingtype (Figure 18.4 item7): thisisusedintheEnergyPerformanceCertificate.
Selecttheclosestmatchingvaluefromthedrop-down. Itisparticularlyimportant
toselectthecorrectoptionforflats.
• Country: theregionalauthoritiesintheUK haveimplementedSAP inslightlydifferentways. Youmustusethe Country drop-downtoselectthecorrectlocationto
ensurethedwellingistestedagainsttheappropriateregulations.
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
Figure 18.4: TheProjectInformationdialogue
100
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
101
• EPC language (Figure 18.4 item8): setsthelanguageinwhichtheEPC isproduced.
EPCsinEngland, ScotlandandNorthernIrelandmustbeproducedinEnglish. EPCs
inWalesmaybeissuedininEnglishorWelsh.
• Location (Figure 18.4 item9): thisisusedtointheoverheatingassessmentand
in SAP calculations for dwellings with space cooling. To set the Location enter
thePostcode(Figure 18.4 item3), thenclick Look-up (Figure 18.4 item10). The
programthensetstheregion. ThereisamapofSAP regionsinTable10oftheSAP
2012document.
Wherethedwellingdoesnothaveafullpostcode–perhapsbecauseithasnotbeen
assignedyet–youneedonlyenterthefirstblock–e.g. BT25–forthe Location
look-uptowork.
• Projecttype (Figure 18.4 item11): defineswhetherthecalculationisfora new
build, existingdwelling or conversion.
• Relatedpartydisclosure (Figure 18.4 item12): overridesthedefaultdisclosurefor
EPCsforthatcalculation.
SAP calculationoptions
Thebottomofthe ProjectInformation dialoguecontainsseveralcalculationoptions:
• Treat low e glass coating as ‘soft’ (Figure 18.4 item 13): this is a legacy setting
whichaffectedcalculationsinSAP 9.70and9.80/1. IthasnoeffectonSAP 2012
calculations.
• Entergrossopaqueelementareas (Figure 18.4 item14): theSAP 2012calculation
usesthenetareasofwallsandroofs, aftertheareasofopenings(doors, windows
and rooflights) have been removed). If you select this option you can enter the
gross areasofwallsandroofs, andtheprogramwilldeterminethenetareas, by
subtractingtheareasofwindowsandrooflightsastheyarespecified.
Ifyouchangethesettingofthisboxthesoftwarethenclosethe ProjectInformation theprogramasksifyouwanttousethatsettingasthedefaultvalueforfuture
calculations.
Youcanonlychangethissetting before youhavestartedtoenterdatainthe SAP
Worksheet dialogue. Onceyouhaveentereddatathetickboxwillbegreyed-out
andinaccessible. Thisistopreventthesettingbeingchangedhalfwaythrougha
calculationandsoavoiderrors.
• BoilercomesundertheexceptionprocedureallowedinPartL (Figure 18.4 item
12): TheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceguiderequiresneworreplacementgasoroilboilerstohaveefficiencylevelswhichcanonlybeachievedbycondensingappliances. A non-condensingboilermaybebepermittedifthesituation
meetstheconditionsinthegovernment’s Condensingboilerinstallationassessment
procedurefordwellings3 . Youmaythereforeonlytickthisboxiftheconditionsof
theassessmentprocedurearesatisfied.
Onceyouhaveenteredallthenecessarydata, click OK.
3
GuidetotheCondensingBoilerInstallationAssessmentProcedureforDwellings. DCLG.2005. http:/
/www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR_PDF_PTL_CONDBOILER.pdf
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
18.6
102
Enteringinformationaboutthedwelling
ThedatafortheSAP calculationisenteredusingthe SAP 9.922012WorksheetValues
dialogue. Thedialoguehasaseriesoftabs, eachcoveringonepartoftheSAP inputdata:
• Dwellingdimensions: thebasicconfigurationofthedwelling, includingtheproportionoflowenergylighting(chapter 19).
• Ventilation: airinfiltrationrates, ventilationstrategyandsystemefficiency(chapter 20).
• Walls, roofsandfloors: heatlossandthermalmassoftheopaquebuildingfabric
(chapter 21).
• Openings: heatloss, solargainanddaylightinginformationforwindows, doorsand
rooflights(chapter 22).
• Waterheating: thesourceofdomestichotwater, itsefficiencyandfueltype, includingdetailsofanysolarpanels(chapter 23).
• Primaryheating: themainheatingsystem, controlsandfuel(chapter 24).
• Secondaryheating: anyadditionalheatingsystem(chapter 25).
• Overheatingandcooling: detailsforsummeroverheating, andanyfixedcooling
systems(chapter 26 and chapter 27).
• PV &AltTech: Photo-voltaicpanels, windturbines, andnewrenewabletechnologies(chapter 28).
Toopenthedialogueatthestartofacalculation, clickonthe Dwellingdimensions button
onthetoolbaroronthe Edit menuclick Dwellingdimensions.
Thetabsarelistedatthetopofthedialogueinthesameorderastheyappearinthe Edit
menu(Figure 18.5). Tomovebetweensectionssimplyclickonthetabs. Werecommend
youworkfromlefttoright, startingwith DwellingDimensions andfinishingwith PV &
AltTech.
Figure 18.5: TabsontheSAP 9.922012WorksheetValuesdialogue
Figure 18.6: ThebuttonsontheSAP WorksheetValuesdialogue
Atthebottomofthedialogueareaseriesofbuttons(Figure 18.6):
• OK:Revisesthecalculationtakingaccountofanychangesyouhavemadetothe
data, andclosesthedialogue.
CHAPTER18. THE JPA DESIGNER SAP 2012MODULE
103
• Cancel: Closesthedialoguebutignoresanychangesyouhavemadetothecalculation.
• Apply: Revisesthecalculation, takingaccountofanychangesyouhavemadeto
thedata, butleavesthedialogueopen.
Withamonitorsetto1024by800pixelsorhigher, itispossibletoseethemain
SAP windowandthe SAP 9.922012WorksheetValues atthesametime. Byusing
the Apply buttonyoucanseetheeffectofdesignchangesuponthecalculation
immediately.
• Help: Givesyouaccesstothegovernment’sSAP guidanceandanon-lineversion
ofthismanual.
• Last: Takesyoutotheprevioustab.
• Next: Takesyoutothenexttab.
19 Dwellingdimensions
The Dimensions tab(Figure 19.1)isusedtoenterdataonthe:
• areaandvolumeofthedwelling;
• livingareaofthedwelling
• lowenergylighting;
• dwellingorientation.
• positionofaflatormaisonetteinablock(Scotlandonly).
Figure 19.1: TheDimensionstab
104
CHAPTER19. DWELLING DIMENSIONS
19.1
105
Dwellingareaandvolume
TheareaandvolumeofthedwellingeachstoreyareusedthroughouttheSAP calculation,
forexample, todeterminehotwaterandlightingusageandtherateofheatlossthrough
ventilation.
Thecalculationrequiresthe floorarea ofeachstoreyandthe averagestoreyheight.
• Floorareas aremeasuredtotheinternalsurfacesofthewallsboundingthedwelling,
and shouldinclude built-in cupboards accessible from the occupied area of the
dwelling and all porches and conservatories which are heated and form part of
thehabitablespace. (Excludeporchesandconservatorieswhichareunheatedand
thermallyseparatedfromthelivingspace.)
• The averagestoreyheight forthelowestfloorofadwellingismeasuredfromfinishedfloorsurfacetoceilingsurface. Foreveryotherstorey, theheightismeasured
fromtheceilingofthefloorbelowtoitsownceiling. Thisconventionensuresthat
thevolumeofthefloorstructureisincludedwithinthecalculation. Forroominthe
roofconstructionsyouwillneedtodetermineanaveragestoreyheight.
Foreachstoreyenterthe floorarea, in m2 , andthe averageroomheight, in m), against
theappropriaterowinthelist. JPA Designerwillcalculateanddisplaythevolumeof
each storey, the total floor area of the dwelling and the total volume of the dwelling.
Notethat:
• Valuesmustbeenteredagainsttheappropriatestorey. Thisisparticularlyimportant
forflats: donotuse groundfloor unlessitactuallyisagroundfloorflat. Assigning
floorareatothewrongfloorwillnotaffecttheresultsoftheSAP calculation, but
incompatibilitiesbetweenstoreyandpartyfloorvalueswillpreventlodgementof
theEPC.
• Enterdataforstoreysonthefourthfloorandhigheronthefinalline.
• Whereafloorhasadifferentoccupancybeneathit(suchasanotherflat, maisonette,
orretailunit)tickthe party boxonthatrow.
• Forpartystoreysonthefourthfloororhigherenterthefloornumberin Partyfloor
storey. Thestoreynumberisthefloornumberplusone: forexample, thesecond
floorhasastoreynumberofthree.
• Thetwolinesfor Groundfloors, allowfordwellingswhichhaveadoubleheight
lounge.
• The Exposedfloor linemaybeusedforfloorsofapartmentswhichareovergarages,
parkingbaysorwalkways.
CHAPTER19. DWELLING DIMENSIONS
19.2
106
Livingarea
TheSAP 2012calculationdividesadwellingintotwoparts:
• the livingarea whichisthepartofthedwellingpresumedtobeusedmostfrequently;
and,
• therestofthedwelling.
Thelivingareaisdefinedasthe theroommarkedontheplanastheloungeorliving
room, orthelargestpublicroom. Theareaofotherroomswhicharenotseparatedfrom
thelivingroombydoorsshouldalsobeincluded. However, thelivingareacannotextend
overmorethanonestorey.
Enterthelivingarea, in(m2 ), in Totalfloorareawhichislivingarea. JPA Designerwill
calculatethelivingareafraction.
19.3
Lowenergylighting
Theproportionoflowenergylightingisusedinthecalculationofelectricityconsumption
forlighting, withahigherproportionoflowenergylightingresultinginlowerelectricity
useandalowerDER.Theproportionoflowenergylightingisalsousedtotestcompliancewiththeminimumefficiencystandardsforfixedbuildingservices, whichcurrently
requireatleast3outof4lightfittings(afraction0.75)tobelowenergy. Enter:
• thetotalnumberoflightingunits, in Totalfixedlightingoutlets;
• thenumberoflightingunitswhichcountaslowenergylighting, in Lowenergy
lightingunits.
JPA Designerdisplaysthe Fractionoflowenergylighting.
Atthedesignstage, whenitisunlikelythattheexactnumberoflightingunitswillbe
known, the simplest strategy is to set the total number of units to 10 or 20, then set
thenumberoflowenergyunitstogivethecorrectproportion: 15outof20willgivea
proportionof0.75. AnaccuratevalueisrequiredfortheEPC submission.
19.4
Orientation
The orientation of the dwelling is used with the data on openings for solar gain and
overheatingcalculations.
Tosettheorientation, selectadirectioninthe Frontofdwellingfaces list:
• Forahouse, itisusuallyeasiesttotreattheelevationcontainingthefrontdooras
thefrontface.
• Foranblockofflatsitmaybebettertotreatthefrontoftheblockasthefrontface
forallflats, ratherthansettingdifferentfrontorientationsforeachflat.
The Applicationdate isusedintheEPC submissionasthedateonwhichthefinalEPC
assessmentwasperformed. Clickingthedownarrowwillopenacalendar.
CHAPTER19. DWELLING DIMENSIONS
107
Figure 19.2: EnteringpositioninblockforScotland
19.5
Positioninblock
TheTER calculationforsection6inScotlandcalculatestheoutputofsolarpanelsonthe
notionaldwellingfromtheroofareaoftheactualdwelling. Forflatsandmaisonettesthat
notionaloutputisdividedbythetotalnumberofdwellingsbeneaththeroofarea.Inorder
tocarryoutthiscalculationthenumberofdwellingsaboveandbelowaflatormaisonette
mustbeenteredintheNon-domesticpremisesinthesamebuildingaretreatedasone
dwelling.
WhenthecalculationregionhasbeensettoScotlandthe Dimensionstabincludestwo
additionboxesforthe Numberofdwellingsabove and Numberofdwellingsbelow boxes
(Figure 19.2). JPA Designerwillcheckthevaluesenteredintothetwoboxesagainstthe
definitionoftheflatormaisonetteinthe ProjectInformation dialogue. Itwillwarnyou
ifthevaluesareincompatible(e.g. atopfloorflatwithoneormoreflatsabove, oramid
floorflatwithnoflatsabove).
20 Ventilation
SAP determinestheheatlossproducedfromairmovementbetweentheinsideandoutsideofadwellingbyconsidering:
• airinfiltrationthroughthebuildingfabric.
• detailsoftheventilationarrangements.
Dataforairmovementisenteredusingthe Ventilation tab(Figure 20.1).
Figure 20.1: TheVentilationtab
108
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
20.1
109
Airinfiltration
Airinfiltrationrepresents unplanned airmovement. Itisexpressedasthevolumeofair
whichpassesinonehourthroughasquaremetreofthesurfaceofthebuildingenvelope:
m3 /hm2 . Thevalueisisoftenreferredtoasthe q50 value, afterthecalculationresultin
BS EN 13829.
Therearethreemethodstoentertheairinfiltrationdataintothesoftware:
• Usingtheresultsofpressuretesting.
• Ondevelopmentsofoneortwohouses, usinganassumedvalue..
• Allowthesoftwaretocalculatetheinfiltrationratefromtheconstructiontypeand
buildingsize.
Thisfinalmethodisnotvalidfordemonstratingcomplianceunderbuildingregulations.
Pressuretestdata
Whereairinfiltrationisbeingmeasuredbypressuretesting, theinitialSAP calculation
usesadesignairpermeabilityvalue, whichisreplacedbyafinalassessedpermeability
valueoncethedwellinghasbeencompleted.
Toenter designstage airpermeability:
1. At Sourceofq50value select Pressuretest.
2. Entertheairpermeabilityinthe Designq50 box.
3. Settheradiobuttonsto asdesigned.
4. Tick Thisdwellinghasbeenpressuretested.
ThepressuretestingregimesetoutinApprovedDocumentL1A requiresaproportionof
dwellingsonanysitetobepressuretested1 . Theassessedairpermeabilityusedinthe
as-built SAP calculationdependsonwhetherornotthedwellinginquestionhasbeen
testeditself:
• dwellingswhichhavebeentested: theassessedairpermeabilityistheresultfrom
testing.
• dwellingswhichhavenotbeentested: theassessedairpermeabilityistheaverage
resultsforthatdwellingtype, increasedbytwo.
Toenter as-built airpressuretestdataforatesteddwelling:
1. Enterthemeasuredairpermeabilityinthe Designq50 box.
2. Settheradiobuttonsto asdesigned.
1
Therearesimilar, butnotidenticalrequirementsinplaceforWalesandforScotland
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
110
3. Tick Thisdwellinghasbeenpressuretested.
Toenter as-built airpressuretestdataforadwellingwhichhasnotbeentesteditself:
1. Entertheaverageairpermeabilityforthedwellingtypeinthe Designq50 box.
2. Settheradiobuttonsto as-built.
3. Do not tick Thisdwellinghasbeenpressuretested. JPA Designerwillincreasethe
enteredpressuretestvalueintheSAP andDER calculationsbytwo.
Smalldevelopments
Pressuretestingisnotrequiredfordevelopmentsofoneortwohouses, providedtheDER
calculationiscarriedoutusinganairpermeabilityof 15 m3 /hm2 :
1. At Sourceofq50value select Assumedvalue.
2. Tickthe Smalldevelopment box, whichindicatesthedwellingispartofadevelopmentofoneortwodwellings.
Ifyoudonotticktheboxthedwellingwillfailitscompliancechecks.
The Designq50 boxisnowfixedat 15 m3 /hm2 .
Usingacalculatedairpermeabilityrate
WhereadwellingisnotsubjecttotheairpressuretestingrequirementsofPartL anair
permeabilityvaluecanbeestimatedfrombasicdetailsoftheconstructionandconfigurationofthedwelling. ThisissuitableforcalculationsforexistingdwellingstoApproved
DocumentL1B.
1. At Sourceofq50value select Calculated. Thetabshowsadditionaltextboxes.
2. Specify:
• theTypeofconstruction;
• whetherthereisadraughtlobby;
• thefloorconstruction;
• thenumberofstoreys.
ThesoftwarethencalculatesanairpermeabilityratebasedontheSAP defaults.
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
20.2
111
Ventilationopenings
Inthe Ventilation sectionenterdetailsoftheventilationopeningsforthedwelling. Use
theboxestoenterthenumbersof:
• Chimneys: verticalductsforcombustiongaseswithdiametergreaterthan200mm.
• Flues: verticalductsforcombustiongaseswithdiameterlessthan200mm.
Chimneysandfluesshouldbeassignedtothemainorsecondaryheatingsystems,
oranotherappliance. Thereisnoneedtoenterroom-sealedandbalancedfluesto
heatingappliances, astheydonotaffectairmovementintheoccupiedspace.
• Fluelessgasfires2 .
20.3
Shelteredsides
Therateofairinfiltrationresultingfromthewindisaffectedbythenumberofexposed
sidesofthedwelling. SAP 2012thereforeadjustsinfiltrationaccordingtothenumberof
shelteredsidesadwellinghas.
A shelteredsideis:
• apartywall;
• asidewhichisshelteredbyneighbouringbuildings. Theexactconditionsaredescribedinsection2.5oftheSAP 2012document.
Thenumberofshelteredsidesisenteredinthe Shelteredsides box. Ifthelocalconditions
areunknown, useadefaultvalueoftwoshelteredsides.
20.4
Ventilationtype
Therearetwostepstodefiningtheventilationarrangementsforthedwelling:
1. Use the Ventilation Type radio buttons to specify the type of ventilation in the
dwelling(seesection2.6oftheSAP documentfordetailsofthedifferentventilation
systems).
2. Specifythedetailsofthesystem.
Forallventilationsystemsleavethebox 100%draught-stripping ticked.
Theadditionalperformancedataforsystemsthatrequireitcanbesetinthreedifferent
ways:
• Usethe Default performancevaluesbuiltintotheSAP specification.
Althoughthisisavalidoptionforcalculation, thedefaultsvalueswillgivesignificantlypoorerresultsthantheotheroptions.
2
Although the gas fires themselves are flueless regulations require specific ventilation provision for
eachappliancewhichwillresultinheatlossthroughairexchange.
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
112
Figure 20.2: Settingthesourceofmechanicalventilationdata
• User defined: allows you to enter your own performance values, such as those
suppliedbyproductmanufacturers.
• Database: performancevaluesfromtheProductCharacteristicsDataFile(PCDF)
maintainedbyBRE.
ThePCDF valuesshouldbeusedwhereverpossible, astheywillbemostaccurate.
Defaultperformancevalues
Tousedefaultvaluesselect Default at Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters. This
willgiveapoorresultforthedwellingasthedefaultvaluesaresignificantlyworsethan
manufacturers’data.
Iftheventilationsystemconsistsofintermittentextractfansorpassiveventsinbathrooms
andtoilets, enterthenumberof intermittentfans or passivevents.
Use-definedperformancedata
Toenteruser-definedperformancedata:
1. Select Userdefined at Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters
2. Click Enterdetails.
3. Completethedetailsrequiredforthespecifiedsysteminthe UserDefinedMechanicalVentilation dialogue.
Theparametersrequiredforeachventilationtypeare:
• Forbalancedwholehousemechanicalventilation(Figure 20.3):
– Brandandmodelofsystem;
– Ducttypeandwhetherornottheductisinsulated;
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
113
Figure 20.3: Userdefineddataforbalancedwholehousemechanicalventilation
Figure 20.4: Userdefineddatafordecentralisedmechanicalwholehouseextractventilation
– SpecificFanPower(SFP);
– Numberofwetroomsexcludingthekitchen;
– Efficiencyofheatrecovery.
• Forpositiveinputventilationfromoutside:
– Theductconfiguration.
• Forpositiveinputventilationfromtheloft:
– Noadditionaldata.
• Forcentralisedmechanicalextractventilation(MEV):
– TheSpecificFanPower(SFP);
– whethertheductingisrigidorflexible.
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
114
• Fordecentralisedmechanicalwholehouseextractventilation(Figure 20.4:
– The SpecificFanPower (SFP) andnumberoffans; differentiatingbetweenfans
inthekitchenandotherwetrooms, andbetween inroom, induct and through
wall fans.
UsingtheProductCharacteristicsDataFile
Figure 20.5: TheMechanicalVentilationDatabasedialogue
Toselectvaluefromthedatabase:
1. Select Database at Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters .
2. Click Lookup.
3. Inthe MechanicalVentilationDatabase dialogue(Figure 20.5)selectthe Manufacturer. Thelistofavailableproductsappears.
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
115
4. Selectaproductbyclickingonit.
5. Specifythenumberof Wetroomsexcludingkitchen.
6. Iftheductworkisinsulatedtickthe Insulatedduct box.
7. Fordecentralisedmechanicalwholehouseextractventilation, insteadofsteps5and
6, enterthenumberoffansinkitchensandotherwetrooms(Figure 20.4)agains
theappropriatefantype.
8. Clickthe Usetheselectedsystem button. Thedialogueclosesandthesummaryof
thesystemisdisplayednexttothe Database radiobutton.
Ductedsystems
Figure 20.6: TheMVHR Ductdialogue
Theconfigurationofductworkwillaffecttheefficiencyofductedsystems, asrigidducts
aremoreefficientthanflexibleducts: thisisreflectedinthein-usefactorsforductwork.
Semi-rigidductshouldbetreatedasflexibleducts, unlesstheyhavebeendemonstrated
toworkaswellasrigidductsandarelistedinthePCDF.
Toaddasemi-rigidducttothecalculation:
• Tick Ductfromdatabase (Figure 20.2).
• Click Lookup. The MVHR Duct dialogueopens(Figure 20.6).
• Selectthe Manufacturer.
CHAPTER20. VENTILATION
116
• Selectaductfromthelistshownforthatmanufacturer.
• Click Usetheselectedduct.
• Theductisnowshowninthe Ventilation tab.
Approvedinstallationschemes
Theoretically, aventilationsystemfittedunderanapprovedinstallationschemewillbe
moreefficientthanonefittedwithoutqualitycontrol. Therefore, ticking Approvedinstallationscheme improvestheefficiencyofawholehouseventilationsystem. However, at
thetimeofwriting(2015–02–11)thereisnosuchschemeinplaceandthereisnoreason
totickthebox.
21 Walls, roofsandfloors
Thedataontheopaquebuildingfabric—walls, roofsandfloors—isusedtocalculate:
• therateoffabricheatlossforthedwellingthroughbuildingelements;
• therateofheatlossthroughjunctionsbetweenelements;
• thethermalmassofthedwelling.
The data is entered using the Walls, roofs & floors tab of the SAP Worksheet values
dialogue(Figure 21.1).
21.1
Definingbuildingelements
SAP 2012requiresdatafor all elementsofthebuildingfabric, including:
• Exposed elements which separate the building interior from outside, or from an
unheatedspace, orfromanadjacentoccupancywithadifferentheatingpattern.
• Partyelementswhichseparatethedwellingfromanotherspacewithasimilarheatingpattern.
• Internalwallsandfloors.
Thedatarequiredforeachelementdependsonitsfunction: theprincipleitemsbeing:
• Area: thesurfaceareaoftheelement, in m2 , whichshouldbemeasuredtothe
boundariesofinternalfinishedsurfaces. Ifyouhavechosentouse gross areasfor
opaqueelementsthereisnoneedtosubtracttheareasofopeningsfromwallor
roofareas.
Whenaddinginternalwalls, theareasofbothsidesofthewallshouldbemeasured.
• U-value: therateofheattransferthroughtheelement. U-valuesshouldbecalculatedto BR 443ConventionsforU-valuecalculations. TheJPA DesignerU-value
modulemaybeusedforthis. TherequirementsforU-valuesfordifferentelements
are summarised in Table 21.2. Note that for party walls between dwellings the
U-valuesmustbetakenfrom Table 21.1.
• κ-values(kappa-values): thisistheheatcapacityoftheelement, whichexpresses
theamountofenergyrequiredtoraiseitstemperature. Table1eoftheSAP documentcontainsadditionalinformationabout κ-values.
117
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
118
Figure 21.1: TheWalls, RoofsandFloorstab
Table 21.1: U-valuesforpartywalls
Partywallconstruction
Solid
Unfilledcavitywithnoeffectiveedgesealing
Unfilledcavitywitheffectiveedgesealing
A fullyfilledcavitywitheffectivesealing
U-value(W/m2 K)
0.0
0.5
0.2
0.0
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
119
Table 21.2: U-valuesforbuildingelements
Element
U-value
Exposedelement
Semi-exposed
Partywallbetweendwellings
Partywall–similarheatingpattern
Partywall–differentheatingpattern
Partyfloor–similarheatingpattern
Partyfloor–differentheatingpattern
Partyceiling–similarheatingpattern
Partyceiling–differentheatingpattern
Internalwall
Internalfloor
Internalceiling
Ascalculated
Ascalculated
From Table 21.1
0.00 W/m2 K
Halfcalculatedvalue
0.00 W/m2 K
Halfcalculatedvalue
0.00 W/m2 K
Halfcalculatedvalue
N/A
N/A
N/A
Notes
RuadjustmenttoU-value
Takeareaofbothsides
TheElementdialogue
The Element Dialogueisusedtoenterdataoneachofthedwelling’sopaqueelements
(see Figure 21.2): ittakesthefollowingdata:
• Element: Usethedrop-downtosetthe type ofelementfromthelist. Theelement
typeisusedforcheckingaverageU-values, soitisimportanttosettherightelement
type.
• Curtainwall: Tickthisboxifthewallelementconsistsofcurtainwalling.
Curtainwallinghastobetreateddifferentlyfromnormalwallsinordertoobtainthe
correctvaluesforheatlossandsolargains. Theareaofwallshouldbeenteredas
normal, buttheU-valuesettothatofthewholecurtainwallsystem. Thewindow
areashouldalsobethatofthewholefacade, withthesameU-value.
• Construction: thedrop-downlistsanumberofcommonconstructionsforthespecifiedelementtype, andoffersaquickwayofsettingthe heatcapacity fortheelement. Alternatively, youcanleavetheconstructionblankandenterthe heatcapacity directly.
• Partywalltype: thisdrop-downisonlydisplayedifthe Element isapartywall.
– Forapartywallbetweentwodwellingsselecttheappropriateconstruction:
thatwillalsosetthe U-value.
– Forapartywallbetweenadwellingandanoccupancywhichis not adwelling
ignorethisbox.
• Storey: thisboxisonlydisplayedifthe Element isapartyfloororinternalfloor. Set
thestoreynumber, relativetothebuilding(notjustthedwelling)Thestoreynumber
isthefloornumberplusone: forexample, firstfloorisstorey2.
• When Element issetto internalfloors theprogramdisplaysthe Ceilingbelow dropdown: selecttheinternalceilingwhichformstheotherpartoftheinternalfloor
construction.
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
120
Figure 21.2: ElementDialogue
Youshouldthereforedefinetheinternalceilingelementsbeforeyouentertheinternal
floors.
• Heatcapacity: entertheheatcapacity(κ-value)fortheelement: ifyouhaveselecteda Construction itsdefaultheatcapacitywillalreadybeentered.
• Area: Entertheareaoftheelement.
Ifyouhavechosentousegrossareasthetextabovethe Area boxwillread Enterareas
INcludingdoors, windowsrooflights. Ifitreads EXcludingdoors, windowsrooflights
youmustenternetareas.
• U-value: Enter the U-value in the text box. If you have already carried out the
U-valuecalculationinthesameJPA Designerprojectyoucanselectitusingthe
LinktothisU-valuecalculation drop-down: thatcreatesapermanentlinkbetween
theelementintheSAP calculationandtheU-valuecalculation; thesoftwarewill
updatetheSAP calculationiftheU-valuechanges.
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
121
• Effectivethermalresistanceofunheatedspace(Ru): The Ru coefficientisusedto
adjusttheU-valueofanelementtoallowforthebeneficialeffectofanenclosedbut
unheatedspacetoitsexterior. Thecommonestunheatedspacesareintegralgarages
inhousesandaccesscorridorstoapartmentblocks: somepartsofroom-in-the-roof
constructions are also treated as unheated spaces. Click Select Ru to open the
EffectiveThermal Resistance dialogue, thenpickthegarageconfigurationinthe
dialogue. Furthervaluesforaregiveninsection3.3oftheSAP documentation.
• Description: An optional text description of the element can be entered in the
Descriptiontextbox. A descriptionmakesiteasiertodistinguishbetweenseveral
elementsofthesametypewheneditingacalculation.
• Perimeter and Cost: Ignoretheseboxes.
Managingbuildingelements
Toaddanewelement:
1. Clickthe New button; the NewElement dialogueopens.
2. Enterthedatafortheelementthenclick OK.JPA Designershowsthesummarydata
newelementintheelementlist.
Toeditanelement:1. Click the element to edit then click the Edit button. The Edit Element dialogue
opens.
2. Makethechangestotheelement, thenclick OK.
Toduplicateanelement:1. Selecttheelementtoduplicatebyclickingonitonce.
2. Clickthe Duplicate button. A copyoftheelementiscreated.
3. Selectthenewelementandclick Edit tomakechanges.
Todeleteanelement:1. Selecttheelementtodeletebyclickingonitonce.
2. Clickthe Delete button. A confirmdialogueappears.
3. Click Yes todeletetheelement, or No tocancelthedeletion.
ThesummarydataonalltheelementsdefinedforadwellingcanbeexportedtoanExcel
spreadsheetbyclicking SendtoExcel.
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
21.2
122
Linearthermalbridging
SAP calculatestheheatlossfromthermalbridgingatjunctionsbetweenelements, which
isusuallyreferredtoas Htb (heatlossbythermalbridging)1 . Therearethreemethodsof
calculatingHtbforadwelling:
1. Calculating the total heat loss from the length and linear thermal transmittance
valueforeachjunctiontype(section 21.2).
2. Useasimplifiedmethodbasedonacalculated y factor(section 21.2). Thismethod
isnotvalidforcompliancecalculationsfornewdwellings.
3. Useasimplifiedmethodbasedonadefault y factor(section 21.2).
FurtherinformationonthetreatmentoflinearthermalbridgingcanbefoundinAppendix
K oftheSAP document.
NewinSAP 2012: Thermalbridgingatjunctions
. 2013(England), PartL 2014(Wales)and
WithSAP 2012asimplementedinPartL
Section62015(Scotland)user-definedy-valuesarenolongerpermitted.
TheHtbcalculation
Thelinearthermaltransmittance, or ψ -value(pronounced psi-value)forajunctionisthe
rateofheatlossthroughaonemetrelengthofthejunction, measuredinunitsofW/mK.
Junctionsarecategorisedasjunctionsbetweenwallsandotherelementsorcomponents
(e.g. windows).
Ψ-valuescanbeobtainedfromthreesources:
1. Whereanaccreditedconstructiondetail2 isused, youcanusethe ψ -valuewhich
hasbeencalculatedforthatdetail. TableK.1intheSAP 2012documentlistsvalues
foraccreditedconstructiondetails.
2. Wherea ψ -valuehasbeencalculatedforaspecificconstructiondetail, bysuitably
qualifiedperson, youcanusethatpsi-value. Thatmightbeadetailsuppliedbya
manufacturerofaconstructionproductfeaturedinthedetail.
3. Thedefault ψ -valuefromthefinalcolumnoftableK.1intheSAP 2012document.
Thedefaultsare worst-case valueswhichrepresentconstructionswherelittleattentionhasbeenpaidtocontinuityofinsulationorairtightness.
Tocalculate Htb requiresthelengthand ψ -valueofeachjunctioninthedwelling. The
junctionlengthshouldbeobtainedbymeasurementfromthedesigndrawings. Itisacceptabletosumthelengthofseparatejunctionsofthesametype, forexample, adding
togetherthelengthsofallthewindowjambs.
ThedatafortheHtbcalculationisenteredusingthe CalculateHTB dialogue(Figure 21.3)
whichlistsallthejunctiontypesassignedtothedwelling, showingforeachone:
1
Thisisheatlossadditionaltothatwhichhappensthroughtheelements.
AccreditedconstructiondetailsforEnglandandWalesareavailableonthePlanningPortal: http://
www.planningportal.gov.uk/.
Those for Scotland from the Scottish Government web site: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/BuiltEnvironment.
2
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
123
Figure 21.3: TheCalculateHtbdialogue
• theaccreditedlinearthermaltransmittance, whichrepresentsthe ψ -valueforthe
correspondingaccreditedconstructiondetail;
• the achieved linear thermal transmittance for the junction, which is the ψ -value
usedinthecalculation;
• thelengthofthedetail, inmetres;
• therateofheatlossthroughthejunction, in W/K.
Whenyoufirstopenthe CalculateHtb dialoguetheprogramaddsoneofeachjunction
typeinthejunctionlist, withthelengthatzeroandthe ψ -valuesettothatofthecorrespondingaccrediteddetail. Thebuttonsatthebottomofthedialogueallowyouto Add,
Edit and Delete junctions. The Flush buttoncanberemovedunusedjunctionsfromthe
standardset.
Tousethe CalculateHtb dialogue:
1. Inthe ThermalBridging sectionselect EnterHTB valuemanually.
2. Clickthe Calculateit button. The CalculateHtb dialogueopens.
3. Edit the length of each junction which is found in the dwelling, and adjust the
ψ -valueifnecessary.
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
124
Figure 21.4: TheJunctiondialogue
4. Click Flush toremoveallunusedjunctions.
Toaddajunction:
1. Click Add. The Junction dialogueopens.
2. Selectthe Junctiontype fromthedrop-down.
3. Entera Description; thisisoptional, butaddingadescriptionwillmakeiteasierto
managethecalculation.
4. Enterthe Achievedlinearthermaltransmittance: thisisthe ψ -value.
Theprogramwillofferstandardvaluesbasedonthejunctiontype.
5. Enterthe Detaillength, thetotallengthofthejunction, inmetres.
6. Setthe Sourceofvalue, whichwillbeoneof:
• TableK1: thevalueforanaccrediteddetailfromTableK1oftheSAP 2012
document. Thevalueisbasedonthejunctiontypeandcannotbeedited.
• Accredited detail: An accredited detail from a source other thanTable K1.
Thiscanbeusedforadetailaccreditedbyathirdpartyscheme.
• Notaccrediteddetail: usethisforacalculated ψ -value.
• Default: thevalueforthenon-accrediteddetailinTableK1. Thevalueisbased
onthejunctiontypeandcannotbeedited.
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
125
7. Click OK.Thejunctionisaddedtothe CalculateHtb dialogue.
A reportlistingthejunctiondatacanbeincludedinthecalculationoutputs(seesection 29.2).
Therearetwoadditionalpointstonotewhenaddingjunctions:
• there is a distinction between junctions to exposed walls and junctions to party
walls: thelattercommonlyhavelower ψ -values.
• ifthedwellinghascurtainwallingthereisnoneedtoincludethelengthsofthe
windowsurroundsasthethermalbridgingheatlosseswillhavebeenincludedin
theoverallU-valueforthecurtainwallsystem.
User-calculatedyfactor
Anapproximatevaluefor Htb canbeobtainedbymultiplyingthetotalareaoftheexposed
elements(floors, wallsandroofs)byafactor, y. However, withtheintroductionofPartL
2013(England)andPartL 2014(Wales) themethodisnotvalidforbuildingregulations
compliancefornewdwellings.
ThemethodmaybeusedfordwellingswheretheoriginalSAP 9.81or9.90calculation
hasbeenupgradedtoSAP 9.92inordertolodgeanEPC.Touseauser-definedy-value:
Thisproceduremaybeusedwhere y hasbeencalculatedforthattypeandconfiguration
ofdwelling. Touseacalculatedvaluefory:
1. Inthe ThermalBridging sectionselect Enteryvaluemanually.
2. Tick ImportedSAP 9.81/9.90forEPC issueonly
3. Enterthevaluefor y inthebox.
4. Enterareferenceforthecalculatedvalueof y inthe Calcref box. Thereference
mustrefertothecalculationusedtoobtainthestatedvalue.
IfyouchoosethisoptiontheprogramwillnotdisplaytheTER worksheetnortheCompliancereport.
Defaultyfactor
Anapproximatevaluefor Htb mayobtainedbyusingthesimplifiedcalculationmethod
witha y factorof0.15: thisrepresentstheuseofdetailswhicharenotaccreditedconstructiondetails, andwillgiveapoorresult.
Tousethismethodselect Notaccreditedconstructiondetails inthe ThermalBridging
section. Nootherdataisrequired.
CHAPTER21. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS
21.3
126
Thermalmass
Therearethreemethodsforenteringdataonthethermalmassofthebuildingfabric:
1. Setthe κ-valueforallexposed, partyandinternalelements. Theprogramcalculatesthethermalmassparameter(TMP) fromthosevaluesandtheareasofthose
elements; theresultisdisplayedinthe TMP box.
Thisisthemostaccurateandstraightforwardmethod.
2. EnteraTMP valuewhichhasbeencalculatedelsewhere. Tick UserdefinedThermalMassParameter thenenterthevalueinthe TMP box.
3. Useoneofthethreedefaultthermalmassparameters. Tick UserdefinedThermal
MassParameter thenselectathermalmasscategoryfromthe Thermalmass drop
down(seeTable1eoftheSAP 2012documentfordefinitionsofthecategories).
22 Openings
Openingsinwallsandroofs–windows, doorsandrooflights–affectthreeaspectsofthe
SAP calculation:
• Heatloss: assessedthroughtheU-value.
• Solargain: assessedthroughthegwindowvalue.
• Daylighting: assessedthroughthetypeofglazing.
Dataonopeningsisenteredusingthe Openings tabofthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogue(Figure 22.1). Thetabliststhedwelling’swindows, doorsandrooflights, grouping
themaccordingtothebuildingelementintheysit. Youcanentereachopeningindividually, oryoucangrouptheopeningsoneachfaceofthebuildingintoonearea, provided
theyhavethesameframeandglazingtype.
Thebuttonsbelowtheopeningslistallowyoutocreate, editanddeleteopenings. For
eachopeningthedataisenteredusingthe Doors, Windows&Rooflights dialogue(section 22.1).
Todefineanewopening:
1. Inthe Openings tabclickthe New button. The NewDoors, Windows&Rooflights
dialogueopens.
2. Enterthedatafortheopeningandclick OK.
Toduplicateanopening:
Duplicatinganopeningcreatesanewcopyoftheoriginalopeningwhichcanthenbe
edited: asmostopeningswillsharethesameglazingandframetype, usingtheduplicate
facilitycanspeedupdataentry.
1. Inthe Openings tabselecttheopeningyouwanttoduplicate.
2. Clickthe Duplicate button. A copyoftheopeningiscreated.
3. Doubleclickontheduplicatedopeningtoeditit.
Toeditanexistingopening:
127
CHAPTER22. OPENINGS
128
Figure 22.1: TheOpeningstab
1. Doubleclickontheopeninginthelistinthe Openings tab. The EditDoors, WindowsandRooflights dialogueopens(alternatively, youcanselecttheopeningthen
clickthe Edit button).
2. Makeyourchangesthenclick OK.
Todeleteanopening:
1. Selecttheopeninginthelistinthe Openings tab.
2. Clickthe Delete button. A confirmationdialogueappears.
3. Click Yes todeletetheopening, or No toretainit.
TochangemultipleU-values:
ThisfunctionenablesyoutorevisetheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatonce.
1. Selectthefirstoftheopeningsbyclickingonitonce.
2. Holddownthe <Shift> keyandclickthelastoftheopenings. Thatopening, and
alltheopeningsbetweenthefirstandlastarenowselected.
CHAPTER22. OPENINGS
129
Figure 22.2: ChangingtheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatthesametime
3. Clickthe ChangeU-valueofselectedopenings button. The ChangeMultipleUvalues dialogueopens(Figure 22.2).
4. EnterthenewU-valuethenclick OK.TheU-valuesarechanged.
YoucanalsoexportthesummarydataforallopeningstoanExcelspreadsheetbyclicking
SendtoExcel.
22.1
Addingandeditingopenings
The Doors, Windows&Rooflights dialogue(Figure 22.3 isusedtoenterthedataabout
theopeningswithinthedwelling: thedialogueisheadedeither NewDoors, Windows
&Rooflights or EditDoors, Windows&Rooflights). Thedialoguerequiresthefollowing
data:
• OpeningType: Usethedrop-downtoselectwhetheritisawindow, rooflightor
door.
• Openingwithin: Usethedrop-downtoselecttheelement(wall, roof)whichcontainstheopening. Thesoftwareusesthisinformationtocalculatethenetareasof
theelements. Theelementsofferedinthedrop-downwillonlybethoseappropriate
forthe Openingtype.
For example, if you have set the Opening type to Window, the Opening within
drop-downwillshowonlywalls. Similarly, ifyouchose Rooflight, then Opening
within willshowonlyroofelements.
• Glazing: Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofglazing, consideringthenumber
ofleavesofglass, thegaswithinthecavityorcavitiesandanylowemissivity(low-E)
coating.
Evenifyougoontoenteramanufacturer’sU-valueand/orgwindowvalueyou
muststillmakeaselectionheretosetthecorrectparametersfordaylight.
• Double-glazingairgap: Usetheradiobuttonstoselectoneofthedefaultvalues
orenteryourownvalue. Ifthegapisgreaterthan16mmselect Other andentera
widthinthebox.
CHAPTER22. OPENINGS
130
Figure 22.3: TheEditDoors, Windows\&Rooflightsdialogue
• Frametype: Usetheradiobuttonstoselecttheframematerialand, formetalframes,
thedepthofthethermalbreak.
• SourceofU-value: therearethreeconfigurationsfortheU-valueandgwindow
values:
– Default: the software will use the built-in values for the U-value and solar
transmittance based on the glazing, double glazing air gap and frame type
selection.
– Manufacturer: youshouldenteraU-valuefortheopening, butthesolartransmittancewillbebasedontheglazingandframetype. BFRC data: youshould
enteraU-valueandsolarfactor(gwindowvalue). Thegwindowvaluemust
becertifiedbytheBritishFenestrationRatingCouncil.
• U-value: If sourceofU-value issetto Default thisboxwillbegreyedout. Otherwise
enterthemanufacturersuppliedU-value.
• gwindowvalue: OnlyenteragwindowvalueinhereifitisBFRC certified, otherwiseleavethedefaultvalue.
CHAPTER22. OPENINGS
131
• Area: Youcanentertheopeningareadirectlyintothe Area box, oryoucanselect
asizefromthe Windowsize drop-down, oryoucanenterthe Width and Height
oftheopening.
Note: the Area isenteredinmetressquare, butthevaluesfor Width and Height
areenteredinmillimetres(mm). Wherethereisanoverhangabovethewindow
youshouldusethe Width and Height boxes, toensurethesoftwarecorrectlytakes
accountoftheovershadinginthesummeroverheatingcalculation.
• Description: The Description box allows you to enter a text description for the
element. Thedescriptiondoesnotaffecttheoutcomeofthecalculation. Ifyouhave
setthesourceofU-valueto manufacturer or BFRC youmustenteradescription.
Westronglyrecommendyouusethedescriptionboxtoenterashortdescriptionfor
everyopening, suchasitsnumberonthewindowanddoorschedule: itismuch
easiertokeeptrackofopeningsinthecalculationwhenyouhaveadescription.
• Openingorientation: Thedirectioninwhichtheopeningfacesdetermineshow
muchlightitwillreceiveandwillthereforeaffecthowmuchsolarfluxwillpass
throughtheopening. Theorientationofanopeningissetrelativetothefrontelevationofthedwelling: usuallythatwhichcontainsthefrontdoor. Settheorientation
usingtheradiobuttons. Rooflightsalwaysface Top. Ifyouareunsurewhichway
thebuildingwillbefacingthenselect Unspecified.
Makesurethe Front elevationhereisthesameoneyouselectedinthe Building
faces drop-downinthe Dimensions tab.
• Overhang: Featuressuchasoverhangingbalconiesor brisesoleil willreducethe
amountofsunlightfallingonanopeninginsummer, andsoreducethesolargain.
Wherethereisanoverhangenterits Width and Depth, bothinmm. Thedepthis
measuredfromtheouteredgeoftheoverhangtotheexternalfaceoftheglazing.
• Blinds, curtainsandexternalshutters: Thesewillreducetheamountofsolargain
andtheriskofoverheatinginsummer. Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeof
shadingandthensetthe Fractionofdaylighthoursclosed.
AppendixP oftheSAP documentationgivessomeguidanceofreasonableassumptionsfortheseoccupant-determinedvalues.
• Overshading: Theextenttowhichtheskyisobscuredbytreesandneighbouring
buildingswilldeterminetheamountofsunlightandsolarfluxpassingthroughthe
glazing. Set the degree of overshading using the radio buttons. Select Average
orunknown ifyoucannotestablishtheamountofovershading. TheSAP guidance
disallowstheuseofthe Verylittle overshadingcategoryfornewdwellingsasitdoes
nottakeaccountofconditionslikelytoapplyoverthewholelifeofthebuilding.
22.2
Editingmultipleopenings
Changingthespecificationforopeningsoncetheyhavebeenaddedtoacalculationcan
beatimeconsumingprocess. JPA Designerhastwotoolstomaketheprocessquicker,
byenablingyoutocopyingcertainpartsofthewindowdataforonewindowtoother
windowsinthedwellingorproject. Theonlydataitemscopiedtothewindowsare:
CHAPTER22. OPENINGS
132
• Glazing.
• Doubleglazingairgap.
• Frametype.
• gwindowvalue.
Tocopyvaluesbetweenopenings:
1. Openonewindowinthe EditDoors, Windows&Rooflights dialogue(Figure 22.3).
2. Adjustthedataforthewindow, ifnecessary.
3. Clickoneoftwobuttons:
• Copythesevaluestoallthisbuilding’swindows: clickingthisbuttonsetsthe
windowdataforallwindowsinthedwellingtothatthecurrentlyviewedwindow.
• Copy these values to all the buildings in this project: clicking this button
setsthewindowdataforallwindowsinallthedwellingsintheJPA Designer
projecttothatthecurrentlyviewedwindow.
4. JPA Designerdisplaysaconfirmationdialogue. Click Yes tocarryoutthechanges,
or No toignorethem.
Theoperationcannotbeun-doneautomatically.
Figure 22.4: The ChangeMultipleU-values dialogue
YoucanalsochangetheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatthesametime, withoutadjusting
anyoftheothersettings:
1. Inthe Openings tabclickonthefirstopeningyouwanttochange. Pressandhold
the <Shift> keythenclickthelastopeningtochange. Thosetwoopenings, andall
theonesbetweenwillbeselected.
2. Click ChangeU-valueofselected.
3. Inthe ChangeMultipleU-values dialogue(Figure 22.4)enteranewU-valueand
click OK.TheU-valueswillbesettothenewvalue.
23 Waterheating
Figure 23.1: TheWaterheatingtab, showingsettingsforahotwaterstoragetank
SAP considerstheamountofenergyusedtoheatdomestichotwatersuchasthatused
forbathing, laundryanddishwashing. Thedemandforhotwaterisbaseduponthefloor
areaofthedwelling. Dataondomestichotwaterisenteredusingthe Waterheating tab
ofthe SAP Worksheetvalues dialogue(Figure 23.1.
Thefirststepistoselectthetypeofwaterheatingsystemusingthe Sourceofdomestichotwater drop-box. Onceyouhavemadeaselectiontheprogramwilldisplaythe
appropriatedataentryfields. Thehotwatersourcesare:
• Hotwaterstoragetank.
• Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse.
• Combinationboiler.
133
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
134
• Communityheatingscheme.
• Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarmairsystem.
• Boilerwiththermalstore.
• Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU).
• MicroCHP orHeatpump.
Use this option for heat pump with data taken from the Product Characteristics
Database(section 24.2. Forallotherheatpumpsuse Hotwaterstoragetank.
• Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly.
23.1
Hotwaterstoragetank
Selectthissystemforthehotwaterwhichisheatedbythecentralheatingboilerorimmersioncoil, thenstoredinatankorcylinderreadyforuse(Figure 23.1). Enterthefollowing
dataforthetank:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2012.
Themeansofheatingthehotwatermustbespecifiedusingthe Hotwatertankheater
radiobuttons:
• Singleelectricimmersionheater: asinglecoilelectricimmersionheaterinthetank;
• Dualelectricimmersionheater: adualcoilelectricimmersionheaterinthetank:
thiswillusuallybeassociatedwithanoff-peaktariff, inwhichcasetick Offpeak
electricityimmersionheaters.
• Boilerfeed: thisindicatesaheatsourcewhichalsoprovidesspaceheating, suchas
anoilorgasboiler, oradefaultefficiencyheatpump. Thereareadditionalboxes
toindicate:
– thehotwaterisprovidedbythesecondmainheatingsystem;
– thehotwaterisprovidedbythesecondaryheatingsystem, whichmightbea
solidfuelroomheaterwithabackboiler;
– adefaultefficiencyheatpumpissupplementedbyanimmersionheaterinthe
summer.
• Hotwateronlyboiler: adedicatedunitwhichsuppliesdomestichotwateronly.
Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofboiler, thenspecifythe Fuel.
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
135
Usethethreelowerboxestoindicatewhether:
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding
ServicesComplianceGuide);
• theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydisplayedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide;
Usethe Primaryinsulation listtospecifytheextentofinsulationtotheprimarypipework
(thepipeworkbetweentheheatsourceandthehotwaterstoragevessel).
NewinSAP 2012: insulatingpipework
Thecalculationofheatlossesfrompipeworkbetweentheheatsourceandwater
storagetankorcylinderhasbeenrevised. Youmustnowspecifytheextentofthe
.
insulationtothatpipework–referredtoasthe primarypipework. Fullyinsulated
pipeworkwillperformbest, followedbyhavingallaccessiblepipeworkinsulated,
thefirst1mofpipeworkinsulated, whileuninsulatedpipeworkhastheworstperformance.
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water
heating tab(section 23.10).
23.2
Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse
Forasystemwhichheatsthewateron-demandatthepointofuse, youneedonlyselect
the Fuel usingtheradiobuttons.
Figure 23.2: Enteringaninstantaneoushotwaterheater
23.3
Combinationboiler
Combinationboilersprovideheatingandhotwater: theymaybeinstantaneous(withup
to15litresstorage), ortheymaycontainsmallprimaryorsecondarystoragetanks(see
AppendixB oftheSAP 2012documentfordefinitions). Usethe Combinationboilertype
radiobuttonstoselectthetype.
Ifyouhaveselected Instantaneous thereisnofurtherdatatoenter. Foraboilerwitha
primary or secondary storeenterthefollowingdata:
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
136
Figure 23.3: Hotwateroptionsforcombinationboilers
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2012.
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water
heating tab(see section 23.10).
23.4
Communityheatingscheme
Thehotwaterfordwellingsheatedbycommunityheatingschemescanprovidedbyimmersionheatersorbyaheatexchangerfedfromthescheme. Inallcasesspecifythehot
watertankheater. Theremaybeadditionaldatarequired, dependingontheconfiguration
ofthesystem:
• Wherethereisneitherahotwatertanknoraheatexchangeinthedwellingno
furtherdataisrequired.
• Ifthereisahotwatertankwithinthedwelling:
– tick DHW cylinderwithindwelling;
– enterthetankdetails(section 23.1);
– tick DHW cylinderwithindwelling;
• Ifthereisnotankandthehotwaterisprovidedbyaheatexchanger: tick Plateheat
exchangerinCommunityHeating;
– tick DHW cylinderwithindwelling;
– enterthevolumeoftheheatexchanger;
– entertheinsulationtypeandthickness;
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water
heating tab(section 23.10).
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
23.5
137
Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuilt
intoagaswarmairsystem
Figure 23.4: Dataentryforgaswaterheatersorheatexchangers
Thisrepresentssystemswithonegas-firedwaterheaterprovidinghotwatertoanumber
ofoutlets, orawaterheaterwhichusesaheatexchangerbuiltintoawarmairheating
system. Enterthefollowingdata:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2012.
Usethethreelowerboxestoindicatewhether:
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding
ServicesComplianceGuide);
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
Usethe Primaryinsulation listtospecifytheextentofinsulationtotheprimarypipework
(thepipeworkbetweentheheatsourceandthehotwaterstoragevessel).
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water
heating tab(section 23.10).
23.6
Boilerwiththermalstore
Use this option for thermal stores containing water heated by a separate boiler, with
domestichotwaterprovidedbymeansofheatexchangerwithinthestore.
Enterthefollowingdataforthestore:
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
138
Figure 23.5: Dataentryforathermalstorehotwatersystem
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2012.
Thehotwatertankheaterwillalwaysbe Boilerfeed.
Usetheradiobuttonsandtickboxestoindicatewhether:
• Thethermalstoreisintegratedorhotwateronly.
• Thethermalstoreisinanairingcupboard.
• Thethermalstoreisclosecoupled.
Close coupled means the store is either within the same casing as the boiler, or
separatedfromtheboilerbynomorethan 1.5 m ofinsulatedpipework.
• Thereisaseparatetimertothethermalstorefortheheatingstore.
Usethethreelowertickboxestoindicatewhether:
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding
ServicesComplianceGuide);
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpanel sectionofthe Waterheating
tab(see section 23.10).
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
139
Figure 23.6: DataentryforCPSU hotwatersupply
23.7
Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU)
A CombinedPrimaryStorageUnitprovideshotwaterbymeansofheatexchangerwithin
theprimarystore. Enterthefollowingdataforthetank:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2012.
Usetheradiobuttonsanddrop-downstoindicate:
• whetherthe CPSU isinanairingcupboard;
• the winteroperatingtemperatureoftheCPSU;
• the sizeoftheCPSU cylinder.
Usethelowerboxestoindicatewhether:
• theCPSU asa separatetimerfortheheatingstore;
• thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace;
• thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding
ServicesComplianceGuide);
• thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater.
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water
heating tab(section 23.10).
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
23.8
140
MicroCHP orheatpump
Usethisoptionforsystemsinwhichthehotwaterisprovidedeitherbyadomestic-sized
combinedheatandpower(microCHP) systemorbyaheatpumpwithefficiencydata
from the Product Characteristics Database (section 24.2). (If the heat pump has been
enteredusingthedefaultefficiencyfiguresinSAP and not theProductCharacteristics
Databasethenyoushouldselect Hotwaterstoragetank asthesourceofdomestichot
water.)
ForamicroCHP systemtheonlyoptionsarewhetherthereis:
• asummertimeimmersionheaterforhotwater;
• ahotwatervesselwithinthemicroCHP system;
• aseparatetimerfordomestichotwater.
Forheatpumpthestandardmethodistoacceptthedatabasevalues, inwhichcaseitis
onlynecessarytospecifywhetherthereis:
• asummertimeimmersionheaterforhotwater;
• ahotwatervesselwithinthemicroCHP system;
• aseparatetimerfordomestichotwater.
However, itispossibletooverridethevaluesbyticking Overrideheatpumpdatabase
values. Thetabnowshowsthe Hotwatertank databoxes:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009.
• Heatpumpheatexchangerarea: Entertheareaoftheheatexchangerplatesin m2 .
Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpanel sectionofthe Waterheating
tab(section 23.10).
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
141
Figure 23.7: Settingsforacommunityheatingschemewhichsuppliesonlydomestichot
water
23.9
Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichot
wateronly
Usethisoptionforacommunityheatingschemewhichprovidesdomestichotwater, but
does not providethespaceheating. Typically, suchsystemarefoundinflatsorsheltered
housing.
Tospecifyasystem:
• Setthe Sourceofdomestichotwater to Communityheating-domestichotwater
only (Figure 23.7).
• Setthe HeatSources forthesystem(section 23.9).
• Setthemethodof charging forthehotwatersupply, usingthedrop-down: thiswill
eitherbeaflatratechargefortheheating, orwillbelinkedtohotwaterusage.
• Setthe distribution methodusingthedrop-down.
• Ifthereisasolarpanellinkedtothesystementeritsdetails(section 23.10).
• Ifthereisahotwatertankorcylinderwithinthedwellingtick DHW cylinderwithin
dwelling: additionaldataboxeswillbedisplayedfor:
• Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume
inthe Volume drop-down.
• Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then
enterits Thickness inmm.
• Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank
manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2012.
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
142
Figure 23.8: Settingaheatsourceforcommunityheating/hotwater
Heatsources
Communityheatingandhotwaterschemescanbefedbyavarietyofheatsourcesincludingconventionalboilers, heatpumps, combinedheatandpowersystemsandeven
geothermal. The Heatsources boxliststhesourcesfordomestichotwater(Figure 23.7):
sourcescanbeaddedandeditedusingthebuttonsnexttothebox:
• the New button, whichopensthe Heatsource dialoguereadyfornewdata;
• the Edit button, whichopensthe Heatsource dialogueshowingtheselectedheat
source.
• the Delete buttonwhichremovestheselectedheatsource.
The HeatSource dialogue(Figure 23.8)requires:
• thetypeofheatsource, selectedfromthe Heatsource drop-down.
• thefuel, selectedfromthe Fuel drop-down.
• theproportionofthetotalenergyloadprovidedbythatsource. Enterafraction
between0and1inthe Heatfraction box.
• theefficiencyofthatheatsource. Enterasapercentageinthe Efficiency box.
Formostsourcestheefficiencywillbelessthan100, butforheatpumpstheefficiencymaybeconsiderablyhigher.
23.10
Solarpanels
Solarpanelsusesunlighttopre-heatwaterforthedomestichotwatersystem. Guidance
onincludingsolarpanelsinthecalculationisgiveninAppendixH oftheSAP documentation. Wherepossibledatafromthepanel’stestcertificateshouldbeused.
Whereadwellinghassolarpanels, specify:
CHAPTER23. WATER HEATING
143
Figure 23.9: Dataentryforsolarpanelwaterheating
• Thenet Apertureareaofsolarcollector, insquaremetres.
• The Zero-lossefficiencyofthecollector, η0 .
• The heatlosscoefficient ofthecollector, a1
• The secondordercollectorheatlosscoefficient, a2 .
• Thevolumeofthe dedicatedsolarstorage. SeefigureH2oftheSAP documentation
fordefinitions.
• Whetherthereisa separatesolarcylinder.
• The solarcollectortype, usingtheradiobuttons.
• The pitch ofthepanels, measuredfromthehorizontal, andtheir orientation.
• Theamountof overshading onthepanels; generallythiswillbelessthantheovershadingofwindowsfacingthesamedirection.
• Whetherthereisasolarpoweredpump. Thiswillreducetheamountofelectricity
usedforpumpingwater.
• Theconfigurationof Showers.
NewinSAP 2012: solarpanels
InSAP 212theusageofsolarhotwaterisnowmodifiedbytheconfigurationof
showersinthedwelling. Thebestperformancecomeswithnon-electricshowers
.
only, whileelectricshowersonlywillbeworst. SAP 2012alsorevisedthecalculationofoutputfromsolarhotwaterpanelsandhasintroducedthe secondorder
heatlosscoefficient, a2 , whichimprovestheaccuracyofresultsforpanelswithless
insulation.
24 Primaryheating
Theprimaryheatingsystemisthemainheatingsystemforthedwelling, whichwilloften
providehotwateraswellasspaceheating; itisusuallynotbasedonindividualroom
heaters. Dataontheprimaryheatingsystemisenteredusingthe Primaryheating tab
(Figure 24.1).
Figure 24.1: Theprimaryheatingtabshowingtwomainheatingsystems
144
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
24.1
145
Dwellingswithtwomainheatingsystems
SAP 2012 can account for the uncommon case of a dwelling having two main heatingsystems, whicharedesignedtoheatthehousetogether1 . Thetwosystemsmaybe
configuredtoheattheallthedwellingtogether, ortoheatpartsofitseparately.
Figure 24.2: Configuringadwellingwithtwomainheatingsystems
Tospecifytwoheatingsystems:
1. Tick Dwellinghastwomainheatingsystems. Theprogramnowdisplaysapairof
radiobuttons, Mainheatingsystem1 and Mainheatingsystem2 (Figure 24.2).
2. With Mainsystem1 selected, entertheproportionofthedwelling’sspaceheating
demandwhichisprovidedbythatsysteminthe Fraction box(thefractionshould
beintherange0.0–1.0).
3. Ifbothsystemsheatthewholehousetickthebox Bothsystemsheatwholehouse.
Thisaffectsthetreatmentofthehotwatersystem.
4. Ifthesystemssharethesamepumptick System2usesSystem1’spump.
Thisaffectselectricityuseandheatgainsforpumps.
5. Specifythefirstsysteminthe Primaryheating tab.
6. Click Mainsystem2 andspecifythesecondsysteminthe Primaryheating tab.
Youcanalwaysswitchbetweenthesystemsusingtheradiobuttons: thelargenumber
atthetoprightofthe Primaryheating tabindicateswhichofthetwosystemsyouare
workingon.
Settingthesecondsystemforhotwateronly
Forlargehousestheremaybeadedicatedboilerorwaterheaterforhotwater. This
canbespecifiedinSAP 2012bysettinguptwoheatingsystemsandassigningthe
.
hotwateronlysystemassystem2. Thefractionforsystem1isthensetto1.00.
Theninthe Waterheating tabsetthe Sourceofdomestichotwater to Hotwater
storage tank. In the Hot water tank heater section tick From 2nd main heating
system.
1
Thisshouldnotbeconfusedwithsecondaryheatingappliances, suchasgasfiresorwood-burning
stoves, whicharedesignedtoprovideadditionalheatforindividualrooms.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
24.2
146
Efficiencydataforheatingsystems
Therearethreepossiblesourcesofefficiencydataforheatingsystems:
• defaultvaluesgiveninTable4oftheSAP 2012document.
• datafromtheProductCharacteristicsDataFile(PCDF, section 24.2): thisgivesthe
mostaccuratevaluesforspecificappliances.
• user-enteredefficiencies: thiscanbeusefulatthedesignstagewhennoappliance
has been specified. For gas and oil boilers user-entered efficiencies may not be
usedinas-built’SAP calculationsandEPCs: thevaluesmustbereplacedbyPCDF
figures.
Forsomesystems(forexample, gas-firedwarmairsystems)onlythedefaultSAP 2012
efficienciesmaybeused, whilstforothers(forexample, gascondensingboilers)anyof
thethreesourcesisacceptable. Notethatheatpumpscanbespecifiedeitherusingthe
PCDF,orbyacceptingthedefaultefficiencies: microCHP systemscanonlybespecified
bymeansofthePCDF.
TheProductCharacteristicsDataFile
TheProductsCharacteristicsDatabase(PCD) containsperformancedataforgas, oiland
solidfuelboilers, heatpumps, mechanicalventilationsystemsandsomerenewabletechnologies(section 28.4). ThedatabaseismaintainedbytheBRE and. A newversionof
thedatabaseisissuedattheendofeverymonth.
Toensureyouareusinganup-to-dateversionofthedatabase, JPA Designerchecksthe
issuedateeverytimeyoustarttheprogram: ifthedatabaseismorethanamonthold
thesoftwarepromptsyoutodownloadthelatestversion. Youcanpromptacheckofthe
PCDF:onthe File menuclick Downloadandre-loadProductCharacteristicsDataFile.
Figure 24.3: UpdatingthePCDF
TheprocedureforupdatingthePCDF isthesameforautomaticormanualchecks:
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
147
1. Inthe ProductCharacteristicsDataFileDownload dialogueclick Startupdate. JPA
DesignerdownloadsthelatestdatafilesforSAP 9.90andSAP 9.92anddisplaysan
Updatecomplete message.
2. Click OK.
3. Attheinformationdialoguewhichasks Wouldyouliketoloadthenewdatabase
click Yes. JPA Designerloadsthenewdatafile.
4. Click Close tofinishtheprocess.
ThedatainthePCDF canbeviewedathttp://www.ncm-pcdb.org.uk/sap/
SEDBUK efficiencies
OnemeasureofboilerefficiencyusedinSAP istheSEDBUK rating(SeasonalEfficiencyof
DomesticBoilersintheUK).TherewasachangeinthecalculationmethodforSEDBUK
efficiencyratingswiththeintroductionofSAP 2009whichresultedinagenerallowering
ofefficiencies. WhilstJPA Designerallowsyoutoentereither2005or2009SEDBUK
ratings, youshouldbeensureyoudonotenteravaluecompatiblewiththe2005ratingif
youhaveselectedthe2009rating; youmayfindyouhaveenteredavaluewhichcannot
beachievedbyanyboilerinthedatabase.
24.3
Themainprimaryheatingsystems
Therearesevenmaingroupsofprimaryheatingsystem2 : thefollowingsectionsdescribe
howtoenterdatafortheeachgroup. Inallcases(exceptcommunityheatingschemes),
startbyusingthedrop-boxestosetthe:
• Group;
• Sub-group;
• System;
• Fuel;
• Heatingcontrols.
Alwaysworkfrom Group downwards, astheoptionsinthelowerdrop-boxeschange
accordingtotheselectionsmadehigherup. Onceyouhavesetallthedropboxesyou
shouldenteranyotherrequirementsforthatgroupthenenteranyadditionaldata.
2
Notethat none isnotanacceptableheatingoptionforanewdwelling.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
148
Heatingcontrols
The heating controls for the primary heating system is set using the Heating controls
list. Thecontroloptionslistedwilldependonthe Group, Sub-group, System and Fuel
settings.
TheSAP 2012documentcontainsdescriptionsofcontroloptionsinsection9.4. Broadly
speaking, inJPA Designer, thecontroloptionstowardsthebottomofthelistwilldobetter
thanthoseatthetopofthelist. Fordwellingswithafloorareagreaterthan 150 m2 the
heatingcontrolsmustincludetimeandtemperaturezonecontrols.
NewforSAP 2012: specifyingheatingcontrols
InSAP 2012itistheoreticallypossibletoselecttheheatingcontrolsfromthePCDF
(see section 24.2), togivemoreaccurateresults. Thiswouldbedonebysetting
.
the Heatingcontrols thenusingthe select buttontotherightofthelisttoopenthe
HeatingControlsDatabase dialogue, thenselectingthe Manufacturer and Model
ofcontrols. Atthetimeofwriting(20150107)therearenocontrolsinthedatabase
toselect.
Theefficiencyofsomeheatingsystemsmaybeimprovedbyloadorweathercompensators. Thesemaybespecifiedusingthe load, weather or enhancedloadcompensator
boxes.
NewforSAP 2012: specifyingcompensators
InSAP 2012itispossibletoselecttheloadorweathercompensatorfromthePCDF
.
(see section 24.2), togivemoreaccurateresultsusingthe Load/weathercompensatorselect button, theninthe HeatingControlsDatabase selectingthe Manufacturer and Model ofcontrols.
Centralheatingsystemswithradiatorsorunderfloorheating
Thisgroupcoverswetcentralheatingsystemswithradiators, underfloorpipes, orfancoil
units, withtheheatcanbeprovidedbygas, oil, solidfuelorelectricboilers, heatpumps
ormicroCHP units. Tospecifysuchsystems, set:
• the Group, Sub-group, System, Fuel, Heatingcontrols and Electricitytariff;
• the Heatemitters;
Tocombineunderfloorheatingonthegroundfloorwithradiatorsonthefirstfloor
setthe Heatemitters tooneoftheunderflooroptionsandtick Underfloorheating
alsohasradiators.
• theefficiencyoftheboiler(section 24.3);
• additionalitemssuchasheatingcontrols(see section 24.3)and:
– isthecentralheatingpumpinaheatedspace?
– isthecentralheatingpumpmanufacturedin2013orlater? Alwaystickthe
boxforanewdwelling.
– foranoil-firedboiler, istheoilpumpintheheatedspace?
– isthereaboilerinterlock? Thatis, thesystemisinstalledsotheboilerwillnot
firewhenthereisnodemandforheat.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
149
Boilerefficiency
Theefficiencyoftheboilerorotherheatsourcecanbeenteredinoneofthreeways.
Figure 24.4: UsingtheProductCharacteristicsDatabasetosettheboilerefficiency
TousethePCDF:
1. Selectthe Selectfromtheboilerdatabase radiobutton.
2. Click the Select boiler button. The BRE Boilers Database dialogue opens (Figure 24.4).
3. Selectthe Boilermanufacturer fromthedrop-down. Theprogramthendisplaysthe
listofavailableboilers.
4. Scrolldownthelistandclickonaboilertoselectit. Youcanscrollsidewaysto
viewthedetailsofeachboiler, suchasitsefficiencyandconfiguration.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
150
Theprogramonlyshowsboilerswhichmatchthecriteriayouspecifiedusingthe
drop-downsonthe Primaryheating tab. Asamanufacturerdoesnotnecessarily
offeraboilerineverycategorythedatabasemaynotdisplayanyboilers.
5. Clickthe Useselectedboiler button. The Boilerdatabase windowclosesandthe
Primaryheating tabshowsthesummarydetailsforthechosenboiler.
Thereisnoneedtoenterflue, draught, orkeephotdetailsasallthatinformationis
presentinthedatabaseentryfortheboiler.
ToenteraSEDBUK valuedirectly:
1. In the Boiler efficiency section select the Use manufacturer’s declared SEDBUK
value radiobutton.
2. Enterthe Make and Model ofboiler.
3. UsetheradiobuttonstospecifywhetheraSEDBUK 2005or2009valueisbeing
usedandenterthe DeclaredSEDBUK value.
4. Specifythetypeandfuelofany Keep-hotfacility.
5. Setthe Flue and Draughttype.
6. Forrangecookersyoumustalsoenterthevaluesfor ϕcase and ϕwater.
NewforSAP 2012: boilerefficiency
Itisnolongerpermissibletouseadirectly-enteredSEDBUK
valueforfinal as-built
.
calculationsforBuildingRegulationsapproval. A directly-enteredvaluemustbe
replacedbyaboilerselectedfromthePCDF forthe as-built calculation.
Tousethedefaultvalue:
1. Inthe Boilerefficiency sectionselectthe Usedefaultvalue radiobutton. Thesoftwareshowsthedefaultvalueforthatboilertype.
2. Usetheradiobuttonstoenterthedetailsofthe Flue and Draughttype.
3. Forrangecookersyoumustalsoenterthevaluesfor ϕcase and ϕwater.
Notethatthedefaultvaluesaregenerallytoopoortocomplywiththestandardsinthe
DomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
151
Storageradiatorsystems
Storageradiatorsystemsareheatedwithoff-peakelectricityduringthenightandrelease
thatheatthroughouttheday. Formostconfigurations, theonlydatarequiredisthatfrom
theprimaryheatingdropboxes.
NewforSAP 2012: highheatretentionstorageheaters
.
SAP 2012 has introduced a new category
of high heat retention storage heaters
whichcanbespecifiedusingthePCDF.
Tospecifyhighretentionstorageheaters:
1. Set:
• Group to Storageradiatorsystems;
• Sub-group to Off-peaktariff ;
• System to Highheatretentionstorageheaters;
• Fuel totheappropriatetariff.
• Heatingcontrols to Controlsforhighheatretentionstorageheaters.
2. At Sourceofefficiency click Selectfromtheproductdatabase.
3. Click Selectproduct. The BRE BoilersDatabase dialogueopens.
4. Selectthemanufacturerfromthe Brand list.
5. Clickonthemodelthenclick Addstorageheatertolist.
6. Inthequantitydialogueenterthenumberofthatmodelofstorageheaters.
7. Ifthereisanothermodelofstorageheaterinthedwellingrepeatsteps4–6.
Notetherecannotbemorethanfivestorageheatersinthedwelling.
8. Click OK.
If you need to remove a storage heater from the calculation, select it in the Selected
storageheaters listthenclick Deleteselectedstorageheater.
Warmairsystems
Theheatforwarmairsystemsisprovidedbygas, oil, electricityorheatpumps. Formost
systemstheonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes.
Ifyouarespecifyingawarmairsystempoweredbyacondensinggasheateroraheat
pumpitispossibletouseefficiencydatafromthePCDF (see section 24.3 forguidance
ontheprocedure).
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
152
Roomheatersystems
Thisgroupincludesroomheaterssuchasgasorsolidfuelfires3 . Inmostcases, theonly
datarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdrop-boxes. However, wherethedeclared
efficiencyoftheheaterisknown. tickthebox Usemanufacturer’sdeclaredefficiency
thencompletethe Make, Model and Declaredefficiency boxesandselectthe BS Test
Method usedtoobtaintheefficiency.
Otherspaceandwaterheatersystems
Electricceilingheatingiscurrentlytheonlysysteminthiscategory. Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes.
Communityheatingscheme
Communityheatingschemesusecentralheatgeneratorstoheatwaterwhichisthencirculatedthroughpipestosupplyspaceheatingandhotwatertomorethanonedwelling.
The heat may be provided by a number of different systems, and community heating
schemesmayoftenincludeCombinedHeatandPower(CHP) systems, whichwillprovide heat and generate electricity. Appendix C of the SAP 2009 document contains
furtherinformationonthetreatmentofcommunityheatingschemesinSAP.
Figure 24.5: Dataentryforacommunityheatingschemewithtwoheatsources
TospecifyacommunityheatingschemeinJPA Designer:
• set Group to Communityheatingscheme. JPA Designerdisplaysthe Community
heating sectionofthe Primaryheating tab(Figure 24.5).
• settheheatsources;
• settheheatingcontrols;
• settheheatdistributionsystem.
Tosettheheatsources:
3
Someoftheoptionswillnotbeappropriatefornew-build, butareincludedforcompatibilitywiththe
ReduceddataSAP (RdSAP) usedforEPCsforexistingdwellings.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
153
Figure 24.6: Settingaheatsourceforcommunityheating
• Clickthe New button: the Heatsource dialogueopens(Figure 24.6).
• Selectthetypeofheatsourcefromthe Heatsource drop-down.
• Selectthe Fuel fromthedrop-down.
When specifying a fuel which is not listed, use the Special fuel name, emission
factor and primaryenergyfactor toenteritsdetails.
• Settheproportionofthetotalheatloadprovidedbythatsource: enterafraction
between0and1inthe Heatfraction box.
Thetotalheatfractionfromalltheheatsourcesmusttotal1.00.
• Enterthepercentage Efficiency oftheheatsource.
Notetheefficiencyshouldbeenteredasapercentage.
• ForaCHP systementertheheattopowerratio, whichwilltypicallybeinarange
of1.25–1.5.
• Click OK toclosethedialogue.
• Repeattheprocedureformultipleheatsources: usethe Edit and Delete buttonsto
adjustorremoveheatsources.
Tosetthecontrols:
• Setthe Heatingcontrols andthe Electricitytariff.
Systems which rely on flat rate charging will usually be less efficient than those
wherechargingislinkedtouse.
Theheatdistributionsettingisusedtodeterminethedistributionlossesforthesystem.
Youcaneither:
• Useadefaultvaluebasedonthetypeofpipesusedtocirculatehotwater: select
thepipeconfigurationfromthe Heatdistributionsystem list.
• Useacalculateddistributionlossfactorwhichisspecifictotheproject(thereis
guidanceoncalculatingsuchalossfactorinAppendixC oftheSAP 2012document): select calculated fromthe Heatdistributionsystem list, thenentertheloss
factorintheneighbouringbox.
CHAPTER24. PRIMARY HEATING
154
Electricunderfloorheating
Thisoptionreqpresentsunderfloorheatingsystemsbasedonelectriccablesinthefloor
slaborintegratedintoflooring.
Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes.
24.4
Additionaldata
TherearetwoitemsofadditionaldatawhichthesoftwarecollectsforproducingtheEPC
whichappearonthe Primaryheating tab:
• Separatedconservatorywithfixedheater: Tickthisboxifthedwellinghasathermallyseparatedconservatory(seeSAP guidancesection3.3.3forthedefinitionof
thermallyseparated)whichhasafixedheaterwithinit.
• Dwellinginsmokecontrolarea: Thisboxisonlyrelevantifsolidfuelissetasthe
fuelfortheprimaryorsecondaryheating. Ifthedwellingiswithinasmokecontrol
zonetheuseofhousecoalanddualfuelisnotpermitted, andwoodispermittedfor
anexemptedapplianceonly. Forfurtherinformationonsmokecontrolareassee
http://smokecontrol.defra.gov.uk/index.php4 . Ticktheboxifthedwellingiswithin
asmokecontrolarea.
4
Theredoesnotappeartobeacentralsourceonsmokecontrolareas: theonlymeansoffindingout
istocontactthelocalauthority.
25 Secondaryheating
A secondaryheatingsystemisanadditionalspaceheatingsystemforthedwelling: commonexamplesaregasfiresorwoodburningstoves. Whereasecondarysystemisprovideditshouldbeincludedinthecalculation: guidanceonwhentoincludeasystem
isgiveninApprovedDocumentL1A paragraph2.14. Thefractionofspaceheatingprovidedbythesecondarysystemisdefinedintable11oftheSAP 20012document. Data
onsecondaryheatingisspecifiedusingthe Secondaryheating tab(Figure 25.1).
Figure 25.1: TheSecondaryheatingtab
Tospecifysecondaryheating:
1. Setthe Group drop-downto Roomheatersystems.
2. Selectthe Sub-group.
3. Selectthe System.
4. Selectthesecondaryheating Fuel.
Ifthesolidfuelroomheaterhasbeen approvedbyHETAS1 tickthebox. Thecalculation
willthenuseahigherdefaultefficiencyfortheheater.
Wheretheactualefficiencyforasolidfuelheaterisknown, tickthe Usemanufacturer’s
declaredefficiency boxthenenterthe Make, Model and Declaredefficiency. The BS
TestMethod usedtoobtaintheefficiencyvalueshouldalsobeentered.
1
HeatingEquipmentTestingandApprovalScheme.
155
26 Overheating
Figure 26.1: OverheatingdataontheOverheatingandcoolingtab
Dwellingsmustnothaveanexcessiveriskofhighinternaltemperaturesinsummerasa
resultofsolargain. ThetestforoverheatingriskissetoutinAppendixP oftheSAP document; overheatingriskdependsonthepredictedamountofsolargainandthethermal
massofthedwelling. TheresultoftheoverheatingassessmentisshowninthemainSAP
window: adwellingwithahighriskofoverheatingwillnotcomplywithregulations.
MostofthedataforthecalculationisenteredelsewhereintheSAP calculationfromdata,
sotheonlyinformationrequiredisthe Effectiveair-changerate. Youcaneithertickthe
Entervalue boxandenteradesignairchangerate, inairchangesperhour(ach), oruse
the Building and Windowopening drop-downstosetdefaultvalues.
156
27 Cooling
Figure 27.1: Settingsforairconditioningsystems
TheenergyusedforspacecoolingmustbeincludedintheSAP 2009calculationwheneverspacecoolingispresent. Thedataforthesystemisenteredinthe Overheating&
cooling tab(Figure 27.1). The Cooledfraction: theproportionofthedwellingwhichis
servedbythecoolingsystem. Thiscanbedeterminedbydividingthefloorareaofthe
cooledpartbythetotalfloorarea.
Theefficiencyofthesystemcaneitherbesettodefaultvaluesbysetting:
• Systemtype: Thesystemcanbe Splitormulti-split, or Packaged.
• Compressorcontrol: Thiscanbesetto On/off or Modulating.
• Energylabelclass: SelectA toG (with ND fornodata).
WheretheEnergyEfficiencyRating(EER) isknown, tickthe UserdefinedEnergyEfficiencyRatio andenterthevalueinthe EER box.
157
28 Renewablesandspecialfeatures
Figure 28.1: ThePhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologiestab
SAP 20012takesaccountofthecontributionofcertainrenewablesourcesofenergyand
someheatrecoverytechnologies, including:
• photovoltaicpanels(section 28.1);
• windturbineslinkedtoonedwelling(section 28.2);
• hydro-electricgenerators(section 28.3);
• wastewaterheatrecoveryunits(WWHRS) (section 28.4);
• fluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) (section 28.5).
158
CHAPTER28. RENEWABLES AND SPECIAL FEATURES
159
Thedataforallthosesystemsisenteredinthe PhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologies
tab(abbreviatedto PV &AltTech, Figure 28.1). Thattabisalsousedforenteringthe
amountofanyadditionalenergygeneratedbyothermeans(section 28.6.
28.1
Photovoltaicpanels
Photovoltaicpanels(PV) generateelectricityfromsunlight. JPA Designerenablesyouto
includethreedifferentsetsofpanel, whichmaybeatdifferentorientationsorpitches.
ForblocksofflatsthebenefitsfromPV areappliedasfollows:
• wherethePV isconnectedtoanindividualflattheoutputcontributestoCO2 emissionscalculationsandratingscalculations.
• where the PV is connected to all dwellings (usually by the landlord supply) the
benefitisappliedCO2 emissionscalculations, butnottoratingscalculations. The
totalPV rating–the PeakkW value–shouldbedividedbetweenthedwellingsin
proportiontotheirtotalfloorareas.
Foreachinstallation:
1. Enterthe PeakkW ofthesystem(obtainthisvaluefromthemanufacturerorsupplier);
2. Selectthe Pitch ofthepanels;
3. Selectthe Direction whichthepanelsface;
4. Selecttheamountof Overshading (whichislikelytobelessthanthatofanywindowsfacinginthesamedirection.);
5. IfthePV arrayisconnecteddirectlytotheelectricitysupplyofthedwellingtick
Connectedtoelectricitymeter.
28.2
Windturbines
Theelectricitygeneratedbyawindturbineattachedtoabuildingoronamastwithin
itscurtilage(grounds)canincludedintheSAP calculation. However, whereaturbine
supplies electricity to more than one dwelling, or is connected to a development by
privatewire, theelectricitycannotbeincludedintheSAP calculation: seeAppendix
M3oftheSAP 2012documentforfurtherdetails.
Tospecifyawindturbine:
1. Enterthe Numberofturbines.
2. Specifythe Rotordiameter inmetres.
3. Selectthetypeof terrain whichsurroundsthedwelling.
4. Enterthe height ofthehuboftheturbineabovetheridgeoftheroof, inmetres.
AspartoftheprocessofproducingtheimprovementrecommendationsforanEPC,JPA
Designermustcalculatethenotionalbenefitgainedfrominstallingawindturbine. You
mustthereforespecifythe Terraintype evenifthereisnowindturbineonthedwelling.
CHAPTER28. RENEWABLES AND SPECIAL FEATURES
28.3
160
Hydro-electricity
The electricity from hydro-electric units can be included in the SAP calculation, providedthetotalamountgeneratedhasbeencalculatedandsignedoffbyanappropriately
qualified engineer. The amount of electricity is entered in Hydro-electric generation
(kWh/year). Whereelectricityissuppliedtoseveraldwellingsitshouldbeassignedin
proportiontotheirfloorareas. SeeAppendixM4oftheSAP 2012documentforfurther
details.
28.4
Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems
Figure 28.2: EnteringdataonWWHR systems
CHAPTER28. RENEWABLES AND SPECIAL FEATURES
161
Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems(WWHRS) useheatexchangerstorecoverheatfrom
theheatedwaterpassingoutofthewastesofshowersandbaths. WWHRS areeither:
• Instantaneous, recoveringheatfromwastewaterfrommixershowersasitisdischarged, inoneofthreeways1 :
– SystemA:outputoftheheatexchangerisfedtoboththeshowerandthecombi
boilerorhotwatersystem
– SystemB:outputoftheheatexchangerisfedtotheshoweronly
– SystemC:outputoftheheatexchangerisfedtothecombiboilerorhotwater
systembutnottotheshower
• Storage, recoveringheatfrommultipleappliancestoastorewhichthenpre-heats
coldwatertocombiboilerorhotwatersystem.
TospecifyinstantaneousWWHRS:
• Inthe PV &AltTech tabtick WWHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The WWHR
Database dialogueopens(Figure 28.2).
• Use the Manufacturer drop-down to select the manufacturer, then highlight the
specifiedproductinthelistandclick Selectassystem1. Repeatthisprocessif
thereisasecondsystem, butclick Selectassystem2.
• Enterthe totalroomswithshowerand/orbath.
• Foreachsystemspecifythenumberofmixershowerstowhichthesystemislinked
inrooms withabath and withoutabath (donotcountinstantaneouselectricshowersinthenumberofmixershowers).
• Click OK.
TospecifystorageWWHRS:
• Inthe PV &AltTech tabtick WWHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The WWHR
Database dialogueopens(Figure 28.2).
• Use the Manufacturer drop-down to select the manufacturer, then highlight the
specifiedproductinthelistandclick Selectasstoragesystem.
• Inthe StorageSystem1 sectionenter:
– the Totalnumberofbathsandshowers
– the Numberofbathsandshowerswhosewastewaterisroutedthroughthe
WWHRS.
– the DedicatedWWHRS storagevolume inlitres.
• Click OK.
CHAPTER28. RENEWABLES AND SPECIAL FEATURES
162
Figure 28.3: Thefluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) database
28.5
Fluegasheatrecoverysystems
Fluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) recoverheatfromthecombustionproductsof
condensingboilerstopre-heatthedomestichotwatersupply. TospecifyFGHRS:
1Tick FGHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The FGHRS database dialogueopens(Figure 28.3).
1. Selectthe Manufacturer.
2. Selectthetypefromthe Available list.
3. Click OK.
WheretheFGHRS hasaphotovoltaicarrayfeedingdirectlyintoaclosecoupledstorethe
PeakkW, Pitch, Direction and Overshading ofthePV arrayshouldbesetinthe FGHRS
PV Module section.
28.6
Otherallowablegeneration
Therearesomesourcesofelectricitywhichcannotbeincludedinthecalculationsfor
BuildingRegulationscompliance, butcanbeincludedforothercalculations, particularly
thosetodemonstratezerocarbonhomesstatus, CodeforSustainableHomeslevel6, and
fortheNorthernIrelandlowandzerocarbonhomesscheme.
Electricityfromsuchsourcesshouldbeenteredinthebox Additionalallowableelectricity generation for box (ZC6). ZC6 is the box number on the zero carbon homes
calculation(seesection16oftheSAP 2009document). Electricitygeneratedbywind
turbineslinkedtoadevelopmentbyprivatewiremaybeenteredhere.
1
SeeFigureG1intheSAP 2012documentforillustrationsofthesesystems.
CHAPTER28. RENEWABLES AND SPECIAL FEATURES
28.7
163
Specialfeatures
SAP 2012 includes a procedure for including new technologies in calculations in the
intervalsbetweenrevisionsoftheSAP.TheAppendixQ procedure(whichisnamedafter
theappendixoftheSAP documentinwhichitisdescribed)mayonlybeusedforproducts which have been independently assessed and are listed on theAppendix Q web
siteathttp://www.ncm-pcdb.org.uk/sap/page.jsp?id=18. Thewebsitehasacalculation
spreadsheetforthevariousproducttypes2 and, insomecases, datasheetsforindividual
products.
ToincorporateatechnologyusingtheAppendixQ procedure:
1. CarryouttheSAP calculationasnormal.
2. CompletethetheappropriateAppendixQ spreadsheet: thismayrequireinformationontheproducttakenfromadatasheet, andmayinvolvechangestotheSAP
calculation. TheAppendixQ spreadsheetwillcontaininstructionsspecifictothe
calculation.
3. Transfertheresultsfromthespreadsheettothe Specialfeatures sectionofthe PhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologies tab(Figure 28.1), entering:
4. abrief Description ofthetechnology.
5. the Energysaved figure, usingthedrop-downtoselectthe Typeoffuelsaved.
6. the Energyused figure, usingthedrop-downtoselectthe Typeoffuelused
WherethereismorethanoneAppendixQ technologyusethe New and Edit buttonsto
addthosetechnologiestothecalculation.
Note that all the technologies which requiredAppendix Q with SAP 9.81 can all be
entereddirectlyinJPA DesignerinSAP 2012.
2
There are separate spreadsheets for different versions of SAP: make sure you use the appropriate
version.
29 Complianceandreports
Onceyouhaveenteredallthedataforthedwellingyoucancheckitscompliancestatus
andproduceworksheetsandcompliancereportsasPDFsorinhardcopy.
29.1
Checkingcompliance
OncetheprogramhasenoughdatatocompleteaSAP calculationitwillshowthecalculationresults–includingtheTER andDER –anddisplay pass (green)or fail (red)inthe
compliancezone atthebottomrightcornerofthemain SAP window. Ifthedwellingfails
youcanholdyourcurseroveroverthe compliancezone andthesoftwarewilldisplaya
tool-tipwillshowtheprimarycauseoffailure(see Figure 18.2).
YoucanseeamoredetailedreportonthecompliancestatusontheComplianceChecklist
whichliststhemaincriteriatheSAP moduletestsandshowsthestatusofthedwelling
againsteachone. Thecompliancecheckwindowisparticularlyusefulwhenthedwelling
hasfailedononeofthesecondarycriteria, suchastheefficiencyofheatingcontrols, or
excessivelossesfromthehotwatercylinder.
Toopenthecompliancechecklistdoubleclickonthe Compliancezone oronthe View
menuclick Compliancechecklist. Youcanusethetabsatthebottomofthe Compliance
Checklist toviewallthecalculationworksheetsandreports.
JPA Designerchecks:
1. TheTFEE andTER statusforEnglandandTER statusforWales.
2. Backstopvaluesforfabricandservicesincluding:
• maximumpermissiblefabricU-values;
• maximumpermissibleairleakagerates;
• designlimitsforfixedbuildingservices.
3. Summeroverheating.
164
CHAPTER29. COMPLIANCE AND REPORTS
165
Figure 29.1: TheSectionsToPrintdialogueforSAP 2012
29.2
OutputtingSAP results
You can print the results of SAP calculations or produce a PDF file which is ideal for
emailing. Theresultscaninclude:
• SAP worksheet: theworksheetfortheSAP calculation.
• SAP worksheetforimproveddwelling: theSAP calculationwithEPC recommendationsimplemented.
• TER worksheet: theworksheetfortheTER calculationforthenotionaldwelling.
• DER worksheet: theworksheetfortheDER calculationfortheactualdwelling.
• FEE worksheet: theworksheetfortheFFE calculationforthedwelling.
• Standardcase: theSAP worksheetfortheCSH Ene7standardcase.
• TER FEE:theworksheetforthenotionaldwellingfabricenergyefficiency.
• Heat demand: worksheet for the calculation of space and water heating energy
demand.
• EPC costs: worksheetforthecalculationofEPC costs, emissionsandprimaryenergy.
• Inputdata: areflectionoftheinformationyouhaveenteredintothesoftware.
• Regulationschecklist: showsthecompliancestatusofthedwellinginachecklist
whichfollowsthecriteriainAD L1A.
• Summeroverheating: resultsoftheoverheatingassessment.
• Energyperformancecertificate(EPC):adraftenergyperformancecertificate.
CHAPTER29. COMPLIANCE AND REPORTS
166
YoumustbeamemberofanappropriateaccreditationschemetoproduceafinalEPC –
seetheseparateguidancedocumentforinstructions.
• Predicted Energy Assessment (PEA): the energy assessment required for off-plan
sales.
• Assessment of Zero Carbon Home: a calculation of the total emissions from a
dwelling, includingemissionsassociatedwithappliances.
• CodeforSustainableHomes: acalculationofitemsEne1, Ene2andEne7.
• Htbvalues: calculationoflinearthermalbridgingforthedwelling.
TocreateaPDF fileoftheresults:
1. Fromthemenubarselect File>CreatePDF.A dialogueasksifyouwanttoopen
thePDF whenitiscreated.
2. Select Yes or No. The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 29.1).
3. Usethetickboxestoselecttheoutputsyouwanttoproduce.
4. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
5. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick
the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). Theprogramwillthencreatea
PDF fileofthecalculation.
ThenameofthePDF filewillincludetheJPA Designerfilenameandthecalculationname, sothecalculation Plot28 inaproject TheMeadows willbecalled
TheMeadows.JDPtilehungwall.Plot28.PDF.ThefilewillbesavedintotheJPA
Designerprogramfolderorinthestart-upfolderyouhavespecified.
Note: asWindowsdoesnotallowcertaincharacterstobeusedinfilenamesyou
shouldensurethecalculationnamesinJPA Designerdonotcontainthosecharacters, otherwisePDF creationwillfail. Therestrictedcharactersare‘/\ : *? >
|.
Toprinttheresults:
1. Select File>Print fromthemenubar(orclickthe Print buttononthetoolbar). The
SectionsToPrint dialogueopens((Figure 29.1).
2. Usethetickboxestoselecttheoutputsyouwanttoproduce.
3. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens.
4. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick
the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2).
Youcanchangetheprintersettingsbyselecting File>Printersetup fromthemenubar.
30 Multipledwellings
Figure 30.1: TheSAP windowforamultipledwellingscalculation
Thecomparativecompliancemethodsspecifiedin. ApprovedDocumentL1A canmake
itmoredifficultformid-floorflatsandmid-terracehousestopass, evenwiththesame
fabric and services standards as ground and top-floor flats and detached houses. The
multiple dwelling calculation allows you to test the compliance on a whole block or
terraceusingaverageTFEE/DFEE andTER/DER valuesforthedwellingswhichcomprise
theblockorterrace. Themultipledwellingscalculationenablesend-terracehousesor
groundandtopfloorflatstocompensateformid-floorflatsormid-terracehouses.
JPA Designerincludesa multipledwelling featuretocarryouttheaverageTER andDER
calculations. The MultipledwellingsSAP window(Figure 30.1)hastwopanes: thelefthandone(labelled AvailableSAP V99Dwellings)listsalltheSAP 9.92dwellingswithin
theprojectwhichareeligibleforinclusioninthemultipledwellingscalculation. The
right-handpane(labelled Dwellingsinthismultipledwelling)listsallthedwellingswhich
arecurrentlyincludedinthemultipledwellingscalculation.
The Add and Remove buttonstransferselecteddwellingsbetweenthepanes. Theresults
ofthemultipledwellingscalculationareshownbelowthepanes, togetherwiththecompliancestatus. Inordertopassthe AverageDFEE and AverageDER mustbeequaltoor
lessthanthe AverageTFEE and AverageTER respectively.
167
CHAPTER30. MULTIPLE DWELLINGS
168
Tocarryoutamultipledwellingcalculation:
1. CarryoutnormalSAP calculationsfor all theunitsintheblock.
2. In ProjectManager, onthe Insert menuclick Dwelling> SAP (v9.92)2012calculation>
Multipledwelling.
3. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. BlockB allflats,
andclick OK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject.
4. In ProjectManager, doubleclickonthenewcalculation. The Multipledwellings
SAP windowopens(Figure 30.1).
5. Click on a dwelling in the Available SAP v99 Dwellings pane to select it, then
clickthe Add button. Thedwellingistransferredtothe Dwellingsinthismultiple
dwelling pane.
6. Repeatthepreviousstepuntilyouhaveallthedwellingsyouneedintheright-hand
pane.
Ifyouneedtoremoveadwellingfromthemultipledwellingcalculationsimplyselectit
andclickthe Remove button.
YoucanprinttheresultsofmultipledwellingcalculationsandproducePDFsbyfollowing
theproceduresin section 29.2.
PartV
ImportingdwellingdatafromIES Virtual
Environment
169
31 OverviewofVE import
TheIES VirtualEnvironmentsoftware(VE) canbeusedtodemonstratePartL compliance
fornon-domesticbuildingsaccordingtoApprovedDocumentL2A butdoesnotdirectly
addresscompliancefordwellings. Instead, VE processesthedatafordwellingsintoa
formatwhichtheJPA DesignerSAP modulecanimport. JPA DesignerthencreatesaSAP
calculationforeachofthedwellings, whichcanthenbeusedtodemonstratecompliance
withPartL.
Therearethreestagestotheimportprocess:
1. CreatingthemodelinVE.Whilethisformostpartfollowsthestandardmethods
for modelling inVE, there are several additional points which are explained in
chapter 32).
2. SendingthedatafromVE toJPA Designer(see chapter 33).
3. FinalisingcalculationsinJPA Designerandcheckingcompliance. ThisstepisrequiredbecausethedataformatsforbuildingservicesdifferbetweenVE andtheSAP
methodology. chapter 34 describestheadditionaldatarequiredinJPA Designer.
Theimportprocessisparticularlyusefulforapartmentblocks, includingschemeswhere
partofablockfallsunderApprovedDocumentL2A andpartunderL1A.
NotethattheproceduredoesnotmakeanychangestotheVE model.
170
32 PreparingaVE modelforSAP
TheVE modelisdefinedinthenormalwayinModelIT,withthegeometryandconstructions. A modelmayincludeoneormoredwellingsandmayalsoincludenon-domestic
spacesformixeduseschemes.
Oncethemodelhasbeenconstructedtherearetwoadditionalsettingsrequiredforthe
conversionprocedure:
• assigningroomstodwellingsusingtheUK dwellingsroomgroups;
• identifyingthedwellinglivingarea.
32.1
Definingdwellingswithroomgroups
Figure 32.1: SettingtheregulationstoUK Dwellingsforexport
Figure 32.2: Addingroomgroups
Priortoexporttheroomsineachdwellinghavetobeassignedtotheappropriatedwelling
intheUK Dwellingsroomgroupingscheme. Todefinedwellings:
1. Savetheprojectandswitchtothe VE Compliance(UK &Ireland) module.
2. Onthetoolbarsetthe Regs listto UK Dwellings (see Figure 32.1). VE nowaddsa
newroomgroupscheme: UK Dwellings.
171
CHAPTER32. PREPARING A VE MODEL FOR SAP
172
Figure 32.3: Theassignbuttonforassigningroomstoaroomgroup
3. Clickthe EditRoomGroups button.
4. Inthe EditRoomGroups dialoguecreatearoomgroupforeachofthedwellingsin
themodelinthe UK Dwellings scheme: Clicktheplusbuttontoaddroomgroup
andassignitaname(Figure 32.2).
5. Selecttheroomswhichcomprisethefirstdwelling.
6. Clickthe Assign button(Figure 32.3).
7. Inthe AssignRoomGroup dialoguemakesurethe RoomGroupingScheme isset
to UK Dwellings, thenselectthegroup(dwelling). ClickOK.
8. Repeatthepreviousthreestepstoassignroomstootherdwellings.
Onceyouhaveassignedalltheroomsyouintendtoexport(whichmaywellonlybea
fractionoftheroomsinthemodel)youcanreviewtheassignmentsbysettingtheRoom
grouplistto UK Dwellings.
32.2
Identifyingthedwellinglivingarea
Figure 32.4: Definingthelivingarea
For SAP calculations one part of the dwelling is defined as the living area (see section 19.2), whichisheatedtoaslightlyhighertemperaturethantherestofthedwelling.
Beforeexport, youmustidentifytheroom, orrooms, withineachdwellingwhichwillbe
treatedasthelivingareainJPA Designerbychangingthe Roomtype from Heatedspace
(thestandardsettingforroomsinadwelling)to Dwellinglivingarea.
Foreachdwelling:
1. Selecttheroom(s)whichwillformthelivingarea.
2. Inthe Roomsettings sectionsetthe Roomtype to Dwellinglivingarea (Figure 32.4).
33 ExportingfromVE
IntheexportprocessVE createsaseveralfilescontainingthegeometrydatafortheselecteddwellingsandpassesthemtoJPA Designer, whichthenimportsthedataandcreatesaSAP calculationforeachdwelling. DuringimportstageJPA Designerofferstwo
optionswhichaffecttheimportformat:
• theSAP version, and
• howindividualelementsoftheVE modelaretreated.
33.1
SAP version
Currently, therearetwodifferentversionsofSAP inuseacrosstheUK:
• SAP V9.90(2009): thisversionisvalidforScotland(untilOctober2015)andfor
NorthernIreland.
• SAP V9.92(2012): validforEnglandtoPartL 2013, andforWalestoPartL 2014.
SAP V9.92willbeusedinScotlandfromOctober2015, althoughitmaybeused
forpreliminarycalculationspriortothatdate.
33.2
Consolidationofelements
VE defineseachboundingsurfaceofaroomasaseparateelement, potentiallyproducing
alargenumberofelementsintheJPA Designer Walls, roofsandfloors tab. JPA Designer
canreducethenumberofelementsbyconsolidatingelementsofthesametypeintoone
elementwithanareaequaltothetotalareaoftheoriginals. Therearethreewaysof
importingelements:
• EachelementinVE becomesanelementinJPA Designer. Thisone-to-onecorrelationproducesalargenumberofelementsinthe Walls, roofsandfloors tab, but
allowsindividualelementstobetrackedbetweenthetwoprograms.
• All theVE fabricelementsofthesametypewithina room areconsolidatedinto
oneelementinJPA Designer. Forexample, ifaroomisboundedbytwointernal
partitionelementsofthesameconstructionwithareasof10and 15 m2 theninJPA
Designertherewillbeoneinternalwallelementwithanareaof 25 m2 . Thisoption
reducesthenumberofelementsinJPA Designerwhileallowingboundingelements
ofroomstobedistinguished.
173
CHAPTER33. EXPORTING FROM VE
174
• AlltheVE fabricelementsofthesametypewithina dwelling areconsolidatedinto
oneelementinJPA Designer. Forexample, alltheinternalpartitionelementsof
thesameconstructionwithinallroomsofthedwellingwillbeconsolidated. This
minimisesthenumberofelementsproducedinJPA Designer, makingiteasierto
seetheoverallpictureandtoadjusttheU-valuesofelementswhenrequired.
However, nomatterwhichconsolidationoptionischosen, JPA Designerdoesnotconsolidatewallelementswhichcontainopenings.
33.3
Theexportprocedure
Figure 33.1: Startingtheexportprocess
Figure 33.2: TheIES ImportOptionsdialogue
Toexportadwellingorsetofdwellings:
1. InVE,inthe UK Dwellings-Analysis tabclick CompareDwellingandTargetEmissionrates (Figure 33.1).
2. Atthe IES ImportOptions dialogue(Figure 33.2):
a) SelecttheversionofSAP whichyouwanttobeusedtocreatetheSAP calculation.
b) Selecttheconsolidationmethod.
c) ClickOK.
CHAPTER33. EXPORTING FROM VE
175
3. Theimportiscompleted.
Youmayseeawarningabouttheboilerdatabasebeingoutofdate. Youcanignore
thewarningatthisstage. Thereareinstructionsforupdatingtheboilerdatabaseat
4. JPA Designerdisplaysthe Description dialogue(see Figure 3.5). Eitheracceptthe
suggestednameforthecalculation(whichisderivedfromtheVE filename), ortype
yourownandclick OK (see section 3.7 formoredetailsaboutaddingcalculations
toprojects).
5. A SAP calculationiscreatedforeachdwelling, andislistedintheJPA Designer
ProjectManager window.
34 Completingthecalculation
BecauseofthedifferencesindatastructurebetweenVE andSAP theexportprocessdoes
nottransferalltheinformationrequiredforaSAP calculation, theadditionaldatahas
to be entered to complete the calculation. This section identifies the additional data
required.
34.1
Dwellingdimensions
ForEnglandandforWalestheonlyadditionaldatarequiredinthe Dimensions tabisthe
fractionoflowenergylighting. Enterthe totalnumberoflamps andthenumberof low
energylamps. Lightingconventionsaredescribedin section 19.3.
Inaddition, forScotland, thenumberofdwellingsaboveandbelowaflatormaisonette
arealsorequired. Thesevaluesareenteredinthe Numberofdwellingsabove and Numberofdwellingsbelow boxes(see section 19.5).
34.2
Ventilation
Mostofthedatainthe Ventilation tabhastobeenteredinJPA Designer, including:
• Pressuretestingdetails;
• Ventilationstrategy; and, whererelevant,
• Ventilationefficiencydata.
Ventilationdataisdescribedin chapter 20.
34.3
Walls, roofsandfloors
Therearethreesetsofdataforthebuildingfabricwhichareenteredinthe Walls, roofs
andfloors tab:
• ElementareasandU-values:TheseareimportedfromVE.Theonlytimefurtherdata
willberequiredisiftheU-valueofanelementhastobeadjustedtotakeaccount
oftheeffectofanadjoiningunheatedspace. Thiscanbedoneusingtheprocedure
describedin section 21.1.
176
CHAPTER34. COMPLETING THE CALCULATION
177
• Thermalmassdata: ThisiscurrentlynotexportedfromVE sohastobeenteredin
JPA Designer. Thesimplestmethodistosetthe ThermalMassParameter tooneof
thedefaultvaluesofferedinthe Thermalmass list:
– Tick UserdefinedThermalMassParameter.
– Setthe ThermalMass to low, medium or heavy.
ThosecategoriesaredefinedinTable1eoftheSAP 2012document.
• Junctionheatlossdata: thisiscurrentlynotimportedfromVE.Itshouldbeentered
either:
– usingthedefaulty-valueof0.15forthedwelling; or,
– byenteringthelengthandpsi-valueforalljunctionsinthedwellingusingthe
CalculateHtb dialogue, whichisaccessedfromthe Calculateit button.
34.4
Openings
Figure 34.1: The Copy buttonsforopenings
Theimportprocessbringsinmuchofthedataaboutopenings. Foreachopeninginthe
dwellingthatincludes:
• theelementtheopeningbelongsin;
• itsarea;
• itsU-value;
• theglazingtype.
Theremainingdata, whichhastobeenteredinJPA Designer, is:
• theframetype;
• thewidthoftheairgapindoubleglazing;
• the g-window value (a measure of the transmission of solar energy through the
glazing).
• theovershading;
• dataonblinds, curtainsandinternalshutters.
CHAPTER34. COMPLETING THE CALCULATION
178
Assettingtheseitemscanbetime-consuming– particularlyifyouareworkingonseveral
dwellingsatthesametime–therearetwobuttonsinJPA Designerwhichallowyouto
copysettingsfromoneopeningto:
• alltheotheropeningsinthesamedwelling; or,
• alltheotheropeningsinthesameproject.
The buttons are found at the bottom of the Doors, windows and rooflights dialogue
(Figure 34.1.
Figure 34.2: Importstatusforthesectionsofthe Doors, windowsandrooflights dialogue.
SectionsinblueareimportedfromVE.Sectionsinredneedtobechecked. Thesection
ingreencontainsthe Copy buttons.
Toentertheadditionaldataonopenings:
1. Inthe Openings tabdoubleclickononeofthelistedopenings. The Doors, WindowsandRooflights dialogueopens(Figure 34.2).
2. Thefollowingitemswillalreadybecompleted: Openingtype, Openingwithin,
Glazing, U-value, Area, Openingorientation. Thereisnoneedtochangethevalues.
CHAPTER34. COMPLETING THE CALCULATION
179
3. Setthe Doubleglazingairgap andthe Frametype.
4. Checkthe g-windowvalue, whichisusuallydefinedautomaticallyfromthe Glazing. Ifyouhavespecificvaluesfortheprojectsetthe SourceofU-value to BFRC
data andenterag-windowvalue.
5. The Overshading (whichistheextenttowhichtheskyisobscuredbytreesand
neighbouringbuildings)maybeleftat Averageorunknown: youneedonlyadjust
thisifthedegreeofovershadingisgreater.
Youshouldneverreducetheovershadingto Verylittle foranewdwelling: thereis
nowayoftellingthiswillbethecasethroughoutthelifeofthedwelling.
6. The Blinds, curtains and external shutters settings affect the amount solar flux
reachingtheinsideofthedwelling. Adjustingthesettingscanreducetheriskof
solargain. However, unlessinitialanalysisindicatesthereisasignificantriskof
overheatingthereisnoneedtoinsertingthisdata.
7. Withthechangesmadeclickeither Copythesevaluestoallthisbuilding’swindows
or Copythesevaluestoallthebuildingsinthisproject.
8. ClickOK.
34.5
Buildingservices
TheparametersforbuildingservicesaredifferentinVE andSAP,soyoumustenterbuildingservicesdatainJPA Designer, followingtheguidanceintheSAP sectionofthismanual:
• Waterheating: chapter 23.
• Primaryheating: chapter 24.
• Secondaryheating: chapter 25.
• Overheating: chapter 26.
• Cooling: chapter 27.
• Renewables: chapter 28.
35 Exportingseveraldwellingsatonce
One of the benefits of theVE import is the ability create SAP calculations for many
dwellings at once. However, the services and other parameters have to be set in JPA
Designertocompletethecalculations. TospeedupthatprocessJPA Designerincludes
anumberoffunctionswhichcancopydatabetweenseveraldwellings.
35.1
Openings
As section 34.4 explains, incompatibilitiesbetweenthedefinitionsofopeningsinVE and
JPA DesignermeansseveraloftheitemsforopeningshavetobesetinJPA Designer. As
eachdwellinginaprojectwillhavesixormoreopeningsthatcouldbeatimeconsuming
process, buttherearetwobuttonsonthe EditDoors, WindowsandRooflights whichcan
speeduptheprocess:
• Copythesevaluestoallthisbuildingswindows: usingthisbuttoncopiesthefollowingitemstoallotherotherwindowsinthedwelling:
– Double-glazingairgap.
– Frametype.
– BFRC g-windowvalue.
– Overshading. Itdoesnotchangethe Glazing, U-value or Orientation.
• Copythesevaluestoallthebuildingsinthisproject: usingthisbuttoncopiesthe
sameitemstoallotherwindowsinallotherdwellingsinaproject. Thatallowsyou
todefinethoseitemsonce, buthavethesettingappliedtomultipledwellings.
Also, ifyouneedtoadjusttheU-valuesofseveralopeningsyoucanselecttheopenings
(usethe <Shift> keytomakeamultipleselection)thenclick ChangeU-valueofselected
openings tore-settheU-values.
35.2
Buildingservices
Onceyouhavesetupthebuildingservices(hotwater, primaryandsecondaryheating)
foronedwellingyoucanreturntothe ProjectManager windowandcopythosevalues
toalltheotherdwellings:
180
CHAPTER35. EXPORTING SEVERAL DWELLINGS AT ONCE
181
1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthedwellingwhichhasitsservices
configured.
2. Onthe Edit menuclick Copynon-geometrydetailstoallother9.90dwellings.
3. Attheconfirmdialogueclick OK.
4. Thebuildingservicesdataforthatdwellingwillbecopiedtoalltheotherdwellings.
36 Checkingcompliance
Onceyouhaveenteredallthedataforthedwellingyoucancheckitscompliancestatus.
Theprogramwilldisplay pass (green)or fail (red)inthe compliancezone atthebottom
rightcornerofthemain SAP window. Ifthedwellingfailsyoucanholdyourcurserover
overthe compliancezone andthesoftwarewilldisplayatool-tipwillshowtheprimary
causeoffailure(see Figure 18.2).
Clickonthe compliancezone toopenthe ComplianceChecklist whichliststhestatus
ofthedwellingagainsteachofthecriteriadefinedinApprovedDocumentL1A.Thisis
particularlyusefulwhenthedwellinghasfailedononeofthesecondarycriteria, suchas
theefficiencyofheatingcontrols.
Youcanusethetabsatthebottomofthe ComplianceChecklist toview:
• theSAP worksheet;
• theTER worksheet;
• theDER worksheet;
• theOverheatingriskassessment.
Once you have reviewed the results you can then make changes to the calculation.
Changestothebuildingservicescanbecarriedout withinJPA Designer. Changesto
thebuildinggeometryshouldbemadeinVE andthenre-importingthedwellingintoJPA
Designer.
OnexportingthedwellingasecondtimeJPA Designerwillgiveyouanoptiontoeither
re-importthedataintotheselecteddwellingorcreateanewdwelling.
182
37 Reportingresults
YoucanprinttheresultsofSAP calculationsorproduceaPDF filewhichcanbeopened
onanycomputerwiththefreeAdobeReadersoftwareinstalled; PDF filesareidealfor
emailing. ForbothprintandPDF youcanselectwhichpartsoftheresultsyouwantto
includeinyouroutput.
183