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Black Point—Corresponds to an intensity value in the image that represents pure black in
the screen image. The black point can be adjusted using the histogram sliders to help
visualize different features in the image. Features with intensity values below the black
point can no longer be seen in the screen image. Adjustments to the black point alter the
screen image and do not alter the data that is transferred to KODAK Molecular Imaging
Software for analysis.
Blooming—If the CCD is overexposed, the CCD pixels do not have the capacity to hold
the charge and will “bloom” or spill into the adjacent pixel. Blooming distorts the image.
However, excessive signal may often be associated with the property of the object and not
the blooming of the CCD.
Blot—A methodology in which molecules/particles of interest are transferred and affixed
to a solid support (membrane), usually for the sake of detection and imaging. A liquid
sample may be applied to a membrane as a spot, dot, or slot (band), defining a formatted
sample array as a Dot or Slot Blot. Electrophoresis gels used to length-resolve DNA, RNA
or protein molecules may be similarly transferred to membranes by mechanical extrusion
or electrophoresis; such blots are respectively called Southern, Northern, or Western Blots.
Brightness—A relative measure of light associated with a pixel representing its gray level
from black and white, through intermediate levels of gray. Perceived brightness increases
from dark to bright, or black to white through intermediate levels of gray. However, the
convention of quantitative imaging is quite the opposite, wherein the gray scale is
increased from white to black.
CCD (Charged-Coupled Device)—An electronic sensor used for imaging light. A silicon
crystal, etched to produce micro-electronic circuitry, for the purpose of transforming a real
image into an electronic image. A photon impinging upon the silicon is converted to an
electron (a negative charge, stable in the crystal matrix), that may be subsequently
managed (collected and transported) by the circuitry. The CCD in the IS4000R has 2,048 x
2,048 = 4,194,304 imaging elements (pixels) defined by etchings.
Chemifluorescence—Chemically mediated production of a fluorochrome. Fluorescent
molecules may be produced by the chemical (enzymatic) conversion of a non-fluorescent
molecule (substrate), upon excitation (laser or UV illumination).
Chemiluminescence—Chemically mediated production of light. Luminescence or light
emission may be produced by a chemical reaction or an enzyme operating on a substrate.
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