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JPA DesignerUserManual JPA TL Ltd January20, 2011 i Contents Contents ii I JPA Designerbasics 1 1 IntroducingJPA Designer 1.1 JPA Designermodules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.2 Gettinghelp . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 3 3 2 Gettingstarted 2.1 Systemrequirements . . . . . . . . 2.2 Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.3 Userregistration . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 On-linelicencechecking . . . . . 2.5 Updates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.6 OpeningandclosingJPA Designer 2.7 UninstallingJPA Designer . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5 5 6 7 8 8 9 . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 14 15 16 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Managingprojectsandcalculations 3.1 Startinganewproject . . . . . . . . . 3.2 Addingprojectaddressdetails . . . . 3.3 Savingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 Openingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . 3.5 Addingcalculationstoaproject . . . 3.6 Openingandclosingcalculations . . 3.7 Duplicatingcalculations . . . . . . . 3.8 Renamingcalculations . . . . . . . . 3.9 Deletingcalculations . . . . . . . . . 3.10 Mergingprojects . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.11 Importingandupgradingcalculations 3.12 Programoptions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II U-valuecalculations 18 4 TheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules 4.1 Uvalueprojectinformation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 20 ii CONTENTS iii 5 . . . . 21 21 23 23 23 6 Workingwithlayers 6.1 InsertinglayersfromtheProductsdatabase . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 Insertingblanklayersinacalculation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.3 Cutting, copying, pastinganddeletinglayers . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 24 26 26 7 Workingwithmaterials 7.1 Basiccharacteristics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 Typesofmaterialsandcavities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 Thermalbridging . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 28 29 32 8 Correctionfactors 8.1 Mechanicalfasteners . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.2 Airgapcorrection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.3 Rainwatercooling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.4 Rainscreencladding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.5 Elementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 35 37 37 38 39 Complexcalculations 9.1 Lightsteelframedstructure . . . . . . 9.2 Twinskinmetalcladdingandroofing 9.3 Invertedroofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 Usingvariablelayers . . . . . . . . . 9.5 Taperedlayers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 40 41 43 44 45 10 GroundfloorU-values 10.1 Groundfloordetails . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 50 11 BasementU-values 11.1 Basementfloors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2 Basementwalls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 54 55 12 Outputtingresults 57 13 U-valuecalculationoptions 59 14 EditingtheProductsdatabase 14.1 Shortcodes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 64 III Condensationrisk 65 15 Assessingtheriskofinterstitialcondensation 15.1 Environmentalconditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 Viewingresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.3 Usingthepreviouscalculationmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 67 67 70 9 Constructiondetails 5.1 Elementtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.2 Internalandexternalsurfaces . . . . . . . . 5.3 Lightsteelframeconstructiontype . . . . . 5.4 Builtupmetalroofingandcladdingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTENTS iv 15.4 Outputtingcalculationresults . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 IV SAP 2009 72 16 JPA DesignerSAP 2009module 16.1 OverviewoftheSAP 2009module . . . . . . 16.2 Determiningcompliance . . . . . . . . . . . 16.3 PreparingtocarryoutaSAP 2009calculation 16.4 CarryingoutaSAP 2009calculation . . . . . 16.5 TheSAP window . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 ProjectinformationinSAP . . . . . . . . . . 16.7 Enteringprojectdata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 73 73 74 75 75 77 81 17 Dwellingdimensions 17.1 Lowenergylighting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 84 18 Ventilation 18.1 Airinfiltration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.2 Ventilationopeningsandsheltering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 Ventilationtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 87 88 89 19 Walls, roofsandfloors 19.1 Definingbuildingelements . 19.2 TheElementdialogue . . . . 19.3 Managingbuildingelements 19.4 Linearthermalbridging . . . 19.5 Thermalmass . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 92 95 96 97 100 20 Openings 20.1 TheWindows, DoorsandRooflightsdialogue . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.2 Editingmultipleopenings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 103 105 21 Waterheating 21.1 Hotwaterstoragetank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.3 Combinationboiler . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.4 Communityheatingscheme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.5 Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarm airsystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 Boilerwiththermalstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.8 MicroCHP orheatpump . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly . 21.10 Solarpanels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 107 109 109 110 . . . . . . 110 111 113 114 115 117 Primaryheating 22.1 Dwellingswithtwomainheatingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.2 Efficiencydataforheatingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.3 Themainprimaryheatingsystems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118 118 119 120 22 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . CONTENTS v 22.4 Additionaldata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 125 23 Secondaryheating 126 24 Overheating 128 25 Cooling 129 26 Renewables 26.1 Photovoltaicpanels . . . . . . . . 26.2 Windturbines . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 Hydro-electricity . . . . . . . . . . 26.4 Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems 26.5 Fluegasheatrecoverysystems . . 26.6 Otherallowablegeneration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 130 131 131 132 133 134 27 Specialfeatures 135 28 Checkingcompliance 136 29 OutputtingSAP results 137 PartI JPA Designerbasics 1 1 IntroducingJPA Designer WelcometoJPA Designerversion5.00, thedesignandcalculationprogramfromJPA TL Ltd. JPA Designercan: • carryoutSAP calculationstoSAP versions9.90, 9.81, 9.80and9.70, todemonstratecompliancewiththeenergyefficiencyrequirementsofBuildingRegulations andBuildingStandards1 andaspartofCodeforSustainableHomes(CSH) assessments; • issueOn-constructionEnergyPerformanceCertificates(EPCs)fordwellingsinEnglandandWales, ScotlandandNorthernIreland; • calculateU-valuesand κ-valuesforbuildingelements; • carryoutcondensationriskanalysistoBS EN ISO 13788; JPA Designerincludesmanyfeaturestomakethecalculationprocesseasier: • Project-basedfilesystemenablesyoutokeepallthecalculationsforonedevelopmentinsameprojectfile; • LinksbetweenU-valueandSAP calculations, sothatSAP calculationsareautomaticallyupdatedwhenU-valuecalculationschange; • CalculationresultscanbeproducedasPDF filesforemailing; • IncludesadatabaseofcommonmaterialstospeedU-valuecalculations; • On-screenhelpwhichincludestheofficialSAP guidance. WehopeyoufindJPA Designerausefulcalculationtool. Wearealwayshappytoreceive comments, suggestions for improvements or proposals for enhancements to suit your specificneeds. 1 In order to lodge and issue EPCs in England and Wales, and Northern Ireland you will need to be a member of an accreditation scheme. You can find details of our partner schemes at www.techlit.co.uk/training/accreditation. 2 CHAPTER1. INTRODUCING JPA DESIGNER 1.1 3 JPA Designermodules JPA Designerisamodularprogram, soyouneedonlybuythemoduleswhichgiveyou thefunctionsyouwanttouse: thecurrentmodulesare: • SAP 2010 – calculates SAP ratings to the SAP 9.90 specification and tests new dwellingsforcompliancewiththerequirementsofBuildingRegulationsandBuildingStandards. (ThismodulewillalsocalculateSAP ratingstoSAP 9.81, 9.80and 9.70.) • Uvalue2010 –calculatesU-valuesofbuildingelementstakingaccountofrepeating thermalbridgesusingthemethodsinISO 6946forexposedfloors, wallsandroofs, andthemethodinISO 13770forgroundfloorsandbasements. Italsocalculates κ-values. • Uvalue 2010 Professional – analyses the risk of interstitial condensation to ISO 13788andcarriesoutelementalU-valuecalculationstoISO 6946andISO 13770, and κ-valuecalculations. WhenyoubuyalicenceforaJPA Designermoduleyouwillreceiveakeycodetoenable youtousethatmodule. Theothermodulesontheprogramwillbevisible, butwillonly workindemonstrationmodeandwillnotdisplaycalculationresults. Youcan, ofcourse, purchaseadditionalmodulesatanytime. 1.2 Gettinghelp ThismanualhasbeendesignedtoprovideeasyreferencetoallthefeaturesofJPA Designer. Themanualusesthefollowingconventions: • <angledbrackets> forkeysonthecomputerkeyboard, e.g.the <Enter> key. • the + signindicatesyoushouldholddownonekeywhilepressinganother, e.g. <Alt+F> means`holddownthe <Alt> keywhilepressingthe <F> key'. • Boldtype indicatespartsofJPA Designer'sscreendisplays, e.g.the Ventilationrate dialogue. • Menu>option indicatestheoptioninthemenuontheprogram'smenubar, e.g.Select Edit>Primaryheatingsystem means selectthe Primaryheatingsystem option fromthe Edit menu. Thismanualusesthefollowingspecialterms: • Dialogue(dialoguebox): asmallwindowwhichdisplaysboxesorbuttonsforenteringdata. • Radiobutton: asetoftwoormorerelatedbuttons-youcanonlyselectoneata time. CHAPTER1. INTRODUCING JPA DESIGNER 4 • Tickbox: aboxwhichshowswhetherornotaparticularsettingison(ticked)oroff (notticked). • Textbox: anareaonadialogueinwhichyoucantypewordsornumbers. • Drop-down: aboxonadialoguewhichcanbeexpandedtoshowanumberof pre-setoptions, usuallybyclickinganarrowontheright-handsideofthebox. TherearemanyfunctionsofJPA Designerwhichcanbeaccessedusingboththemenus andthetoolbars: inaddition, somemayalsohavekeyboardshortcuts. Topreventthis manualbecomingrepetitivewegenerallyreferonlytothemenus. Ifyouhaveaproblemwiththe functioning ofthesoftwarepleasefollowthesesteps: • Download and install the latest version of JPA Designer from our web site (section 2.2 forinstructions)andseeifthatresolvestheproblem. • ChecktheforumandFAQ onourwebsite(http://forum.techlit.co.uk)toseeifthe problemisaddressedthere. • Iftheproblempersists, emaildetailsoftheproblemto [email protected]. Please include details of your computer system and attach sample files or PDF outputs wherepossible. Wewillrespondassoonaswecan. Ifyouhavedifficulty using theprogram(forexample, youareuncertainhowtotreatan integralgarageinaSAP calculation)pleasefollowthesesteps: • Consulttheprogrammanualoron-linehelpsystem; • ChecktheforumandFAQ onourwebsite(http://forum.techlit.co.uk)toseeifthe queryisaddressedthere; • ConsulttheofficialSAP specificationandassociateddocuments. • IfyouarenewtoU-valueorSAP calculationsyoushouldconsiderattendingoneour trainingcourses, whichprovideathoroughintroductiontothesoftwareanditsuse. Weofferdistancelearning, on-lineandlivetrainingsessions(www.techlit.co.uk/training) 2 Gettingstarted ThissectionofthemanualdescribeshowtoinstallJPA DesigneronyourPC andexplains howtheuserregistrationandon-linelicencecheckingsystemswork. Italsoincludes instructionsonupdatingyourcopyofJPA Designer. 2.1 Systemrequirements JPA DesignerrequiresaPC runningWindowsXP orlater. ThePC willrequireanregular internet connection to check the validity of your licence, to update the BRE Product CharacteristicsDatabasefortheSAP 2009moduleandtoissueEPCs. JPA Designer can run on Intel-based Apple Macintosh computers using virtualisation software (such as Parallels orVMWare), or through Bootcamp. However, we do not guaranteetheprogramwillrunonsuchsystems, nordoweoffertechnicalsupport. 2.2 Installation ToinstallJPA DesigneronyourPC: 1. Gotoourwebsiteatwww.techlit.co.ukand rightclick onthelinklabelled downloadJPA Designer: select Savelinkas (forFirefox)or Savetargetas (forInternet Explorer). 2. Savetheinstallerfile jsetup990.exe toyourPC (werecommenddownloadingthe filetotheDesktop). Thedownloadisabout13MB. 3. Whenthedownloadiscompletedoubleclickonthefile jsetup990.exe. TheInstallShieldWizardconfiguresitselfand, afterafewmomentsopens. Youmayseeasecuritywarningthatthepublisherofthefilecouldnotbeidentified. Ifyoudo, click Run tocontinuetheinstallationprocess. 4. Click Next tocontinuewithinstallation. Theinstallerdisplaysthe Customerinformation screen. 5. Enteryournameandcompanynameand, usingtheradiobuttons, selectwhether youwantJPA Designertobeavailabletoalluseraccountsonthecomputer, orjust one. (Werecommendyouselect all.) Click Next. 5 CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 6 Figure 2.1: TheProjectManagerwindow 6. Atthe ChooseDestinationLocation screenwerecommendyouacceptthedefault settingsandinstallJPA Designerintothefolder c:\programfiles\jpatl\jpadesigner 981. Click Next. The installer will now copy the JPA Designer files onto your computer. 7. Wheninstallationhasfinishedthe SetupComplete screenisdisplayed. Tickthe boxlabelled Launchtheprogram andclick Finish. Theinstallerwillcloseand JPA Designer willopen, showingyouthe ProjectManager window. 2.3 Userregistration InordertouseJPA Designeryoumustentervaliduserregistrationdetailsandtheprogram mustbeabletocheckthestatusofyourlicenceagainstourlicensingdatabase. WhenyoufirstinstallJPA Designertheprogramrunsin demonstrationmode andwill notdisplaytheresultsofcalculations, norallowEPCstobelodged. Inordertoaccess thefullfunctionalityofthesoftwareyoumustentertheusername(s)andkeycode(s)you receivedwhenyouboughtalicenceforoneormoreprogrammodules. Toenterlicencekeycodes: 1. Atthe ProjectManager window(Figure 2.1)select Edit>UserandSecurityCodes fromthemenubar. The UserRegistration dialogueopens(Figure 2.2. 2. Foreachmoduleyouhavelicensed, enterthecompanynameandkeycode, exactly assuppliedbyJPA TL Ltd. Ifyouhavelicensedtwomodulesmakesureyouputthe keycodesagainstthecorrectmodules. Thecompanynameiscasesensitiveandshouldbewrittenexactlyasshown: so if, for example, you enter Limited, when the company name with the key code contained Ltd theprogramwillnotacceptthekeycode. Inthekeycode, 1=oneand0=zero. CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 7 Figure 2.2: Userregistration 2.4 On-linelicencechecking Because licences for JPA Designer generally run for a year the program has to check whetheryourlicenceisstillvalid. Itdoesthisbycontactingouron-linelicensingdatabase andcheckingtheexpirydateformodule. The program will try to check the database the first time you open a SAP or U-value calculationaftertheprogramitselfhasbeenlaunched. • Ifthecheckissuccessfulthelicenceisvalidthemodulewillopen(theprogramwill recordthedateandtimeofthatsuccessfulcheck). • Ifthecheckissuccessfulandthelicenceisnotvalidthecalculationwillnotopen. • Iftheprogramisunabletoconnectwiththedatabase(forexample, becauseyou are using your lap-top away from your office) it will look at the date of the last successfulcheck: ifthatislessthansevendaysagothenitwillopenthemodule. • Iftheprogramisunabletoconnectwiththedatabaseandthelastsuccessfulcheck ismorethansevendaysagothenitwill not openthemodule. IfyouoftenuseJPA Designerawayfromtheofficetherearetwofeaturesyoucanuseto preventproblemswiththelicencecheck: • The ProjectManager toolbardisplaysthelengthoftimesincethelastsuccessful licencecheck: providedthevaluesshownare green themodulewillopen. • The Checklicenceon-line buttononthetoolbarwillforcealicencecheckand re-setthetimesincethelastchecktozero. Youshouldforceacheckifyouexpect nottohaveaninternetconnectionforafewdays. CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 8 Figure 2.3: TheAboutdialogueshowingtheversionnumber 2.5 Updates JPA Designeriscontinuallybeingdevelopedtointroducenewfeatures: togetthebest from the program it is worth making sure you are using the latest version. To check whetherthereisalaterversionavailableyoushouldcomparetheversionnumbershown onourwebsite(www.techlit.co.uk)withthatoftheprogramyouareusing: youcanfind theversionnumberbyselecting Help>About fromthemenubarinJPA Designer. Highernumbersandlettersindicatelaterreleases, withcharacterscomingearlierinthe namebeingmoreimportantthatlaterones: so4.05a1willbemorerecentthan4.04c2, and4.05b1morerecentthan4.04a4. Thethreedigit Build numberindicatesaminor changeinaversion. Figure 2.3 showsthe About dialogueforJPA Designertogetherwith theversionnumberonthewebsite: inthiscasethesoftwareisuptodate, asbothversion numbersarethesame. Theprocessforupdatingthesoftwareisidenticaltothatoforiginallyinstallingit, butwith theadditionalstepof uninstalling yourcurrentversionofJPA Designerbeforeinstalling thenewversion. ToupdateJPA Designer: 1. UsetheWindows Add/RemovePrograms or Uninstallprograms controlpanelto uninstallthecurrentversionofJPA Designer. Uninstallingthecurrentversionwillnotaffectyourcalculationfiles. 2. DownloadandinstallthenewversionofJPA Designerfollowingtheinstructionsin section 2.2. 2.6 OpeningandclosingJPA Designer ToopenJPA Designer: CHAPTER2. GETTING STARTED 9 • Select Start>Programs>JPA Designer>JPA Designer fromtheWindows Start button. TocloseJPA Designer: • Select File>Exit fromtheJPA Designermenubar. Theprogramwillpromptyouto closeanyfileswhichhavenotbeensaved. 2.7 UninstallingJPA Designer TouninstallJPA Designer: 1. OpentheWindows Add/Removeprograms controlpanel(toaccessControlPanels select Settings>ControlPanels fromthe Start button). 2. SelectJPA Designerinthe Add/RemoveProgramsProperties dialogueandclick Add/Remove. Windowswilluninstalltheprogramfilesandremoveitsicons. ThatwillnotremoveanyJPA Designerprojectfiles. 3 Managingprojectsandcalculations JPA Designerorganisesandsavescalculationsinprojectfiles, whichhavetheextension JDP.YoucansavemultipleSAP andU-valuecalculationsinthesamefile. Calculationsarecreated, savedandmanagedintheJPA Designer ProjectManager window(Figure 2.1), whichlistsallthecalculationsinthecurrentproject. 3.1 Startinganewproject WheneveryoustartJPA Designertheprogramcreatesanewblankprojectwhichyou canstartusingstraightaway. Youcanalsocreateanewprojectatanytimebyselecting File>NewProject fromthemainmenu, orclickingthe NewProject buttononthetoolbar. Youcanchangethedefaultprojectname A blankproject tosomethingmoreuseful: 1. Clickonceontheprojectnamethenselect Edit>Renameselecteditem. The Project name dialogueopens(Figure 3.1). 2. Enterthenewnameforyourproject, thenclickOK. 3. Theprojectisrenamed Theprojectnamedoesnotaffectthecalculationsinanyway. Figure 3.1: Changingthenameofaproject 10 CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 11 Figure 3.2: TheProjectAddressdialogue 3.2 Addingprojectaddressdetails JPA Designercanstoreclientandsitedetailsforaproject, whichyoucanthencopytoall theindividualcalculationswithinthatproject. Youcanenterandeditthatinformation usingthe ProjectAddress dialogue(Figure 3.2). Youcanalsostoreclientinformation andreuseitlater. Toaddorchangeprojectinformation: 1. From the menu bar select Edit>Project Address. The Project Address dialogue opens. 2. Enterthedatabytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab> keytomove betweenfields. Do nottryto enter datain the top lefthand box: thisbox is used for retrieving detailsyouhavepreviouslystored. 3. Ifyouwanttostoretheclientdetailstore-uselaterclick Addtoclients. 4. Click OK whenyouhaveenteredallthedatayouneed. Tore-useexistingclientdatasimplyclickonthedrop-downinthe Projectinformation dialogueandselectaclientfromthelist(Figure 3.3). Ifyouneedtoeditthestoreddetailsclick Editclientslist thenmakethechangesinthe EditClients dialogue. CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 12 Figure 3.3: Theclientnameandaddressdrop-down 3.3 Savingprojects JPA Designerprojectaresavedinthesamewayasanyotherfile: 1. Fromthemenubarselect File>SaveProject. The SaveAs dialogueopens. 2. Selectthefolderintowhichtheprojectshouldbesaved, enteranamefortheproject file. BydefaultJPA Designerwilladdtheextension JDP toallfilenames. 3. Click Save. JPA Designersavestheprojectanddisplaysthefilenameontheprogram titlebar. BydefaultJPA DesignerwillsavefilesintotheJPA Designerfolder(usually c:\Program Files\JPATL\JPA Designer981). Youcanspecifyadifferentdefaultfolderusingthe Options dialogue(see section 3.12). Werecommendyouhaveadailyback-upscheduleforyourdata. 3.4 Openingprojects Toopenanexistingproject: 1. Fromthemenubarselect File>Openproject. The Open dialogueopens. 2. Selectthefileyouwanttoworkwith, thenclick Open. Theprojectopensinthe ProjectManager window. 3.5 Addingcalculationstoaproject Youcanaddnewcalculationstoaprojectinthe ProjectManager window. ToaddanewU-valuecalculationtoaproject: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>U-valuecalculation. The Description dialogue opens(Figure 3.4). CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 13 Figure 3.4: TheDescriptiondialogue 2. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. warmroof, and click OK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject. ToaddanewSAP calculationtoaproject: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Dwelling/SAP (v9.812005)calculation>Single dwelling. The Description dialogueopens(Figure 3.4). 2. Typeanameforthecalculationinthe Description dialogue, e.g. Plot23, andclick OK.Thenewcalculationisaddedtotheproject. YoucanalsousetheInsertmenutoinsertcalculationstoversions9.81, 9.80and9.70of SAP,aswellasSAP calculationsformultipledwellings. 3.6 Openingandclosingcalculations ToopenaU-valueorSAP calculationfromthe ProjectManager window, either: • doubleclickonthecalculationname; or, • clickonceonthecalculationname, thenfromthemenubarselect Edit>Selected item. Tocloseacalculationandreturntothe Projectmanager windowclickthe Projectmanager buttononthetoolbar. 3.7 Duplicatingcalculations Ifyouwanttoprepareacalculationwhichisverysimilartoanexistingcalculationin aprojectyoucanduplicatethecalculationandthenmakeyourchangestothecopy, withoutaffectingtheoriginalcalculation. Toduplicateacalculation: 1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Duplicateitem. The Description dialogueopens. 3. Type a name for the duplicate calculation and click OK. A copy of the original calculationisaddedtotheproject. Youcannowworkwiththeduplicatecalculationintheusualway. CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 3.8 14 Renamingcalculations Tochangethenameofacalculation: 1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Renameselecteditem. The Name dialogueopens. ForaU-valuecalculationthedialoguewillthetitled U-valueName andforaSAP calculationitwillbetitled SAP name. 3. Enteranewnameforthecalculationandclick OK.The ProjectManager window showsthenewname. Changingthenameofthecalculationwillnotaffectthecalculationresults. 3.9 Deletingcalculations CalculationscanbedeletedfromJPA Designerprojects. WARNING:thereisnowayofrecoveringadeletedcalculation. Todeleteacalculation: 1. Inthe ProjectManager windowclickonceonthecalculationtoselectit. 2. From the menu bar select Edit>Delete selected item. JPA Designer asks you to confirmthedeletion. 3. Click Yes todeletethecalculationor No toabandonthedeletion. Ifyouclick Yes thecalculationisremovedfromtheproject. 3.10 Mergingprojects Tohelpyoure-useSAP andU-valuecalculationsJPA Designerallowsyoutomergeall thecalculationsinanexistingprojectintothecurrentlyopenproject. Thiscanbeuseful ifyouhaveanumberofstandardcalculationsstoredindifferentprojectswhichyouneed tobringtogetherforaparticularjob. Tomergecalculationsfromoneprojectintoanother: 1. In ProjectManager openorcreatetheprojectyouwantto receive thecalculations. 2. Fromthemenubarselect File>MergeaprojectfromdiskintothisProject. The Open dialogueappears. 3. Selectthefilewhich contains thecalculationsandclick Open. JPA Designeradds thecalculationstothecurrentprojectandliststheminthe ProjectManager window. Youcannoweditthemwithoutaffectingtheoriginalproject. CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 3.11 15 Importingandupgradingcalculations JPA DesignercanconvertSAP calculationscarriedoutunderoneversionofSAP toa laterversionofSAP.YoumayneedtodothiswhentheBuildingRegulationscompliance calculationisbasedonapreviousversionofSAP,buttheEPC hastobeissuedusingthe currentversionofSAP.Theprogramtakesacopyofthedatafromtheoriginalcalculation andconvertsthecopytothelatestversion, leavingtheoriginalcalculationuntouched. Youcan: • convertSAP 9.81calculationstoSAP 9.90; • convertSAP 9.70calculationstoSAP 9.80/9.81; • importSAP 9.60calculationsfromJPA SAP v2andconverttoSAP 9.70. IneachcaseyoucanconvertthecalculationfromanolderversionofSAP toamore recentversion, butyoucannotconvertacalculationtoanolderversionofSAP. ToconvertaSAP 9.81/9.80calculationtoSAP 9.90: 1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 9.81calculation. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP 9.8x2005dwellingtoV9.90 2009. 3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 9.90calculation. Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.90. ToconvertaSAP 9.70calculationtoSAP 9.80: 1. Inthe ProjectManager windowselecttheSAP 9.70calculation. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>CopyselectedSAP 9.702001toSAP 9.802005 dwelling. 3. JPA DesignercreatesacopyoftheoriginalcalculationasaSAP 9.80calculation. Thecopyhasthesamenameastheoriginal, butappendedwith SAP version9.80. The9.80calculationcanthenupdatedto9.81bytickingthe SAP version9.81 box inthe ProjectInformation dialogueintheSAP module(see section 16.6) 4. Whenyouopenthe9.80calculationyouwillbepromptedtoaddadditionaldetails whichwerenotrequiredbytheearlierversionofSAP. CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 3.12 16 Programoptions TherearemanywaysinwhichyoucancustomisetheperformanceandoutputsofJPA Designer. Mostoftheoptionsarecontrolledfromthe Options dialogue. Toopenthe Options dialogue, in ProjectManager select Options fromthemenubar. TheOptionsdialogueboxhasfourtabs: General: • Printermargins: enablesyoutosetthepagemargins. Ifyouareusingheadedpaper youcansetthetopmarginforthefirstpagetobegreaterthanthatofthesecond page, whichcanbeprintedoncontinuationpaperorblankpaper. • Companynameandaddress: thedetailsenteredherewillappearonprintoutsand PDFsofU-valueandSAP calculations. • Options: selectwhichitemswhichshouldappearontheprintoutsanddetermine whethertheprogramshouldattempttomakeabackupcopyoftheprojectfile. • UvalueDisclaimer: enterthedisclaimertexttoappearonprintoutsandPDFsof U-valuecalculations. • SAP/Nondwelldisclaimer: enterthedisclaimertexttoappearonprintoutsand PDFsofSAP andNondwellcalculations. • DefaultSAP location: determineswhichregulationswillbeusedforSAP calculations: currentlythechoicesareEnglandandWales, ScotlandorNorthernIreland. • Start-upfolder: setsthedefaultfolderforsavingandopeningprojectfiles. • Checkforprogrammeupdates: letsyouspecifywhetherornotthesoftwarewill checkforupdatedversionsofJPA Designer. Formoreinformationsee section 2.5. Logoandsignature: • Logoposition: JPA Designercanaddyourcompanylogotoprintouts. Usethese settingstodeterminethepositionofthelogo. Thelogofilemustbea256colour bitmapwiththefileextensionBMP,anditmustbeintheJPA Designerfolder. Enter thenameofthefileinthetextbox: donotincludethepath(e.g.enter logo.bmp not c:\Programfiles\JPATL\JPA Designer981\logo.bmp). • Addressposition: Thesesettingsdeterminethepositionofyourcompanyaddress onprintoutsandPDFs. Entertheaddressitselfinthe General tab. • Certificatesignatureposition: JPA Designercanincludeadigitisedsignatureon printoutsofSAP calculations. Usethesesettingstodeterminethepositionofthe signature. Thesignaturefilemustbea256colourbitmapwiththefileextension, andmustbestoredinthesamefolderastheprogramfiles. TheSAP certificateisonlyusedwithSAP 2001, version9.70. CHAPTER3. MANAGING PROJECTS AND CALCULATIONS 17 • TIMSA Logo: ifyouareamemberoftheBBA/TIMSA U-valueaccreditationscheme youcanaddtheschemelogotoyouprintouts. Thelogomustbea256colour bitmapwiththefileextension, andmustbestoredinthesamefolderastheprogram files. Tickthe Default boxifyouwantthelogotobeincludedonallU-valueprintouts. Email: In future versions of the program you will be able to email calculations directly from JPA Designer. Thereisnoneedtoprovidethisinformationinthecurrentversionofthe program. Other: The Other tabletsyouset: • thedefaultthermalconductivityofthescreedinabeamandblockfloorconstruction; • calculating the effect of mechanical fasteners in U-value calculations using the methodinBS EN ISO 6946:2007. • the location of the SAP preview window, together with it length (this is not the sizeofthewindowonscreen, buttheamountofscrollablespaceallocatedtothe preview–alongpreviewishelpfulifyouwanttoviewthecalculationresultson screenwhenyourcalculationhasalargenumbersofelementsandopenings). • whetherEPCsarelodgedinLandmark'stestorliveenvironments(thisismainly usedbyJPA TL andaccreditationschemesfortestingsystems). PartII U-valuecalculations 18 4 TheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules JPA DesignerofferstwoU-valuemodules: • Uvalue2010 calculatesU-valuesforwalls, roofsandintermediatefloorsusingthe combinedmethod(BS EN ISO 6946)andalsocalculatesU-valuesforgroundfloors toBS EN ISO 13370. • Uvalue2010Professional hasthefunctionalityofUvalue2010andalsoperforms condensationriskanalysisusingthemethodssetoutinBS EN ISO 13788:2002and BS 5250:1989AppendixD. UvaluecalculationsarecarriedoutintheUvaluemoduleby: 1. Enteringprojectinformation(section 4.1). 2. Entering key information about the building element, such as the element type (e.g.wall, floor, roof)andanyspecialconstructiontypes(e.g.metalframe)(chapter 5); 3. Definingthedifferentlayerswhichmakeuptheelement(chapter 7); 4. Addingcorrectionfactorsforfactorssuchasmechanicalfastenersandairgapsin insulationlayers(chapter 8). 5. Printingcalculationresults, orcreatingPDF filesoftheresultsforemailing(chapter 12). Youcantesttheeffectdifferentmaterialshaveonthethermalperformanceoftheelement byusingthevariablelayerfeature(section 9.4). 19 CHAPTER4. THE JPA DESIGNER U-VALUE MODULES 4.1 20 Uvalueprojectinformation JPA Designercanstoreanddisplayclientandprojectdetailsforeachcalculation. You caneithercopyclientandprojectdetailswhichyouenteredinthe ProjectInformation dialogueinthe ProjectManager window, oryoucanenternewdataintheUvaluemodules. Youcanalsosaveandre-useclientdata(section 3.2). TocopyprojectdetailsfromProjectManager: 1. In the Uvalue module select Edit>Project Information from the menu bar. The ProjectInformation dialogueopens. 2. Clickthe Inherit button. AnyinformationyouenteredinProjectManageriscopied tothe ProjectInformation dialoguehere. 3. Click OK. Toenternewprojectdetails: 1. In the Uvalue module select Edit>Project Information from the menu bar. The ProjectInformation dialogueopens. 2. Enterprojectinformationbytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab> key to move between fields. Click OK when you have entered all the data you need. 5 Constructiondetails The thermal performance of building element will be affected by the type of element anditspositionwithinabuilding. Theseconditionsaresetinthe U-valueConstruction dialogue(Figure 5.1), whichacceptsdetailsof: • Thetypeofelement(e.g.roof, wall, floor), togetherwithadditionalinformationfor someelements(section 5.1). • Theconditionsattheinternalandexternalssurfaces(see section 5.2). • Detailsofanylightsteelframeconstruction(see section 9.1). • Detailsofbuiltuproofingorcladding(see section 9.2). • Correctionsfactorsforfastenersandunheatedspaces(see section 8.5). Toenterdata: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens. 2. Enteryourdataandclick OK. Forsomeconstructions, suchasthosewithmechanicalfasteners, youmayfinditeasier toentersomeofthedataintheconstructiondialogue after youhaveenteredthelayers oftheelement. 5.1 Elementtype JPA Designerrecognisesseveraltypesofelementwhichhavetobetreateddifferentlyin thecalculationprocess. Usetheradiobuttonsinthe Elementtype sectiontoselectthe typeoffloor, wallorroof. Forsomeelementsthereareoptionsforenteringadditional information. Theavailableelementtypesare: • Flatroof. A roofwithapitchtypicallylessthan15°. Thereisanoptiontoenter dataforaninvertedroof(section 9.3). 21 CHAPTER5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 22 Figure 5.1: TheU-valueConstructiondialogue • Pitched roof with horizontal ceiling. Typically a `cold roof' with the insulation appliedbetweenandovertheceilingjoists. Youmustenterthepitch(angle)ofthe roof, measuredfromthehorizontal. • Pitched roof with ceiling at rafter line. A `warm roof' with the insulation in the planeoftherafters. • Wall. Anyconstructionatanangleofmorethan70°tothehorizontal. Thereisan optiontoenterdataforthefixingsinrainscreencladding(section 8.4). • Floorotherthangroundfloor. A flooroveranopenspace(e.g.aparkingbay)oran unheatedspace(e.g.anenclosedgarage). • Solidgroundfloor. A floorwhichiscontactwiththegroundacrossitswholearea, suchasgroundbearingconcreteslab. • Suspendedgroundfloor. A floorwithaventilatedspacebelowthefloordeck, such asabeamandblockfloorortimberjoistfloor. • Basementfloor. • Basementwall. CHAPTER5. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS 23 Youmayalsoenteradescriptionfortheelementinthe Description box, orselectone fromthedrop-downlist. Thedescriptiondoesnotaffectthecalculation 5.2 Internalandexternalsurfaces U-valuecalculationsincludeallowancesfortheeffectsofthethermalresistancesofthe thinlayersofaironeithersideoftheconstruction; thesurfaceresistances. Thoseresistancesareaffectedbythedirectionofheatflowthroughtheconstructionandtheemissivityoftheexposedsurfaces. Thesurfaceresistancesusedinthecalculationareshowninthetwo SurfaceResistance boxes. Theprogramautomaticallyadjuststhesurfaceresistancesaccordingtothetype ofelementbeingconsidered(section 5.1)andtheemissivityofthesurfaces, usingthe valuesfromBS EN ISO 6946shownin Table 5.1. Thedefaultemissivitysettingis highemissivity: asvirtuallyeverycommonlyspecified surfacematerialhasahighemissivitythereisrarelyanyneedtochangethedefault. Table 5.1: Thermalresistances 5.3 Heatflow Element Horizontal Upwards Downwards Wall Roof Floor Internalresistance(Rsi) Externalresistance(Rse) 0.13 0.10 0.17 0.04 0.04 0.04 Lightsteelframeconstructiontype U-values forlight steel frame structures have to be calculated using a special method whichallowsforthehighthermalconductivityofsteel. The Lightsteel-frameConstructionType sectionindicateswhetherthestructurehasalightsteelframe, andifso, whether itisofwarmorcoldconstruction. Fornon-steelframestructuresensure Notalightsteelframeconstruction isselected. For instructionsforcalculatingU-valuesoflightsteelframestructuressee section 9.1. 5.4 Builtupmetalroofingandcladdingsystems U-valuesforbuilt-upmetalroofingandcladdingsystemshavetobecalculatedbyaspecialmethodwhichtakesaccountofthethermalbridgingeffectsoftherailsandbrackets. Ifthecalculationisforabuilt-upwallorrooftickthe Built-upmetalroof/wall boxand see section 9.2 forinstructionsoncompletingthecalculation. Otherwiseleavethebox blank. 6 Workingwithlayers A U-valuecalculationisbuiltupbyinsertinglayerswhichcorrespondtothedifferent materialsintheconstruction. Forexample, aU-valuecalculationforacavitywallwould havealayertorepresenteachof: • theoutsidesurfaceresistance; • theouterleafofbrickwork; • thecavity; • thecavityinsulation; • theinnerleafofmasonry; • theplasterfinish; • theinternalsurfaceresistance. Youcanaddlayerstothecalculationbyinsertingmaterialsfromtheprogram'sextensive database, which includes data for generic materials and cavities, as well as branded productsfromanumberofmanufacturers. Formanycommonconstructionsitispossible toinsertallthelayersfromthedatabase. Ifyoucannotfindamaterialinthedatabasethenyoucaninsertablanklayerandedit theinformationyourself. 6.1 InsertinglayersfromtheProductsdatabase TheProductsdatabasecontainsawiderangeofmaterialsandcavitiesforuseinU-value calculationsandisaccessedusingthe ProductsDatabase window(Figure 6.1). The ProductsDatabase windowhasthreemainparts: • The Categories box, whichisusedtoselectthetypeofmaterialyouwanttouse. Categoriesofbrandedmaterialsareshownin bold, categoriesofgenericmaterials innormaltextandusercategoriesin italics (see chapter 14 forinformationonadding yourownmaterials). 24 CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS 25 Figure 6.1: TheProductsDatabasewindow • The Products box, whichyouusetoselectamaterialfromaparticularcategory. • The Construction boxwhichshowstheorderoflayersintheconstruction. ToinsertlayersusingtheProductsDatabase: 1. Selecttheexistinglayerwhichwillbe below thenewlayer. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Layerfromdatabase (orclickthe Database button onthetoolbar). The ProductsDatabase dialogueopens. 3. Usethescrollbaronthe Categories boxtofindthemanufacturerortypeofmaterial youneed, thenclickonceonthatcategory. The Products boxshowsthematerial inthatcategory. 4. Clickonamaterialtoselectit, thenclickthe Addtoconstruction button(alternativelyyoucandoubleclickonthematerialinthe Productsbox). The Thickness dialogueopens. CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS 26 If the material has a set thickness the layer will be added without the Thickness dialogueopening. 5. Enterthethicknessofthelayerthenclick OK.The Construction boxnowshows thenewlayer. 6. Youcannowaddmorelayersfromthedatabase, usingthe Construction boxto controlthepositionofthenewlayers. 7. Whenyouhavefinishedaddinglayersclickthe Close button. Themain Uvalue windownowshowsthecalculationwiththenewlayersadded. Ifyouarenotsurewhichcategoryaparticularmaterialbelongstoyoucanusethe Search buttontofindit. Youcanusethe OnlyshowMydatabase boxtomakethesoftwareonlyshowcategories whichyouhaveadded. If you have assigned short codes to materials you can view database items sorted accordingtotheshortcodebyclickingthesortbyshortcodecheckboxinthe Products Database dialogue. Youcanuseshortcodestoselectmaterialsbyenteringacodein the ShortCode textboxthenclickingthe Addtoconstruction button: howevertheshort codesystemisnotingeneraluse. 6.2 Insertingblanklayersinacalculation Toinsertanewblanklayer: 1. Selecttheexistinglayerwhichwillbe below thenewlayer. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Blanklayer (alternativelyyoucanpress <Insert>). Thenewblanklayerisaddedtothecalculation above theexistinglayer. 3. Doubleclickonthelayertoopenitforediting. Becausetheprograminsertsnewlayers above thecurrentlyselectedlayeritiseasiestto workfromoutsidetoinsideforwallandroofcalculationsandfrominsidetooutsidefor floorcalculations. 6.3 Cutting, copying, pastinganddeletinglayers Cuttingalayerfromthecalculationremovesthelayer, butkeepsthedetailsontheclipboard. Tocutalayer: 1. Clickonthelayertoselectit. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Cutlayertoclipboard (alternativelyclickthe Cut buttononthetoolbarorpress`<Ctrl+X>). Thelayerisremoved. CHAPTER6. WORKING WITH LAYERS 27 Copyingalayerinacalculationcopiesthelayertotheclipboardbutkeepstheoriginal layerinplace. Tocopyalayer: 1. Clickonthelayertoselectit. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Copylayertoclipboard (alternativelyclickthe Copy buttononthetoolbarorpress <Ctrl+C>). Thelayeriscopiedtotheclipboard. Pastingalayerinsertsthelayercurrentlyintheclipboardintothecalculation. Topastea layer: 1. Clickonthelayerwhichyouwanttobe below thepastedlayer. 2. Select Edit>Pastelayerfromclipboard fromthemenubar(alternativelyclickthe Paste button on the tool bar or press <Ctrl+V>). The layer is inserted into the calculation above theselectedlayer. Todeletealayer: 1. Clickonthelayeryouwishtodelete. 2. Press <Del>. 7 Workingwithmaterials Thepropertiesoflayersareenteredandeditedinthe EditMaterial dialogue(Figure 7.1). Thedialogueenablesyoutoset: • thebasiccharacteristicsofthematerial(section 7.1). • thetypeofmaterial(section 7.2). • detailsofthermalbridging(section 7.3). • anyairgapcorrection(section 8.2). Toeditthepropertiesofalayer: 1. Clickonthelayertoselect. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Layer (alternatively, doubleclickthelayer, orpress <Enter>). The EditMaterial dialogueopens. 3. Amendthedataforthelayerandclick OK. 7.1 Basiccharacteristics The Material sectioncontainsthebasicdataaboutthelayer, including: • Description: thenameofthematerialoradescription, whichappearsinthecalculation. • Shortcode: usedwiththedatabasetosortorentermaterials–notingeneraluse. • Category: notingeneraluse. • Thickness: crosssectionalthicknessofthelayer, measuredinmm. • Thermalconductivity: therateofconductionheattransferthrough1mofthematerial, measuredin W/mK. Sometimesreferredtoasthelambdavalueorkvalue. 28 CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 29 Figure 7.1: TheEditMaterialdialogue • Thermalresistance: theresistancetoheattransferprovidedbythelayer, measured in m2 K/W. • Vapourresistivity: therateoftransferofwatervapourthrough1mofthematerial, measuredin MNs/gm. • Vapourresistance: theresistancetowatervapourprovidedbythelayer, measured in MNs/g. Thefollowingtwovaluesareonlyrequiredfor κ-valuecalculations.. • Density: themasspercubicmetreofthematerial, measuredin kg/m3 . • Specificheatcapacity: theamountofenergyrequiredtoraisethetemperatureof onekilogramofthematerialbyoneKelvin(roughlyequivalentto1degreeCelcius). kJ/kg. 7.2 Typesofmaterialsandcavities Layerswithinbuildingelementshavedifferentcombinationsofproperties: JPA Designer recognises four types of material and three types of cavity. In addition, the program distinguishesbetweenmaterialswhicharethermalinsulationandthosewhicharenot. Therestofthissectiondescribesthetypesoflayerandthedatarequiredforeachone. CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 7.2.1 30 Normal Normalmaterialshavethesamecompositionallthewaythrough, sothethermalresistanceofanormallayerisdeterminedbythematerial'sconductivityandthickness. A normalmaterialrequiresthefollowinginformation: • Type: select Normal. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm. • Thermalconductivity: enterin W/mK. • Theprogramcalculatesthe Thermalresistance in m2 K/W. • Vapourresistivity: (onlyrequiredifyouwillbecarryingoutcondensationriskanalysis)enterin MNs/gm. • Theprogramcalculatesthe Vapourresistance in MNs/g. 7.2.2 Compositematerials Forcompositematerials, forexampleinsulation-backedplasterboard, thereisnodirect linkbetweentheconductivity, thicknessandthermalresistance. Youmustthereforeuse thethermalresistanceforthespecificconfigurationofthematerial(thiswillusuallybe suppliedbythemanufactureroftheproduct). A compositematerialrequiresthefollowing information: • Type: select Composite. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm. • Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W. • Vapour resistance: (only required if you will be carrying out condensation risk analysis)enterin MNs/g. 7.2.3 Fixedvapourresistancematerials Somematerials, suchasglassandmetals, haveveryhighvapourresistances, evenwhen usedinthinlayers. Toenablethevapourresistancetoberepresentedproperlyinthe calculationyoushouldenterthesematerialsas fixedvapourresistance. Thatwillbreak the link between the vapour resistance and the thickness, and so prevent the vapour resistancebeingreducedtoanunrealisticallylowlevelbytheminimalthickness. ForU-valuecalculationsmaterialswithfixedvapourresistancesbehavethesamewayas normalmaterials: youshouldonlyneedtousematerialwithfixedvapourresistancesin condensationriskcalculations. A fixedvapourresistancematerialrequiresthefollowing information: CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 31 • Type: select Fixedvapourresistance. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm. • Thermalconductivity: enterin W/mK. • Theprogramcalculatesthe Thermalresistance in m2 K/W. • Vapourresistance: enterin MNs/g. 7.2.4 Membranes Membranes, suchasvapourcontrollayersorvapouropenroofingunderlays, aretreated ashavingnothermalresistance. TheythereforehavenoeffectonU-valuecalculations, onlyaffectingcondensationriskanalysis. Membranesrequirethefollowinginformation: • Type: select Membrane. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Vapourresistance: enterin MNs/g. 7.2.5 Clearcavities Thethermalresistanceofacavityisnotcalculatedfromitsthickness, althoughitisaffectedbythedirectionofheatflowwithintheconstruction. Standardvaluesforcavities may be found in the Products Database and in publications such as BS 5250. Clear cavities, suchasthoseincavitywalls, requirethefollowinginformation. • Type: select Clearcavity. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm. • Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W. • Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00 MNs/g. 7.2.6 Bridgedcavities Bridgedcavities, suchasthoseinsometimberframedconstructions, aretreatedthesame asclearcavities, butwithbridgingdetailsadded(section 7.3). Bridgedcavitiesrequire thefollowinginformation. • Type: select Bridgedcavity. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm. • Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W. • Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00 MNs/g. Youwillalsoneedtoenterthebridgingdetails(section 7.3). CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 7.2.7 32 Ventedcavities Ventedcavities, suchasthebattenspaceinawarmpitchedroof, aretreatedthesameas clearcavities. Identifyingacavityasventedallowssomelayersoftheconstructiontobe ignoredforcondensationriskanalysis(forfurtherinformationsee chapter 13). Vented cavitiesrequirethefollowinginformation: • Type: select Ventedcavity. • Description : typeadescriptionofthelayer–thiswillappearontheprintout. • Thickness: enterinmillimetres, mm. • Thermalresistance: enterin m2 K/W. • Vapourresistance: cavitieshaveavapourresistanceof 0.00 MNs/g. 7.2.8 Thermalinsulation InordertocomplywiththerequirementsofEuropeanproductstandardsforfactorymanufacturedthermalinsulation(standardsBS EN 13162toBS EN 13172)JPA Designerrounds thethermalresistancevaluesforthermalinsulationdowntothenearest 0.05 m2 K/W. To ensuretheprogramdoesthiscorrectlyyoumusttickthe isthermalinsulation boxforall layersoffactorymanufacturedthermalinsulation. Theoriginalvalueforthermalresistancewillappearinthe Editmaterial dialoguewhilethe U-value windowwillshowthe roundedvalue. Foradditionalinformationontheroundingfeatureandinstructionson howtoturnitonoroffsee chapter 13. 7.3 Thermalbridging Thermalbridgesareformedwherethematerialinalayerisinterruptedbyasecondmaterialwithdifferentthermalconductivity, forexample, theinsulationinatimberframed wallisinterrupted(bridged)bythetimberstuds. Inmostcasesthermalbridgingincreases heatlossthroughthebridgedlayer(hencethecommonlyusedterm`coldbridge'). The effect of thermal bridges which occur regularly throughout a layer (repeating thermal bridges)hastobeincludedinU-valuecalculationsbyaddedthedetailsofthethermal bridgetoeachbridgedlayerusingthe Editmaterial dialogue. Thermalbridgingiseither: • one-dimensionale.g.timbersrunninginonedirection; or, • two-dimensionale.g.mortarjointswhichrunverticallyandvertically. Theinformationrequiredforsettingthermalbridgingincludes: • Thethermalconductivityofthebridgingmaterial: forcommonbridgematerials thiscanbesetalongwiththe Bridgedescription. CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 33 • Thewidthofthebridgingmaterial(Bridgewidth)andhorizontaldistancebetween bridges(Non-bridgewidth). Fortwo-dimensionalbridgingyouwillalsoneedto know the vertical distances between bridges (Non-bridge height). The software usesthosevaluestodeterminethe Proportionbridged. However, forsomeconstructionsyouwillthenneedtoadjustthe Proportionbridged toallowforadditionalbridgingmaterialsuchascrossnogginsandotherframingin timberframedwalls. YoucanfindrecommendedstandardproportionsintheBRE publicationBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations. • Thethicknessofthebridgingmaterial. Inmostcasesthebridgethicknesswillbe thesameasthatofthemainmaterialofthelayer. Toenterthermalbridgingdetails: 1. Usethe Bridgetype radiobuttonstodeterminewhetherthebridgingis 1dimensional or 2dimensional. The Editmaterial dialoguenowshowsthe Thermalbridge section. Ifyouarenotsurewhetherthebridgingisoneortwodimensionalclickingthe Help buttonwillopenaguidancewindow: theannotationonthehelpdiagramsmatch thoseonthedataentryboxes. 2. Selectthebridgingmaterialfromthe Bridgedescription drop-down. Theprogram setsthe Bridgethermalconductivity. Ifyouareusinganunusualbridgingmaterialyoucanenteryourowndescription, thenentertheconductivitymanually. 3. Enterthe Bridgewidth inmm. 4. Enterthe Non-bridgewidth inmm. 5. Fortwo-dimensionalbridgingenterthe Non-bridgeheight inmm. 6. Ifnecessary, changethe Proportionbridged valuetoastandardvalue. Thesoftware adjuststhe Bridgewidth accordingly. 7. Setthebridgethicknessbyselecting Followsmaterialthickness, orselecting Fixed at thenenteringthicknessinmm. Insomeconstructions–notablybuiltupmetalroofandwallcladding–therearetwo setsofthermalbridges. Toenterdetailsofasecondbridge: 1. Enterthedetailsforthefirstbridge. 2. Clickthe Secondbridge box. The Optionalsecondbridge sectionisdisplayed. 3. Selectthebridgingmaterialfromthe Bridgedescription drop-down. Theprogram setsthe Bridgethermalconductivity. Ifyouareusinganunusualbridgingmaterialyoucanenteryourowndescription, thenentertheconductivitymanually. CHAPTER7. WORKING WITH MATERIALS 34 4. Enterthe Bridgewidth inmm. Thesoftwareusesthe Non-bridgewidth forthefirst bridgetocalculatethe Proportionbridged. Non-bridgewidth=centre-to-centredistance-(bridge1+bridge2). 5. Whenthebridgingmaterialisairyoucanusethe Smallairspaceresistance button tocalculatethethermalresistanceofthebridge: enterthethicknessoftheairspace anditswidth–bothinmm–thenclick OK.Theresistanceisdisplayedinthe Bridge thermalresistance box. 8 Correctionfactors Whilst the U-value of an element depends largely upon the thermal properties of the layersofwhichitiscomposedthereareanumberofotherfactorswhichcanaffectthe rateofheatloss. Thoseareaddressedbyapplyingcorrectionfactorstothecalculation. Therearecorrectionfactorsfor: • Mechanicalfastenerswhichpenetrateinsulation, dUf(section 8.1); • Airgapsininsulationlayers, dUg(section 8.2). • Theeffectofrainwatercoolingoninvertedroofs, dUr(section 8.3; • Bracketsinrainscreencladdingsystems(section 8.4). • Insulationcompressioninbuiltupmetalroofingandcladding, dUp(section 9.2). Thecorrectionfactorsarecalculatedseparatelyfromthermalresistancesofthelayers, andarethenaddedtotherawU-value: however, ifthecorrectionfactorstotallessthan 3%oftherawU-valuethentheyareignoredincalculatingfinalU-value. Thevaluesfor correctionfactorsaredisplayedinthemainU-valuewindow, nexttothefinalU-value. ItisalsopossibletoadjusttheresultofaU-valuecalculationtoaccountfortheeffectof havinganunheatedspacetothecoldsideoftheconstruction(section 8.5). 8.1 Mechanicalfasteners Metalfastenerswhichpenetratelayersofthermalinsulationreducetheeffectivenessof theinsulation: thateffecthastobeincludedinU-valuecalculations, usingthecorrection factordUf1 . Commonconstructionswhichrequirethecorrectionare: • Cavitywallswithpartialorfull-fillcavityinsulation. • Warmpitchedroofswhereinsulationislaidovertheraftersandrestrainedbycounterbattensfixedbacktotherafters. 1 Notethatthecalculationmethodformechanicalfastenershaschangedfromversion4.04b1build 025onwards, andnowusesthemethodinBS EN ISO 6946:2007. 35 CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 36 Figure 8.1: Dataentryboxesforthemechanicalfastenerscorrection • Warmflatroofswheretheinsulationand/orthewaterproofmembraneismechanicallyfixedtothedeck. Thereisnoneedtoapplyacorrection: • toconstructionswithoutfasteners, e.g.solidmasonrywalls; • forfastenerswithbothendsincontactwithmetalsheets; • forwalltiesacrossanemptycavity; • forwalltiesbetweenamasonryleafandtimberstuds; • where thethermal conductivityof the fastener, or part of it, is less than 1W/mK (suchasplasticties). ThecorrectionfactordUfiscalculatedfrom: • Thethermalresistanceofthebridgedlayerandtheelementitself. • The alphacoefficient whichis0.8forthestandardcaseofanon-recessedfastener. Alphacanbeadjustedforrecessedfastenersorfastenerswhichpenetratetheinsulationatanangle: SeeISO 6946:2007sectionD.3.2. • The thermalconductivityofthefastener: typically 17 W/mK forstainlesssteeland 60 W/mK formildsteel. • The numberoffastenerspersquaremetre. • The crosssectionalareaofthefastener: typicaldoubletriangletieshaveacross sectionalareaof 11.3 mm2 (basedon3.8mmdiameter). Toenterdataformechanicalfasteners: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens. 2. Usethedrop-downtoselectthe Layerbridgedbymechanicalfasteners. 3. In the Correction for mechanical fasteners section either use the drop-down to selectoneofthestandardfastenertypesorentertheindividualitemsofdataforthe fasteners. Toviewthedefaultvaluesclickthe Help button. 4. Wherethefastenerisrecessed, enterthelengthofthefastenerthatpenetratesthe insulationlayer, inmm. CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 37 Figure 8.2: Correctingforairgapsininsulationlayers 8.2 Airgapcorrection Air movement through and around an insulation layer will reduce its thermal performance. TheeffectofthatreductionisincludedintheU-valuecalculationbyacorrection factor, dUg, whichisderivedfromtherelativethermalresistancesoftheinsulationlayer andtheconstructionasawhole, andfromacoefficientdU'',whichrepresentsthesize ofgapsintheinsulationlayer. ValuesfordU' • Wherenoairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandnoaircirculationispossible onitswarmside, dU'' = 0.00 W/m2 K. • Wheresomeairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandnoaircirculationispossible onitswarmside, dU'' = 0.01 W/m2 K. • Wheresomeairgapspenetratetheinsulationlayerandsomeaircirculationispossibleonitswarmside, dU'' = 0.04 W/m2 K. A valuefordU'' mustbesetfor every insulationlayer. Tocorrectforairgaps: 1. InthemainU-valuewindowdoubleclickontheinsulationlayer. The Editmaterial dialogueopens. 2. EntertheappropriatevaluefordU'' inthe dU'' box(see Figure 8.2). thenclick OK. Clickthe Help buttontoviewthestandardvaluesfordU''.Inmanycasesthedefault valueofzeroisappropriate. 8.3 Rainwatercooling Invertedroofs–orprotectedmembraneroofs–havesomeorallofthethermalinsulation installedoverthetopofthewaterproofmembranewhereitisrestrainedbyaggregate orotherballast. Rainwaterfallingoninvertedroofscanpercolatebetweeninsulation boardstothewaterproofingmembrane, whereitwillincreasetherateofheatloss. The reductioninperformanceisrepresentedwithinaU-valuecalculationbytherainwater coolingcorrectionfactor, dUr, whichiscalculatedfrom: • Theaveragerateofrainfallduringtheheatingseason, p (mm/day); • A drainagefactor, f, whichrepresentsthefractionof p whichreachesthewaterproofingmembrane; CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 38 Figure 8.3: Dataforrainscreencladdingcorrection • A factorforincreasedheatlosscausedbyrainwaterflowingonthemembrane, x (Wday/m2 Kmm). InJPA Designerthatdataisenteredusingthe U-valueConstruction dialogue. Asyou have to indicate which layer is affected by the rainwater cooling it is best to add the correctionfactor after youhavedefinedthelayersintheconstruction. Toenterrainwatercoolingdata: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType. 2. Inthe Elementtype sectionselect Flatroof. 3. Tickthe Invertedroof box. Newdataentryboxesappear. 4. Inthe Externalinsulationlayers boxtickthelayer(s)isaffectedbytherainwater cooling. WherealowU-valueisrequiredtheremaybemorethanoneinsulationlayeraffected. 5. Entervaluesfor f.x and p. Click OK. Ifyoudonothaveproject-specificvaluesyoucanusethedefaultvaluesforf.xand p. 8.4 Rainscreencladding WhencalculatingU-valuesforwallswhichincluderainscreencladdingtheresultshave tobeadjustedtoaccountfortheeffectofanymetalfixingswhichpenetratetheinsulation. JPA Designercancorrectfortheeffectofpointfixings, usingmethod(c)insection4.9.5 ofBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations. Thecalculationrequiresthepointthermaltransmittanceofthefixing, x, andthenumber offixingspersquaremetre, n. As x dependsonthetypeoffixingyoumustgetthecorrect value from the fixing manufacturer. The data is entered in the U-value Construction dialogue. Tocorrectforbracketsinrainscreencladding: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens. 2. Inthe Elementtype sectionselect Wall. 3. Tickthe Rainscreencladding box. Newdataentryboxesappear(see Figure 8.3). 4. Entervaluesfor x and n. Click OK. Ifyoudonothaveproject-specificvaluesyoucancarryoutaninitialcalculation usingthedefaultvaluesforxandn. CHAPTER8. CORRECTION FACTORS 39 Figure 8.4: Dataentryforelementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces 8.5 Elementsseparatingheatedandunheatedspaces Therateofheatlossthroughanelementwhichseparatesaheatedspacefromanunheated spacewillbelowerthanthatthroughanidenticalelementwhichseparatesaheatedspace fromoutside, astherelativelywarmairwithinanunheatedspaceactsasathermalbuffer. ThecombinedmethodforcalculatingU-valuesallowsforthiseffectusingtheratioof: • thesurfaceareasoftheelementswhichseparatetheheatedspacefromtheunheated space, Ai, to, • thesurfaceareasoftheelementswhichseparatetheunheatedspacefromoutside, Ae. Whenmeasuring Ai and Ae, youshouldincludewallsandintermediatefloors(suchas thatoveranintegralgarage)butexcludegroundfloors. Ai and Ae aremeasuredin m2 . Toallowforunheatedspaces: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens. 2. Enterthetwoareasinthe Ai and Ae boxes(see Figure 8.4). 3. Click OK. 9 Complexcalculations 9.1 Lightsteelframedstructure Therearethreedifferentformsoflightsteel-framedstructures: • Warm frameconstructions: alltheinsulationisoutsidethesteelframing. • Hybrid constructions: some insulation is fitted between the steel studs and additionalinsulationplacedontheoutsideofthestudstoreducethermalbridging throughthesteel. • Cold frameconstructions: alloftheinsulationisincludedwithinthethicknessof thesteelcomponentsandisbridgedbyit. Thehighthermalconductivityofsteelmeansthecombinedmethodmustbemodified forelementswheresomeoralloftheinsulationisbridgedbylightsteelframing. JPA DesignerusesthemodifiedcalculationmethodwhichwaspublishedinBRE Digest465. U-valuesforlightsteel-frameconstruction. TheprocedureforcalculatingtheU-valueofalightsteel-framedelementusingJPA Designeristhesameasforanyotherelement, butwiththefollowingmodifications: Figure 9.1: Settingthetypeanddetailsoflightsteelframeconstruction 40 CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 41 Figure 9.2: Built-upmetalwallorroofcladding 1. Identifytheelementaslightsteel-framedandentertheframingdetails(Figure 9.1. Inthe UvalueConstruction dialogueusethelightsteel-frameradiobuttonstodefine isas warm or cold/hybrid. Ifyouselect Cold/Hybrid enterthe studspacing, studdepth and flangewidth. Use theoffereddefaultvaluesifyoudonotknowthestuddepthandspacing. 2. Enterthelayersoftheconstructioninthemain Uvalue window. For cold/hybrid elementssomeofthelayerswillbebridged(section 7.3)forguidanceonenteringbridgedlayers): In warm elementstheairspacebetweenthestudsshouldbeenteredasabridged cavity, withsteelasthebridgingmaterial. In cold/hybrid elementstheinsulationlayerwillbebridgedbysteel. Anyairspacebehindtheinsulationandbetweenthestudsshouldbeenteredasa bridgedcavity. Donotincludetheflangesofthesteelstudswhenenteringbridgingdetails. 3. Entercorrectionsforanymechanicalfastenerswhichpenetratetheinsulationby completing the Correction for mechanical fasteners section in the Uvalue Construction dialogue(section 8.1). Usethefirstdropboxtoindicatewhichlayerisbridgedbythemechanicalfasteners, thenenterthefasteners'dimensionsandspacing. The alphacoefficient is0.8for warmconstructionsand1.6forcold/hybridconstructions. 9.2 Twinskinmetalcladdingandroofing Theextentofthethermalbridgingintwin-skinmetalroofingandcladdingsystemsformed withrailsandbracketsmeansthecombinedmethodhastobemodified. JPA Designer usesthemethoddescribedintheSteelConstructionInstituteresearchpaperSCI P312: thatmethodtakesaccountof: • Thebridgingeffectsoftherailandtheairspacesaroundtherail. • Thepointbridgingproducedbythebrackets. CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 42 • The compression of the insulation by a shallow-profiled liner (profile depth less than25mm). TocalculateU-valuesfortwin-skinmetalroofingandcladding: 1. CreateandopenanewU-valuecalculation. 2. Enteranyprojectinformation. 3. Inthe U-valueConstruction dialogueselecteither wall or flatroof. Donottickthe Builtupmetalroof/wall boxatthisstage. Click OK. 4. Enterthelayersintheconstructioninthemain U-value window. Entertheinsulation in twolayers: thefirstlayerbeingtheinsulationwhichisbridgedbytherailsand thesecondthatwhichispenetratedonlybythebrackets. Forexample, a170mmlayerofinsulationinaconstructionwith40mmdeeprails shouldbedividedintoonelayer40mmthickandonelayer130mmthick. Youwill findlaterpartsofthecalculationeasierifyougivethetwolayersdistinctivenames. 5. Enterthebridgingdetailsforthelayerofinsulationbridgedbytherails(section 7.3 fordetails). Inthe EditMaterials dialogueselect onedimensionalbridging toshow thethermalbridgingdetails. Enterthedetailsoftherails: bridgematerial–steel studs, bridgewidth, non-bridgewidth. Thesoftwaresetsthebridgethermalconductivity. Theprogramwillshowtheproportionbridgedandthethermalresistance ofthebridge. For`L' shapedsectionsthe bridgewidth willusuallybethethicknessofthesteel, butfor`C' and`U' sections, wheretherailpenetratestheinsulationlayertwice, use doublethethicknessofthesteelasthebridgewidth. 6. Enterthebridgedetailsfortheairspacescausedbytherail. Tickthe Secondbridge box. The Optionalsecondbridge sectionisdisplayed. 7. Enterthe bridgematerial (air)and bridgewidth (inmm): usetwicetherailwidth toallowforthecompressionoftheinsulationaroundtherails. Theprogramcalculatestheproportionbridgedusingthedatafromthefirstbridge, sothenon-bridgedwidth=(Centre-to-centredistanceofrails)-(bridgethickness 1+bridgethickness2). 8. To calculate the thermal resistance of the air space click the Small airspace resistance button. The SmallAirspace Resistance Calculator dialogue opens (Figure 9.3). 9. Enterthe thickness and width oftheairspace. Thethicknesswillbethesameas theraildepth. Thewidthshouldbetwicetherailthickness. Click OK toclosethe dialoguetransfertheresultstothebridgingcalculation. 10. Entertheairgapcorrection, dU'',for both insulationlayers(section 8.2): usethe value0.01. Click OK. 11. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>ConstructionType. The UvalueConstruction dialogueopens. CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 43 Figure 9.3: TheSmallAirspaceResistanceCalculator 12. Tickthe Builtupmetalroof/wall box. Thedialoguenowdisplaysthe Built-upmetal roof/wallcladding section. 13. Enterthe Railspacing and Railwidth (Figure 9.2). Usethedrop-downtoindicate whichlayerisbridgedbytheraillinerdetails. 14. Ifthelinerprofilecompressestheinsulationandthedepthoftheprofileis25mm orlesstickthebox Insulationiscompressedbyinneroroutersheet. Fournew databoxesappear. 15. Enterthe Sheetprofilewidth, Sheetprofiledepth and Sheetprofilecentres inmm. Inthedropboxselectthelayerofinsulationwhichis not bridgedbytherails. If the liner profile is deeper than 25 mm ignore the check box and change the thicknessoftheinsulationlayerbysubtractingtheprofiledepthfromtheoriginal thickness(e.g.fora30mmprofilewith130mmactualdepthofinsulationusea valueof130–30=100mm). 16. Enterthedetailsforthebracketsinthe Correctionformechanicalfasteners section. Enterthe thermalconductivityofthebrackets (usually 60.00 W/mK formildsteel), the numberofbracketspersquaremetre (calculatedbydividingthetotalnumber ofbracketsbythetotalelementarea)andthe crosssectionalareaofthebrackets (measuredatthethickestpoint). Thevalueof alpha, 1.6, isthedefaultsettingfor theseconstructions. Finally, usethedrop-downtoselectthelayerwhichisbridged bythebrackets. Click OK. 9.3 Invertedroofs Ininvertedroofs(oftenknownasprotectedmembraneroofs)someorallofthethermal insulation is applied above the waterproof membrane and restrained by aggregate or otherballast. Rainwaterfallingontheroofcanpercolatetothewaterproofingmembrane andincreasetherateofheatloss. Toallowforthiseffectarainwatercoolingcorrection factor, dUr, hastobeappliedtoinvertedroofcalculations(therainwatercoolingfactoris describedin section 8.3). Becauseyouhavetoindicatethelayerorlayersaffectedbythe CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 44 Figure 9.4: Inputtingdataforrainwatercorrection rainwatercoolingitisbesttoaddthecorrectionfactor after youhavedefinedthelayers intheconstruction. Toenteraninvertedroof: 1. Fromthefilemenuselect Edit>Constructiontype. The U-valueConstruction dialogueopens. 2. In Elementtype select Flatroof. Insertan Elementdescription thenclick OK. 3. Addthelayersoftheconstruction(chapter 6). 4. Openthe U-valueconstruction dialogueagainandin ElementType tickthe Inverted box. Thedialogueshowsthreedataboxes(Figure 9.4). 5. Enterthevaluesfor f.x and p andintheboxselectthelayersofinsulationabove thewaterproofmembrane. Click OK. 9.4 Usingvariablelayers ThevariablelayerfeatureofJPA Designerhelpsyouassesstheeffectofusingdifferent materialsinthesameplacewithinanelement; forexample, byusingavariablelayeryou couldcomparetheeffectofdifferentinsulantsontheU-valueofacavitywall. A calculationwithavariablelayerhasaplace-holderlayerinthemainwindow, and hastheadditional Variablelayer panewhichacceptsanumberofdifferentlayers. Each ofthoselayersshowstheresultsoftheU-valuecalculation asif thatlayerreplacedthe place-holderlayerinthemaincalculation. Touseavariablelayer: 1. Inthemain U-value windowclickthelayer below thepositionforthevariablelayer. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Insert>Variablelayer. Theprograminsertsavariable layerinthecalculationanddisplaysthe Variablelayer pane(see Figure 9.5). 3. Selecttheblanklayerinthevariablelayerpaneandaddlayersfromthedatabase, orbyaddandeditblanklayers. Whenusingthedatabase, youmustbeensurethecontentsofvariablelayerpane areshowinginthe Construction boxofthe ProductsDatabase dialogue. TheU-valuesfortheconstructionswiththevariablelayerareshownalongsidethevariablelayermaterials: noU-valueappearsinthestatusbar. Youcanonlyhaveonevariable layerinacalculation. CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 45 Figure 9.5: U-valuecalculationwithavariablelayer 9.5 Taperedlayers Taperedinsulationlayersarecommonlyfoundonflatroofs, where`cut-to-falls'insulation isbeingusedtocreatedrainagefallsonanotherwiseflatdeck. Asthethicknessofthe insulationvariesacrosstheroofaspecialmethodisrequiredtocalculatearepresentative thermalresistanceforthatlayer. JPA Designer uses the method inAnnex C ofBS EN ISO 6946:2007todeterminethe resistanceoftaperedinsulationlayers. Thatmethodtreatsthetaperedinsulationlayerin twoparts: firsttheminimumthicknessofthelayerwhichislaidacrossthewholeroof, thentherestoftheinsulationwhichistreatedasaseriesofblocks, withdifferentshapes. Therearethreetypesofblock: • blockswithrectangularplan, whichhavetheirgreatestthickness, t, ononeside, andslopedownfromthatsidetotheother; • blockswithtriangularplanwhichhavetheirthickestpart, t, attheonecornerand slopedowntozeroattheothercorners; • blockswithtriangularplanwhichhavetheirthickestpart, t, alongoneside, and slopefromtheredowntotheothercorner. Dependingonitssizearoofmayhaveseveralblocksofeachtype, eachwithdifferent areasand, insomecases, differentmaximumthicknesses. CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS 46 Tapered insulation is entered in JPA Designer using the Tapered Areas dialogue (Figure 9.7). Thedialoguerequiresthreeitemsofgeneralinformation: • a description ofthelayer: youcanusethenameortypeofinsulation. • the minimumtaperedlayerthickness: thatis, theminimumdepthoftheinsulation layerwhichiscontinuousacrossallpartsoftheroof, measuredinmm. • theconductivityoftheinsulation, lambda: thisisenteredin W/mK. Thedataonthedifferentroofblocksisenteredinthethreetables, witheachblockhaving itsownentry, intheappropriatesection, withthefollowingdata: • surfacearea, m2 ; • taperthickness, t, inmm. Figure 9.6 showsaroofwithtaperedinsulationlaidwithfallstowardstheperimeter. To calculatetheU-valuethetaperedlayershouldbedividedintoeightblocks, withtwo(a ande)beingrectanglesslopingfromthecentrelinetotheperimeterandtheremainder being triangles, in each case sloping from the highest corner at the centre line to the lowestsideattheperimeter(b, c, d, f, gandh). Figure 9.7 showsthoseeightblocks enteredonthe Taperedareas dialogue. ToenterataperedlayerinanexistingU-valuecalculation: 1. Dividetheroofintoblocksandcalculatetheminimumthickness, blockareasand taperthicknesses. 2. Fromthemenubar, select Insert>Taperedlayer. 3. Enterthedatafortheminimumthicknessandtheconductivityoftheinsulation. 4. Enterthedataforeachblockinturn, makingsureeachblockgoesintotheappropriatetable. Youcanusethe Totalarea figureatthebottomrightofthedialoguetocheckyou haveenteredallthesectionsoftheroof. CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS Figure 9.6: A typicalroofwithtaperedinsulation 47 CHAPTER9. COMPLEX CALCULATIONS Figure 9.7: TheTaperedareasdialogue 48 10 GroundfloorU-values Asthecombinedmethoddealswithheatlossfromairtoair, throughanelement, ithasto bemodifiedforgroundfloorstoincludethethermalresistanceofthegrounditself. JPA DesignercalculatesU-valuesforgroundfloorsusingthemethodissetoutinISO 133701 . ThissectiondescribesthegeneralprocedureforcalculatingthegroundfloorU-value, whilstthefollowingsectionsdescribetheindividualpartsofthecalculation. TocalculateagroundfloorU-value: 1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitfor editing(section 3.5). 2. Enteranyprojectinformationinthe ProjectInformation dialogue. 3. IntheU-valueConstructiondialogueselect Solidgroundfloor or Suspendedground floor, enteradescriptionfortheconstruction, thenclick OK.The GroundFloor Details dialogueopens. 4. Enterthedatafortheground(section 10.1). Click OK. 5. Addtheremaininglayersofthefloorconstruction. Includelayerstorepresent: • Screed; • Insulation; • Flooring, suchasparticleboard. Omitanylayerswhichconsistof: • Hardcorebeneathagroundbearingslab. • Groundbearingconcreteslabswithdensitygreaterthan 1800 kg/m3 . • Thinfloorcoveringssuchasvinylorcarpet. ForfurtherguidancerefertotheBR 443 ConventionsforU-valuecalculations. 49 CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 50 Figure 10.1: TheGroundFloorDetailsDialogue 10.1 Groundfloordetails The GroundFloorDetails dialoguecontainsthedatawhichdescribesthegroundand thefloorstructure(Figure 10.1). Ithasfivesections: • Floortype. Thechoiceoffloortypewilldeterminehowotherpartsofthedialogue appear. • Floordimensions. • Deck. • Suspendedgroundfloordetails. • Edgeinsulation. 10.1.1 Floortype Therearethreetypesofgroundfloor: 1 DonotusethismethodtocalculateU-valuesoffloorsoveropenorunheatedspacessuchascarparks orgarages; insteadselectfloorsotherthangroundfloorsintheConstructiondialogueboxandproceedas usual. CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 51 • Solid: afloorwhichbearsdirectlyonthegroundwithnovoidbetweenthefloor structureandtheground, forexample, aground-bearingconcreteslab; • Suspendedblockandbeam: withavoidbetweenthefloordeckandtheground, withthedeckformedfrompre-castconcretebeamsinfilledwithconcreteblocks orproprietaryinsulatingunits; • Suspended: afloorwithavoidbetweenthefloorstructureandtheground, witha timberdecksupportedontimberjoists. Usethe FloorType radiobuttonstoselectthetypeoffloorconstruction. 10.1.2 Floordimensions Thethermalresistanceofthegroundisdeterminedfromtheratioofthefloor'sperimeter andarea. Theperimeterlength(expressedinmetres)ismeasuredalongthefinishedinternalsurfacesofexposedandsemiexposedwalls. Thearea(expressedinsquaremetres, m2 )ismeasuredbetweenthefinishedinternalwallsurfaces. Unheatedspacesoutside theinsulatedfabricshouldbeexcludedwhencalculatingtheperimeterandarea. IfyouarecalculatingthegroundfloorU-valueforflatsinablockorforahouseina terraceyoucanusetheperimeterandareaforthewholeblockorterraceinsteadofthe dimensionsoftheindividualoccupancies. ToentertheFloordimensions: • IfyouhavecalculatedthePerimeter/Arearatioyoucanenteritdirectlyinthe P/A box. • Alternatively, tickthe Calculateit boxandenterthevaluesinthe Perimeter and Area boxesforyoutofillin. 10.1.3 Deck Thedatarequiredforthissectiondependsuponthetypeofconstructionspecifiedinthe FloorType sectionofthe GroundFloorDetails dialogue. • Solidfloor: nodeckdatarequired. • Suspendedblockandbeamfloor: theprogramoffersadefaultthermalresistancefor thedeckof 0.2 m2 K/W. Alternatively, theprogramcanalsocalculatetheresistance usingthespecificdetailsforyourfloorifyoutickthe Calculate box(Figure 10.2) theninputdatafor: • Theblocks: Width, Thickness and Conductivity. • Thebeams: Webwidth and Beamconductivity. • Thescreed: Screeddepth and Screedconductivity. • Suspendedfloor: theprogramoffersadefaultthermalresistanceforthedeckof 0.2 m2 K/W forthedeck. Thisrepresentsa18mmsoftwooddeck. Insulationbetweenjoistsshouldbeenteredasaseparatelayer, bridgedbytimberinonedimension, (section 7.3). CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 52 Figure 10.2: Calculatingtheresistanceofabeamandblockdeck 10.1.4 Suspendedgroundfloordetails Inasuspendedgroundfloor, whetherbeamandblockortimber, therewillbesomeheat lossthroughthewallsofthesub-floorvoid, bothbyconductionandalsobyairmovement. JPA Designercalculatesthatheatlossusingthedatain SuspendedGroundFloorDetails sectionofthe GroundFloorDetails dialogue. Thevaluesrequiredare: • E -theareaofventilationopeningsperperimeterlengthofunderfloorspace, in m2 /m; • H -theheightoftheuppersurfaceoftheflooraboveexternalgroundlevel, inm; • Uw -theUvalueofthewallsoftheunderfloorspaceabovegroundlevel, calculated accordingtoBS EN ISO 6946, in W/m2 K (youcandothisasaseparatecalculation usingJPA Designer); • Fw -thewindshieldfactor, see Table 10.1. • V -theaveragewindspeedat 10 m abovegroundlevel, in m/s • Lambda -theconductivityfactorforthetypeofground: use1.5forclayorsilt, 2.0 forsandorgraveland3.5forhomogeneousrock. Wheresomeorallofthesedetailsareunknownyoushouldusethedefaultvalues. Ifyou editthevaluesthenwantreverttousingthedefaultsclickthe Default button. CHAPTER10. GROUND FLOOR U-VALUES 53 Table 10.1: Windshieldfactor 10.1.5 Location Example Sheltered Average Exposed Citycentre Suburban Rural Fw 0.02 0.05 0.10 Edgeinsulation Installinginsulationhorizontallyaroundtheperimeterofthefloor–edgeinsulation– will reduce thermal bridging at the perimeter and improve the floor's overall thermal performance. Edgeinsulationcanbe: • Horizontal: insulationinstalledaroundtheperimeterofthefloorinthesameplane asthefloor2 . • Vertical: insulationinstalledattheperimeterofthefloor, atrightanglestotheplane ofthefloor. Usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofedgeinsulationpresent, thenenterthedetails oftheinsulation(ifthereisnoedgeinsulationleavetherestofthissectionblank). • Internal and externalsurfaceresistances usethedefaultvaluesof 0.140 m2 K/W and 0.040 m2 K/W. • Insulationthickness: boardthickness, inmm. • Insulationconductivity: thelambdavalue, in W/mK. • Insulationname. • Insulationwidth or depth (dependinguponwhethertheinsulationislaidhorizontallyorvertically): theboardwidth, inmm. • Description: optionaldescriptionoftheinsulation. Youcanalsousethe ProductsDatabase toenterdetailsoftheinsulationbyclickingon thebuttonbythe Insulationname box. FurtherinformationonedgeinsulationmaybefoundinBRE InformationPaper7/93. 2 Horizontaledgeinsulationwascommonlyusedtoreducethermalbridgingandcoldspotsonlarger floorswhichdidnotrequireacompletelayerofthermalinsulation. However, thelowerU-valuesnow requiredbyBuildingRegulationsusuallyrequireafulllayerofinsulation, makingtheuseofhorizontal edgeinsulationunlikely. 11 BasementU-values The methods for calculating U-values of basements are set out in BS EN ISO 13370. Thecalculationsforbasementfloorsandwallsarelinked, witheachcalculationrequiringdataabouttheotherelement. Becauseofthisitiseasiertocalculatethebasement floorU-valuefirst, followedbythebasementwallU-value. Forafullexplanationofthe calculationmethodsconsultBS EN ISO 13370. 11.1 Basementfloors TocompleteabasementfloorU-valuecalculationyouwillneedtoknow: • Thefloor'sPerimeter/Arearatio: P/A; • Thethicknessofthebasementwalls: w (metres); • Theaveragedepthfromtheexternalgroundsurfacetothebasementfloor: h (metres); • Thethermalconductivityoftheground: lambda, λ, (W/mK)(see Table 11.1 and annexG ofBS EN ISO 13370). TocalculateabasementfloorU-value: 1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitfor editing. Figure 11.1: Enteringdataforbasementfloors 54 CHAPTER11. BASEMENT U-VALUES 55 2. Inthe U-valueConstructiondialogue setthe ElementType to BasementFloor, enter an Elementdescription thenclick OK.The GroundFloorDetails dialogueopens (Figure 11.1). 3. EnterthePerimeter/Arearatio, P/A,orchecktheboxlabelled`calculateit'andenter the Perimeter and Area separately. 4. Enterthewallthickness, w, thebasementdepth, h, andthethermalconductivityof theground, lambda. Click OK. 5. Enterthelayerswhichmakeupthefloorconstruction. Includelayerstorepresent: • Screed; • Insulation; • Flooring, suchasparticleboard. Omitanylayerswhichconsistof: • Hardcorebeneathagroundbearingslab. • Groundbearingconcreteslabswithdensitygreaterthan 1800 kg/m3 . • Thinfloorcoveringssuchasvinylorcarpet. Table 11.1: Thermalconductivityoftheground 11.2 Category Description 1 2 3 clayorsilt sandorgravel homogeneousrock Thermalconductivity, (W/mK) 1.5 2.0 3.5 Basementwalls TocompleteabasementwallU-valuecalculationyouwillneedtoknow: • Thefloor'sPerimeter/Arearatio: P/A; • Thethicknessofthebasementwalls: w (metres); • Theaveragedepthfromtheexternalgroundsurfacetothebasementfloor: h (metres); • Detailsoftheinsulationinthebasementfloor. CHAPTER11. BASEMENT U-VALUES 56 Figure 11.2: Enteringdataforbasementwalls • Thethermalconductivityoftheground: λ, (W/mK)(Table 11.1 andannexG ofBS EN ISO 13370). TocalculateabasementwallU-value: 1. CreateanewU-valuecalculationinthe ProjectManager windowandopenitfor editing. 2. Inthe U-valueConstructiondialogue setthe ElementType to BasementWall, enter an Elementdescription thenclick OK.The GroundFloorDetails dialogueopens (Figure 11.2). 3. EnterthePerimeter/Arearatio, P/A,orchecktheboxlabelled`calculateit'andenter the Perimeter and Area separately. 4. Enterthewallthickness, w, thebasementdepth, h, andthethermalconductivityof theground, lambda. 5. Enterthedetailsofinsulationinthebasementfloor. Eitherenterthe name, thickness and conductivity oftheinsulation, orusethedatabasebuttontoselecttheinsulation fromthe ProductsDatabase. Click OK. 6. Nowaddthelayersoftheconstructioninthemain U-value window. 12 Outputtingresults YoucanprinttheresultsofU-valuecalculationsontopaperorproduceaPDF filewhich canbeopenedonanycomputerwiththefreeAdobeReadersoftwareinstalled; PDF files areidealforemailingtopeoplewhoneedtoseetheresultsofthecalculationbutdonot haveJPA Designer. ForbothprintandPDF theoutputincludes: • Projectinformation; • Detailsoftheconstruction; • TheU-valueandanycorrectionfactors. Toprintresults: 1. Select File>Print fromthemenubar(orclickthe Print buttononthetoolbar). The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 12.1). Figure 12.1: SectionsToPrintdialogue 57 CHAPTER12. OUTPUTTING RESULTS 58 Figure 12.2: Printpreviewcontrols 2. Usethetickboxestoselectwhethertoprintanadditionalpageshowingthedetails ofthebridgingcalculations. YoucanalsochoosewhethertoincludetheISO moisturetableforcondensationanalysis, andwhetherthecalculationshouldshowthe logooftheBBA/TIMSA U-valueaccreditationscheme. 3. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens. 4. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). TocreateaPDF fileoftheresults: 1. Fromthemenubarselect File>CreatePDF.A dialogueasksifyouwanttoopen thePDF whenitiscreated. 2. Select Yes or No. The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 12.1). 3. Usethetickboxestoselectwhethertoprintanadditionalpageshowingthedetailsofthebridgingcalculations(youcanalsochoosewhethertoincludetheISO moisturetableforcondensationanalysis). 4. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens. 5. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). Theprogramwillthencreatea PDF fileofthecalculation. *ThenameofthePDF filewillincludetheJPA Designerfilenameandthecalculationname, sothecalculation tilehungwall inaproject TheMeadows willbecalled TheMeadows.JDPtilehungwall.PDF.ThefilewillbesavedintotheJPA Designer programfolderorinthestart-upfolderyouhavespecified. Note: asWindowsdoesnotallowcertaincharacterstobeusedinfilenamesyou shouldensurethecalculationnamesinJPA Designerdonotcontainthosecharacters, otherwisePDF creationwillfail. Therestrictedcharactersare: ' / \ : *? < > |. Youcanchangetheprintersettingsbyselecting File>Printersetup fromthemenubar. 13 U-valuecalculationoptions The European standards for factory produced thermal insulation products1 set out the requirementsfordeterminingandquotingthethermalperformanceofthermalinsulation. Foreachproduct: thevalueofthermalresistance, R90/90, shallbe . . . roundeddownwardsto thenearest 0.05 m2 K/W, anddeclaredasRD inlevelswithstepsof 0.05 m2 K/W. TocomplywiththatrequirementJPA Designerroundsdownthethermalresistanceofall layerswhicharemarkedatthermalinsulation. Tomarkalayerasthermalinsulationtick the isthermalinsulation boxinthe Editmaterial dialogue. Becausetheremaybeoccasionswhenyouneedtocarryoutcalculationswithoutroundingthefeaturemaybeturnedoffandon. Bydefault, roundingison: thisisindicatedby redtextinthebottommarginoftheU-valuewindow. Tochangetheroundingsetting: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Options. TheCalculations Optionsdialogueopens(Figure 13.1). 1. Tickthe Rounddownthermalresistance boxtotoggleroundingonoroff. 2. Click OK toacceptthechange. 1 The series runs from BS EN 13162:2001 Thermal insulation products for buildings. Factory made mineralwool(MW) products. Specification toBS EN 13172:2001 Thermalinsulatingproducts. Evaluation ofconformity. Thereisonestandardforeachmajorthermalinsulationmaterial. 59 CHAPTER13. U-VALUE CALCULATION OPTIONS Figure 13.1: U-valuecalculationoptions 60 14 EditingtheProductsdatabase TomakeU-valuecalculationseasierallJPA DesignerU-valuemodulesincludethe Productsdatabase, whichprovidesthekeydataongenericconstructionmaterials, cavities andbrandedproductsfromanumberofmanufacturers. Thissectionexplainshowyou canaddfrequentlyusedproductstothedatabase. Thematerialswithinthedatabaseareorganisedintothreecategories: • Brandedproductsfrommanufacturers, shownin bold inthecategorieslist; • Genericmaterials, showninnormaltypeinthecategorieslist; • Userdefinedmaterials, shownin italics inthecategorieslist. YoucanuseallthreetypesofmaterialinUvaluecalculationsandyoucancreate, edit anddeleteuserdefinedcategoriesandmaterials. However, youcannoteditordelete brandedorgenericcategoriesormaterials. Tochangethevaluesofbrandedorgeneric materialsyoumustworkonaduplicate(clone)ofthecategoryormaterial. Cloninga categorycreatesanewcategorycontainingthesamematerialsastheoriginal. Tomakechangestothe Productsdatabase youmustfirstopenthe Editdatabase dialogue (Figure 14.1)byselecting Edit>Database fromthemainmenu. Toaddauserdefinedcategory: 1. Clickthe Newcategory button. 2. Enterthenameofthecategoryinthe Newcategory dialogue. 3. Click OK.Thenewcategoryiscreated. Torenameanexistinguserdefinedcategory: 1. Selectacategorybyclickingonit. 2. Clickthe Editcategory button. The Editcategory dialogueopens. 3. Enteranewnamethenclick OK.Thecategoryisrenamed. Tocloneacategory: 61 CHAPTER14. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE 62 Figure 14.1: TheEditDatabasedialogue 1. Selectthecategorytoclonebyclickingonit. 2. Clickthe Clonecategory button. The Clonecategory dialogueopens. 3. Enteranameforthenewcategoryandclick OK. 4. A newcategorywillbecreated, containingcopiesoftheoriginalmaterials. Todeleteauserdefinedcategory: 1. Selectthecategorytodelete. 2. Clickthe Deletecategory button. An Information dialogueasksyoutoconfirmthe deletion. 3. Click Yes todeletethecategory, No tokeepit. Toinsertanewmaterialinauser-definedcategory: 1. Selectthecategoryinwhichyouwanttocreatethenewmaterial. 2. Clickthe Newproduct button. The Editmaterial dialogueopens. 3. Completethe Editmaterial dialogue(chapter 7). 4. Click OK.Thenewproductisaddedtothecategory. CHAPTER14. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE 63 Figure 14.2: TheSearchDatabasedialogue Toeditanexistinguserdefinedmaterial: 1. Selecttheproductyouwishtoedit. 2. Clickthe Editproduct button. The Editmaterial dialogueopens. 3. Makethechangesinthe Editmaterial dialogue(chapter 7). 4. Click OK.Theproductinformationisupdated. Tocloneanexistingproductinauserdefinedcategory: 1. Selecttheproductandclickthe Cloneproduct button. A copyoftheproductwill beinsertedinthecategory. 2. Clickontheclonetoeditit. Todeleteaproductfromauser-definedcategory: 1. Selecttheproductyouwishtodelete. 2. Clickthe Deleteproduct button. Theproductisdeleted. Youcansearchthedatabasetofindspecificproducts: 1. Clickthe Search button. The SearchDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 14.2). 2. Inthe SearchDatabase dialogueenterthetextyouwanttosearchforandthedirectiontheprogramshouldsearchthroughthedatabase(forwards or backwards). 3. Tickthe Ignorecase boxifyouwantthesearchtoignorecapitalsandlower-case letters. 4. Click Find first to start the search. The program will display the first matching productinthe Products pane. 5. Click Findnext togoontothenextmatchingproduct. 6. Whenyouhavefoundtheproductyouwantclick Close toclosetheSearchdialogue. Whenyouhavefinishedworkingonthedatabase, clickthe Close buttontoreturntothe mainU-valuewindow. CHAPTER14. EDITING THE PRODUCTS DATABASE 14.1 64 Shortcodes Youcanassigncodestouserdefinedmaterialsasyouentertheminthedatabase. The short codes can then be used for rapid data entry using the Products database (section 6.1). Youcanalsouseshortcodestodeterminetheorderinwhichproductsand materialsarepresentedwithincategories, tospeedupdataentryforcommonconstructions. Tosortthedatabasebyshortcodesyoumustfirstassignshortcodestothematerials; use anumberingsystemwhichmatchestheorderinwhichyouwantthematerialstoappear. Onceyouhaveassignedshortcodesyoushouldclickonthe Sortonshortcode tickbox inthe Productsdatabase dialogue(Figure 6.1). PartIII Condensationrisk 65 15 Assessingtheriskofinterstitial condensation TheUvalueProfessionalmodulecalculatestheriskofinterstitialcondensationforming attheinterfacesoflayerswithinanelement.Themodule, whichfollowstherecommendationsofBS 52501 usesthemethodofanalysissetoutinBS EN ISO 137882 . Foreachinterfacewithinabuildingelementthemoduledetermines: • theamountofcondensationorevaporationduringeachmonth; • themaximumamountofmoisturedeposited; • theaccumulatedmassofwatercomparedtototalevaporationduringtheyear; • theannualmoisturebalance. TheprogramcanstillperformanalysestotheBS 5250:1989method3 . Forinformation onusingthismethodsee section 15.3. The likelihood of condensation forming within a building element depends upon the hygrothermalpropertiesofthematerials(thermalconductivityorresistanceandvapour resistivitiesorresistance)andtheenvironmentalconditions(internalandexternaltemperaturesandrelativehumidities). MostoftheinformationusedbyJPA Designerforcalculatingcondensationriskisalso used in the main body of the program for calculating U-values. The only additional informationrequiredisthevapourresistivityandresistancedataforthematerialsinthe construction, andtheenvironmentaldataforthebuildingandsite. Tocarryoutcondensationriskanalysis: 1. BuildupanelementinthesamewayasyouwouldforaU-valuecalculation. 2. Ensurevapourresistancepropertieshavebeendefinedforeachlayer(chapter 7). 3. Settheenvironmentalconditions(section 15.1); 4. Viewtheresults(section 15.2). Pleasenotethemodulecannotcarryoutcondensationriskanalysisforgroundfloors, basementsnorconstructionscontainingvariablelayers; neitherwillitcalculatetherisk ofsurfacecondensation. 1 BS 5250:2002Codeofpracticeforcontrolofcondensationinbuildings. BS EN ISO 13788:2002Hygrothermalperformanceofbuildingcomponentsandbuildingelements– Internalsurfacetemperaturetoavoidcriticalsurfacehumidityandinterstitialcondensation–Calculation methods. 3 TheBS 5250:1989AppendixD methodisbasedonthesameunderlyingprinciplesasthemethod setoutinISO 13788, but(i)analysescondensationriskfora60periodratherthanthewholeyearand(ii) reportsresultsinadifferentway. 2 66 CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 15.1 67 Environmentalconditions Thecondensationriskcalculationrequiresmeanmonthlydatafor: • Internaltemperature(IntT);thedesigntemperatureinsidethebuilding, indegrees Celsius. Thedefaultforanalysisistousethesameinternaltemperaturethroughout theyear. Ifnoprojecttemperaturehasbeenspecifieduse20ºC asadefaultvalue foraUK building. • Internalrelativehumidity(IntRH);thisislargelydeterminedbythetypeofactivity whichwilltakeplacewithinthebuilding. ISO 13788definesfiveoccupancytypes with different humidity characteristics: BS 5250:2002 suggests relative humidity rangesforthosetypes, see Table 15.1. Theinternalrelativehumidityisaffectedby theexternalconditions. • ExternalTemperature(ExtT) and ExternalRelativeHumidity(ExtRH);theexternalconditionsdependuponthebuilding'slocation. JPA Designerincludesexternal temperatureandhumiditydatafrom20sitesaroundtheUK,allowingyoutoselect the nearest location to the project site 4 . For a `worst case' scenario select Eskdalemuir. Thedataisenteredusingthe Environmentalconditions dialogue, whichallowsyouto enterdataforanalysisusingISO 13788orBS 5250:1989. Thedefaultcalculationmethod isISO 13788(tousethepreviousBS 5250:1989calculationmethodsee section 15.3). Tosettheenvironmentalconditions: 1. Fromthemenubarselect Edit>Environmentalconditions. The Environmentalconditions dialogueopens. 2. Selectthehumidityclassusingthe Internalhumidityclass dropdown. The IntRH columniscompleted. 3. Entertheinternaldesigntemperatureinthe Internaltemperature box. The IntT columndisplaysthevalues. Ifyouwishtovarytheinternaltemperaturethroughout theyearyoucantypevaluesdirectlyintothe IntT columnforeachmonth. 4. Fromthe Buildinglocation dropdownselectthelocationofthebuilding. The ExtT and ExtRH columnsarecompletedandthevaluesinthe IntRH columnadjusted. Ifyouhavesitespecificdatayoucantypevaluesdirectlyintothetable. 5. Click OK toacceptthedataandclosethedialogue. 15.2 Viewingresults JPA Designerpresentstheresultsofcondensationriskanalysisinthreeformats: • Asmonthbymonthdata, intheISO CondensationTable(subsection 15.2.1). • Asagraph, intheDewpointgraph(subsection 15.2.2). • Insummaryform, intheResultstable(subsection 15.2.3). 4 ThedataistakenfromMeteorologicaldata1961–1990publishedbytheWorldMeteorologicalOffice. CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 68 Table 15.1: Humidityclasses Class Buildingtype Relativehumidity(%) 15ºC 20ºC 25ºC 1 2 3 4 5 Storageareas Offices, shops Dwellingswithlowoccupancy Dwellingswithhighoccupancy, sportshalls, Specialbuildings, e.g.laundry, swimmingpool <50 50-65 65-80 80-95 >95 <35 35-50 50-60 60-70 >70 <25 25-35 35-45 45-55 >55 Figure 15.1: ISO 13788Condensationtable 15.2.1 ISO CondensationTable The ISO CondensationTable showstheamountofcondensatepredictedateachinterface intheconstruction, andisthemostaccuratemeansofviewingtheresultsofananalysis toISO 13788. To view the ISO Condensation Table select View>ISO Condensation Table from the menubar. Theupperpartofthetable(Figure 15.1)showstheinterfaceswithintheconstruction. When you select an interface by clicking on it, the lower half of the table shows the amountofcondensationpredictedatthatinterface. Itshowstheamountofcondensate depositedorevaporatedeachmonth, gc, andtheaccumulatedcondensateattheend of each month, Ma, both measured in g/m2 (negative numbers indicate evaporation). Theresultsstartwiththefirstmonthinwhichcondensationispredicted, orJanuaryifno condensationispredictedinanymonth. GuidanceoninterpretingresultsisgiveninBS 5250:2002andBS EN ISO 13788. CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 69 Figure 15.2: Dewpoint graph for a roof with condensation predicted at the interface betweenlayers4and5 15.2.2 TheDewpointgraph The Dewpointgraph plotsthepredictedtemperaturethroughtheconstructionwithdewpointtemperaturefortheworstmonth5 . Condensationispredictedatanyinterfacewhere thetwolinestouch(see Figure 15.2). Theorientationofthe Dewpointgraph isdeterminedbythebuildingelement: wallsareshownwithlayersrunningverticallyandroofs withlayersrunninghorizontally. Toopenthe Dewpointgraph select View>Dewpointgraph fromthemenubarorclick theDewpointgraphbuttononthetoolbar. Toviewtheresultsforthemonthwiththe greatestevaporationclickonthe Summer radiobuttoninthe Resultstoshow section. 15.2.3 TheResultstable The ResultsTable showstheheadlineresultsforeachinterfaceintheconstruction. To viewthe Resultstable select View>ResultsTable fromthemenubar. Whenthetableis 5 The dewpointtemperature isthetemperatureatwhichsaturationvapourpressurewouldoccur. Any lowertemperaturewouldresultincondensation. CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 70 openclickthe Alwaysontop boxtokeepitvisibleonscreenwhileyoucontinuetowork onthecalculation. Whenyouhavefinished, click Close toclosetheResultsTable. ForcalculationstoISO 13788thesignificantcolumnsare: • ISO -Winterworstbuildup: themonthinwhichthehighestamountofcondensate ispredictedtobedeposited; • ISO -Winterpeakbuildup: themonthwhichseesthehighestcumulativeamount ofcondensation. Foreachcolumntheamountofcondensateisshowningramspersquaremetre. The result n/a meansnocondensationispredictedatthatinterface. Youcanseemoredetailed resultsinthe ISO Condensationtable. ForcalculationstoBS 5250:1989AppendixD thesignificantcolumnsare: • Winterbuildup: theamountofcondensatepredictedover60winterdays; • Annualbuildup: theamountofcondensatecarriedforwardafterallowingforsummerevaporation, Foreachcolumntheamountofcondensateisshowningramspersquaremetre(g/m2 ). Zeroshowninbothcolumnsmeansnocondensationispredicted, whileanegativenumber in the annual buildup column indicates summer evaporation will be greater than winterdeposition. 15.3 Usingthepreviouscalculationmethod TousetheBS 5250: 1998calculationmethoduntickthe Use2003condensationmethod box in the Environmental conditions dialogue. The dialogue box will now show the environmentaldatafortheBS 5250:1989method. Externalconditions Theprogramsetsstandardvaluesforexternalenvironmentalconditions, followingBS 6229andBS 5250, whichare: • summertemperature: 18ºC. • wintertemperature: 5ºC. • summerrelativehumidity: 65%. • winterrelativehumidity: 95%. Ifyouneedtocalculatecondensationriskforotherexternalenvironmentsyoucanchange thestandardvaluesbytypingnewvaluesintothetextboxes. Toreturntothedefault valuesforexternalenvironmentalconditionsclickthe Default button. Condensationbuildupperiod Build-upofcondensateisassessedoverastandard60day winterperiod: thatvaluecanbechangedusingthe Condensationbuildupperiod box. CHAPTER15. ASSESSING THE RISK OF INTERSTITIAL CONDENSATION 71 Internalconditions Theinternaltemperatureandrelativehumidityvalueswillbedeterminedlargelybythebuildinguse. Youcanenterdesigndataormeasuredvaluesinthe fourboxes, orselectoneofthepre-definedbuildingusegroupslistedinthe BuildingUse drop-downbox: thatwillautomaticallysetthetemperaturesandrelativehumiditiesto thosedefinedinBS 5250andBS 6229, Table7. Onceyouhavesettheenvironmentalconditionsyoucanviewthecalculationresults usingthe Resultstable (subsection 15.2.3)andthe Dewpointgraph (subsection 15.2.2). Calculationoptions TheBS 5250:1989methoddoesnotallowfortheremovalofmoisture byairmovement, however, thestandardsuggestssomeindicationoftheeffectofvented cavitiescanbeobtainedbyassumingtheairinthecavityisatoutsideconditions. This candonebysettingtozerothevapourresistancesofthematerialstotheoutsideofa cavity. ForanexplanationofthelimitationsofthistechniquepleaserefertoBS 5250: 1989page 76. TousethisoptioninJPA Designer: 1. Inthe Editmaterial dialoguesetthecavitytypeto ventedcavity. 2. Fromthemenubarselect Options. The Calculationoptions dialogueopens. 3. Tickthebox Setvapourresistanceoflayersaboveventedcavitytozero. 4. Click OK.Theprogramsetsthevapourresistancesofallthelayerstotheoutsideof thecavitytozero. 15.4 Outputtingcalculationresults TheresultsofcondensationriskanalysiscanbeprintedorproducedasPDF filesinthe samewayastheresultsofU-valuecalculations(chapter 12). Themaindifferencesare: 1. BeforestartingtoprintorcreateaPDF,tickthe Condensationrisk boxonthestatus baratthebottomofthemain U-value window. 2. Inthe SectionsToPrint dialoguereviewwhetheryouwanttoprintthesummer-time condensationresultsandtheISO moisturetableandticktheappropriateboxes. PartIV SAP 2009 72 16 JPA DesignerSAP 2009module 16.1 OverviewoftheSAP 2009module TheJPA DesignerSAP 2009moduleenablesyoutocarryoutcalculationstodemonstrate a dwelling complies with the requirements of Part L1 2010 (England andWales) and section6oftheScottishBuildingStandards2010(Scotland)(forNorthernIrelandyou should currently use SAP 2005 - 9.91 as the regulations have not been revised). The modulealsoletsyouissueenergyperformancecertificates(EPCs)fornewdwellings1 , whilsttheresultsofcalculationsmaybeusedaspartofassessmentsundertheCodefor SustainableHomes. TheSAP 2009moduleusestheSAP 9.90methodologytocalculatetheTargetCarbon DioxideEmissionRate(TER) andtheDwellingCarbonDioxideEmissionRate(DER).The modulealsochecksforcomplianceagainstanumberofothercriteriasetoutinApproved DocumentL1A andintheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide. Whilstthissectionofthemanualgivesinstructionsonhowtoenterdataintotheprogram it does not offer authoritative guidance upon SAP 9.90 nor the Building Regulations. We suggest you use this manual in conjunction with the government's guide to SAP (availablefromtheBRE website-www.bre.co.uk/sap2009), ApprovedDocumentL1A andtheDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide(bothavailableasPDFsfromthe PlanningPortal: www.planningportal.gov.uk). CarryingoutaSAP 2009calculationusingJPA Designerisstraightforward. Themain SAP window shows the on-going results of the calculation and the compliance status ofthedwelling, whilethe SAP WorksheetValues dialogueallowsyoutoenterthedata requiredforthecalculation. Onceyouhavefinishedenteringdatayoucanprintoffthe resultsormakeadjustmentstothedata. 16.2 Determiningcompliance Therearefivecriteriaagainstwhichanewdwellingistestedtodeterminewhetherornot itcomplieswiththerequirementsofPartL2 : 1 In order to issue an EPC you will need to be a member of a government approved accreditation scheme. Youcanfindmoreinformationonsuitableaccreditationschemesonourwebsite. 2 ThesoftwarealsocarriesoutsimilartestsforregulationsinScotland. 73 CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 74 1. MeetingtheTER:TheDwellingCO2 EmissionRate(DER),measuredastheamount ofCO2 persquaremetreoffloorareaemittedasaconsequenceofprovidingspace heating, hotwaterandlightingforadwellingmustbelessthanatargetrate. That TargetEmissionRate(TER) isbasedontheCO2 emissionsfromanotionaldwelling ofthesamedimensionsastheproposeddwelling, butreducedbyanimprovement factorof25%from2006standards(30%reductioninScotland). TheSAP 2009modulecalculatestheTER usingthedatayouenterabouttheproposeddwellingandthedefaultconditionsspecifiedinAppendixR oftheSAP document. 2. Limitsondesignflexibility: Toensurelong-termperformance, andtopreventexcessivetrade-offsbetweenfabricandplant, ApprovedDocumentL1setsout: • maximum permissible fabric U-values (both worst case values and average values); • maximumpermissibleairleakagerates; • designlimitsforfixedbuildingservices. TheSAP 2009modulechecksforcomplianceagainstallthosestandards. 3. Limitingtheeffectsofsolargaininsummer: Theregulationsrequiredesignersto makeprovisiontoavoidexcessiveinternaltemperaturesasaresultofsolargain. AppendixP oftheSAP 9.90documentcontainsamethodfortestinglevelsofsolar gain. TheSAP 2009moduleimplementsthatmethodtotestforcompliance. 4. Quality of construction: The performance of the dwelling as built must be consistentwiththatpredictedbytheDER:onemeasureistheairpermeabilityrate, establishedbypressuretesting. Foradwellingwhichispressuretestedthemeasuredairpermeabilitymustbelowerthan 10 m3 /hm2 andtheDER calculatedusing thetestresultmustbelowerthantheTER. TheSAP 2005moduleallowspressuretestingdatatobeenteredandwillcheckfor compliance. 5. Operatingandmaintenanceinstructions: Regulation40requiresthebuildingowner tobeprovidedwithinformationtoenableenergyefficientoperationofthebuilding. The outputs from the SAP 2009 module can be used to help to meet that requirement. 16.3 PreparingtocarryoutaSAP 2009calculation BeforestartingaSAP calculationyoushouldensureyouhavealltheinputdata, including: • dwellingfloorarea; • theventilationstrategy; • thedesignorachievedairpermeability; CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 75 • U-values, κ-values(kappa-values)andareasofexternal, andparty, walls, roofsand floors(youcancarryouttheU-valueand κ-valuecalculationsusingoneoftheJPA DesignerU-valuemodules); • κ-valuesandareasofinternalwallsandfloors; • ψ -values(psi-values)forjunctionsandthelengthsofjunctions; • U-values, areasandorientationofwindows, doorsandrooflights; • theproposedwaterheatingsystem; • theproposedprimaryandsecondaryheatingsystems; • detailsofanyphotovoltaiccellsorotherlowcarbontechnology. 16.4 CarryingoutaSAP 2009calculation ThemainstepstocarryoutaSAP 2009are: 1. CreateanewSAP 2005calculation(section 3.5). 2. OpenthecalculationintheSAP module(section 3.6). 3. Enterthe ProjectInformation (section 16.6). 4. Openthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogueandenterthedwellingdata(section 16.7). 5. Checkthecompliancestatusonthemain SAP window (section 16.5)andmakeany necessarychanges. 6. Produceprint-outsorPDF filesofthecalculationresults(chapter 29). 7. Saveyourproject(section 3.3). 16.5 TheSAP window The SAP window letsyouaccesstheSAP menusandtoolbaranddisplaystheresultsof calculations(Figure 16.1). Themainfeaturesare: 1. Themenubar. 2. TheSAP 2009toolbar: thebuttonsgivedirectaccesstokeyprogramfunctionsand tothetabsonthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogue. 3. Thestatuslightswhichindicatewhetheryouhaveenteredall(green), some(amber) ornone(red)ofthedataforeachsection. 4. Thecalculationname, asenteredinthe ProjectManager window. CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE Figure 16.1: ThemainSAP window 76 CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 77 Figure 16.2: Tooltipshowingtheprimarycauseoffailure 5. The TER and DER results, with the percentage reduction of the DER against the TER andCodeforSustainableHomes(CSH) levelthatreductionrepresents. Later versionsofthesoftwarealsodisplaythe FabricEnergyEfficiency (FEE). TheCSH levelisonlyaguideforthecarbonemissionscomponentoftheCode: it isnotafullevaluationagainsttheCode. 6. FabricU-valuesforopaqueelements(floors, walls, roofs)andforopenings. Ineach linethefirstnumbershowstheworst(highest)U-valueandthesecondtheareaweightedaverage. 7. Overheatingriskassessment. 8. CarbondioxideemissionandSAP results, includingtheHeatLossParameter(HLP). 9. Compliancezone. Thisshowsgreenforapassandredforafail. Ifthedwelling doesnotcomplyyoucanholdyourmousecursoroverthiszonetoshowatool-tip identifyingtheprimarycauseoffailure(Figure 16.2). Doubleclickingonthezone willopenthe ComplianceChecklist. Thetoolbarbuttonsareshownin Figure 16.3, themajorityofthemopenthe SAP 9.90 2009WorksheetValues dialogueatdifferenttabs. 16.6 ProjectinformationinSAP Generalinformationaboutthedwelling, suchastheclient, projectaddress, andtypeof dwellinginthe ProjectInformation dialogue(Figure 16.4). Thisdialogueisalsoused tosetsomeofthedwellingdetails(someofwhichareusedfortheEPC) anumberof calculationoptions. 16.6.1 Addressdetails Theclientandprojectaddressdetailsareshownonallthecalculationoutputs. Youcan enterthedetailsintwoways: • typetheinformationdirectlyintothe ProjectInformation&Options dialogue; or, • usetheinformationwhichyousetforthewholeJPA Designerprojectinthe Project Information dialogueinthe ProjectManager window. CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE Figure 16.3: ButtonsontheSAP toolbar 78 CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE Figure 16.4: TheProjectInformationdialogue 79 CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 80 Toenternewprojectdetails: 1. IntheSAP moduleselect Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar. The Project Information dialogueopens. 2. Enterprojectinformationbytypingitintotheappropriatefields. Usethe <Tab> keytomovebetweenfields. Youcanalsoaddplotnumbersanddrawingreferencestolinkthecalculationtoa particulardwellingonsite. Note: The UPRN boxandthe getUPRN and clearUPRN buttonsareonlyused whenpreparingtoissueanEPC foracompleteddwelling. Forinstructionsonusing thempleaseseetheseparateguidetoissuingEPCs. TocopyprojectdetailsfromProjectManager: 1. IntheSAP moduleselect Edit>ProjectInformation fromthemenubar. The Project Information dialogueopens. 2. Clickthe Inherit button. AnyinformationyouenteredinProjectManageriscopied tothe ProjectInformation dialoguehere. 16.6.2 Dwellingdetails The ProjectInformation dialoguealsocontainsgeneralinformationaboutthedwelling, includingthetypeofbuilding, thecountryandthelocation. • Buildingtype: thisisusedintheEnergyPerformanceCertificate. Selecttheclosest matchingvaluefromthedrop-down. • Country: thedifferentpartsoftheUK haveimplementedSAP 2009inslightlydifferentways3 . Youmustusethe Country drop-downtoselectthecorrectlocation toensurethedwellingistestedagainsttheappropriateregulations. • EPC language: setsthelanguageinwhichtheEPC isproduced. EPCsinEngland, ScotlandandNorthernIrelandmustbeproducedinEnglish. EPCs inWalesmaybeissuedininEnglishorWelsh. • Location: thisisusedintheoverheatingassessmentandinSAP calculationsfor dwellings with space cooling. Select the closest matching value from the dropdown. • Projecttype: defineswhetherthecalculationisforanewbuild, existingdwelling orconversion. AnEPC canonlybeproducedfora newdwellingasbuilt. • Relatedpartydisclosure: overridesthedefaultdisclosureforEPCsforthatcalculation. 3 AsofDecember2010NorthernIrelandisstillusingSAP 2005(version9.81). CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 16.6.3 81 SAP calculationoptions Thebottomofthe ProjectInformation dialoguecontainsseveralcalculationoptions: • Treatloweglasscoatingas`soft': softlowemissioncoatingsallowlesssolarenergy throughglassthanhardcoatingsandwillthereforereducetheamountofsolargain (however, windowswithsoftcoatingswillhavebetterU-valuesthanthosewithhard coatings). Ticktheboxtoapplythisoptiontoalllow-E glassinthecalculation. • Entergrossopaqueelementareas: theSAP 2009calculationusesthenetareasof wallsandroofs, aftertheareasofopenings(doors, windowsandrooflights)have beenremoved). Ifyouselectthisoptionyoucanenterthe gross areasofwallsand roofs, and the program will determine the net areas, by subtracting the areas of windowsandrooflights. Ifyouchangethesettingofthisboxthesoftwarethenclosethe ProjectInformation theprogramasksifyouwanttousethatsettingasthedefaultvalueforfuture calculations. • Boiler comes under the exception procedure allowed in Part L. The Domestic BuildingServicesComplianceguiderequiresneworreplacementgasoroilboilers tohaveefficiencylevelswhichcanonlybeachievedbycondensingappliances. A non-condensing boiler may be be permitted if the situation meets the conditionsinthegovernment's Condensingboilerinstallationassessmentprocedurefor dwellings4 . Youmaythereforeonlytickthisboxiftheconditionsoftheassessment procedurearesatisfied. 16.7 Enteringprojectdata ThedatafortheSAP calculationisenteredusingthe SAP 9.902009WorksheetValues dialogue. Thedialogueisorganisedbyaseriesoftabs, eachcoveringonepartoftheSAP inputdata: theyare: • Dwellingdimensions: thebasicconfigurationofthedwelling, includingtheproportionoflowenergylighting(chapter 17). • Ventilation: airinfiltrationrates, ventilationstrategyandsystemefficiency(chapter 18). • Walls, roofsandfloors: heatlossandthermalmassoftheopaquebuildingfabric (chapter 19). • Openings: heatloss, solargainanddaylightinginformationforwindows, doorsand rooflights(chapter 20). • Waterheating: thesourceofdomestichotwater, itsefficiencyandfueltype, includingdetailsofanysolarpanels(chapter 21). 4 Guide to the Condensing Boiler Installation Assessment Procedure for Dwellings. http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/uploads/br/BR PDF PTL CONDBOILER.pdf CLG. 2005. CHAPTER16. JPA DESIGNER SAP 2009MODULE 82 Figure 16.5: TabsontheSAP 9.902009WorksheetValuesdialogue Figure 16.6: ThebuttonsontheSAP WorksheetValuesdialogue • Primaryheating: themainheatingsystem, controlsandfuel(chapter 22). • Secondaryheating: anyadditionalheatingsystem(chapter 23). • Overheatingandcooling: detailsforsummeroverheating, andanyfixedcooling systems(chapter 24). • PV &AltTech: Photo-voltaicpanels, windturbines, andnewrenewabletechnologies(chapter 26). To open the dialogue at the start of a calculation, click on the Dwelling dimensions buttononthetoolbarorselect Edit>Dwellingdimensions. Thetabsarelistedatthetop ofthedialogueinthesameorderastheyappearinthe Edit menu(Figure 16.5). Tomove betweensectionssimplyclickonthetabs. Werecommendyoustartwiththe Dwelling Dimensions tabandworkfromlefttoright, finishingwiththe PV &AltTech tab. Atthebottomofthedialogueareaseriesofbuttons(Figure 16.6):- • OK:Revisesthecalculationtakingaccountofanychangesyouhavemadetothe data, andclosesthedialogue. • Cancel: Closesthedialoguebutignoresanychangesyouhavemadetothecalculation. • Apply: Revisesthecalculation, takingaccountofanychangesyouhavemadeto thedata, butleavesthedialogueopen. Withamonitorsetto1024by800pixelsorhigher, itispossibletoseethemain SAP windowandthe SAP 9.902009WorksheetValues dialogueatthesametime. By usingthe Apply buttonyoucanseetheeffectofdesignchangesuponthecalculation immediately. • Help: Givesyouaccesstothegovernment'sSAP guidanceandanon-lineversion ofthismanual. • Last: Takesyoutotheprevioustabonthedialogue. • Next: Takesyoutothenexttabonthedialogue. 17 Dwellingdimensions TheareaandaverageroomheightforeachstoreyareusedthroughouttheSAP calculation, forexample, todeterminehotwaterandlightingusageandtherateofheatloss throughventilation. The data is entered using the Dwelling dimensions tab of the SAP Worksheet values dialogue(Figure 17.1): • Foreachstorey, the floorarea, in m2 andthe averageroomheight. JPA Designer will calculate and display the volume of each storey, the total floor area of the dwellingandthetotalvolumeofthedwelling. Therearetwolinesfor Groundfloors, toallowfordwellingswhichhaveadouble heightlounge. The Exposedfloor linemaybeusedforfloorsofapartmentswhich areovergarages, parkingbaysorwalkways. Figure 17.1: TheDimensionstab 83 CHAPTER17. DWELLING DIMENSIONS 84 Floorareasaremeasuredtotheinternalsurfacesofthewallsboundingthedwelling, andshouldincludeallinternalwallsandbuilt-incupboardsaccessiblefromthe occupiedareaofthedwellingandallporchesandconservatorieswhichareheated andformpartofthehabitablespace. (Excludeporchesandconservatorieswhich areunheatedandthermallyseparatedfromthelivingspace.) The averageroomheight forthelowestfloorismeasuredfromfinishedfloorsurface toceilingsurface. Foreveryotherstorey, theheightismeasuredfromtheceilingof thefloorbelow: forexample, theheightofthesecondstoreyinatwostoreyhouse ismeasuredfromtheundersideoftheceilingofthefirststorey, totheunderside oftheceilingofthesecondstorey. Thisconventionensuresthatthevolumeofthe floorstructureisincludedwithinthecalculation. Forroomintheroofconstructions youwillneedtodetermineanaveragestoreyheight. Whereafloorhasadifferentoccupancybeneathit(suchasanotherflatormaisonette) the party boxshouldbetickedforthatfloor. Makesureyouenterthevaluesagainsttheappropriatestorey, otherwiseyoumay subsequentlyhaveproblemslodgingtheEPC.Thisisparticularlyimportantforflats: donotuse`groundfloor'unlessitactuallyisagroundfloorflat. • Totalfloorareawhichislivingarea: Entertheareaofthemainlivingroomofthe dwelling. JPA Designerwillcalculatethefractionthatformsofthetotalfloorarea. Thelivingroomisdefinedas theroommarkedontheplanastheloungeorliving room, orthelargestpublicroom. Theareaofotherroomswhicharenotseparated fromthelivingroombydoorsshouldalsobeincluded. However, thelivingarea cannotextendovermorethanonestorey. • Buildingfaces: Selecttheorientationofthefrontfaceofthedwellingfromthelist. Thevalueisusedinconjunctionwiththewindoworientationdatatodetermine solargain. Forahouse, itisusuallyeasiesttotreattheelevationcontainingthefrontdooras thefrontface; foranblockofflatsitmaybebettertotreatthefrontoftheblockas thefrontfaceforallflatsratherthansettingdifferentfrontorientationsforeachflat. • Applicationdate; Enterthedateonwhichthedwellingwillbesubmittedtothe BuildingControlBody. Clickingthedownarrowwillopenacalendar. 17.1 Lowenergylighting Theproportionoflowenergylightingisusedinthecalculationofelectricityconsumption forlighting, withahigherproportionoflowenergylightingresultinginlowerelectricity useandalowerDER.Theproportionoflowenergylightingisalsousedtotestcompliance withtheminimumefficiencystandardsforfixedbuildingservices(criterion2inApproved DocumentL1A):theDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuiderequiresaminimum of3outof4(0.75)lightfittingstobelowenergy. Furtherinformationonlightingisgiveninchapter12oftheDomesticBuildingServices ComplianceGuide. Thedatarequiredtodeterminetheproportionoflowenergylightingis: CHAPTER17. DWELLING DIMENSIONS 85 • thetotalnumberoflightingunits, whichisenteredin Totalfixedlightingoutlets; • the number of low energy fixed lighting units, which is entered in Low energy lightingunits. Onceyouhaveenteredthatdatatheprogramwillcalculateanddisplaythe Fractionof lowenergylighting1 . Atthedesignstage, whenitisunlikelythattheexactnumberoflightingunitswillbe known, the simplest strategy is to set the total number of units to 10 or 20, then set thenumberoflowenergyunitstogivethecorrectproportion: 15outof20willgivea proportionof0.75. 1 Thischangeinthewaythefractionoflowenergylightingisenteredhasresultedfromachangemade tothedatasubmissionwhichaccompaniestheEPC,whichmeansitisnolongersufficientsimplytoenter thefraction. 18 Ventilation Themovementofairfromtheinsidetotheoutsideofthedwellingwillresultinheatloss. SAP considerstwocomponentsofairmovement: • Airinfiltrationthroughthebuildingfabric. • Ventilation. Dataforairmovementisenteredusingthe Ventilation tab(Figure 18.1), whichhassectionsforairinfiltrationandventilationstrategy. Figure 18.1: TheVentilationtab 86 CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 18.1 87 Airinfiltration Airinfiltrationrepresents unplanned airmovement: higherlevelsofairinfiltrationwill givehigherDER values. Therateofairinfiltrationisexpressedintermsofthevolumeofair whichpassesinonehourthroughasquaremetreofthesurfaceofthebuildingenvelope: m3 /hm2 . themeasureisoftenreferredtoasthe q50 value, afterthecalculationresultin BS EN 13829. The DER calculation does not require any specific value for air infiltration, but Part L imposesuppercompliancelimitof 10 m3 /hm2 foralldwellings, whichwillbecheckedby pressuretesting. Designstagecalculationshavetoberevisedusingtheactualinfiltration rateoncetestinghasbeencarriedout. Theonlyexceptiontothatregimeisfordevelopmentsofoneortwodwellings, wherean airpressuretestisnotrequired, solongastheDER iscalculatedusinganairinfiltration rateof 15 m3 /hm2 . ThatpresumedrateofairinfiltrationwillgiveahigherDER,which mustthenbereducedbycompensatingimprovementstothebuildingfabricorservices. Therearethreemethodstoentertheairinfiltrationdataintothesoftware: • Setadesigntestpressure, andreplaceitlaterbytheresultofthepressuretest. • Onsmalldevelopments, useanassumedvalueof 15 m3 /hm2 . • Allowthesoftwaretocalculatetheinfiltrationratefromtheconstructiontypeand buildingsize. Thismethodisnotvalidfordemonstratingcomplianceunderbuilding regulations. 18.1.1 Pressuretestdata Thetreatmentofadwellingsubjecttotheairpressuretestingregimedependsonwhether apressuretestiscarriedoutonthedwelling, orwhetheritispartofagroupofdwellings inwhichotherdwellingsaretested. Atthepre-constructionstage, thedesignpressuretestvalueshouldbeusedforalldwellings, butthefinalcalculation: • fordwellingswhicharepressuretested: thepressuretestresult. • fordwellingswhicharenotthemselvespressuretested: theaveragetestresultfor dwellingsofthattype, plustwo. Touseairpressuretestdata: 1. At Sourceofq50value select Pressuretest. 2. For pre-construction stagecalculationsentertheairpermeabilityinthe Designq50 box, andsettheradiobuttonsto asdesigned. 3. Forpostcompletioncalculationsentereithertheresultoftheairpressuretest, or theaveragetestvalueforthattypeofdwelling, andsettheradiobuttonsto asbuilt. 4. Ifthedwellinghasbeenpressuretestedtick Thisdwellinghasbeenpressuretested. TheDER calculationwillusethe Designq50 value. Ifyoudonottickthatboxthe programwillcarryoutthecalculationsusingtheq50valueplustwo. CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 18.1.2 88 Usingtheassumedairpermeabilityrate Theonlyexemptiontotherequirementforairtestingisfordwellingsonsmalldevelopmentsofoneortwohouses: anairpressuretestisnotrequired, providedtheDER calculationiscarriedoutusinganairpermeabilityof 15 m3 /hm2 . ThathighvaluerequirestheperformanceoftherestofthebuildingtobeimprovedtomeettheDER,in ordertooff-setthepotentiallypoorair-permeability. Touseanassumedairpermeability: 1. At Sourceofq50value select Assumedvalue. 2. Tickthe Smalldevelopment box, whichindicatesthedwellingispartofadevelopmentofoneortwodwellings. Ifyoudonotticktheboxthedwellingwillfailits compliancechecks. The Designq50 boxisnowfixedat 15 m3 /hm2 . 18.1.3 Usingacalculatedairpermeabilityrate WhereadwellingisnotsubjecttotheairpressuretestingrequirementsofPartL anairpermeabilityvaluecanbeestimatedfrombasicdetailsoftheconstructionandconfiguration ofthedwelling. 1. At Sourceofq50value select Calculated. Thetabshowsadditionaltextboxes. 2. Specify: • • • • theTypeofconstruction; whetherthereisadraughtlobby; thefloorconstruction; thenumberofstoreys. 3. ThesoftwarethencalculatesanairpermeabilityratebasedontheSAP defaults. 18.2 Ventilationopeningsandsheltering Inthe Ventilation sectionenterdetailsoftheventilationprovisionforthedwelling. Use theboxestoenterthenumbersof: • Chimneys: verticalductsforcombustiongaseswithdiametergreaterthan200mm. • Flues: verticalductsforcombustiongaseswithdiameterlessthan200mm. *Thesecanbeassociatedwiththemainheatingsystem, orwithsecondaryorother heating. • Extract fansandpassivevents: intermittentextractfansinbathroomsandtoilets andpassiveventsystems. • Fluelessgasfires. • Numberof Shelteredsides tothedwelling. Shelteredsidesreducetherateofair infiltrationresultingfromexposuretowindforces. Seesection2.5oftheSAP 2009documentationforfurtherguidance. CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 89 Figure 18.2: TheUserdefinedmechanicalventilationdialogue 18.3 Ventilationtype Setthegeneraltypeofventilationusingthe Ventilationtypes radiobuttons(section2.6 oftheSAP documentdescribesthedifferentventilationsystems). Iftheinstallationhas beencarriedoutaspartofanapprovedinsulationschemetickthe Approvedinstallation scheme. The Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters sectiondetermineswhichefficiency datatheprogramuses: • Default: theperformancevaluesbuiltintotheSAP specification; Thisistheonlyoptionfornaturalventilation, butforwholehouseventilation, positiveinputventilationorwholehouseextractventilation, thedefaultperformance valuesintheSAP specificationwillgivecomparativelypoorresults. • User defined: allows you to enter your own performance values, such as those suppliedbyproductmanufacturers: 1. Fromthe Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters select Userdefined. 2. Clickthe Enterdetails button. The Userdefinedmechanicalventilation dialogueopensandyoucannowenterthedata(Figure 18.2. CHAPTER18. VENTILATION 90 Figure 18.3: TheBRE VentilationDatabasedialogue • Database: performance values from the Product Characteristics Database maintainedbyBRE. 1. Fromthe Sourceofmechanicalventilationparameters select Database. 2. Clickthe Lookup button. The MechanicalVentilationDatabase dialogueopens (Figure 18.3). 3. Usethedrop-downtoselectthe Manufacturer. Thelistofavailableproducts appears. 4. Selectaproductbyclickingonit. 5. Specifythenumberof Wetroomsexcludingkitchen. 6. Iftheductworkisinsulatedtickthe Insulatedduct box. 7. Clickthe Usetheselectedsystem button. Thedialogueclosesandthesummaryofthesystemisdisplayednexttothe Database radiobutton. CHAPTER18. VENTILATION Inallcases, leavethebox 100%draught-stripping ticked. 91 19 Walls, roofsandfloors Thedataontheopaquebuildingfabric–-walls, roofsandfloors–-isusedtocalculate: • therateofconductionheatlossforthedwellingthroughthoseelementsandthe junctionsbetweenthem; • thethermalmassofthedwelling. InJPA Designeryoumustentertheareas, U-valuesand κ-valuesforeachofthebuildingelements(section 19.3), andalsoenterdetailsofthelinearthermalbridgingathe junctionsbetweentheelementsandattheedgesofopenings(section 19.4). Thedatais enteredusingthe Walls, roofs&floors tabofthe SAP Worksheetvalues dialogue(Figure 19.1). 19.1 Definingbuildingelements SAP 2009requiresdatafor all elementsofthebuildingfabric, notjusttheheatlosselements1 . Youmustenterdatafor: • Exposed elements which separate the building interior from outside, or from an unheatedspace, orfromanadjacentoccupancywithadifferentheatingpattern. • Partyelementswhichseparatethedwellingfromanotherspacewithasimilarheatingpattern. • Internalwallsandfloors. Thedatarequiredforeachelementdependsonitsfunction: theprincipleitemsbeing: • Area: thesurfaceareaoftheelement, in m2 , whichshouldbemeasuredtothe boundariesofinternalfinishedsurfaces. Ifyouhavechosentouse gross areasfor opaqueelementsthereisnoneedtosubtracttheareasofopeningsfromwallor roofareas. Whenaddinginternalwalls, theareasofbothsidesofthewallshouldbemeasured. 1 ThisisoneofthesignificantchangesindatagatheringbetweenSAP 2005(9.8x)andSAP 2009(9.90). It is a result of the new method for calculating the energy required for heating, which now considers thethermalmassofthebuildingfabric: everyelementwhichcontributestothatthermalmasshastobe includedinthecalculation. 92 CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 93 Figure 19.1: TheWalls, RoofsandFloorstab • U-value: the rateof heat transferthrough the element. U-values should be calculatedtoBS EN ISO 6946andBS EN ISO 13370, followingtheguidanceinBR 443. ConventionsforU-valuecalculations. TherequirementsforU-valuesfordifferentelementsaresummarisedin Table 19.2. Notethatforpartywallsbetween dwellingstheU-valuesmustbetakenfrom Table 19.1. • κ-values(kappa-values): thisistheheatcapacityoftheelement, whichexpresses theamountofenergyrequiredtoraiseitstemperature. Table1eoftheSAP documentcontainsadditionalinformationabout κ-values. Table 19.1: U-valuesforpartywalls Partywallconstruction Solid Unfilledcavitywithnoeffectiveedgesealing Unfilledcavitywitheffectiveedgesealing A fullyfilledcavitywitheffectivesealing U-value(W/m2 K) 0.0 0.5 0.2 0.0 CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 94 Table 19.2: U-valuesforbuildingelements Element U-value Exposedelement Semi-exposed Partywallbetweendwellings Partywall–similarheatingpattern Partywall–differentheatingpattern Partyfloor–similarheatingpattern Partyfloor–differentheatingpattern Partyceiling–similarheatingpattern Partyceiling–differentheatingpattern Internalwall Internalfloor Internalceiling Ascalculated Ascalculated From Table 19.1 0.00 W/m2 K Halfcalculatedvalue 0.00 W/m2 K Halfcalculatedvalue 0.00 W/m2 K Halfcalculatedvalue N/A N/A N/A Figure 19.2: TheElementdialogue Notes RuadjustmenttoU-value Takeareaofbothsides CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 19.2 95 TheElementdialogue The Element Dialogueisusedtoenterdataoneachofthedwelling'sopaqueelements (see Figure 19.2): ittakesthefollowingdata: • Element: Usethedrop-downtosetthe type ofelementfromthelist. Theelement typeisusedforcheckingaverageU-values, soitisimportanttosettherightelement type. • Curtainwall: Tickthisboxifthewallelementconsistsofcurtainwalling. Curtainwallinghastobetreateddifferentlyfromnormalwallsinordertoobtainthe correctvaluesforheatlossandsolargains. Theareaofwallshouldbeenteredas normal, buttheU-valuesettothatofthewholecurtainwallsystem. Thewindow areashouldalsobethatofthewholefacade, withthesameU-value. • Construction: thedrop-downlistsanumberofcommonconstructionsforthespecifiedelementtype, andoffersaquickwayofsettingthe heatcapacity fortheelement. Alternatively, youcanleavetheconstructionblankandenterthe heatcapacity directly. • Partywalltype: thisdrop-downisonlydisplayedifthe Element isapartywall. – Forapartywallbetweentwodwellingsselecttheappropriateconstruction: thatwillalsosetthe U-value. – Forapartywallbetweenadwellingandanoccupancywhichis not adwelling ignorethisbox. • Storey: thisboxisonlydisplayedifthe Element isapartyfloororinternalfloor. Set thestoreynumber, relativetothebuilding(notjustthedwelling). • When Element issetto internalfloors theprogramdisplaysthe Ceilingbelow dropdown: selecttheinternalceilingwhichformstheotherpartoftheinternalfloor construction. Thismeansyoushouldentertheinternalceilingelementsbeforeyouentertheinternalfloors. • Heatcapacity: entertheheatcapacity(κ-value)fortheelement: ifyouhaveselecteda Construction itsdefaultheatcapacitywillalreadybeentered. • Area: Entertheareaoftheelement. Ifyouhavechosentousegrossareasthetextabovethe Area boxwillread Enter areasINcludingdoors, windowsrooflights. Ifitreads EXcludingdoors, windows rooflights youmustenternetareas. • U-value: Enter the U-value in the text box. If you have already carried out the U-valuecalculationinthesameJPA Designerprojectyoucanselectitusingthe LinktothisU-valuecalculation drop-down: thatcreatesapermanentlinkbetween theelementintheSAP calculationandtheU-valuecalculation; thesoftwarewill updatetheSAP calculationiftheU-valuechanges. CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 96 • Effectivethermalresistanceofunheatedspace(Ru): The Ru coefficientisusedto adjusttheU-valueofanelementtoallowforthebeneficialeffectofanenclosedbut unheatedspacetoitsexterior. Thecommonestunheatedspacesareintegralgarages inhousesandaccesscorridorstoapartmentblocks: somepartsofroom-in-the-roof constructionsarealsotreatedasunheatedspaces. Valuesfor Ru aregiveninsection 3.3oftheSAP documentation; clickingthe Help displaystherelevantguidance. • Description: An optional text description of the element can be entered in the Descriptiontextbox. A descriptionmakesiteasiertodistinguishbetweenseveral elementsofthesametypewheneditingacalculation. • Perimeter and Cost: theseboxesshouldbeignored. 19.3 Managingbuildingelements Toaddanewelement: 1. Clickthe New button; the NewElement dialogueopens. 2. Enterthedatafortheelementthenclick OK.JPA Designershowsthesummarydata newelementintheelementlist. Toeditanelement:1. Click the element to edit then click the Edit button. The Edit Element dialogue opens. 2. Makethechangestotheelement, thenclick OK. Toduplicateanelement:1. Selecttheelementtoduplicatebyclickingonitonce. 2. Clickthe Duplicate button. A copyoftheelementiscreated. 3. Selectthenewelementandclick Edit tomakechanges. Todeleteanelement:1. Selecttheelementtodeletebyclickingonitonce. 2. Clickthe Delete button. A confirmdialogueappears. 3. Click Yes todeletetheelement, or No tocancelthedeletion. CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 97 Figure 19.3: TheCalculateHtbdialogue 19.4 Linearthermalbridging Besidescalculatingtherateofheatloss through thebuildingelementsSAP alsocalculates therateofheatlossatthejunctions between thoseelementsandaroundopenings, which resultsfromlinearthermalbridging.Therateofheatlossfromajunctioniscalculatedby multiplyingitslength, measuredinmetres, byits ψ -value(psi-value). Theheatlossrate fromallthejunctionsisaddedtogethertogivethetotalrateofheatlossatjunctions, Htb. An alternative, simplified method of calculating Htb can be used in some cases: this simplifiedmethodisdescribedin subsection 19.4.2. FurtherinformationonthetreatmentoflinearthermalbridgingcanbefoundinAppendix K oftheSAP document. 19.4.1 TheHtbcalculation AnaccuratecalculationofHtbrequiresthelengthand ψ -valueofeachjunction. The lengthshouldbeobtainedbymeasurementfromthedesigndrawings: itisacceptableto sumthelengthofseparatejunctionsofthesametype, forexample, addingtogetherthe lengthsofallthewindowjambs. The ψ -valuecanbeobtainedfromanumberofsources: CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 98 Figure 19.4: TheJunctiondialogue • whereanaccreditedconstructiondetailisused, the ψ -valueforthatdetail. • wherea ψ -valuehasbeencalculated, the ψ -valueforthatdetail. NotethattherequirementinApprovedDocumentL1A toincreasesuchcalculated butnon-accredited ψ -valuesbythegreatestof0.02or25%willnotbeintroduced untilthirdpartyaccreditationschemesareoperating. • adefaultvaluefromthefinalcolumnoftableK.1intheSAP 2009document. ThedatafortheHtbcalculationisenteredusingthe CalculateHTB dialogue(Figure 19.3 whichlistsallthejunctiontypesassignedtothedwelling, showingforeachone: • theaccreditedlinearthermaltransmittance, whichrepresentsthe ψ -valueforthe correspondingaccreditedconstructiondetail; • theachievedlinearthermaltransmittanceforthejunction; • thelengthofthedetail, inmetres; • therateofheatlossthroughthejunction, W/K. Thebuttonsatthebottomofthedialogueallowyouto Add, Edit and Delete junctions. Tousethe CalculateHtb dialogue: CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 99 1. Tickthebox EnterHTB valuemanually. 2. Clickthe Calculateit button. The CalculateHtb dialogueopens. Toaddajunction: 1. Click Add. The Junction dialogueopens. 2. Selectthe Junctiontype fromthedrop-down. 3. Entera Description; thisisoptional, butaddingadescriptionwillmakeiteasierto managethecalculation. 4. Enterthe Achievedlinearthermaltransmittance: thisisthe ψ -value. Theprogramwillofferstandardvaluesbasedonthejunctiontype. 5. Enterthe Detaillength, thetotallengthofthejunction, inmetres. 6. Setthe Sourceofvalue. Currentlythissimplyrecordsthesource: inthefutureitwillbeusedtotriggerthe penaltyoncalculated, butnon-accrediteddetails. 7. Click OK.Thejunctionisaddedtothe CalculateHtb dialogue. Therearetwoadditionalpointstonotewhenaddingjunctions: • there is a distinction between junctions to exposed walls and junctions to party walls: thelattercommonlyhavelower ψ -values. • ifthedwellinghascurtainwallingthereisnoneedtoincludethelengthsofthe windowsurroundsasthethermalbridgingheatlosseswillhavebeenincludedin theoverallU-valueforthecurtainwallsystem. AccreditedconstructiondetailsforEnglandandWalesareavailableonthePlanningPortal: http://www.planningportal.gov.uk/. ThoseforScotlandfromtheScottishGovernment website: http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Topics/Built-Environment. 19.4.2 SimplifiedHtbcalculations Anapproximatevaluefor Htb canbeobtainedbymultiplyingthetotalareaoftheexposed elements (floors, walls and roofs) by a factor, y. There are two conditions where this simplifiedmethodmaybeused: • Where y hasbeencalculatedforthattypeandconfigurationofdwelling. Tousea calculatedvaluefory: 1. Tick Enteryvaluemanually. 2. Enterthevaluefor y inthebox. 3. Enterareferenceforthecalculatedvalueof y inthe Calcref box. Thereferencemustrefertothecalculationusedtoobtainthestatedvalue. • Whereno ψ -valuesorjunctionlengthsareavailable. Thecalculationproceedson thebasisofy=0.15. Tousethatvalue: 1. Makesure EnterHtbvaluemanually is unticked. 2. At Detailing select Detailsarenotaccreditedconstructiondetails. CHAPTER19. WALLS,ROOFS AND FLOORS 19.5 100 Thermalmass Therearethreemethodsforenteringdataonthethermalmassofthebuildingfabric: 1. Setthe κ-valueforallexposed, partyandinternalelements. Theprogramcalculatesthethermalmassparameter(TMP) fromthosevaluesandtheareasofthose elements; theresultisdisplayedinthe TMP box. 2. EnterasetTMP.Tick UserdefinedThermalMassParameter thenenterthevaluein the TMP box. 3. Useoneofthethreedefaultthermalmassparameters. Tick UserdefinedThermal MassParameter thenselectathermalmasscategoryfromthe Thermalmass drop down. 20 Openings Openingsinwallsandroofs–windows, doors, affectthreeaspectsoftheSAP calculation: • Heatloss: assessedthroughtheU-value. • Solargain: assessedthroughthegwindowvalue. • Daylighting: assessedthroughthetypeofglazing. Dataonopeningsisenteredusingthe Openings tabofthe SAP WorksheetValues dialogue(Figure 20.1). Thetabliststhedwelling'swindows, doorsandrooflights, grouping themaccordingtothebuildingelementintheysit. Thebuttonsbelowthelistallowyou tocreate, editanddeleteopenings. Foreachopeningthedataisenteredusingthe Doors, Windows&Rooflights dialogue1 (section 20.1). Todefineanewopening: 1. Inthe Openings tabclickthe New button. The NewDoors, Windows&Rooflights dialogueopens. 2. Enterthedatafortheopeningandclick OK. Toduplicateanopening: Duplicatinganopeningcreatesanewcopyoftheoriginalopeningwhichcanthenbe edited: asmostopeningswillsharethesameglazingandframetype, usingtheduplicate facilitycanspeedupdataentry. 1. Inthe Openings tabselecttheopeningyouwanttoduplicate. 2. Clickthe Duplicate button. A copyoftheopeningiscreated. 3. Doubleclickontheduplicatedopeningtoeditit. Toeditanexistingopening: 1 Youcanentereachopeningindividually, oryoucangrouptheopeningsoneachfaceofthebuilding intoonearea, providedtheyhavethesameframeandglazingtype. 101 CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 102 Figure 20.1: TheOpeningstab 1. Doubleclickontheopeninginthelistinthe Openings tab. The EditDoors, WindowsandRooflights dialogueopens. Alternatively, youcanselecttheopeningthenclickthe Edit button. 2. Makeyourchangesthenclick OK. Todeleteanopening: 1. Selecttheopeninginthelistinthe Openings tab. 2. Clickthe Delete button. A confirmationdialogueappears. 3. Click Yes todeletetheopening, or No toretainit. TochangemultipleU-values: ThisfunctionenablesyoutorevisetheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatonce. 1. Selectthefirstoftheopeningsbyclickingonitonce. CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 103 Figure 20.2: ChangingtheU-valuesofseveralopeningsatthesametime 2. Holddownthe <Shift> keyandclickthelastoftheopenings. Thatopening, and alltheopeningsbetweenthefirstandlastarenowselected. 3. Clickthe ChangeU-valueofselectedopenings button. The ChangeMultipleUvalues dialogueopens(Figure 20.2). 4. EnterthenewU-valuethenclick OK.TheU-valuesarechanged. 20.1 TheWindows, DoorsandRooflightsdialogue The Doors, Windows&Rooflights dialogueisusedtoenterthedataabouttheopenings withinthedwelling(Figure 20.3: thedialogueisheadedeither NewDoors, Windows &Rooflights or EditDoors, Windows&Rooflights). Thedialoguerequiresthefollowing data: • OpeningType: Usethedrop-downtoselectwhetheritisawindow, rooflightor door. • Openingwithin: Usethedrop-downtoselectwhichelement(wall, roof)which containstheopening. Thesoftwareusesthisinformationtocalculatethenetareas of the elements. The elements offered in the drop-down will only be those appropriateforthe Openingtype. For example, if you have set the Opening type to Window, the Opening within drop-downwillshowonlywalls. Similarly, ifyouchose Rooflight, then Opening within willshowonlyroofelements. • Glazing: Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofglazing, consideringthenumber ofleavesofglass, thegaswithinthecavityorcavitiesandanylowemissivity(low-E) coating. Evenifyougoontoenteramanufacturer'sU-valueand/orgwindowvalueyou muststillmakeaselectionheretosetthecorrectparametersfordaylight. • Double-glazingairgap: Usetheradiobuttonstoselectoneofthedefaultvalues orenteryourownvalue. Ifthegapisgreaterthan16mmselect Other andentera widthinthebox. CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 104 Figure 20.3: TheEditDoors, Windows&Rooflightsdialogue • Frametype: Usetheradiobuttonstoselecttheframematerialand, formetalframes, thedepthofthethermalbreak. • SourceofU-value: Ifyouselect Default thesoftwarewillusethebuilt-invaluesfor theU-valueandsolartransmittance. Ifyouselect Manufacturer thesoftwarewill expectyoutoenteraU-value, butwilluseadefaultsolartransmittancebasedon theglazingandframetype. Ifyouselect BFRC data thesoftwarewillexpectyou toenteraU-valueandsolarfactor(gwindowvalue). Thegwindowvaluemustbe certifiedbytheBritishFenestrationRatingCouncil. • U-value: If sourceofU-value issetto Default thisboxwillbegreyedout. Otherwise enterthemanufacturersuppliedU-value. • gwindowvalue: OnlyenteragwindowvalueinhereifitisBFRC certified. • Area: Youcanentertheopeningareadirectlyintothe Area box, oryoucanselect asizefromthe Windowsize drop-down, oryoucanenterthe Width and Height oftheopening. Note: the Area isenteredinmetressquare, butthevaluesfor Width and Height areenteredinmillimetres(mm). Wherethereisanoverhangabovethewindow CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 105 youshouldusethe Width and Height boxes, toensurethesoftwarecorrectlytakes accountoftheovershadinginthesummeroverheatingcalculation. • Description: The Description box allows you to enter a text description for the element. Thedescriptiondoesnotaffecttheoutcomeofthecalculation. Ifyou haveenteredamanufacturer'sU-valuethesoftwarerequiresadescription. Westronglyrecommendyouusethedescriptionboxtoenterashortdescriptionfor everyopening, suchasitsnumberonthewindowanddoorschedule: itismuch easiertokeeptrackofopeningsinthecalculationwhenyouhaveadescription. • Openingorientation: Thedirectioninwhichtheopeningfacesdetermineshow muchlightitwillreceiveandwillthereforeaffecthowmuchsolarfluxwillpass throughtheopening. Theorientationofanopeningissetrelativetothefrontelevationofthedwelling: usuallythatwhichcontainsthefrontdoor. Settheorientation usingtheradiobuttons. Rooflightsalwaysface Top. Ifyouareunsurewhichway thebuildingwillbefacingthenselect Unspecified. Makesurethe Front elevationhereisthesameoneyouselectedinthe Building faces drop-downinthe Dimensions tab. • Overhang: Featuressuchasbalconiesorbrisesoleilwhichoverhangawindow willreducetheamountofsunlightfallingonitinsummer, andsoreducetheriskof overheating. Ifthereissuchanoverhangenterits Width and Depth, bothinmm. Thedepthismeasuredfromtheouteredgeoftheoverhangtotheexternalfaceof theglazing. • Blinds, curtainsandexternalshutters: Thesewillalsoreducetheamountofsolar gainandtheriskofoverheatinginsummer. Usethedrop-downtoselectthetype ofshadingandthensetthe Fractionofdaylighthoursclosed. AppendixP oftheSAP documentationgivessomeguidanceofreasonableassumptionsfortheseoccupant-determinedvalues. • Overshading: Theextenttowhichtheskyisobscuredbytreesandneighbouring buildingswilldeterminetheamountofsunlightandsolarfluxpassingthroughthe glazing. Set the degree of overshading using the radio buttons. Select Average orunknown ifyoucannotestablishtheamountofovershading. TheSAP guidance disallowstheuseofthe Verylittle overshadingcategoryfornewdwellingsasitdoes nottakeaccountofconditionslikelytoapplyoverthewholelifeofthebuilding. 20.2 Editingmultipleopenings Changingthespecificationforopeningsoncetheyhavebeenaddedtoacalculationcan beatimeconsumingprocess. JPA Designerhastwotoolstomaketheprocessquicker, byenablingyoutocopyingcertainpartsofthewindowdataforonewindowtoother windowsinthedwellingorproject. Theonlydataitemscopiedtothewindowsare: • Glazing. • Doubleglazingairgap. CHAPTER20. OPENINGS 106 • Frametype. • gwindowvalue. Tocopyvaluesbetweenopenings: 1. Openonewindowinthe EditDoors, Windows&Rooflights dialogue(Figure 20.3). 2. Adjustthedataforthewindow, ifnecessary. 3. Clickoneoftwobuttons: • Copy these values to all this building's windows: clicking this button sets thewindowdataforallwindowsinthedwellingtothatthecurrentlyviewed window. • Copy these values to all the buildings in this project: clicking this button setsthewindowdataforallwindowsinallthedwellingsintheJPA Designer projecttothatthecurrentlyviewedwindow. 4. JPA Designerdisplaysaconfirmationdialogue. Click Yes tocarryoutthechanges, or No toignorethem. Theoperationcannotbeun-doneautomatically. 21 Waterheating SAP considerstheamountofenergyusedtoheatdomestichotwatersuchasthatused forbathing, laundryanddishwashing. Thedemandforhotwaterisbaseduponthefloor areaofthedwelling. Dataondomestichotwaterisenteredusingthe Waterheating tab ofthe SAP Worksheetvalues dialogue(Figure 21.1. Thefirststepistoselectthetypeofwaterheatingsystemusingthe Sourceofdomestichotwater drop-box. Onceyouhavemadeaselectiontheprogramwilldisplaythe appropriatedataentryfields. Thehotwatersourcesare: • Hotwaterstoragetank. • Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse. • Combinationboiler. • Communityheatingscheme. • Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuiltintoagaswarmairsystem. • Boilerwiththermalstore. • Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU). • MicroCHP orHeatpump. Use this option for heat pump with data taken from the Product Characteristics Database(section 22.2. Forallotherheatpumpsuse Hotwaterstoragetank. • Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichotwateronly. 21.1 Hotwaterstoragetank Thissystemshouldbeselectedwherethehotwaterwhichisheatedbythecentralheating boilerorimmersioncoil, thenstoredinatankorcylinderreadyforuse(Figure 21.1). Enter thefollowingdataforthetank: • Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume inthe Volume drop-down. 107 CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 108 Figure 21.1: TheWaterheatingtab, showingsettingsforahotwaterstoragetank • Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then enterits Thickness inmm. • Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. Themeansofheatingthehotwatermustbespecifiedusingthe Hotwatertankheater radiobuttons: • Singleelectricimmersionheater: asinglecoilelectricimmersionheaterinthetank; • Dualelectricimmersionheater: adualcoilelectricimmersionheaterinthetank: thiswillusuallybeassociatedwithanoff-peaktariff, inwhichcasetick Offpeak electricityimmersionheaters. • Boilerfeed: thisindicatesaheatsourcewhichalsoprovidesspaceheating, suchas anoilorgasboiler, oradefaultefficiencyheatpump. Thereareadditionalboxes toindicate: – thehotwaterisprovidedbythesecondmainheatingsystem; – adefaultefficiencyheatpumpissupplementedbyanimmersionheaterinthe summer. CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 109 Figure 21.2: Enteringaninstantaneoushotwaterheater • Hotwateronlyboiler: adedicatedunitwhichsuppliesdomestichotwateronly. Usethedrop-downtoselectthetypeofboiler, thenspecifythe Fuel. Usethefourlowerboxestoindicatewhether: • thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace; • thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding ServicesComplianceGuide); • theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydisplayedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide; • thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater. Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water heating tab(section 21.10). 21.2 Instantaneouswaterheatingatpointofuse Forasystemwhichheatsthewateron-demandatthepointofuse, youneedonlyselect the Fuel usingtheradiobuttons. 21.3 Combinationboiler Combinationboilersprovideheatingandhotwater: theymaybeinstantaneous(withup to15litresstorage), ortheymaycontainsmallprimaryorsecondarystoragetanks(see AppendixB oftheSAP 2009documentfordefinitions). Usethe Combinationboilertype radiobuttonstoselectthetype. Ifyouhaveselected Instantaneous thereisnofurtherdatatoenter. Foraboilerwitha primary or secondary storeenterthefollowingdata: • Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume inthe Volume drop-down. CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 110 Figure 21.3: Hotwateroptionsforcombinationboilers • Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then enterits Thickness inmm. • Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water heating tab(see section 21.10). 21.4 Communityheatingscheme Thehotwaterfordwellingsheatedbycommunityheatingschemescanprovidedbyimmersionheatersorbyaheatexchangerfedfromthescheme. Inallcasesspecifythehot watertankheater. Theremaybeadditionaldatarequired, dependingontheconfiguration ofthesystem: • Wherethereisneitherahotwatertanknoraheatexchangeinthedwellingno furtherdataisrequired. • Ifthereisahotwatertankwithinthedwellingtick DHW cylinderwithindwelling, thestandarddataboxesfora Hotwatertank willthenbedisplayed. Enterthetank details(section 21.1)andtick DHW cylinderwithindwelling • Ifthereisnotankandthehotwaterisprovidedbyaheatexchanger, tick DHW cylinderwithindwelling, thestandarddataboxesfora Hotwatertank willthen bedisplayed. Enterthevolumeoftheheatexchangeranddetailsofitsinsulation andtick DHW cylinderwithindwelling Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water heating tab(section 21.10). 21.5 Multi-pointgaswaterheaterorheatexchangebuilt intoagaswarmairsystem Thisrepresentssystemswithonegas-firedwaterheaterprovidinghotwatertoanumber ofoutlets, orawaterheaterwhichusesaheatexchangerbuiltintoawarmairheating system. Enterthefollowingdata: CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 111 Figure 21.4: Dataentryforgaswaterheatersorheatexchangers • Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume inthe Volume drop-down. • Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then enterits Thickness inmm. • Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. Usethefourlowerboxestoindicatewhether: • thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace; • thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding ServicesComplianceGuide); • theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydisplayedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide; • thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater. Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water heating tab(section 21.10). 21.6 Boilerwiththermalstore Inthesesystemsathermalstorecontainswaterheatedbyaseparateboiler, withdomestic hotwaterprovidedbymeansofheatexchangerwithinthestore. Enterthefollowingdataforthestore: • Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume inthe Volume drop-down. • Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then enterits Thickness inmm. CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 112 Figure 21.5: Dataentryforathermalstorehotwatersystem • Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. Thehotwatertankheaterwillalwaysbe Boilerfeed. Usetheradiobuttonsandtickboxestoindicatewhether: • Thethermalstoreisintegratedorhotwateronly. • Thethermalstoreisinanairingcupboard. • Thethermalstoreisclosecoupled. Close coupled means the store is either within the same casing as the boiler, or separatedfromtheboilerbynomorethan1.5mofinsulatedpipework. • Thereisaseparatetimertothethermalstorefortheheatingstore. Usethefourlowertickboxestoindicatewhether: • thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace; • thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding ServicesComplianceGuide); • theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydisplayedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide; • thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater. Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpanel sectionofthe Waterheating tab(see section 21.10). CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 113 Figure 21.6: DataentryforCPSU hotwatersupply 21.7 Combinedprimarystorageunit(CPSU) A CombinedPrimaryStorageUnitprovideshotwaterbymeansofheatexchangerwithin theprimarystore. Enterthefollowingdataforthetank: • Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume inthe Volume drop-down. • Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then enterits Thickness inmm. • Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. Usetheradiobuttonsanddrop-downstoindicate: • whetherthe CPSU isinanairingcupboard; • the winteroperatingtemperatureoftheCPSU; • the sizeoftheCPSU cylinder. Usethelowerboxestoindicatewhether: • theCPSU asa separatetimerfortheheatingstore; • thehotwatertank(cylinder)isintheheatedspace; • thereisathermostatinthehotwatertank(cylinder)(requiredbyDomesticBuilding ServicesComplianceGuide); CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 114 • theprimarypipeworkbetweentheboilerandtankisinsulated(tickboxonlydisplayedifboilerfeedisselected)(requiredbyDomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide; • thereisaseparatetimerforthedomestichotwater. Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpaneldetails sectionofthe Water heating tab(section 21.10). 21.8 MicroCHP orheatpump Inthesesystemsthehotwaterisprovidedbyeitheradomestic-sizedcombinedheatand power(microCHP) systemorbymeansofaheatpumpenteredbymeansoftheProduct CharacteristicsDatabase(section 22.2). ForamicroCHP systemtheonlyoptionsarewhetherthereis: • asummertimeimmersionheaterforhotwater; • ahotwatervesselwithinthemicroCHP system; • aseparatetimerfordomestichotwater. Forheatpumpthestandardmethodistoacceptthedatabasevalues, inwhichcaseitis onlynecessarytospecifywhetherthereis: • asummertimeimmersionheaterforhotwater; • ahotwatervesselwithinthemicroCHP system; • aseparatetimerfordomestichotwater. However, itispossibletooverridethevaluesbyticking Overrideheatpumpdatabase values. Thetabnowshowsthe Hotwatertank databoxes: • Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactualvolume inthe Volume drop-down. • Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, then enterits Thickness inmm. • Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythetank manufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. • Heatpumpheatexchangerarea: Entertheareaoftheheatexchangerplatesin m2 . Ifthedwellinghassolarpanelscompletethe Solarpanel sectionofthe Waterheating tab(section 21.10). CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 115 Figure 21.7: Settingsforacommunityheatingschemewhichsuppliesonlydomestichot water 21.9 Communityheatingschemeprovidingdomestichot wateronly Thissystemrepresentshotwaterprovisionbyacommunityheatingschemewhichdoes not providethespaceheating. Thesystemcanhaveseveralheatsources. Tospecifysuchasystem: • Setthe Sourceofdomestichotwater to Communityheating-domestichotwater only (Figure 21.7). • Setthe HeatSources forthesystem(subsection 21.9.1. • Setthemethodof charging forthehotwatersupply, usingthedrop-down: thiswill eitherbeaflatratechargefortheheating, orwillbelinkedtohotwaterusage. • Setthe distribution methodusingthedrop-down. • Ifthereisasolarpanellinkedtothesystementeritsdetails(section 21.10). • Ifthereisahotwatertankorcylinderwithinthedwellingtick DHW cylinderwithin dwelling: additionaldataboxeswillbedisplayedfor: – Hotwatertankvolume: selectoneofthedefaultvaluesorentertheactual volumeinthe Volume drop-down. – Storagetankinsulation: usetheradiobuttonstoselectthetypeofinsulation, thenenterits Thickness inmm. – Declaredlossfactor: Usetheboxtoenteraheatlossfactorsuppliedbythe tankmanufacturer, insteadofrelyingonthedefaultvaluesinSAP 2009. CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 116 Figure 21.8: Settingaheatsourceforcommunityheating/hotwater 21.9.1 Heatsources Communityheatingandhotwaterschemescanbefedbyavarietyofheatsourcesincludingconventionalboilers, heatpumps, combinedheatandpowersystemsandeven geothermal. The Heatsources boxliststhesourcesfordomestichotwater(Figure 21.7): sourcescanbeaddedandeditedusingthebuttonsnexttothebox: • the New button, whichopensthe Heatsource dialoguereadyfornewdata; • the Edit button, whichopensthe Heatsource dialogueshowingtheselectedheat source. • the Delete buttonwhichremovestheselectedheatsource. The HeatSource dialogue(Figure 21.8 requires: • thetypeofheatsource, selectedfromthe Heatsource drop-down. • thefuel, selectedfromthe Fuel drop-down. • theproportionofthetotalenergyloadprovidedbythatsource. Enterafraction between0and1inthe Heatfraction box. • theefficiencyofthatheatsource. Enterasapercentageinthe Efficiency box. Formostsourcestheefficiencywillbelessthan100, butforheatpumpstheefficiencymaybeconsiderablyhigher. CHAPTER21. WATER HEATING 117 Figure 21.9: Dataentryforsolarwaterheating 21.10 Solarpanels Solarpanelsusesunlighttopre-heatwaterforthedomestichotwatersystem. Guidance onincludingsolarpanelsinthecalculationisgiveninAppendixH oftheSAP documentation. Wherepossibledatafromthepanel'stestcertificateshouldbeused, otherwise usedatafromtableH1oftheSAP documentation. Whereadwellinghassolarpanels, specify: • Thenet Apertureareaofsolarcollector, insquaremetres. • The Zero-lossefficiencyofthecollector. • The heatlosscoefficient ofthecollector. • Thevolumeofthe dedicatedsolarstorage. SeefigureH2oftheSAP documentation fordefinitions. • Whetherthereisa separatesolarcylinder. • The solarcollectortype, usingtheradiobuttons. • The pitch ofthepanels, measuredfromthehorizontal, andtheir orientation. • Theamountof overshading onthepanels; generallythiswillbelessthantheovershadingofwindowsfacingthesamedirection. • Whetherthereisasolarpoweredpump. Thiswillreducetheamountofelectricity usedforpumpingwater. 22 Primaryheating Theprimaryheatingsystemisthemainheatingsystemforthedwelling, whichwilloften providehotwateraswellasspaceheating; itisusuallynotbasedonindividualroom heaters. Dataontheprimaryheatingsystemisenteredusingthe Primaryheating tab (Figure 22.1). 22.1 Dwellingswithtwomainheatingsystems SAP 2009canaccountfortheuncommoncaseofadwellinghavingtwomainheating systems, whicharedesignedtoheatthehousetogether. (Thisshouldnotbeconfused withsecondaryheatingappliances, suchasgasfiresorwood-burningstoves, whichare designedtoprovideadditionalheatforindividualrooms.) Thetwosystemsmaybeconfiguredtoheattheallthedwellingtogether, ortoheatpartsofitseparately. Tospecifytwoheatingsystems: 1. Tick Dwellinghastwomainheatingsystems. Theprogramnowdisplaysapairof radiobuttons, Mainheatingsystem1 and Mainheatingsystem2 (Figure 22.2). 2. With Mainsystem1 selected, entertheproportionofthedwelling'sspaceheating demandwhichisprovidedbythatsysteminthe Fraction box(thefractionshould beintherange0.0–1.0). 3. Ifbothsystemsheatthewholehousetickthebox Bothsystemsheatwholehouse. Thisaffectsthetreatmentofthehotwatersystem. 4. Specifythefirstsysteminthe Primaryheating tab. 5. Click Mainsystem2 andspecifythesecondsysteminthe Primaryheating tab. Youcanalwaysswitchbetweenthesystemsusingtheradiobuttons: thelargenumber atthetoprightofthe Primaryheating tabindicateswhichofthetwosystemsyouare workingon. 118 CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 119 Figure 22.1: Theprimaryheatingtab Figure 22.2: Configuringadwellingwithtwomainheatingsystems 22.2 Efficiencydataforheatingsystems Therearethreepossiblesourcesofefficiencydataforheatingsystems: • defaultvaluesgiveninTable4oftheSAP 2009document. • user-enteredefficiencies: thiscanbeusefulatthedesignstagewhennoappliance hasbeenspecified. • datafromtheProductCharacteristicsDatabase(PCD, subsection 22.2.1): thisgives themostaccuratevaluesforspecificappliances. Forsomesystems(forexample, gas-firedwarmairsystems)onlythedefaultSAP 2009 efficienciesmaybeused, whilstforothers(forexample, gascondensingboilers)anyof thethreesourcesisacceptable. Notethatheatpumpsmustbespecifiedeitherusingthe PCD,orbyacceptingthedefaultefficiencies: microCHP systemscanonlybespecified bymeansofthePCD. CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 22.2.1 120 TheProductCharacteristicsDatabase TheProductsCharacteristicsDatabasecontainsperformancedataforgas, oilandsolid fuelboilers, heatpumps, mechanicalventilationsystemsandsomerenewabletechnologies(section 26.4). ThedatabaseismaintainedbytheBRE andisavailablefordownload atwww.boilers.org.uk. A newversionofthedatabaseisissuedattheendofeverymonth. Toensureyouareusinganup-to-dateversionofthedatabase, JPA Designerchecksthe issuedateeverytimeyoustarttheprogram: ifthedatabaseismorethanamonthold thesoftwarepromptsyoutodownloadthelatestversion. Youcanalsodownloadthe databaseyourself. Todownloadthedatabase: 1. Withyourwebbrowsergotowww.boilers.org.uk. 2. Onthehomepageclickon DownloadtheBoilerEfficiencyDatafile. 3. Rightclickonthe Download buttonfor SAP 2009–unzippedfile(.dat), andchoose Savetargetas. Thedownloadbegins. The .dat file is larger than the others, but is simpler to install. On a broadband internetconnectionthedifferenceinsizeisnegligible. 4. Inthe SaveAs dialogueselectthe JPA Designer981 folderandacceptthesuggested filename bedf2009.dat. 5. Atthewarning bedf2009.datalreadyexists. Doyouwanttoreplaceit click Yes. 6. Atthe Downloadcomplete dialogueclick Close. 7. IntheJPA Designer ProjectManager windowselect File>Re-loadProductCharacteristicsDataFile. 22.2.2 SEDBUK efficiencies OneofthesignificantdifferencesbetweenSAP 2005andSAP 2009isachangeinthe calculationmethodforSEDBUK efficiencyratingsforboilers; thechangehasresultedin thegeneralloweringofefficiencies. WhilstJPA Designerallowsyoutoentereither2005 or2009SEDBUK ratings, youshouldbeensureyoudonotenteravaluecompatiblewith the2005ratingifyouhaveselectedthe2009rating; youmayfindyouhaveentereda valuewhichcannotbeachievedbyanyboilerinthedatabase. 22.3 Themainprimaryheatingsystems Therearesevenmaingroupsofprimaryheatingsystem1 : thefollowingsectionsdescribe howtoenterdatafortheeachgroup. Inallcases(exceptcommunityheatingschemes), startbyusingthedrop-boxestosetthe: 1 Notethat none isnotanacceptableheatingoptionforanewdwelling. CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 121 • Group; • Sub-group; • System; • Fuel; • Heatingcontrols. Alwaysworkfrom Group downwards, astheoptionsinthelowerdrop-boxeschange accordingtotheselectionsmadehigherup. Onceyouhavesetallthedropboxesyou shouldenteranyotherrequirementsforthatgroupthenenteranyadditionaldata. 22.3.1 Centralheatingsystemswithradiatorsorunderfloorheating Thisgroupcoverswetcentralheatingsystemswithradiators, underfloorpipes, orfancoil units: theheatcanbeprovidedbygas, oil, solidfuelorelectricboilers, heatpumpsor microCHP units. Tospecifysuchsystems, set: • the Group, Sub-group, System, Fuel, Heatingcontrols and Electricitytariff; • the Heatemitters; Notethatwhen Sub-group issettoHeatpumpstheadditionaloptionof Fancoil units is shown. It is possible to combine underfloor heating with radiators: tick Underfloorheatingalsohasradiators. • theefficiencyoftheboiler(subsubsection 22.3.1.1; • additional items such as load or weather compensator, boiler interlock (recommended)andifthecentralheatingpumpisinaheatedspace(affectsinternalgains). 22.3.1.1 Boilerefficiency Theefficiencyoftheboilerorotherheatsourcecanbeenteredinoneofthreeways. TousethePCD: 1. Selectthe Selectfromtheboilerdatabase radiobutton. 2. Clickthe Selectboiler button. The BRE BoilersDatabase dialogueopens(Figure 22.3). 3. Selectthe Boilermanufacturer fromthedrop-down. Theprogramthendisplaysthe listofavailableboilers. 4. Scrolldownthelistandclickonaboilertoselectit. Youcanscrollsidewaysto viewthedetailsofeachboiler, suchasitsefficiencyandconfiguration. Theprogramonlyshowsboilerswhichmatchthecriteriayouspecifiedusingthe drop-downsonthe Primaryheating tab. Asamanufacturerdoesnotnecessarily offeraboilerineverycategorythedatabasemaynotdisplayanyboilers. CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 122 Figure 22.3: UsingtheProductCharacteristicsDatabasetosettheboilerefficiency 5. Clickthe Useselectedboiler button. The Boilerdatabase windowclosesandthe Primaryheating tabshowsthesummarydetailsforthechosenboiler. Thereisnoneedtoenterflue, draught, orkeephotdetailsasallthatinformationis presentinthedatabaseentryfortheboiler. ToenteraSEDBUK valuedirectly: 1. In the Boiler efficiency section select the Use manufacturer's declared SEDBUK value radiobutton. 2. Enterthe Make and Model ofboiler. 3. UsetheradiobuttonstospecifywhetheraSEDBUK 2005or2009valueisbeing usedandenterthe DeclaredSEDBUK value. 4. Specifythetypeandfuelofany Keep-hotfacility. 5. Setthe Flue and Draughttype. 6. Forrangecookersyoumustalsoenterthevaluesfor ϕcase and ϕwater. Tousethedefaultvalue: CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 123 1. Inthe Boilerefficiency sectionselectthe Usedefaultvalue radiobutton. Thesoftwareshowsthedefaultvalueforthatboilertype. 2. Usetheradiobuttonstoenterthedetailsofthe Flue and Draughttype. 3. Forrangecookersyoumustalsoenterthevaluesfor ϕcase and ϕwater. Notethatthedefaultvaluesaregenerallytoopoortocomplywiththestandardsinthe DomesticBuildingServicesComplianceGuide. 22.3.2 Storageradiatorsystems Storageradiatorsystemsareheatedwithoff-peakelectricityduringthenightandrelease thatheatthroughouttheday. Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdrop boxes. 22.3.3 Warmairsystems Theheatforwarmairsystemsisprovidedbygas, oil, electricityorheatpumps. Theonly datarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes, exceptwheretheheatpump dataisenteredfromthePCD database, insteadofthedefaultvalues. 22.3.4 Roomheatersystems Thisgroupincludesroomheaterssuchasgasorsolidfuelfires2 . Inmostcases, theonly datarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdrop-boxes. However, wherethedeclared efficiencyoftheheaterisknown. tickthebox Usemanufacturer'sdeclaredefficiency thencompletethe Make, Model and Declaredefficiency boxesandselectthe BS Test Method usedtoobtaintheefficiency. 22.3.5 Otherspaceandwaterheatersystems Electricceilingheatingiscurrentlytheonlysysteminthiscategory. Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes. 22.3.6 Communityheatingscheme Communityheatingschemesusecentralheatgeneratorstoheatwaterwhichisthencirculatedthroughpipestosupplyspaceheatingandhotwatertomorethanonedwelling. The heat may be provided by a number of different systems, and community heating schemesmayoftenincludeCombinedHeatandPower(CHP) systems, whichwillprovide heat and generate electricity. Appendix C of the SAP 2009 document contains furtherinformationonthetreatmentofcommunityheatingschemesinSAP. TospecifyacommunityheatingschemeinJPA Designer: • set Group to Communityheatingscheme. JPA Designerdisplaysthe Community heating sectionofthe Primaryheating tab(Figure 22.4). CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 124 Figure 22.4: Dataentryforacommunityheatingschemewithtwoheatsources Figure 22.5: Settingaheatsourceforcommunityheating • settheheatsources; then, • settheheatingcontrolsandtheheatdistributionsystem. Tosettheheatsources: • Clickthe New button: the Heatsource dialogueopens(Figure 22.5. • Selectthetypeofheatsourcefromthe Heatsource drop-down. • Selectthe Fuel fromthedrop-down. • Settheproportionofthetotalheatloadprovidedbythatsource: enterafraction between0and1inthe Heatfraction box. Thetotalheatfractionfromalltheheatsourcesmusttotal1.00. 2 Someoftheoptionswillnotbeappropriatefornew-build, butareincludedforcompatibilitywiththe ReduceddataSAP (RdSAP) usedforEPCsforexistingdwellings. CHAPTER22. PRIMARY HEATING 125 • Enterthepercentage Efficiency oftheheatsource. Formostsourcestheefficiencywillbelessthan100, butformaybeconsiderably higher. • Click OK toclosethedialogue. • Repeattheprocedureformultipleheatsources: usethe Edit and Delete buttonsto adjustorremoveheatsources. Tosetthecontrolsanddistributionsystem: • Setthe Heatingcontrols andthe Electricitytariff. *Systemswhichrelyonflatratechargingwillusuallybelessefficientthanthose wherechargingislinkedtouse. • Use the Heat distribution system drop-box to specify the type of pipes used to circulatethehotwater. 22.3.7 Electricunderfloorheating Thisoptionreqpresentsunderfloorheatingsystemsbasedonelectriccablesinthefloor slaborintegratedintoflooring. Theonlydatarequiredisthatfromtheprimaryheatingdropboxes. 22.4 Additionaldata TherearetwoitemsofadditionaldatawhichthesoftwarecollectsforproducingtheEPC whichappearonthe Primaryheating tab: • Separatedconservatorywithfixedheater: Tickthisboxifthedwellinghasathermallyseparatedconservatory(seeSAP guidancesection3.3.3forthedefinitionof thermallyseparated)whichhasafixedheaterwithinit. • Dwellinginsmokecontrolarea: Thisboxisonlyrelevantifsolidfuelissetasthe fuelfortheprimaryorsecondaryheating. Ifthedwellingiswithinasmokecontrol zonetheuseofhousecoalanddualfuelisnotpermitted, andwoodispermitted foranexemptedapplianceonly. Forfurtherinformationonsmokecontrolareas seewww.smokecontrolareas.co.uk. Ticktheboxifthedwellingiswithinasmoke controlarea. 23 Secondaryheating A secondaryheatingsystemisanadditionalspaceheatingsystemforthedwelling: commonexamplesaregasfiresorwoodburningstoves. Whereasecondarysystemisprovideditshouldbeincludedinthecalculation: guidanceonwhentoincludeasystem isgiveninApprovedDocumentL1A paragraph4.12. Thefractionofspaceheatingprovidedbythesecondarysystemisdefinedintable11oftheSAP 2009document. Data onsecondaryheatingisspecifiedusingthe Secondaryheating tab(Figure 23.1). Tospecifysecondaryheating: 1. Setthe Group drop-downto Roomheatersystems. 2. Selectthe Sub-group. 3. Selectthe System. 4. Selectthesecondaryheating Fuel. Figure 23.1: TheSecondaryheatingtab 126 CHAPTER23. SECONDARY HEATING 127 Ifthesolidfuelroomheaterhasbeen approvedbyHETAS1 tickthebox. Thecalculation willthenuseahigherdefaultefficiencyfortheheater. Wheretheactualefficiencyforasolidfuelheaterisknown, tickthe Usemanufacturer's declaredefficiency boxthenenterthe Make, Model and Declaredefficiency. The BS TestMethod usedtoobtaintheefficiencyvalueshouldalsobeentered. 1 HeatingEquipmentTestingandApprovalScheme. 24 Overheating Dwellingsmustnothaveanexcessiveriskofhighinternaltemperaturesinsummerasa resultofsolargain. ThetestforoverheatingriskissetoutinAppendixP oftheSAP document; overheatingriskdependsonthepredictedamountofsolargainandthethermal massofthedwelling. TheresultoftheoverheatingassessmentisshowninthemainSAP window: adwellingwithahighriskofoverheatingwillnotcomplywithregulations. MostofthedataforthecalculationisenteredelsewhereintheSAP calculationfromdata, sotheonlyinformationrequiredisthe Effectiveair-changerate. Youcaneithertickthe Entervalue boxandenteradesignairchangerate, inairchangesperhour(ach), oruse the Building and Windowopening drop-downstosetdefaultvalues. Figure 24.1: TheOverheatingtab 128 25 Cooling TheenergyusedforspacecoolingmustbeincludedintheSAP 2009calculationwheneverspacecoolingispresent. Thedataforthesystemisenteredinthe Overheating& cooling tab(Figure 25.1). The Coolingfraction: theproportionofthedwellingwhichis servedbythecoolingsystem. Thiscanbedeterminedbydividingthefloorareaofthe cooledpartbythetotalfloorarea. Theefficiencyofthesystemcaneitherbesettodefaultvaluesbysetting: • Systemtype: Thesystemcanbe Splitormulti-split, or Packaged. • Compressorcontrol: Thiscanbesetto On/off or Modulating. • Energylabelclass: SelectA toG (with ND fornodata). WheretheEnergyEfficiencyRating(EER) isknown, tickthe UserdefinedEnergyEfficiencyRatio andenterthevalueinthe EER box. Figure 25.1: Settingsforairconditioningsystems 129 26 Renewables SAP 2009takesaccountofthecontributionofcertainrenewablesourcesofenergyand someheatrecoverytechnologies, including: • photovoltaicpanels(section 26.1); • windturbineslinkedtoonedwelling1 (section 26.2); • hydro-electricgenerators(section 26.3); • wastewaterheatrecoveryunits(WWHRS) (section 26.4); • fluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) (section 26.5). Thedataforallthosesystemsisenteredinthe PhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologies tab(abbreviatedto PV &AltTech, Figure 26.1). Thattabisalsousedforenteringthe amountofanyadditionalenergygeneratedbyothermeans(section 26.6. 26.1 Photovoltaicpanels Photovoltaicpanelsgenerateelectricityfromsunlight. JPA Designerenablesyoutoincludetwophotovoltaicinstallations, toallowforsituationswherepanelsaresetattwo differentorientations. Foreachinstallation: 1. Enterthe PeakkW ofthesystem(obtainthisvaluefromthemanufacturerorsupplier); 2. Selectthe Pitch ofthepanels; 3. Selectthe Direction whichthepanelsface; 4. Selecttheamountof Overshading (whichmaynotbethesameastheovershading ofthewindows); Forblocksofflats, wherethePV outputisconnectedintothelandlordsupplythetotal PV areashouldbedividedbetweenthedwellingsinproportiontotheirtotalfloorareas. IfthePV outputisconnecteddirectlytoindividualflatsthenthewholePV areashould beallocatedtothoseflats. 1 Electricitygeneratedbyawindturbineattachedtothedwelling, oronamastwithinitsgroundscanbe includedintheSAP calculation: however, whereaturbinesupplieselectricitytomorethanonedwelling, orisconnectedtoadevelopmentbyprivatewire, theelectricitycannotbeincludedintheSAP calculation: seeAppendixM oftheSAP 2009documentforfurtherdetails. 130 CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 131 Figure 26.1: ThePhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologytab 26.2 Windturbines Theelectricitygeneratedbyawindturbineonthebuildingorwithinitscurtilage(grounds) shouldbeincludedintheSAP calculation. Tospecifyawindturbine: 1. Enterthe Numberofturbines. 2. Specifythe Rotordiameter inmetres. 3. Selectthetypeof terrain whichsurroundsthedwelling. 4. Enterthe height ofthehuboftheturbineabovetheridgeoftheroof, inmetres. AspartoftheprocessofproducinganEPC thesoftwaremustcalculatethelikelybenefit frominstallingawindturbine. Youmustthereforespecifythe Terraintype evenifthere isnowindturbineonthedwelling. 26.3 Hydro-electricity The electricity from hydro-electric units can be included in the SAP calculation, providedthetotalamountgeneratedhasbeencalculatedandsignedoffbyanappropriately qualified engineer. The amount of electricity is entered in Hydro-electric generation (kWh/year). Whereelectricityissuppliedtoseveraldwellingsitshouldbeassignedin proportiontotheirfloorareas. SeeAppendixM4oftheSAP 2009documentforfurther details. CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 132 Figure 26.2: EnteringdataonWWHR systems 26.4 Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems Wastewaterheatrecoverysystems(WWHRS) useheatexchangerstorecoverheatfrom theheatedwaterpassingoutofthewastesofshowersandbaths, andtofeeditbackinto thehotwatersystem(pre-heatingthecoldwaterfeedtotheboilerorhotwatercylinder). TheeffectivenessoftheWWHRS dependsonthesystemandontheproportionofbaths andshowerstowhichitislinked. TospecifyWWHRS inJPA Designer: • Inthe PV &AltTech tabtick WWHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The WWHR Database dialogueopens(Figure 26.2. • Use the Manufacturer drop-down to select the manufacturer, then highlight the specifiedproductinthelistandclick Selectassystem1. Repeatthisprocessif thereisasecondsystem, butclick Selectassystem2. CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 133 Figure 26.3: Thefluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) database • Enterthe totalroomswithshowerand/orbath. • Foreachsystemspecifythenumberofmixershowerstowhichthesystemislinked inrooms withabath and withoutabath WWHR systemsattachedtoinstantaneouselectricshowers(IES) arenotincludedinthe assessment. ThereforeIES shouldnotbecountedinthenumberofshowersforasystem, butshouldbecountedinthetotalroomswithshowerand/orbath. 26.5 Fluegasheatrecoverysystems Fluegasheatrecoverysystems(FGHRS) recoverheatfromthecombustionproductsof condensingboilerstopre-heatthedomestichotwatersupply. TospecifyFGHRS: 1Tick FGHRS andclickthe Lookup button. The FGHRS database dialogueopens(Figure 26.3. 1. Selectthe Manufacturer. 2. Selectthetypefromthe Available list. 3. Click OK. WheretheFGHRS hasaphotovoltaicarrayfeedingdirectlyintoaclosecoupledstorethe PeakkW, Pitch, Direction and Overshading ofthePV arrayshouldbesetinthe FGHRS PV Module section. CHAPTER26. RENEWABLES 26.6 134 Otherallowablegeneration Therearesomesourcesofelectricitywhichcannotbeincludedinthecalculationsfor BuildingRegulationscompliance, butcanbeincludedforothercalculations, particularly thosetodemonstratezerocarbonhomesstatus, CodeforSustainableHomeslevel6, and fortheNorthernIrelandlowandzerocarbonhomesscheme. Electricityfromsuchsourcesshouldbeenteredinthebox Additionalallowableelectricity generation for box (ZC6). ZC6 is the box number on the zero carbon homes calculation(seesection16oftheSAP 2009document). Electricitygeneratedbywind turbineslinkedtoadevelopmentbyprivatewiremaybeenteredhere. 27 Specialfeatures SAP 2009 includes a procedure for including new technologies in calculations in the intervalsbetweenrevisionsoftheSAP.TheAppendixQ procedure(whichisnamedafter theappendixoftheSAP documentinwhichitisdescribed)mayonlybeusedforproducts whichhavebeenindependentlyassessedandarelistedontheAppendixQ websiteat http://www.sap-appendixq.org.uk. The web site has a calculation spreadsheet for the variousproducttypes1 and, insomecases, datasheetsforindividualproducts. ToincorporateatechnologyusingtheAppendixQ procedure: 1. CarryouttheSAP calculationasnormal. 2. CompletethetheappropriateAppendixQ spreadsheet: thismayrequireinformationontheproducttakenfromadatasheet, andmayinvolvechangestotheSAP calculation. 3. Transfertheresultsfromthespreadsheettothe Specialfeatures sectionofthe PhotovoltaicsandAlternativeTechnologies tab(Figure 26.1), entering: • abrief Description ofthetechnology. • the Energysaved figure, usingthedrop-downtoselectthe Typeoffuelsaved. • the Energyused figure, usingthedrop-downtoselectthe Typeoffuelused WherethereismorethanoneAppendixQ technologyusethe New and Edit buttons toaddthosetechnologiestothecalculation Note that all the technologies which requiredAppendix Q with SAP 9.81 can all be entereddirectlyinJPA DesignerinSAP 2009. 1 There are separate spreadsheets for different versions of SAP: make sure you use the appropriate version. 135 28 Checkingcompliance Onceyouhaveenteredallthedataforthedwellingyoucancheckitscompliancestatus. Theprogramwilldisplay pass (green)or fail (red)inthe compliancezone atthebottom rightcornerofthemain SAP window. Ifthedwellingfailsyoucanholdyourcurserover overthe compliancezone andthesoftwarewilldisplayatool-tipwillshowtheprimary causeoffailure(see Figure 16.2). Click on the compliance zone opens the Compliance Checklist which lists the main criteriatheSAP moduletestsandshowsthestatusofthedwellingagainsteachone. The compliancecheckwindowisparticularlyusefulwhenthedwellinghasfailedononeof thesecondarycriteria, suchastheefficiencyofheatingcontrols, orexcessivelossesfrom thehotwatercylinder. Youcanusethetabsatthebottomofthe ComplianceChecklist toview: • theSAP worksheet; • theTER worksheet; • theDER worksheet; • theOverheatingriskassessment. Onceyouhavereviewedtheresultsyoucanthenmakechangestothecalculation. 136 29 OutputtingSAP results You can print the results of SAP calculations or produce a PDF file which is ideal for emailing. ForbothprintandPDF youcanselectwhichpartsoftheresultsyouwantto includeinyouroutput: • SAP worksheet: theresultsoftheSAP calculation. • TER worksheet: theresultsoftheTER calculationforthenotionaldwelling. • DER worksheet: theresultsoftheDER calculationfortheactualdwelling. • FEE worksheet: theresultsoftheFFE calculation. • Inputdata: areflectionoftheinformationyouhaveenteredintothesoftware. • Regulationschecklist: showsthecompliancestatusofthedwellinginachecklist whichfollowstheformatinAD L1A. • Summeroverheating: resultsoftheoverheatingassessment. • Energyperformancecertificate(EPC):adraftenergyperformancecertificate. Youmustbeamemberofanappropriateaccreditationschemetoproduceafinal EPC –seetheseparateguidancedocumentforinstructions. • Predicted Energy Assessment (PEA): the energy assessment required for off-plan sales. • AssessmentofZeroCarbonHome. Toprinttheresults: 1. Select File>Print fromthemenubar(orclickthe Print buttononthetoolbar). The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens((Figure 29.1). 2. Usethetickboxestoselecttheoutputsyouwanttoproduce. 3. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens. 4. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). 137 CHAPTER29. OUTPUTTING SAP RESULTS 138 Figure 29.1: SAP SectionsToPrintdialogue TocreateaPDF fileoftheresults: 1. Fromthemenubarselect File>CreatePDF.A dialogueasksifyouwanttoopen thePDF whenitiscreated. 2. Select Yes or No. The SectionsToPrint dialogueopens(Figure 29.1). 3. Usethetickboxestoselecttheoutputsyouwanttoproduce. 4. Click OK.The Printpreview windowopens. 5. Usethebuttonsonthetoolbartoviewsuccessivepagesoftheprintout, thenclick the Print buttontoprintthepages(Figure 12.2). Theprogramwillthencreatea PDF fileofthecalculation. *ThenameofthePDF filewillincludetheJPA Designerfilenameandthecalculationname, sothecalculation Plot28 inaproject TheMeadows willbecalled TheMeadows.JDPtilehungwall.Plot28.PDF.ThefilewillbesavedintotheJPA Designerprogramfolderorinthestart-upfolderyouhavespecified. Note: asWindowsdoesnotallowcertaincharacterstobeusedinfilenamesyou shouldensurethecalculationnamesinJPA Designerdonotcontainthosecharacters, otherwisePDF creationwillfail. Therestrictedcharactersare`/ \ : *? < > |. Youcanchangetheprintersettingsbyselecting File>Printersetup fromthemenubar.