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Transcript
U95 shows the expanded uncertainty. In a scalar case this means 95% coverage and k = 2. In a two dimensional case this means 95% coverage and k = 2.45. Here a scalar quantity consist of only one component, e.g. magnitude of Sparameter, whereas a two dimensional quantity consists of two components, e.g. complex S-parameter. In graphical representations the dimension is determined by the number of components shown in one subplot. The uncertainties are computed with linear uncertainty propagation. This leads to well known problems when computing the absolute value and phase of small quantities. 12