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Time Considerations When starting with up to six samples of precipitated RNA, the protocol, including second-round amplification with a subset of all primer combinations, can be performed within two days, including an overnight ligation step. The remaining set of second-round amplifications can be done at a rate of four to six 96-well plates per day and person. Alternatively, employment of a robotic pipetting station might be considered. Choosing the DBE variant, two membranes per day per DBE machine can be prepared, each providing space for 30 reactions. It should be noted that buffer capacity allows for using each DBE gel twice, provided that the second run starts immediately after the first run without idle electrophoresis in between. One person can then operate three to four machines per day and produce 6 to 8 membranes. In such a medium-scale setup, gels are prepared in the evening, and, with edges carefully wrapped in plastic wrap with some wetted pieces of paper towel enclosed, allowed to polymerize overnight. In the morning, gels are mounted and electrophoresis is started. During electrophoresis, the membranes of the day before are developed, the glass plates of the previous runs cleaned, and the gels for the next day are prepared. Literature Cited Beck, S. and Pohl, F.M. 1984. DNA sequencing with direct blotting electrophoresis. EMBO J. 3:29052909. Debouck, C. 1995. Differential display or differential dismay? Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 6:597-599. Fischer, A. 1995. Verfahren zur Genexpressionsanalyse. German patent application DE 195 18 505.6 [other members of the same patent family are given in the introduction]. Fischer, A., Saedler, H., and Theissen, G. 1995. Restriction fragment length polymorphism-coupled domain-directed differential display: A highly efficient technique for expression analysis of multigene families. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:5331-5335. Karrer, E.E., Lincoln, J.E., Hogenhout, S., Bennett, A.B., Bostock, R.M., Martineau, B., Lucas, W.J., Gilchrist, D.G., and Alexander, D. 1995. In situ isolation of mRNA from individual plant cells: Creation of cell-specific cDNA libraries. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 92:3814-3818. Ledakis, P., Tanimura, H., and Fojo, T. 1998. Limitations of differential display. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 251:653-656. Liang, P. and Pardee, A.B. 1992. Differential display of eucaryotic messenger RNA by means of the polymerase chain reaction. Science 257:967971. Malhotra, K., Foltz, L., Mahoney, W.C., and Schueler, P.A. 1998. Interaction and effect of annealing temperature on primers used in differential display RT-PCR. Nucl. Acids Res. 26:854856. McClelland, M. and Welsh, J. 1994. RNA fingerprinting by arbitrarily primed PCR. PCR Methods Appl. 4:S66-S81. Poirier, G.M., Pyati, J., Wan, J.S., and Erlander, M.G. 1997. Screening differentially expressed cDNA clones obtained by differential display using amplified RNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 25:913914. Prashar, Y. and Weissman, S.M. 1996. Analysis of differential gene expression by display of 3′ end restriction fragments of cDNAs. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93:659-663. Shimkets, R.A., Lowe, D.G., Tai, J.T., Sehl, P., Jin, H., Yang, R., Predki, P.F., Rothberg, B.E., Murtha, M.T., Roth, M.E., Shenoy, S.G., Windemuth, A., Simpson, J.W., Simons, J.F., Daley, M.P., Gold, S.A., McKenna, M.P., Hillan, K., Went, G.T., and Rothberg, J.M. 1999. Gene expression analysis by transcript profiling coupled to a gene database query. Nature Biotechnol. 17:798-803. Sutcliffe, J.G, Foye, P.E., Erlander, M.G., Hilbush, B.S., Bodzin, L.J., Durham, J.T., and Hassle, K.W. 2000. TOGA: An automated parsing technology for analyzing expression of nearly all genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97:19761981. Trentmann, S.M. 1995. Alternatives to 35S as a label for the differential display of eucaryotic messenger RNA. Science 267:1186. Welsh, J., Chada, K., Dalal, S.S., Cheng, R., Ralph, D., and McClelland, M. 1992. Arbitrarily primed PCR fingerprinting of RNA. Nucl. Acids Res. 20:4965-4970. Zhao, S., Ooi, S.L., and Pardee, A.B. 1995. New primer strategy improves precision of differential display. Biotechniques 18:842-846, 848, 850. Contributed by Achim Fischer F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG Basel, Switzerland Discovery of Differentially Expressed Genes 25B.4.17 Current Protocols in Molecular Biology Supplement 56