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9 Direct Hardware Access Preamble Wbaf 3 in this chapter This chapter contains practical code to “get behind the scenes”. The first part of the chapter focuses on the issues of direct reading from and writing to memory, particularly video-RAM, and the second part focuses on I/O. I have shown the use of DPMI NT-3 lh services and of the TNT-2Fh extensions, plus the use of low-level Windows functions. I have pointed out overlap between the two where it occurs. You will be amazed to learn that it is possible to have an application running in a window, yet the application can write directly to the video hardware, at breathtaking speed, without all of the Windows rigmarole. This is the kind of practical code developed in this chapter. You will also learn about I/O aspects, such as use of the IN and OUT instructions. Mostly I view the material of this chapter as educational. It pokes around doing fun things that may be viewed as “hacking”. It may be that you will never use some of the less orthodox material in professional applications, but what will be formed now is a good solid foundation of understanding of the fundamentals. 225